1
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Liang J, Chen S, Ni E, Tang J, Cao G, Wang H, Li Z, Zeng M, Fu L. High-Entropy Alloy Array via Liquid Metal Nanoreactor. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2403865. [PMID: 38857624 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202403865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
High-entropy alloy (HEA) nanostructures arranged into well-defined configurations hold great potential for accelerating the development of electronics, photonics, catalysis, and device integration. However, the random nucleation induced by the disparity in physicochemical properties of multiple elements makes it challenging to achieve single-particle synthesis at the patterned preset sites in the high-entropy scenario. Herein, the liquid metal nanoreactor strategy is proposed to realize the construction of HEA arrays. The coalescence of the liquid metal driven by the tendency to decrease surface energy provides a restricted environment for the nucleation and growth to form single HEA particles at the preset locations, which can be regarded as a self-confinement reaction. Liquid metal endowing a low diffusion energy barrier on the substrate and a high diffusivity of the alloy system can dynamically promote the aggregation process. As a result, the HEA array is prepared with elements up to eleven and possesses uniform periodicity, which exhibits excellent holography response in a broad spectrum. This work injects new vitality into the construction of HEA nanopatterns and provides an excellent platform for propelling their fundamental research and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shurun Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Erli Ni
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jiao Tang
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Guanghui Cao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Huiliu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zhongyang Li
- Electronic Information School, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Mengqi Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lei Fu
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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2
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Gwalani B, Martin A, Kautz E, Guo B, Lambeets SV, Olszta M, Battu AK, Malakar A, Yang F, Guo J, Thevuthasan S, Li R, Amassian A, Thuo M, Devaraj A. Mechanistic understanding of speciated oxide growth in high entropy alloys. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5026. [PMID: 38866756 PMCID: PMC11169556 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49243-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Complex multi-element alloys are gaining prominence for structural applications, supplementing steels, and superalloys. Understanding the impact of each element on alloy surfaces due to oxidation is vital in maintaining material integrity. This study investigates oxidation mechanisms in these alloys using a model five-element equiatomic CoCrFeNiMn alloy, in a controlled oxygen environment. The oxidation-induced surface changes correlate with each element's interactive tendencies with the environment, guided by thermodynamics. Initial oxidation stages follow atomic size and redox potential, with the latter becoming dominant over time, causing composition inversion. The study employs in-situ atom probe tomography, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray absorption near-edge structure techniques to elucidate the oxidation process and surface oxide structure evolution. Our findings deconvolute the mechanism for compositional and structural changes in the oxide film and will pave the way for a predictive design of complex alloys with improved resistance to oxidation under extreme conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharat Gwalani
- North Carolina State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA.
| | - Andrew Martin
- North Carolina State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Elizabeth Kautz
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
- North Carolina State University, Department of Nuclear Engineering, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Boyu Guo
- North Carolina State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - S V Lambeets
- Physical & Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Matthew Olszta
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Anil Krishna Battu
- Earth and Biological Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Aniruddha Malakar
- North Carolina State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Feipeng Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Suntharampillai Thevuthasan
- Physical & Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratories, Upton, NY, 11973, USA
| | - Aram Amassian
- North Carolina State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Martin Thuo
- North Carolina State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Arun Devaraj
- Physical & Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99352, USA.
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3
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Wei C, Li L, Zheng Y, Wang L, Ma J, Xu M, Lin J, Xie L, Naumov P, Ding X, Feng Q, Huang W. Flexible molecular crystals for optoelectronic applications. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3687-3713. [PMID: 38411997 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00116d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
The cornerstones of the advancement of flexible optoelectronics are the design, preparation, and utilization of novel materials with favorable mechanical and advanced optoelectronic properties. Molecular crystalline materials have emerged as a class of underexplored yet promising materials due to the reduced grain boundaries and defects anticipated to provide enhanced photoelectric characteristics. An inherent drawback that has precluded wider implementation of molecular crystals thus far, however, has been their brittleness, which renders them incapable of ensuring mechanical compliance required for even simple elastic or plastic deformation of the device. It is perplexing that despite a plethora of reports that have in the meantime become available underpinning the flexibility of molecular crystals, the "discovery" of elastically or plastically deformable crystals remains limited to cases of serendipitous and laborious trial-and-error approaches, a situation that calls for a systematic and thorough assessment of these properties and their correlation with the structure. This review provides a comprehensive and concise overview of the current understanding of the origins of crystal flexibility, the working mechanisms of deformations such as plastic and elastic bending behaviors, and insights into the examples of flexible molecular crystals, specifically concerning photoelectronic changes that occur in deformed crystals. We hope this summary will provide a reference for future experimental and computational efforts with flexible molecular crystals aimed towards improving their mechanical behavior and optoelectronic properties, ultimately intending to advance the flexible optoelectronic technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxin Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Liang Li
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Yingying Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Lizhi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Jingyao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Man Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Jinyi Lin
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Linghai Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
- School of Flexible Electronics (SoFE) and Henan Institute of Flexible Electronics (HIFE), Henan University, 379 Mingli Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Panče Naumov
- Smart Materials Lab, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
- Center for Smart Engineering Materials, New York University Abu Dhabi, PO Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Research Center for Environment and Materials, Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Bul. Krste Misirkov 2, Skopje MK-1000, Macedonia
- Molecular Design Institute, Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Xuehua Ding
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
| | - Quanyou Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) & Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, China.
- School of Flexible Electronics (SoFE) and Henan Institute of Flexible Electronics (HIFE), Henan University, 379 Mingli Road, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics (FSCFE), Shaanxi Institute of Flexible Electronics (SIFE), MIIT Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLoFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University (NPU), 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an 710072, China
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4
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Wang M, Lin Y. Gallium-based liquid metals as reaction media for nanomaterials synthesis. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:6915-6933. [PMID: 38501969 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr06566a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Gallium-based liquid metals (LMs) and their alloys have gained prominence in the realm of flexible and stretchable electronics. Recent advances have expanded the interest to explore the electron-rich core and interface of LMs to synthesize various nanomaterials, where Ga-based LMs serve as versatile reaction media. In this paper, we delve into the latest developments within this burgeoning field. Our discussion begins by elucidating the unique attributes of LMs that render them suitable as reaction media, including their high metal solubility, low standard reduction potential, self-limiting oxidation and ultra-smooth and "layer" surface. We then provide a comprehensive categorized summary of utilizing these features to fabricate a variety of nanomaterials, including pure metallic materials (metal alloys, metal crystals, porous metals, high-entropy alloys and metallic single atoms), metal-inorganic compounds (2D metal oxides, 2D metallic inorganic compounds and 2D graphitic materials), as well as metal-organic composites (metal-organic frameworks). This paper concludes by discussing the current challenges in this field and exploring potential future directions. The versatility and unique properties of Ga-based LMs are poised to play a pivotal role in the future of nanomaterial science, paving the way for more efficient, sustainable, and innovative technological solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore.
| | - Yiliang Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore.
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5
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Martin A, Thuo M. Predicting Emergence of Nanoscale Order in Surface Oxides through Preferential Interactivity Parameter. ACS NANO 2024; 18:6740-6747. [PMID: 38354032 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Diffusion and surface oxidation are critical processes in metal alloy designs and use. Surface oxides provide opportunities to improve material properties or performance beyond bulk alterations. Surface oxidation is, however, often oversimplified into a classical diffusion process. Passivating oxide surfaces are also thought to be lacking in complexity or critical information. A closer look, however, shows inherent complexity with kinetics-driven competition between the elements in the process leading to redox-speciation across a very small (nm) thickness. Questions that remain to be answered for a comprehensive understanding of surface oxides are diverse and call for interdisciplinary approaches. By using the thermodynamics-based Preferential Interactivity Parameter (PIP) alongside kinetic consideration, we show how complexity in these oxides can be predicted allowing us to tailor these thin films. We use our work, and that of others, to illustrate predictability while also highlighting that there is still much more to be done.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Martin Thuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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6
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Lu G, Ni E, Jiang Y, Wu W, Li H. Room-Temperature Liquid Metals for Flexible Electronic Devices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2304147. [PMID: 37875665 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202304147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Room-temperature gallium-based liquid metals (RT-GaLMs) have garnered significant interest recently owing to their extraordinary combination of fluidity, conductivity, stretchability, self-healing performance, and biocompatibility. They are ideal materials for the manufacture of flexible electronics. By changing the composition and oxidation of RT-GaLMs, physicochemical characteristics of the liquid metal can be adjusted, especially the regulation of rheological, wetting, and adhesion properties. This review highlights the advancements in the liquid metals used in flexible electronics. Meanwhile related characteristics of RT-GaLMs and underlying principles governing their processing and applications for flexible electronics are elucidated. Finally, the diverse applications of RT-GaLMs in self-healing circuits, flexible sensors, energy harvesting devices, and epidermal electronics, are explored. Additionally, the challenges hindering the progress of RT-GaLMs are discussed, while proposing future research directions and potential applications in this emerging field. By presenting a concise and critical analysis, this paper contributes to the advancement of RT-GaLMs as an advanced material applicable for the new generation of flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guixuan Lu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
| | - Erli Ni
- The Institute for Advanced Studies of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, China
| | - Yanyan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
| | - Weikang Wu
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
| | - Hui Li
- Key Laboratory for Liquid-Solid Structural Evolution and Processing of Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250061, China
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7
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Martin A, Pauls AM, Chang B, Boyce E, Thuo M. Photo-Activated Growth and Metastable Phase Transition in Metallic Solid Solutions. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2309865. [PMID: 38042991 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
Laser processing in metals is versatile yet limited by its reliance on phase transformation through heating rather than electronic excitation due to their low absorptivity, attributing from highly ordered structures. Metastable states (i.e., surfaces, glasses, undercooled liquids), however, present a unique platform, both energetically and structurally to enable energy landscape tuning through selective stimuli. Herein, this ansatz is demonstrated by exploiting thin passivating oxides to stabilize an undercooled state, followed by photo-perturbation of the near surface order to induce convective Marangoni flows, edge-coalescence and phase transition into a larger metastable solid bearing asymmetric composition between the near surface and core of the formed structure. The self-terminating nature of the process creates a perfectly contained system which can maintain a high relaxation energy barrier hence deep metastable states for extended periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Martin
- North Carolina State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Iowa State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Alana M Pauls
- North Carolina State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Iowa State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Boyce Chang
- Iowa State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Eva Boyce
- North Carolina State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Martin Thuo
- North Carolina State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
- Iowa State University, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
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8
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Wang D, Ye J, Bai Y, Yang F, Zhang J, Rao W, Liu J. Liquid Metal Combinatorics toward Materials Discovery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2303533. [PMID: 37417920 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202303533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals and their derivatives provide several opportunities for fundamental and practical exploration worldwide. However, the increasing number of studies and shortage of desirable materials to fulfill different needs also pose serious challenges. Herein, to address this issue, a generalized theoretical frame that is termed as "Liquid Metal Combinatorics" (LMC) is systematically presented, and summarizes promising candidate technical routes toward new generation material discovery. The major categories of LMC are defined, and eight representative methods for manufacturing advanced materials are outlined. It is illustrated that abundant targeted materials can be efficiently designed and fabricated via LMC through deep physical combinations, chemical reactions, or both among the main bodies of liquid metals, surface chemicals, precipitated ions, and other materials. This represents a large class of powerful, reliable, and modular methods for innovating general materials. The achieved combinatorial materials not only maintained the typical characteristics of liquid metals but also displayed distinct tenability. Furthermore, the fabrication strategies, wide extensibility, and pivotal applications of LMC are classified. Finally, by interpreting the developmental trends in the area, a perspective on the LMC is provided, which warrants its promising future for society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Wang
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Jiao Ye
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yunlong Bai
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Rao
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Liquid Metal and Cryogenic Biomedical Research Center, Beijing Key Lab of CryoBiomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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9
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Cao G, Liang J, Guo Z, Yang K, Wang G, Wang H, Wan X, Li Z, Bai Y, Zhang Y, Liu J, Feng Y, Zheng Z, Lu C, He G, Xiong Z, Liu Z, Chen S, Guo Y, Zeng M, Lin J, Fu L. Liquid metal for high-entropy alloy nanoparticles synthesis. Nature 2023:10.1038/s41586-023-06082-9. [PMID: 37316660 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06082-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
High-entropy alloy nanoparticles (HEA-NPs) show great potential as functional materials1-3. However, thus far, the realized high-entropy alloys have been restricted to palettes of similar elements, which greatly hinders the material design, property optimization and mechanistic exploration for different applications4,5. Herein, we discovered that liquid metal endowing negative mixing enthalpy with other elements could provide a stable thermodynamic condition and act as a desirable dynamic mixing reservoir, thus realizing the synthesis of HEA-NPs with a diverse range of metal elements in mild reaction conditions. The involved elements have a wide range of atomic radii (1.24-1.97 Å) and melting points (303-3,683 K). We also realized the precisely fabricated structures of nanoparticles via mixing enthalpy tuning. Moreover, the real-time conversion process (that is, from liquid metal to crystalline HEA-NPs) is captured in situ, which confirmed a dynamic fission-fusion behaviour during the alloying process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Cao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingjing Liang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zenglong Guo
- Department of Physics and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Quantum Functional Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kena Yang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Physics and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Quantum Functional Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - Huiliu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuhao Wan
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zeyuan Li
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yijia Bai
- College of Chemical Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Technology, Hohhot, China
| | - Yile Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Junlin Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yanpeng Feng
- Bay Area Center for Electron Microscopy, Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhenying Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Cai Lu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Guangzhi He
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zeyou Xiong
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ze Liu
- Department of Engineering Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shengli Chen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuzheng Guo
- School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Mengqi Zeng
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Junhao Lin
- Department of Physics and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Advanced Quantum Functional Materials and Devices, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
- Quantum Science Center of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (Guangdong), Shenzhen, China.
| | - Lei Fu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
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10
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Li S, Zhang K, Ma Z, Zhang W, Song Z, Wang W, Han H. Biomimetic Nanoplatelets to Target Delivery Hirudin for Site-Specific Photothermal/Photodynamic Thrombolysis and Preventing Venous Thrombus Formation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2203184. [PMID: 36344452 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Due to the high recurrence rate and mortality of venous thrombosis, there is an urgent need for research on antithrombotic strategies. Because of the short half-life, poor targeting capabilities, bleeding complications, and neurotoxic effects of conventional pharmacological thrombolysis methods, it is essential to develop an alternative strategy to noninvasive thrombolysis and decrease the recurrence rate of venous thrombosis. A platelet-mimetic porphyrin-based covalent organic framework-engineered melanin nanoplatform, to target delivery of hirudin to the vein thrombus site for noninvasive thrombolysis and effective anticoagulation, is first proposed. Owing to the thrombus-hosting properties of platelet membranes, the nanoplatform can target the thrombus site and then activate hyperthermia and reactive oxygen species for thrombolysis under near-infrared light irradiation. The photothermal therapy/photodynamic therapy combo can substantially improve the effectiveness (85.7%) of thrombolysis and prevent secondary embolism of larger fragments. Afterward, the highly loaded (97%) and slow-release hirudin (14 days) are effective in preventing the recurrence of blood clots without the danger of thrombocytopenia. The described biomimetic nanostructures offer a promising option for improving the efficacy of thrombolytic therapy and reducing the risk of bleeding complications in thrombus associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhaoyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Weiyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Zhiyong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Heyou Han
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agriculture Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
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11
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Duan L, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zhang J, Li Q, Lu Q, Fu L, Liu J, Liu Q. New Strategy and Excellent Fluorescence Property of Unique Core-Shell Structure Based on Liquid Metals/Metal Halides. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2204056. [PMID: 36101903 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202204056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The further applications of liquid metals (LMs) are limited by their common shortcoming of silver-white physical appearance, which deviates from the impose stringent requirements for color and aesthetics. Herein, a concept is proposed for constructing fluorescent core-shell structures based on the components and properties of LMs, and metal halides. The metal halides endow LMs with polychromatic and stable fluorescence characteristics. As a proof-of-concept, LMs-Al obtained by mixing of LMs with aluminum (Al) is reported. The surface of LMs-Al is transformed directly from Al to a multi-phase metal halide of K3 AlCl6 with double perovskites structure, via redox reactions with KCl + HCl solution in a natural environment. The formation of core-shell structure from the K3 AlCl6 and LMs is achieved, and the shell with different phases can emit a cyan light by the superimposition of the polychromatic spectrum. Furthermore, the LMs can be directly converted into a fluorescent shell without affecting their original features. In particular, the luminescence properties of shells can be regulated by the components in LMs. This study provides a new direction for research in spontaneous interfacial modification and fluorescent functionalization of LMs and promises potential applications, such as lighting and displays, anti-counterfeiting measures, sensing, and chameleon robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangfei Duan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, International Joint Research Center for Optoelectronic and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Yumin Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, International Joint Research Center for Optoelectronic and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Jianhong Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, International Joint Research Center for Optoelectronic and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, International Joint Research Center for Optoelectronic and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Qian Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cryo- Biomedical Engineering, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Qingjie Lu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, International Joint Research Center for Optoelectronic and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Li Fu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, International Joint Research Center for Optoelectronic and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Jing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cryo- Biomedical Engineering, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qingju Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, International Joint Research Center for Optoelectronic and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
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12
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Duan L, Zhang Y, Zhao J, Zhang J, Li Q, Lu Q, Fu L, Liu J, Liu Q. Unique Surface Fluorescence Induced from the Core-Shell Structure of Gallium-Based Liquid Metals Prepared by Thermal Oxidation Processing. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:39654-39664. [PMID: 35979950 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals (LMs) have emerged as promising functional materials that combine the properties of both liquid and metal. These characteristics enabled them to find applications in many fields. However, the LMs usually can only display a silver-white physical appearance, which limits their further applications in the fields with the imposition of stringent requirements for color and aesthetics. Herein, we report that the surface of LMs was transformed directly from metal to fluorescent semiconductor layer by an example of eutectic GaInSn (eGaInSn) induced by thermal oxidation. Specifically, a core-shell structure is formed from the fluorescent layer and the LMs. The shell endows the LMs with fluorescence without affecting their interior fluidity and conductivity. In particular, the formation process as well as the degree of crystallization, phase transformation, and light emission of the fluorescent oxide shell on the surface of LMs is regulated by the component content. A thorough analysis of surface morphology, composition, structure, and properties of the fluorescent shell suggests that the Ga2O3 layer is formed on the surface of gallium-based LMs after their immersion in deionized water. Subsequently, thermal oxidation results in the formation of the β-Ga2O3 shell on the surface of liquid metals. Importantly, abundant oxygen vacancies (VO) in β-Ga2O3 as the donors and the gallium vacancies (VGa), gallium-oxygen vacancy pairs (VO-VGa), defect energy levels, and intrinsic defects as the acceptors enabled the light emission. The fluorescent LMs have promising potential for flexible lighting and displays, anticounterfeiting measures, sensing, and chameleon robots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangfei Duan
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, International Joint Research Center for Optoelectronic and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Yumin Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, International Joint Research Center for Optoelectronic and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jianhong Zhao
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, International Joint Research Center for Optoelectronic and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, International Joint Research Center for Optoelectronic and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Qian Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cryo- Biomedical Engineering, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qingjie Lu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, International Joint Research Center for Optoelectronic and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Li Fu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, International Joint Research Center for Optoelectronic and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Jing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Cryogenics and Beijing Key Laboratory of Cryo- Biomedical Engineering, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qingju Liu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Materials & Technology, International Joint Research Center for Optoelectronic and Energy Materials, School of Materials and Energy, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
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13
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Wei Y, Chang M, Liu J, Wang N, Wang JX. Spray drying-assisted construction of hierarchically porous ZIF-8 for controlled release of doxorubicin. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:2793-2801. [PMID: 35133372 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr00040g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The intrinsic properties and structure of carrier materials, as well as the drug-loading method, are crucial to the fabrication of high-performance controlled drug release systems. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted great attention in drug delivery due to their rich variety and very precisely designable structures, but their inherent small pores limit their application towards large-size drug molecules. Herein, we report a facile and efficient approach for the construction of hierarchically porous ZIF-8 (HP-ZIF-8) by spray drying. The homogeneously distributed mesopores, which result from the interspaces in the closely arranged nanosized ZIF-8 (N-ZIF-8), can be tuned by adjusting the primary particle size. More importantly, a drug (doxorubicin (DOX), for example) can be simultaneously encapsulated during the fabrication process of HP-ZIF-8, achieving a high loading rate of 79% and an encapsulation efficiency of 79%. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the obtained DOX@HP-ZIF-8 is a pH-responsive system and the release can also be controlled by the mesopore size. Although HP-ZIF-8 shows obvious advantages in drug loading and release performance compared with N-ZIF-8 loaded with DOX by the same solvent adsorption approach, DOX@HP-ZIF-8 displays significantly increased loading capacity (more than 3 times) and the slowest release rate due to its drug-loading method. Their therapeutic efficacy on HeLa cells has also been proved. These findings have important implications for the construction of HP-MOFs as drug carriers and will also present a new platform for controlled drug release and biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Miao Chang
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jingran Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ni Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jie-Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
- Research Center of the Ministry of Education for High Gravity Engineering and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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14
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Jie Z, Mu W, Fu B, He G, Ding S, Li Y, Jia Z. Synthesis, mechanism and characterization of Urchin-like Ga2O3 microspheres. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00055e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An effective method without catalyst and template was developed to synthesize a novel micro-/nanostructures of gallium oxide (Ga2O3) for the first time. The urchin-like microspheres with uniformly distributed nanowires were...
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15
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Wan H, Guan Z, He Y. Electrochemically Promoted Bifunctionalization of Alkynes for the Synthesis of
β
‐Keto Sulfones. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202100620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hai‐Lan Wan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing 400715 P. R. China
| | - Zhi Guan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing 400715 P. R. China
| | - Yan‐Hong He
- Key Laboratory of Applied Chemistry of Chongqing Municipality School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Southwest University Chongqing 400715 P. R. China
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16
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Messalea KA, Syed N, Zavabeti A, Mohiuddin M, Jannat A, Aukarasereenont P, Nguyen CK, Low MX, Walia S, Haas B, Koch CT, Mahmood N, Khoshmanesh K, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Daeneke T. High- k 2D Sb 2O 3 Made Using a Substrate-Independent and Low-Temperature Liquid-Metal-Based Process. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16067-16075. [PMID: 34623147 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c04631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High dielectric constant (high-k) ultrathin films are required as insulating gate materials. The well-known high-k dielectrics, including HfO2, ZrO2, and SrTiO3, feature three-dimensional lattice structures and are thus not easily obtained in the form of distinct ultrathin sheets. Therefore, their deposition as ultrathin layers still imposes challenges for electronic industries. Consequently, new high-k nanomaterials with k in the range of 40 to 100 and a band gap exceeding 4 eV are highly sought after. Antimony oxide nanosheets appear as a potential candidate that could fulfill these characteristics. Here, we report on the stoichiometric cubic polymorph of 2D antimony oxide (Sb2O3) as an ideal high-k dielectric sheet that can be synthesized via a low-temperature, substrate-independent, and silicon-industry-compatible liquid metal synthesis technique. A bismuth-antimony alloy was produced during the growth process. Preferential oxidation caused the surface of the melt to be dominated by α-Sb2O3. This ultrathin α-Sb2O3 was then deposited onto desired surfaces via a liquid metal print transfer. A tunable sheet thickness between ∼1.5 and ∼3 nm was achieved, while the lateral dimensions were within the millimeter range. The obtained α-Sb2O3 exhibited high crystallinity and a wide band gap of ∼4.4 eV. The relative permittivity assessment revealed a maximum k of 84, while a breakdown electric field of ∼10 MV/cm was observed. The isolated 2D α-Sb2O3 nanosheets were utilized in top-gated field-effect transistors that featured low leakage currents, highlighting that the obtained material is a promising gate oxide for conventional and van der Waals heterostructure-based electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kibret A Messalea
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Nitu Syed
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Ali Zavabeti
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Md Mohiuddin
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Azmira Jannat
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | | | - Chung K Nguyen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Mei Xian Low
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Sumeet Walia
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Benedikt Haas
- Department of Physics & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph T Koch
- Department of Physics & IRIS Adlershof, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Nasir Mahmood
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | | | - Kourosh Kalantar-Zadeh
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of New South Wales (UNSW), Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Torben Daeneke
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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17
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Goff A, Aukarasereenont P, Nguyen CK, Grant R, Syed N, Zavabeti A, Elbourne A, Daeneke T. An exploration into two-dimensional metal oxides, and other 2D materials, synthesised via liquid metal printing and transfer techniques. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:7513-7526. [PMID: 33977926 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt04364h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) metal oxides can be difficult to synthesise, and scaling up production using traditional methods is challenging. However, a new liquid metal-based technique, that utilises both "top-down" and "bottom-up" processes, has recently been introduced. These liquids oxidise to form an oxide surface "skin" which may be exfoliated as a 2D flake and subsequently used in various electronic devices and chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail Goff
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, 3001 Australia.
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18
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Chang JJ, Du C, Pauls A, Thuo M. Tunable Hydrophobicity via Dimensionally Confined Polymerization of Organometallic Adducts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13929-13936. [PMID: 33600027 PMCID: PMC8252771 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202101795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Fabrication of tunable fine textures on solid metal surfaces often demands sophisticated reaction/processing systems. By exploiting in situ polymerization and self-assembly of inorganic adducts derived from liquid metals (the so-called HetMet reaction) with concomitant solidification, solid metal films with tunable texture are readily fabricated. Serving as a natural dimensional confinement, interparticle pores and capillary-adhered thin liquid films in a pre-packed bed of undercooled liquid metal particles lead to the expeditious surface accumulation of organometallic synthons, which readily oligomerize and self-assemble into concentration-dictated morphologies/patterns. Tuning particle size, particle packing (flat or textured), and reactant concentration generates diverse, autonomously organized organometallic structures on a metal particle bed. Concomitant solidification and sintering of the underlying undercooled particle bed led to a multiscale patterned solid metal surface. The process is illustrated by creating tunable features on pre-organized metal particle beds with concomitant tunable wettability as illustrated through the so-called petal and lotus effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia J. Chang
- Iowa State UniversityDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringAmesIA50014USA
| | - Chuanshen Du
- Iowa State UniversityDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringAmesIA50014USA
| | - Alana Pauls
- Iowa State UniversityDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringAmesIA50014USA
| | - Martin Thuo
- Iowa State UniversityDepartment of Materials Science and EngineeringAmesIA50014USA
- Micro-Electronics Research CentreAmesIA50014USA
- Iowa State UniversityDepartment of Electrical and Computer EngineeringAmesIA50014USA
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Bartlett
- Soft Materials and Structures Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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20
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Chang JJ, Du C, Pauls A, Thuo M. Tunable Hydrophobicity via Dimensionally Confined Polymerization of Organometallic Adducts. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202101795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia J. Chang
- Iowa State University Department of Materials Science and Engineering Ames IA 50014 USA
| | - Chuanshen Du
- Iowa State University Department of Materials Science and Engineering Ames IA 50014 USA
| | - Alana Pauls
- Iowa State University Department of Materials Science and Engineering Ames IA 50014 USA
| | - Martin Thuo
- Iowa State University Department of Materials Science and Engineering Ames IA 50014 USA
- Micro-Electronics Research Centre Ames IA 50014 USA
- Iowa State University Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Ames IA 50014 USA
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21
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Martin A, Chang BS, Pauls AM, Du C, Thuo M. Stabilization of Undercooled Metals via Passivating Oxide Layers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA 50010 USA
| | - Boyce S. Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA 50010 USA
| | - Alana M. Pauls
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA 50010 USA
| | - Chuanshen Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA 50010 USA
| | - Martin Thuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA 50010 USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Iowa State University Ames IA 50010 USA
- Micro-Electronics Research Centre Ames IA 50014 USA
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22
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Martin A, Chang BS, Pauls AM, Du C, Thuo M. Stabilization of Undercooled Metals via Passivating Oxide Layers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5928-5935. [PMID: 33381886 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Undercooling metals relies on frustration of liquid-solid transition mainly by an increase in activation energy. Passivating oxide layers are a way to isolate the core from heterogenous nucleants (physical barrier) while also raising the activation energy (thermodynamic/kinetic barrier) needed for solidification. The latter is due to composition gradients (speciation) that establishes a sharp chemical potential gradient across the thin (0.7-5 nm) oxide shell, slowing homogeneous nucleation. When this speciation is properly tuned, the oxide layer presents a previously unaccounted for interfacial tension in the overall energy landscape of the relaxing material. We demonstrate that 1) the integrity of the passivation oxide is critical in stabilizing undercooled particle, a key tenet in developing heat-free solders, 2) inductive effects play a critical role in undercooling, and 3) the magnitude of the influence of the passivating oxide can be larger than size effects in undercooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Boyce S Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Alana M Pauls
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Chuanshen Du
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA
| | - Martin Thuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, 50010, USA.,Micro-Electronics Research Centre, Ames, IA, 50014, USA
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23
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Martin A, Chang B, Cutinho J, Shen L, Ward T, Cochran EW, Thuo MM. Passivation-driven speciation, dealloying and purification. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:925-931. [PMID: 34821322 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01832e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Thin passivating surface oxide layers on metal alloys form a dissipation horizon between dissimilar phases, hence harbour an inherent free energy and composition gradient. We exploit this gradient to drive order and selective surface separation (speciation), enabling redox-driven enrichment of the core by selective conversion of low standard reduction potential (E°) components into oxides. Coupling this oxide growth to volumetric changes during solidification allows us to create oxide crystallites trapped in a metal ('ship-in-a-bottle') or extrusion of metal fingerlings on the heavily oxidized particle. We confirm the underlying mechanism through high temperature X-ray diffraction and characterization of solidification-trapped particle states. We demonstrate that engineering the passivating surface oxide can lead to purification via selective dealloying with concomitant enrichment of the core, leading to disparate particle morphologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, IA-50010, USA.
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24
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Guo Z, Lu J, Wang D, Xie W, Chi Y, Xu J, Takuya N, Zhang J, Xu W, Gao F, Wu H, Zhao L. Galvanic replacement reaction for in situ fabrication of litchi-shaped heterogeneous liquid metal-Au nano-composite for radio-photothermal cancer therapy. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:602-612. [PMID: 33005825 PMCID: PMC7509004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With tremendous research advances in biomedical application, liquid metals (LM) also offer fantastic chemistry for synthesis of novel nano-composites. Herein, as a pioneering trial, litchi-shaped heterogeneous eutectic gallium indium-Au nanoparticles (EGaIn-Au NPs), served as effective radiosensitizer and photothermal agent for radio-photothermal cancer therapy, have been successfully prepared using in situ interfacial galvanic replacement reaction. The enhanced photothermal conversion efficiency and boosted radio-sensitization effect could be achieved with the reduction of Au nanodots onto the eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn) NPs surface. Most importantly, the growth of tumor could be effectively inhibited under the combined radio-photothermal therapy mediated by EGaIn-Au NPs. Inspired by this approach, in situ interfacial galvanic replacement reaction may open a novel strategy to fabricate LM-based nano-composite with advanced multi-functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhu Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Powder Metallurgy Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jingsong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Research Center of Magnetic and Electronic Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Department of Nanoengineering, Chemical Engineering Program, and Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, United States
| | - Wensheng Xie
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- The Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yongjie Chi
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- School of Earth Sciences and Resources, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Nonaka Takuya
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Junxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wanling Xu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, Shanxi, 712046, China
| | - Hong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Powder Metallurgy, Powder Metallurgy Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410083, China
| | - Lingyun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Ministry of Education of China, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Sun X, Yuan B, Wang H, Fan L, Duan M, Wang X, Guo R, Liu J. Nano‐Biomedicine based on Liquid Metal Particles and Allied Materials. ADVANCED NANOBIOMED RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/anbr.202000086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xuyang Sun
- Beijing Key Lab of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- School of Medical Science and Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 P.R. China
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 P.R. China
| | - Bo Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P.R. China
| | - Hongzhang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P.R. China
| | - Linlin Fan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P.R. China
| | - Minghui Duan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P.R. China
| | - Xuelin Wang
- School of Medical Science and Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 P.R. China
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering Beihang University Beijing 100191 P.R. China
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P.R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Beijing Key Lab of Cryo-Biomedical Engineering and Key Lab of Cryogenics Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 P.R. China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering School of Medicine Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 P.R. China
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Ochirkhuyag N, Matsuda R, Song Z, Nakamura F, Endo T, Ota H. Liquid metal-based nanocomposite materials: fabrication technology and applications. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:2113-2135. [PMID: 33465221 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07479a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Research on liquid metals has been steadily garnering more interest in recent times, especially in flexible electronics applications because of their properties like possessing high conductivity and being liquid state at room temperature. The unique properties afforded by such materials at low temperatures can compensate for the limitations of stretchable electronic devices, particularly robustness and their fluidic property, which can enhance the flexibility and deformation of these devices. Therefore, interest in liquid-metal nanoparticles and liquid metals with nanocomposites has enabled research into their fabrication technologies as well as utilisation in fields such as chemistry, polymer engineering, computational modelling, and nanotechnology. In particular, in flexible and stretchable electronic device applications, the research attention is focused on the fabrication methodologies of liquid-metal nanoparticles and liquid metals containing nanocomposites. This review attempts to summarise the available stretchable and flexible electronics applications that use liquid-metal nanoparticles as well as liquid metals with nanomaterial additives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryosuke Matsuda
- Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Zihao Song
- Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Fumika Nakamura
- Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Takuma Endo
- Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Ota
- Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
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Malakooti MH, Bockstaller MR, Matyjaszewski K, Majidi C. Liquid metal nanocomposites. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2020; 2:2668-2677. [PMID: 36132412 PMCID: PMC9419082 DOI: 10.1039/d0na00148a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metal (LM) has attracted tremendous interest over the past decade for its enabling combination of high electrical and thermal conductivity and low mechanical compliance and viscosity. Efforts to harness LM in electronics, robotics, and biomedical applications have largely involved methods to encapsulate the liquid so that it can support functionality without leaking or smearing. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in LM "nanocomposites" in which either liquid metal is mixed with metallic nanoparticles or nanoscale droplets of liquid metal are suspended within a soft polymer matrix. Both of these material systems represent an important step towards utilizing liquid metal for breakthrough applications. In this minireview, we present a brief overview of recent progress over the past few years in methods to synthesize LM nanomaterials and utilize them as transducers for sensing, actuation, and energy harvesting. In particular, we focus on techniques for stable synthesis of LM nanodroplets, suspension of nanodroplets within various matrix materials, and methods for incorporating metallic nanoparticles within an LM matrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad H Malakooti
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington Seattle WA 91895 USA
| | - Michael R Bockstaller
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
| | | | - Carmel Majidi
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA 15213 USA
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28
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Lin Y, Genzer J, Dickey MD. Attributes, Fabrication, and Applications of Gallium-Based Liquid Metal Particles. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2000192. [PMID: 32596120 PMCID: PMC7312306 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202000192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This work discusses the attributes, fabrication methods, and applications of gallium-based liquid metal particles. Gallium-based liquid metals combine metallic and fluidic properties at room temperature. Unlike mercury, which is toxic and has a finite vapor pressure, gallium possesses low toxicity and effectively zero vapor pressure at room temperature, which makes it amenable to many applications. A variety of fabrication methods produce liquid metal particles with variable sizes, ranging from nm to mm (which is the upper limit set by the capillary length). The liquid nature of gallium enables fabrication methods-such as microfluidics and sonication-that are not possible with solid materials. Gallium-based liquid metal particles possess several notable attributes, including a metal-metal oxide (liquid-solid) core-shell structure as well as the ability to self-heal, merge, and change shape. They also have unusual phase behavior that depends on the size of the particles. The particles have no known commercial applications, but they show promise for drug delivery, soft electronics, microfluidics, catalysis, batteries, energy harvesting, and composites. Existing challenges and future opportunities are discussed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiliang Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695‐7905USA
| | - Jan Genzer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695‐7905USA
| | - Michael D. Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNC27695‐7905USA
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