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Bai X, Tian Z, Dong H, Xia N, Zhao J, Sun P, Gong G, Wang J, Wang L, Li H, Chen S. Halogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks (XOFs) Based on N⋅⋅⋅Br +⋅⋅⋅N Bonds: Robust Organic Networks Constructed by Fragile Bonds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202408428. [PMID: 38847190 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202408428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Organic frameworks face a trade-off between the framework stability and the bond dynamics, which necessitates the development of innovative linkages that can generate stable frameworks without hindering efficient synthesis. Although iodine(I)-based halogen-bonded organic frameworks (XOFs) have been developed, constructing XOFs based on bromine(I) is desirable yet challenging due to the high sensitivity of bromine(I) species. In this work, we present the inaugural construction of stable bromine(I)-bridged two-dimensional (2D) halogen-bonded organic frameworks, XOF(Br)-TPy-BF4/OTf, based on sensitive [N⋅⋅⋅Br⋅⋅⋅N]+ halogen bonds. The formation of XOF(Br)-TPy-BF4/OTf was monitored by 1H NMR, XPS, IR, SEM, TEM, HR-TEM, SEAD. Their framework structures were established by the results from PXRD, theoretical simulations and SAXS. More importantly, XOF(Br) displayed excellent chemical and thermal stabilities. They exhibited stable two-dimensional framework structures in various organic solvents and aqueous media, even over a wide pH range (pH 3-12), while the corresponding model compounds BrPy2BF4/OTf decomposed quickly even in the presence of minimal water. Furthermore, the influence of the counterions were investigated by replacing BF4 with OTf, which improved the stability of XOF(Br). This characteristic enabled XOF(Br) to serve as an efficient oxidizing reagent in aqueous environments, in contrast with the sensitivity of BrPy2BF4/OTf, which performed well only in organic media. This study not only deepens our fundamental understanding of organic frameworks but also opens new avenues for the development and application of multifunctional XOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguan Bai
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Zhennan Tian
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Hongqiang Dong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Ning Xia
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hubei University of Automotive Technology, Shiyan, Hubei, 442002, China
| | - Jiahao Zhao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Penghao Sun
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Guanfei Gong
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Jike Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Lu Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Haohu Li
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Shigui Chen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Hubei Key Lab on Organic and Polymeric Opto-Electronic Materials, Wuhan University, 299 Bayi Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
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2
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Virant M, Štrbac P, Krawczuk A, Milašinović V, Stanić P, Lozinšek M, Molčanov K. Charge Density Study of Two-Electron Four-Center Bonding in a Dimer of Tetracyanoethylene Radical Anions as a Benchmark for Two-Electron Multicenter Bonding. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2024; 24:6187-6195. [PMID: 39131445 PMCID: PMC11311126 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.4c00342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
The dimer of the tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) radical anions represents the simplest and the best studied case of two-electron multicenter covalent bonding (2e/mc or pancake bonding). The model compound, N-methylpyridinium salt of TCNE•-, is diamagnetic, meaning that the electrons in two contiguous radicals are paired and occupy a HOMO orbital which spans two TCNE•- radicals. Charge density in this system is studied as a benchmark for comparison of charge densities in other pancake-bonded radical systems. Two electrons from two contiguous radicals indeed form a bonding electron pair, which is distributed between two central ethylene groups in the dimer, i.e., between four carbon atoms. The topology of electron density reveals two bond critical points between the central ethylene groups in the dimer, with maximum electron density of 0.185 e Å-3; the corresponding theoretical value is 0.118 e Å-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miha Virant
- Jožef
Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Petar Štrbac
- Rud̵er
Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Anna Krawczuk
- University
of Göttingen, Tammanstrasse 4, D-37077 Gottingen, Germany
| | - Valentina Milašinović
- Jožef
Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Rud̵er
Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Stanić
- Rud̵er
Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Matic Lozinšek
- Jožef
Stefan Institute, Jamova Cesta 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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3
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Piña MDLN, Bauzá A. Diphenylene Iodonium as a Prominent Halogen Bond Donor: The Case of Human Monoamine Oxidase B. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400161. [PMID: 38687202 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Herein we have investigated the formation and interplay of several noncovalent interactions (NCIs) involved in the inhibition of human monoamine oxidase B (MAO B). Concretely, an inspection of the Protein Data Bank (PDB) revealed the formation of a halogen bond (HlgB) between a diphenylene iodonium (DPI) inhibitor and a water molecule present in the active site, in addition to a noncovalent network of interactions (e. g. lone pair-π, hydrogen bonding, OH-π, CH-π and π-stacking interactions) with surrounding protein residues. Several theoretical models were built to understand the strength and directionality features of the HlgB in addition to the interplay with other NCIs present in the active site of the enzyme. Besides, a computational study was carried out using DPI as HlgB donor and several electron rich molecules (CO, H2O, CH2O, HCN, pyridine, OCN-, SCN-, Cl- and Br-) as HlgB acceptors. The results were analyzed using several state-of-the-art computational tools. We expect that our results will be useful for those scientists working in the fields of rational drug design, chemical biology as well as supramolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de Las Nieves Piña
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. de Valldemossa, km. 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain
| | - Antonio Bauzá
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. de Valldemossa, km. 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain
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4
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Baus Topić N, Dash SG, Topić E, Arhangelskis M, Cinčić D. Perhalogenated Anilines as Bifunctional Donors of Hydrogen and Halogen Bonds in Cocrystals with Ditopic Nitrogen-Containing Acceptors. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2024; 24:5078-5088. [PMID: 38911136 PMCID: PMC11191752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.4c00315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we examine the experimental and theoretical capabilities of two perhalogenated anilines, 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-bromoaniline (btfa) and 2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-iodoaniline (itfa) as hydrogen and halogen bond donors. A series of 11 cocrystals derived from the two anilines and selected ditopic nitrogen-containing acceptors (4,4'-bipyridine, 1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethane, and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane) in 1:1 and 2:1 stoichiometries were prepared by liquid-assisted grinding and crystallization from solution. Crystallographic analysis revealed bifunctional donor properties in both anilines. The dominant supramolecular interaction in four cocrystals of btfa is the N-H···Nacceptor hydrogen bond between btfa and acceptor molecules, while in the one remaining cocrystal, donor and acceptor molecules are connected via the N-H···Nacceptor hydrogen bond and the Br···Nacceptor halogen bond. In two cocrystals of itfa, the dominant supramolecular interaction is the I···Nacceptor halogen bond between itfa and acceptor molecules, while in the remaining four cocrystals, donor and acceptor molecules are additionally connected by the N-H···Nacceptor hydrogen bond. Periodic density-functional theory (DFT) calculations have been conducted to assess the formation energies of these cocrystals and the strengths of the established halogen and hydrogen bonds. Molecular DFT calculations on btfa and itfa indicate that the differences in electrostatic potential between the competing sites on the molecules are 261.6 and 157.0 kJ mol-1 e-1, respectively. The findings suggest that itfa, with a smaller electrostatic potential difference between donor sites, is more predisposed to act as a bifunctional donor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nea Baus Topić
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sibananda G. Dash
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteura Street, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Edi Topić
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Mihails Arhangelskis
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 1 Pasteura Street, Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Dominik Cinčić
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University
of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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5
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Jones RH, Bull CL, Funnell NP, Knight KS, Marshall WG. Exploring the full range of N⋯I⋯X halogen-bonding interactions within a single compound using pressure. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:4663-4666. [PMID: 38591135 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc00847b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
The response of the trimethylammonium-iodinechloride and diiodide (TMA-ICl/I2) crystal structures have been examined under high pressure using neutron powder diffraction. TMA-ICl exhibits impressive pressure-driven electronic flexibility, where the N⋯I-Cl interactions progressively encompass all the distances represented in analogous structures recorded in the Cambridge Structural Database. Comparison with the TMA-I2 complex reveals that this flexibility is owed to the electronegativity of the chlorine atom which induces increased distortion of the iodine electron cloud. This structural flexibility may be influential in the future design of functional molecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard H Jones
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Lennard-Jones Building, Keele University, Keele, Staffs ST5 5BG, UK.
| | - Craig L Bull
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, Scotland, UK
| | - Nicholas P Funnell
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Kevin S Knight
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, The Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, SW7 5BD, UK
| | - William G Marshall
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxon, OX11 0QX, UK
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6
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Piña MDLN, Bauzá A. On the Importance of Halogen and Chalcogen Bonds in the Solid State of Nucleic Acids: A Combined Crystallographic and Theoretical Perspective. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:13035. [PMID: 37685843 PMCID: PMC10488009 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241713035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, intra- and intermolecular halogen and chalcogen bonds (HlgBs and ChBs, respectively) present in the solid state of nucleic acids (NAs) have been studied at the RI-MP2/def2-TZVP level of theory. To achieve this, a Protein Data Bank (PDB) survey was carried out, revealing a series of structures in which Br/I or S/Se/Te atoms belonging to nucleobases or pentose rings were involved in noncovalent interactions (NCIs) with electron-rich species. The energetics and directionality of these NCIs were rationalized through a computational study, which included the use of Molecular Electrostatic Potential (MEP) surfaces, the Quantum Theory of Atoms in Molecules (QTAIM), and Non Covalent Interaction plot (NCIplot) and Natural Bonding Orbital (NBO) techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Bauzá
- Departament de Química, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. de Valldemossa Km 7.5, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, Spain;
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Puttreddy R, Rautiainen JM, Yu S, Rissanen K. N-X⋅⋅⋅O-N Halogen Bonds in Complexes of N-Haloimides and Pyridine-N-oxides: A Large Data Set Study. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307372. [PMID: 37314001 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
N-X⋅⋅⋅- O-N+ halogen-bonded systems formed by 27 pyridine N-oxides (PyNOs) as halogen-bond (XB) acceptors and two N-halosuccinimides, two N-halophthalimides, and two N-halosaccharins as XB donors are studied in silico, in solution, and in the solid state. This large set of data (132 DFT optimized structures, 75 crystal structures, and 168 1 H NMR titrations) provides a unique view to structural and bonding properties. In the computational part, a simple electrostatic model (SiElMo) for predicting XB energies using only the properties of halogen donors and oxygen acceptors is developed. The SiElMo energies are in perfect accord with energies calculated from XB complexes optimized with two high-level DFT approaches. Data from in silico bond energies and single-crystal X-ray structures correlate; however, data from solution do not. The polydentate bonding characteristic of the PyNOs' oxygen atom in solution, as revealed by solid-state structures, is attributed to the lack of correlation between DFT/solid-state and solution data. XB strength is only slightly affected by the PyNO oxygen properties [(atomic charge (Q), ionization energy (Is,min ) and local negative minima (Vs,min )], as the σ-hole (Vs,max ) of the donor halogen is the key determinant leading to the sequence N-halosaccharin>N-halosuccinimide>N-halophthalimide on the XB strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Puttreddy
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, P.O. BOX 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - J Mikko Rautiainen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, P.O. BOX 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Shilin Yu
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, P.O. BOX 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- University of Jyvaskyla, Department of Chemistry, P.O. BOX 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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A Comprehensive Ab Initio Study of Halogenated A···U and G···C Base Pair Geometries and Energies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065530. [PMID: 36982603 PMCID: PMC10056977 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Unraveling the binding preferences involved in the formation of a supramolecular complex is key to properly understand molecular recognition and aggregation phenomena, which are of pivotal importance to biology. The halogenation of nucleic acids has been routinely carried out for decades to assist in their X-ray diffraction analysis. The incorporation of a halogen atom on a DNA/RNA base not only affected its electronic distribution, but also expanded the noncovalent interactions toolbox beyond the classical hydrogen bond (HB) by incorporating the halogen bond (HalB). In this regard, an inspection of the Protein Data Bank (PDB) revealed 187 structures involving halogenated nucleic acids (either unbound or bound to a protein) where at least 1 base pair (BP) exhibited halogenation. Herein, we were interested in disclosing the strength and binding preferences of halogenated A···U and G···C BPs, which are predominant in halogenated nucleic acids. To achieve that, computations at the RI-MP2/def2-TZVP level of theory together with state of the art theoretical modeling tools (including the computation of molecular electrostatic potential (MEP) surfaces, the quantum theory of “Atoms in Molecules” (QTAIM) and the non-covalent interactions plot (NCIplot) analyses) allowed for the characterization of the HB and HalB complexes studied herein.
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9
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Milašinović V, Vuković V, Krawczuk A, Molčanov K, Hennig C, Bodensteiner M. The nature of π-hole interactions between iodide anions and quinoid rings in the crystalline state. IUCRJ 2023; 10:156-163. [PMID: 36692857 PMCID: PMC9980391 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252523000052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The investigated co-crystal of 3-chloro-N-methylpyridinium iodide with tetrabromoquinone (3-Cl-N-MePy·I·Br4Q) reveals a π-hole interaction between an iodide anion and a quinoid ring involving an n → π* charge transfer. The quinoid ring has a partial negative charge (estimated to be in the range 0.08-0.11e) and a partial radical character, which is related to the black colour of the crystals (crystals of neutral tetrabromoquinone are yellow). A detailed X-ray charge density study revealed two symmetry-independent bond critical points between the iodide anions and carbon atoms of the ring. Their maximum electron density of 0.065 e Å-3 was reproduced by quantum chemical modelling. The energy of the interaction is estimated to be -11.16 kcal mol-1, which is comparable to the strength of moderate hydrogen bonding (about -10 kcal mol-1); it is dominantly electrostatic in nature, with a considerable dispersion component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Milašinović
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Vedran Vuković
- Universität Regensburg, Universitätsstrasse 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Anna Krawczuk
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammanstraβe 4, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Krešimir Molčanov
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Rudjer Bošković Institute, Bijenička 54, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Christoph Hennig
- The Rossendorf Beamline (BM20), European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, Grenoble 38043, France
- Institute of Resource Ecology, Helmholz Zentrum Dresden Rosendorf, Bauztner Landstrasse 400, 01328 Dresden, Germany
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10
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Chakalov ER, Tupikina EY, Ivanov DM, Bartashevich EV, Tolstoy PM. The Distance between Minima of Electron Density and Electrostatic Potential as a Measure of Halogen Bond Strength. Molecules 2022; 27:4848. [PMID: 35956799 PMCID: PMC9369751 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27154848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present results of a detailed topological analysis of electron density (ED) of 145 halogen-bonded complexes formed by various fluorine-, chlorine-, bromine-, and iodine-containing compounds with trimethylphosphine oxide, Me3PO. To characterize the halogen bond (XB) strength, we used the complexation enthalpy, the interatomic distance between oxygen and halogen, as well as the typical set of electron density properties at the bond critical points calculated at B3LYP/jorge-ATZP level of theory. We show for the first time that it is possible to predict the XB strength based on the distance between the minima of ED and molecular electrostatic potential (ESP) along the XB path. The gap between ED and ESP minima exponentially depends on local electronic kinetic energy density at the bond critical point and tends to be a common limiting value for the strongest halogen bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edem R. Chakalov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.R.C.); (E.Y.T.)
| | - Elena Yu. Tupikina
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.R.C.); (E.Y.T.)
| | - Daniil M. Ivanov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.R.C.); (E.Y.T.)
| | | | - Peter M. Tolstoy
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (E.R.C.); (E.Y.T.)
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11
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The Relevance of Experimental Charge Density Analysis in Unraveling Noncovalent Interactions in Molecular Crystals. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123690. [PMID: 35744821 PMCID: PMC9229234 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The work carried out by our research group over the last couple of decades in the context of quantitative crystal engineering involves the analysis of intermolecular interactions such as carbon (tetrel) bonding, pnicogen bonding, chalcogen bonding, and halogen bonding using experimental charge density methodology is reviewed. The focus is to extract electron density distribution in the intermolecular space and to obtain guidelines to evaluate the strength and directionality of such interactions towards the design of molecular crystals with desired properties. Following the early studies on halogen bonding interactions, several "sigma-hole" interaction types with similar electrostatic origins have been explored in recent times for their strength, origin, and structural consequences. These include interactions such as carbon (tetrel) bonding, pnicogen bonding, chalcogen bonding, and halogen bonding. Experimental X-ray charge density analysis has proved to be a powerful tool in unraveling the strength and electronic origin of such interactions, providing insights beyond the theoretical estimates from gas-phase molecular dimer calculations. In this mini-review, we outline some selected contributions from the X-ray charge density studies to the field of non-covalent interactions (NCIs) involving elements of the groups 14-17 of the periodic table. Quantitative insights into the nature of these interactions obtained from the experimental electron density distribution and subsequent topological analysis by the quantum theory of atoms in molecules (QTAIM) have been discussed. A few notable examples of weak interactions have been presented in terms of their experimental charge density features. These examples reveal not only the strength and beauty of X-ray charge density multipole modeling as an advanced structural chemistry tool but also its utility in providing experimental benchmarks for the theoretical studies of weak interactions in crystals.
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12
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Fotović L, Bedeković N, Stilinović V. Evaluation of Halogenopyridinium Cations as Halogen Bond Donors. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2021; 21:6889-6901. [PMID: 34880714 PMCID: PMC8641392 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We have performed a database survey and a structural and computational study of the potential and the limitations of halogenopyridinium cations as halogen bond donors. The database survey demonstrated that adding a positive charge on a halogenopyridine ring increases the probability that the halogen atom will participate in a halogen bond, although for chloropyridines it remains below 60%. Crystal structures of both protonated and N-methylated monohalogenated pyridinium cations revealed that the iodo- and bromopyridinium cations always form halogen-bonding contacts with the iodide anions shorter than the sum of the vdW radii, while chloropyridinium cations mostly participate in longer contacts or fail to form halogen bonds. Although a DFT study of the electrostatic potential has shown that both protonation and N-methylation of halogenopyridines leads to a considerable increase in the ESP of the halogen σ-hole, it is generally not the most positive site on the cation, allowing for alternate binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Fotović
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikola Bedeković
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Stilinović
- Department of Chemistry,
Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, Horvatovac 102a, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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13
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Holthoff JM, Weiss R, Rosokha SV, Huber SM. "Anti-electrostatic" Halogen Bonding between Ions of Like Charge. Chemistry 2021; 27:16530-16542. [PMID: 34409662 PMCID: PMC9293363 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Halogen bonding occurs between molecules featuring Lewis acidic halogen substituents and Lewis bases. It is often rationalized as a predominantly electrostatic interaction and thus interactions between ions of like charge (e. g., of anionic halogen bond donors with halides) seem counter-intuitive. Herein, we provide an overview on such complexes. First, theoretical studies are described and their findings are compared. Next, experimental evidences are presented in the form of crystal structure database analyses, recent examples of strong "anti-electrostatic" halogen bonding in crystals, and the observation of such interactions also in solution. We then compare these complexes to select examples of "counter-intuitive" adducts formed by other interactions, like hydrogen bonding. Finally, we comment on key differences between charge-transfer and electrostatic polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M. Holthoff
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Robert Weiss
- Institut für Organische ChemieFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergHenkestraße 4291054ErlangenGermany
| | | | - Stefan M. Huber
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
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14
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Posavec L, Nemec V, Stilinović V, Cinčić D. Halogen and Hydrogen Bond Motifs in Ionic Cocrystals Derived from 3-Halopyridinium Halogenides and Perfluorinated Iodobenzenes. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2021; 21:6044-6050. [PMID: 34759783 PMCID: PMC8569900 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Four halopyridinium salts, 3-chloro- and 3-bromopyridinium chlorides and bromides, have been successfully cocrystallized with two ditopic perfluorinated iodobenzenes, 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene and 1,2-diiodotetrafluorobenzene. These halogen bond donor molecules were chosen because the different positionings of halogen bond donor atoms can lead to different supramolecular architectures. In this work, we present insight into the halogen bond acceptor potential of chloride and bromide ions, as well as the halogen bond donor potential of chlorine and bromine atoms substituted on the pyridinium ring when combined with the expectedly very strong hydrogen bonds between halopyridinium ions and free halogenide anions. A series of eight cocrystals were obtained in which three pairs of isostructural cocrystals were formed. Dominant interactions in the obtained cocrystals were charge-assisted hydrogen bonds between halopyridinium cations and halogenide ions as well as halogen bonds between halogen atoms on the pyridinium ring and halogenide ions.
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15
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Abstract
We performed a structural study of N-alkylated halogenopyridinium cations to examine whether choice of the N-substituent has any considerable effect on the halogen bonding capability of the cations. For that purpose, we prepared a series of N-ethyl-3-halopyridinium iodides and compared them with their N-methyl-3-halopyridinium analogues. Structural analysis revealed that N-ethylated halogenopyridinium cations form slightly shorter C−X⋯I− halogen bonds with iodide anion. We have also attempted synthesis of ditopic symmetric bis-(3-iodopyridinium) dications. Although successful in only one case, the syntheses have afforded two novel ditopic asymmetric monocations with an iodine atom bonded to the pyridine ring and another on the aliphatic N-substituent. Here, the C−I⋯I− halogen bond lengths involving pyridine iodine atom were notably shorter than those involving an aliphatic iodine atom as a halogen bond donor. This trend in halogen bond lengths is in line with the charge distribution on the Hirshfeld surfaces of the cations—the positive charge is predominantly located in the pyridine ring making the pyridine iodine atom σ-hole more positive than the one on the alkyl chan.
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16
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Miller D, Loy C, Rosokha SV. Examining a Transition from Supramolecular Halogen Bonding to Covalent Bonds: Topological Analysis of Electron Densities and Energies in the Complexes of Bromosubstituted Electrophiles. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:23588-23597. [PMID: 34549156 PMCID: PMC8444318 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The transition from weak (noncovalent) interactions to fully developed covalent bonds is examined using the quantum theory of atoms in molecules in a series of halogen-bonded (XB) complexes of bromosubstituted electrophiles, RBr, with 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) and Cl- and Br- anions. The gradual decrease in the XB lengths in these associations, d Br···Y (where Y = Cl-, Br-, or N), was accompanied by the exponential increase in the binding energies and charge transfer, as well as electron densities and magnitudes of the kinetic and potential energy densities at the bond critical points (BCPs) on the Br···Y bond path. These indices, as well as characteristics of the adjacent bonds in the XB donor, followed remarkably close trend lines when plotted against the normalized XB length R BrY = d Br···Y/(r Br + r Y) (where r Br and r Y are the van der Waals radii) regardless of the methods [MP2/6-311+G(d,p) or M062X/6-311+G(d,p)], media (gas phase or dichloromethane), and nucleophiles (Cl-, Br-, or DABCO). In the systems with an R BrY higher than about 0.78, the energy densities H(r) at BCPs at the Br···Y bond path were small and positive, and XBs did not substantially affect the characteristics of the adjacent R-Br covalent bond in the XB donor. Accordingly, the XB can be identified as noncovalent in this range. In the complexes with R BrY values between about 0.67 and 0.78, energy densities H(r) at Br···Y BCPs were negative, and their magnitudes increased with the decrease in the Br···Y separation. In this range, formation of XBs was accompanied by the increase in the R-Br bond length in the XB donor and the decrease in the magnitude of the (negative) H(r) values at the BCPs of the R-Br bonds. XBs can be classified as partially covalent in this R BrY range. At an R BrY less than about 0.67, electron densities were larger, and energy densities were more negative at BCPs of the Br···Y bond than those at BCPs of the R-Br bond in the XB donor. This indicates that Br···Y bonds were stronger than R-Br bonds, and these (Br···Y) XBs can be regarded as essentially covalent. The synchronous change of a variety of (R-Br and Br···Y) bonding characteristics with R BrY suggests that the normalized XB bond length can be used as a basic parameter in the identification of the type of intermolecular interaction. A continuity of these characteristics suggests an inherent relationship between limiting (covalent and noncovalent) types of XBs and thus an onset of molecular-orbital interactions in the weaker bonds.
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17
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Yu S, Ward JS, Truong K, Rissanen K. Carbonyl Hypoiodites as Extremely Strong Halogen Bond Donors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shilin Yu
- Department of Chemistry University of Jyvaskyla Survontie 9 B 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Jas S. Ward
- Department of Chemistry University of Jyvaskyla Survontie 9 B 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Khai‐Nghi Truong
- Department of Chemistry University of Jyvaskyla Survontie 9 B 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of Chemistry University of Jyvaskyla Survontie 9 B 40014 Jyväskylä Finland
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18
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Yu S, Ward JS, Truong K, Rissanen K. Carbonyl Hypoiodites as Extremely Strong Halogen Bond Donors. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:20739-20743. [PMID: 34268851 PMCID: PMC8518949 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutral halogen-bonded O-I-N complexes were prepared from in situ formed carbonyl hypoiodites and aromatic organic bases. The carbonyl hypoiodites have a strongly polarized iodine atom with larger σ-holes than any known uncharged halogen bond donor. Modulating the Lewis basicity of the selected pyridine derivatives and carboxylates leads to halogen-bonded complexes where the classical O-I⋅⋅⋅N halogen bond transforms more into a halogen-bonded COO- ⋅⋅⋅I-N+ ion-pair (salt) with an asymmetric O-I-N moiety. X-ray analyses, NMR studies, and calculations reveal the halogen bonding geometries of the carbonyl hypoiodite-based O-I-N complexes, confirming that in the solid-state the iodine atom is much closer to the N-atom of the pyridine derivatives than its original position at the carboxylate O-atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilin Yu
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of JyvaskylaSurvontie 9 B40014JyväskyläFinland
| | - Jas S. Ward
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of JyvaskylaSurvontie 9 B40014JyväskyläFinland
| | - Khai‐Nghi Truong
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of JyvaskylaSurvontie 9 B40014JyväskyläFinland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of JyvaskylaSurvontie 9 B40014JyväskyläFinland
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19
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Nemec V, Lisac K, Bedeković N, Fotović L, Stilinović V, Cinčić D. Crystal engineering strategies towards halogen-bonded metal–organic multi-component solids: salts, cocrystals and salt cocrystals. CrystEngComm 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1ce00158b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This highlight presents an overview of the current advances in the preparation of halogen bonded metal–organic multi-component solids, including salts and cocrystals comprising neutral and ionic constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinko Nemec
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Zagreb
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Katarina Lisac
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Zagreb
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Nikola Bedeković
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Zagreb
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Luka Fotović
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Zagreb
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Vladimir Stilinović
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Zagreb
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Dominik Cinčić
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Zagreb
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
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20
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Halogen Bonding in the Complexes of Brominated Electrophiles with Chloride Anions: From a Weak Supramolecular Interaction to a Covalent Br–Cl Bond. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10121075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The wide-range variation of the strength of halogen bonds (XB) not only facilitates a variety of applications of this interaction, but it also allows examining the relation (and interconversion) between supramolecular and covalent bonding. Herein, the Br…Cl halogen bonding in a series of complexes of bromosubstituted electrophiles (R-Br) with chloride anions were examined via X-ray crystallographic and computational methods. Six co-crystals showing such bonding were prepared by evaporation of solutions of R-Br and tetra-n-propylammonium chloride or using Cl− anions released in the nucleophilic reaction of 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane with dichloromethane in the presence of R-Br. The co-crystal comprised networks formed by 3:3 or 2:2 halogen bonding between R-Br and Cl−, with the XB lengths varying from 3.0 Å to 3.25 Å. Analysis of the crystallographic database revealed examples of associations with substantially longer and shorter Br…Cl separations. DFT computations of an extended series of R–Br…Cl− complexes confirmed that the judicious choice of brominated electrophile allows varying halogen Br…Cl bond strength and length gradually from the values common for the weak intermolecular complexes to that approaching a fully developed covalent bond. This continuity of halogen bond strength in the experimental (solid-state) and calculated associations indicates a fundamental link between the covalent and supramolecular bonding.
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21
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Maxson T, Jalilov AS, Zeller M, Rosokha SV. Halogen Bonding Between Anions: Association of Anion Radicals of Tetraiodo‐
p
‐benzoquinone with Iodide Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202004384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Maxson
- Department of Chemistry Ball State University Muncie IN 47306 USA
| | - Almaz S. Jalilov
- Department of Chemistry King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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22
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Maxson T, Jalilov AS, Zeller M, Rosokha SV. Halogen Bonding Between Anions: Association of Anion Radicals of Tetraiodo-p-benzoquinone with Iodide Anions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17197-17201. [PMID: 32497382 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202004384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Halogen bonding between two negatively charged species, tetraiodo-p-benzoquinone anion radicals (I4 Q-. ) and iodide anions, was observed and characterized for the first time. X-ray structural and EPR/UV-Vis spectral studies revealed that the anion-anion bonding led to the formation of crystals comprising 2D layers of I4 Q-. anion radicals linked by iodides and separated by Et4 N+ counter-ions. Computational analysis suggested that the seemingly antielectrostatic halogen bonds in these systems were formed via a combination of several factors. First, an attenuation of the interionic repulsion by the solvent facilitated close approach of the anions leading to their mutual polarization. This resulted in the appearance of positively charged areas (σ-holes) on the surface of the iodine substituents in I4 Q-. responsible for the attractive interaction. Finally, the solid-state associations were also stabilized by multicenter (4:4) halogen bonding between I4 Q-. and iodide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Maxson
- Department of Chemistry, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, 47306, USA
| | - Almaz S Jalilov
- Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Matthias Zeller
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Sergiy V Rosokha
- Department of Chemistry, Ball State University, Muncie, IN, 47306, USA
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23
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Marín-Luna M, Claramunt RM, López C, Pérez-Torralba M, Sanz D, Reviriego F, Alkorta I, Elguero J. A GIPAW versus GIAO-ZORA-SO study of 13C and 15N CPMAS NMR chemical shifts of aromatic and heterocyclic bromo derivatives. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2020; 108:101676. [PMID: 32640403 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2020.101676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Theoretical simulation of NMR parameters in compounds bearing heavy atoms generally requires the application of relativistic corrections. We report herein the theoretical characterization of 13C and 15N CPMAS NMR of known bromo-derivative crystals by using both the GIPAW and the combined GIAO-ZORA-SO approximation methods. Several statistical analyses were performed to compare both approaches, with non-relativistic GIPAW method being more useful to predict the 13C and 15N chemical shifts. The problem of applying GIPAW to crystal structures showing static or dynamic crystalline disorder of the special class resulting in half-protons will be discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Marín-Luna
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", E-30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Rosa M Claramunt
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Bio-Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, UNED, Paseo Senda del Rey, 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Concepción López
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Bio-Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, UNED, Paseo Senda del Rey, 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez-Torralba
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Bio-Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, UNED, Paseo Senda del Rey, 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dionisia Sanz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica y Bio-Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, UNED, Paseo Senda del Rey, 9, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Felipe Reviriego
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ibon Alkorta
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Elguero
- Instituto de Química Médica, CSIC, Juan de la Cierva, 3, E-28006, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Abstract
Identifying new binding forces between electron donor and acceptor entities is key to properly understanding molecular recognition and aggregation phenomena, which are of inmense importance to biology. For decades, the halogenation of DNA/RNA bases has been routinely carried out to solve solid state structures of nucleic acids (NA). However, the effects of this modification might be deeper than just a simple atom substitution since halogens are also known to undergo noncovalent binding (halogen bonding). Herein we show that halogenated NAs with either Br or I atoms are able to establish halogen bonds with properly disposed protein residues. An inspection of the Protein Data Bank (PDB) reveals several examples involving 5-iodo/5-bromouracil, 8-bromoadenine, and 5-iodocytosine bases that are consistent with the halogen bond geometry features. Computations reveal the favorable and moderately strong nature of this interaction, thus confirming the ability of halogenated bases to actively participate in protein-NA binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Baleares, Spain
| | - Antonio Bauzá
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Baleares, Spain
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25
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Holthoff JM, Engelage E, Weiss R, Huber SM. "Anti-Electrostatic" Halogen Bonding. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11150-11157. [PMID: 32227661 PMCID: PMC7317790 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Halogen bonding is often described as being driven predominantly by electrostatics, and thus adducts between anionic halogen bond (XB) donors (halogen-based Lewis acids) and anions seem counterintuitive. Such "anti-electrostatic" XBs have been predicted theoretically but for organic XB donors, there are currently no experimental examples except for a few cases of self-association. Reported herein is the synthesis of two negatively charged organoiodine derivatives that form anti-electrostatic XBs with anions. Even though the electrostatic potential is universally negative across the surface of both compounds, DFT calculations indicate kinetic stabilization of their halide complexes in the gas phase and particularly in solution. Experimentally, self-association of the anionic XB donors was observed in solid-state structures, resulting in dimers, trimers, and infinite chains. In addition, co-crystals with halides were obtained, representing the first cases of halogen bonding between an organic anionic XB donor and a different anion. The bond lengths of all observed interactions are 14-21 % shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana M. Holthoff
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Elric Engelage
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Robert Weiss
- Institut für Organische ChemieFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergHenkestraße 4291054ErlangenGermany
| | - Stefan M. Huber
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
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26
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Exploring the Halogen-Bonded Cocrystallization Potential of a Metal-Organic Unit Derived from Copper(ii) Chloride and 4-Aminoacetophenone. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13102385. [PMID: 32455896 PMCID: PMC7288111 DOI: 10.3390/ma13102385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we describe a novel halogen-bonded metal-organic cocrystal involving a square-planar Cu(ii) complex and 1,4-diiodotetrafluorobenzene (14tfib) by utilizing an amine ligand whose pendant acetyl group enables halogen bonding. The cocrystal was prepared by both mechanochemical synthesis (liquid-assisted grinding) and the conventional solution-based method. Crystal structure determination by single crystal X-ray diffraction revealed that the dominant supramolecular interactions are the I···O halogen bond between 14tfib and CuCl2(aap)2 building blocks, and the N–H···Cl hydrogen bonds between CuCl2(aap)2 molecules. The combination of halogen and hydrogen bonding leads to the formation of a 2D network. Overall, this work showcases an example of the possibility for extending the complexity of metal-organic crystal structures by using halogen bonding in a way that does not affect other hydrogen bonding synthons.
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27
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Cobaloximes as Building Blocks in Halogen-Bonded Cocrystals. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13102370. [PMID: 32455679 PMCID: PMC7287722 DOI: 10.3390/ma13102370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 05/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we explore the halogen-bonded cocrystallization potential of cobaloxime complexes in the synthesis of cocrystals with perhalogenated benzenes. We demonstrate a strategy for synthesizing halogen-bonded metal–organic cocrystals by utilizing cobaloximes whose pendant bromide group and oxime oxygen enable halogen bonding. By combining three well-known halogen bond donor molecules differing in binding geometry and composition with three cobaloxime units, we obtained a total of four previously unreported cocrystals. Single crystal X-ray diffraction experiments showed that the majority of obtained cocrystals exhibited the formation of the targeted I···O and I···Br motives. These results illustrate the potential of cobaloximes as halogen bond acceptors and indicate that this type of halogen bond acceptors may offer a novel route to metal–organic halogen-bonded cocrystals.
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28
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Holthoff JM, Engelage E, Weiss R, Huber SM. “Anti‐elektrostatische” Halogenbrücken. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jana M. Holthoff
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Elric Engelage
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
| | - Robert Weiss
- Institut für Organische ChemieFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Henkestraße 42 91054 Erlangen Deutschland
| | - Stefan M. Huber
- Fakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität Bochum Universitätsstraße 150 44801 Bochum Deutschland
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29
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Engelage E, Reinhard D, Huber SM. Is There a Single Ideal Parameter for Halogen-Bonding-Based Lewis Acidity? Chemistry 2020; 26:3843-3861. [PMID: 31943430 PMCID: PMC7154672 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Halogen-bond donors (halogen-based Lewis acids) have now found various applications in diverse fields of chemistry. The goal of this study was to identify a parameter obtainable from a single DFT calculation that reliably describes halogen-bonding strength (Lewis acidity). First, several DFT methods were benchmarked against the CCSD(T) CBS binding data of complexes of 17 carbon-based halogen-bond donors with chloride and ammonia as representative Lewis bases, which revealed M05-2X with a partially augmented def2-TZVP(D) basis set as the best model chemistry. The best single parameter to predict halogen-bonding strengths was the static σ-hole depth, but it still provided inaccurate predictions for a series of compounds. Thus, a more reliable parameter, Ωσ* , has been developed through the linear combination of the σ-hole depth and the σ*(C-I) energy, which was further validated against neutral, cationic, halogen- and nitrogen-based halogen-bond donors with very good performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elric Engelage
- Organische Chemie IFakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Dominik Reinhard
- Organische Chemie IFakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
| | - Stefan M. Huber
- Organische Chemie IFakultät für Chemie und BiochemieRuhr-Universität BochumUniversitätsstraße 15044801BochumGermany
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30
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Application of Halogen Bonding to Organocatalysis: A Theoretical Perspective. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051045. [PMID: 32110944 PMCID: PMC7179134 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The strong, specific, and directional halogen bond (XB) is an ideal supramolecular synthon in crystal engineering, as well as rational catalyst and drug design. These attributes attracted strong growing interest in halogen bonding in the past decade and led to a wide range of applications in materials, biological, and catalysis applications. Recently, various research groups exploited the XB mode of activation in designing halogen-based Lewis acids in effecting organic transformation, and there is continual growth in this promising area. In addition to the rapid advancements in methodology development, computational investigations are well suited for mechanistic understanding, rational XB catalyst design, and the study of intermediates that are unstable when observed experimentally. In this review, we highlight recent computational studies of XB organocatalytic reactions, which provide valuable insights into the XB mode of activation, competing reaction pathways, effects of solvent and counterions, and design of novel XB catalysts.
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Ciancaleoni G, Nunzi F, Belpassi L. Charge Displacement Analysis-A Tool to Theoretically Characterize the Charge Transfer Contribution of Halogen Bonds. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25020300. [PMID: 31940866 PMCID: PMC7024339 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical bonding analysis is of prime importance for the deep understanding of the various chemical interactions, covalent or not. Among the various methods that have been developed in the last decades, the analysis of the Charge Displacement function (CD) demonstrated to be useful to reveal the charge transfer effects in many contexts, from weak hydrogen bonds, to the characterization of σ hole interactions, as halogen, chalcogen and pnictogen bonding or even in the decomposition of the metal-ligand bond. Quite often, the CD analysis has also been coupled with experimental techniques, in order to give a complete description of the system under study. In this review, we focus on the use of CD analysis on halogen bonded systems, describing the most relevant literature examples about gas phase and condensed phase systems. Chemical insights will be drawn about the nature of halogen bond, its cooperativity and its influence on metal-ligand bond components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Ciancaleoni
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università degli Studi di Pisa, via Giuseppe Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-050-221-9351
| | - Francesca Nunzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy;
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” del CNR (SCITEC-CNR), via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Leonardo Belpassi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” del CNR (SCITEC-CNR), via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy;
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Fotović L, Stilinović V. Halogenide anions as halogen and hydrogen bond acceptors in iodopyridinium halogenides. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0ce00534g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Structures of iodopyridinium halogenides have demonstrated why iodide, the weakest halogen bond acceptor among the halogenides, preferentially forms halogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luka Fotović
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Zagreb
- HR-10002 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Vladimir Stilinović
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Zagreb
- HR-10002 Zagreb
- Croatia
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Piña MDLN, Bauzá A, Frontera A. Halogen⋯halogen interactions in decahalo-closo-carboranes: CSD analysis and theoretical study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:6122-6130. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00114g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We theoretically (PBE0-D3/def2TZVP) and experimentally (CSD analysis) demonstrate the importance of “like–like” halogen interactions for the stability of several decahalo-closo-carborane dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria de las Nieves Piña
- Department of Chemistry Universitat de les Illes Balears
- Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5
- 07122 Palma (Baleares)
- Spain
| | - Antonio Bauzá
- Department of Chemistry Universitat de les Illes Balears
- Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5
- 07122 Palma (Baleares)
- Spain
| | - Antonio Frontera
- Department of Chemistry Universitat de les Illes Balears
- Crta. de Valldemossa km 7.5
- 07122 Palma (Baleares)
- Spain
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