1
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Liu Y, Coles NT, Cajiao N, Taylor LJ, Davies ES, Barbour A, Morgan PJ, Butler K, Pointer-Gleadhill B, Argent SP, McMaster J, Neidig ML, Robinson D, Kays DL. Mechanistic investigations of the Fe(ii) mediated synthesis of squaraines. Chem Sci 2024; 15:9599-9611. [PMID: 38939136 PMCID: PMC11206310 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01286k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The scission and homologation of CO is a fundamental process in the Fischer-Tropsch reaction. However, given the heterogeneous nature of the catalyst and forcing reaction conditions, it is difficult to determine the intermediates of this reaction. Here we report detailed mechanistic insight into the scission/homologation of CO by two-coordinate iron terphenyl complexes. Mechanistic investigations, conducted using in situ monitoring and reaction sampling techniques (IR, NMR, EPR and Mössbauer spectroscopy) and structural characterisation of isolable species, identify a number of proposed intermediates. Crystallographic and IR spectroscopic data reveal a series of migratory insertion reactions from 1Mes to 4Mes. Further studies past the formation of 4Mes suggest that ketene complexes are formed en route to squaraine 2Mes and iron carboxylate 3Mes, with a number of ketene containing structures being isolated, in addition to the formation of unbound, protonated ketene (8). The synthetic and mechanistic studies are supported by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Nathan T Coles
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Nathalia Cajiao
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester Rochester New York 14627 USA
| | - Laurence J Taylor
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - E Stephen Davies
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Alistair Barbour
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Patrick J Morgan
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Kevin Butler
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Ben Pointer-Gleadhill
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Stephen P Argent
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Jonathan McMaster
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Michael L Neidig
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QR UK
| | - David Robinson
- Department of Chemistry and Forensics, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University Nottingham NG11 8NS UK
| | - Deborah L Kays
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
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2
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Szych LS, Denker L, Feld J, Goicoechea JM. Trapping an Elusive Phosphanyl-Phosphaalumene. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401326. [PMID: 38607965 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
We describe our efforts to access a compound with an Al=P double bond by reaction of Al(Nacnac) towards [H2CN(Dipp)]2P(PCO) (Nacnac=HC[C(Me)N(Dipp)]2; Dipp=2,6-iPr2C6H3). Our observations are consistent with the formation of a transient phosphanyl-phosphaalumene at low temperatures (-70 °C), however this species was found to readily undergo intramolecular C-H activation of the β-diketiminato ligand upon warming to room temperature. The reactivity of the transient complex toward small molecules including dihydrogen, carbon dioxide, phosphaketenes, amines and silanes could be explored at low temperatures, showcasing that the target compound can react as both a frustrated Lewis pair (via the pendant phosphanyl moiety) or in hydroelementation reactions of the Al=P bond. The elusive target molecule could be trapped by addition of a Lewis base (tetrahydrofuran) affording an isolable molecular species that reacts in an analogous fashion to the base-free compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian S Szych
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, U.K
| | - Lars Denker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, U.K
| | - Joey Feld
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, OX1 3TA, Oxford, U.K
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave, 47405-7102, Bloomington, IN, U.S.A
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3
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Geibel N, Bührmann L, Albers L, Schmidtmann M, Weiz A, Müller T. Germaaluminocenes-Masked Heterofulvenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403652. [PMID: 38578658 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Germaaluminocenes are formed by salt metathesis reactions of dipotassium germacyclopentadienediides with pentamethylcyclopentadienylaluminum dichloride. The reactivity pattern of these sandwich complexes is determined by the electrophilic central aluminum atom and by the nucleophilic dicoordinated germanium center. Surprisingly, the products formed by reactions with Lewis acids, Lewis bases, amphiphiles and compounds with polar double bonds are those expected from the reaction of a hypothetical aluminagermapentafulvene with these types of reagents. This suggests that germaaluminocenes are synthetic equivalents to these pentafulvenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeschda Geibel
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Bührmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lena Albers
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Weiz
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany
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4
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He M, Hu C, Wei R, Wang XF, Liu LL. Recent advances in the chemistry of isolable carbene analogues with group 13-15 elements. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:3896-3951. [PMID: 38436383 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00784g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Carbenes (R2C:), compounds with a divalent carbon atom containing only six valence shell electrons, have evolved into a broader class with the replacement of the carbene carbon or the RC moiety with main group elements, leading to the creation of main group carbene analogues. These analogues, mirroring the electronic structure of carbenes (a lone pair of electrons and an empty orbital), demonstrate unique reactivity. Over the last three decades, this area has seen substantial advancements, paralleling the innovations in carbene chemistry. Recent studies have revealed a spectrum of unique carbene analogues, such as monocoordinate aluminylenes, nitrenes, and bismuthinidenes, notable for their extraordinary properties and diverse reactivity, offering promising applications in small molecule activation. This review delves into the isolable main group carbene analogues that are in the forefront from 2010 and beyond, spanning elements from group 13 (B, Al, Ga, In, and Tl), group 14 (Si, Ge, Sn, and Pb) and group 15 (N, P, As, Sb, and Bi). Specifically, this review focuses on the potential amphiphilic species that possess both lone pairs of electrons and vacant orbitals. We detail their comprehensive synthesis and stabilization strategies, outlining the reactivity arising from their distinct structural characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mian He
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Chaopeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Xin-Feng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
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5
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Sharma MK, Weinert HM, Wölper C, Schulz S. Gallaphosphene L(Cl)GaPGaL: A novel phosphinidene transfer reagent. Chemistry 2024:e202400110. [PMID: 38235843 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Gallaphosphene L(Cl)GaPGaL 1 (L=HC[C(Me)N(Ar)]2 ; Ar=2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ) reacts with N-heterocyclic carbenes R NHC (R NHC=[CMeN(R)]2 C; R=Me, iPr) to R NHC-coordinated phosphinidenes R NHC→PGa(Cl)L (R=Me 2 a, iPr 2 b) and with isonitriles RNC (R=iPr, Cy) to 1,3-phosphaazaallenes L(Cl)GaP=C=N-R (R=iPr 3 a, Cy 3 b), respectively. Quantum chemical calculations reveal that 2 a/2 b possess two localized lone pair of electrons, whereas 3 a/3 b only show one localized lone pair as was reported for gallaphosphene 1. 2 b reacts with 2.5 equivalents of a borane (THF ⋅ BH3 ) to the NHC-stabilized phosphinidene-borane complex [iPr NHC→P(BH2 )]2 (BH3 )3 4 with concomitant formation of LGa(H)Cl 5. 2-5 are characterized by heteronuclear (1 H, 13 C{1 H}, 31 P{1 H}) NMR and IR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single crystal X-ray diffraction (sc-XRD).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K Sharma
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141, Essen
| | - Hanns M Weinert
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141, Essen
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141, Essen
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141, Essen
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Straße 199, D-47057, Duisburg
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6
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Evans MJ, Anker MD, McMullin CL, Coles MP. Reductive Coupling of a Diazoalkane Derivative Promoted by a Potassium Aluminyl and Elimination of Dinitrogen to Generate a Reactive Aluminium Ketimide. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302903. [PMID: 37786384 PMCID: PMC10946750 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of 9-diazo-9H-fluorene (fluN2 ) with the potassium aluminyl K[Al(NON)] ([NON]2- =[O(SiMe2 NDipp)2 ]2- , Dipp=2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ) affords K[Al(NON)(κN1 ,N3 -{(fluN2 )2 })] (1). Structural analysis shows a near planar 1,4-di(9H-fluoren-9-ylidene)tetraazadiide ligand that chelates to the aluminium. The thermally induced elimination of dinitrogen from 1 affords the neutral aluminium ketimide complex, Al(NON)(N=flu)(THF) (2) and the 1,2-di(9H-fluoren-9-yl)diazene dianion as the potassium salt, [K2 (THF)3 ][fluN=Nflu] (3). The reaction of 2 with N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide (iPrN=C=NiPr) affords the aluminium guanidinate complex, Al(NON){N(iPr)C(N=CMe2 )N(CHflu)} (4), showing a rare example of reactivity at a metal ketimide ligand. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been used to examine the bonding in the newly formed [(fluN2 )2 ]2- ligand in 1 and the ketimide bonding in 2. The mechanism leading to the formation of 4 has also been studied using this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Evans
- School of Chemical and Physical SciencesVictoria University of WellingtonP.O. Box 600Wellington6012New Zealand
| | - Mathew D. Anker
- School of Chemical and Physical SciencesVictoria University of WellingtonP.O. Box 600Wellington6012New Zealand
| | | | - Martyn P. Coles
- School of Chemical and Physical SciencesVictoria University of WellingtonP.O. Box 600Wellington6012New Zealand
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7
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Reveley MJ, Feld J, Temerova D, Yang ES, Goicoechea JM. Hydroelementation and Phosphinidene Transfer: Reactivity of Phosphagermenes and Phosphastannenes Towards Small Molecule Substrates. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301542. [PMID: 37589485 PMCID: PMC10946619 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
We describe the facile synthesis of [(Me3 Si)2 CH]2 E=PMes* (E=Ge, Sn) from the reaction of the tetrylenes with the phospha-Wittig reagent, Me3 P-PMes*. Their reactivity towards a range of substrates with protic and hydridic E-H bonds (E=N, O, Si) is described. In addition to hydroelementation reactions of the E=P bonds, we show that these compounds, particularly [(Me3 Si)2 CH]2 Sn=PMes*, also act as base-stabilized phosphinidenes, allowing phosphinidene transfer to other nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Reveley
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield Rd.OxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Joey Feld
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield Rd.OxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Diana Temerova
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield Rd.OxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Eric S. Yang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield Rd.OxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of ChemistryIndiana University800 E. Kirkwood Ave.BloomingtonIN., 47405USA
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8
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Heilmann A, Saddington AM, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. Aluminium and Gallium Silylimides as Nitride Sources. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302512. [PMID: 37604785 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Terminal aluminium and gallium imides of the type K[(NON)M(NR)], bearing heteroatom substituents at R, have been synthesised via reactions of anionic aluminium(I) and gallium(I) reagents with silyl and boryl azides (NON=4,5-bis(2,6-diisopropyl-anilido)-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethyl-xanthene). These systems vary significantly in their lability in solution: the N(Sii Pr3 ) and N(Boryl) complexes are very labile, on account of the high basicity at nitrogen. Phenylsilylimido derivatives provide greater stabilization through the π-acceptor capabilities of the SiR3 group. K[(NON)AlN(Sit BuPh2 )] offers a workable compromise between stability and solubility, and has been completely characterized by spectroscopic, analytical and crystallographic methods. The silylimide species examined feature minimal π-bonding between the imide ligand and aluminium/gallium, with the HOMO and HOMO-1 orbitals effectively comprising orthogonal lone pairs centred at N. Reactivity-wise, both aluminium and gallium silylimides can act as viable sources of nitride, [N]3- , with systems derived from either metal reacting with CO to afford cyanide complexes. By contrast, only the gallium system K[(NON)Ga{N(SiPh3 )}] is capable of effecting a similar transformation with N2 O to yield azide, N3 - , via formal oxide/nitride metathesis. The aluminium systems instead generate RN3 via transfer of the imide fragment [RN]2- .
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Artemis M Saddington
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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9
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Baradzenka AG, Vyboishchikov SF, Pilkington M, Nikonov GI. Base-Stabilized Phosphinidene Oxide, Imide and Sulfide. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301842. [PMID: 37490421 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation of a base-stabilized phosphinidene (κ2 -NNP)P (12, NNP=phosphinoamidinate) with N2 O afforded a labile phosphinidene oxide (κ2 -NNP)P=O (16) which was characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Further oxidation of 16 by N2 O or reaction of 12 with two equivalents of pyridine oxide afforded the isolable dioxide (κ2 -NNP)PO2 which was characterized by NMR and SC XRD. Trapping of 16 with tolyl isocyanate resulted in P=O/N=C metathesis, eventually affording a urea-ligated phosphine (κ1 -NNP)P(NTol)2 C=O (17) The mechanism of this reaction was elucidated by DFT calculations. Reactions of phosphinidene 12 with azides generated transient imines (NNP)P=NR, which in the case of R=Tol underwent cycloaddition with tolyl Isocyanate to afford the urea product 17, and in the case of R=SiMe3 reacts with N3 SiMe3 via the addition of N-Si across the P=N bond affording, after the extrusion of dinitrogen, a P,N-heterocyclic compound. Both products of the reactions with azides have been fully characterized, both in solution and the solid-state. Finally, reaction of phosphinidene 12 with one equivalent of sulfur resulted in the isolation of the base-stabilized phosphinidene sulfide (κ2 -NNP)P=S that has also been fully characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliona G Baradzenka
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Sergei F Vyboishchikov
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona, Carrer Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Melanie Pilkington
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Georgii I Nikonov
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada
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10
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Ludwig M, Franz D, Espinosa Ferao A, Bolte M, Hanusch F, Inoue S. Anions featuring an aluminium-silicon core with alumanyl silanide and aluminata-silene characteristics. Nat Chem 2023; 15:1452-1460. [PMID: 37400594 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-023-01265-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular species containing multiple bonds to aluminium have long been challenging synthetic targets. Despite recent landmark discoveries in this area, heterodinuclear Al-E multiple bonds (where E is a group-14 element) have remained rare and limited to highly polarized π-interactions (Al=E ↔ +Al-E-). Here we report the isolation of three alumanyl silanide anions that feature an Al-Si core stabilized by bulky substituents and a Si-Na interaction. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies, spectroscopic analysis and density functional theory calculations show that the Al-Si interaction possesses partial double bond character. Preliminary reactivity studies support this description of the compounds through two resonance structures: one that displays a predominant nucleophilic character of the sodium-coordinated silicon centre in the Al-Si core, as shown by silanide-like reactivity towards halosilane electrophiles and the CH-insertion of phenylacetylene. Moreover, we report an alumanyl silanide with a sequestered sodium cation. Cleavage of the Si-Na bond by [2.2.2]cryptand increases the double bond character of the Al-Si core to produce an anion with high aluminata-silene (-Al=Si) character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Ludwig
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Daniel Franz
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Arturo Espinosa Ferao
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institute for Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Franziska Hanusch
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching bei München, Germany.
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11
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Liu HY, Mahon MF, Hill MS. Aluminum-Boron Bond Formation by Boron Ester Oxidative Addition at an Alumanyl Anion. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:15310-15319. [PMID: 37672789 PMCID: PMC10521018 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
The potassium diamidoalumanyl, [K{Al(SiNDipp)}]2 (SiNDipp = {CH2SiMe2NDipp}2), reacts with the terminal B-O bonds of pinacolato boron esters, ROBpin (R = Me, i-Pr), and B(OMe)3 to provide potsassium (alkoxy)borylaluminate derivatives, [K{Al(SiNDipp)(OR)(Bpin)}]n (R = Me, n = 2; R = i-Pr, n = ∞) and [K{Al(SiNDipp)(OMe)(B(OMe)2)}]∞, comprising Al-B σ bonds. An initial assay of the reactivity of these species with the heteroallene molecules, N,N'-diisopropylcarbodiimide and CO2, highlights the kinetic inaccessibility of their Al-B bonds; only decomposition at high temperature is observed with the carbodiimide, whereas CO2 preferentially inserts into the Al-O bond of [K{Al(SiNDipp)(OMe)(Bpin)}]2 to provide a dimeric methyl carbonate species. Treatment of the acyclic dimethoxyboryl species, however, successfully liberates a terminal alumaboronic ester featuring trigonal N2Al-BO2 coordination environments at both boron and aluminum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
| | - Mary F. Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
| | - Michael S. Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
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12
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Vasanthakumar A, Price JS, Emslie DJH. Rare earth dialkyl cations and monoalkyl dications supported by a rigid neutral pincer ligand: synthesis and ethylene polymerization. Chem Sci 2023; 14:8514-8523. [PMID: 37592999 PMCID: PMC10430518 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01830j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A palladium-catalyzed coupling reaction between 4,5-dibromo-2,7-di-tert-butyl-9,9-dimethylxanthene and 2 equiv. of 1,3-diisopropylimidazolin-2-imine afforded the rigid neutral 2,7-di-tert-butyl-4,5-bis(1,3-diisopropylimidazolin-2-imino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene (XII2) pincer ligand. Reaction of XII2 with YCl3(THF)3.5 provided [(XII2)YCl3] (1). However, compound 1 failed to react cleanly with 3 equiv. of LiCH2SiMe3, and the reaction of XII2 with [Y(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2] afforded a complex mixture of products. To access group 3 alkyl complexes without the intermediacy of [(XII2)M(CH2SiMe3)3], the XII2 ligand was protonated using [H(OEt2)2][B(C6F5)4] to form [H(XII2)][B(C6F5)4], and subsequent reaction with [M(CH2SiMe3)3(THF)2] (M = Y, Sc) directly afforded the cationic scandium and yttrium dialkyl complexes [(XII2)M(CH2SiMe3)2][B(C6F5)4] {M = Y (2) and Sc (3)}. Reaction of 3 with B(C6F5)3 in C6D5Br afforded dicationic [(XII2)Sc(CH2SiMe2CH2SiMe3)][MeB(C6F5)3][B(C6F5)4] (4) featuring a CH2SiMe2CH2SiMe3 ligand, formed as a result of methyl anion abstraction from silicon, with concomitant migration of the neighbouring CH2SiMe3 group from scandium to silicon. The MeB(C6F5)3 anion in 4 forms a contact ion pair. By contrast, reaction of 1 with [CPh3][B(C6F5)3] in C6D5Br/toluene or o-C6H4F2/toluene afforded dicationic [(XII2)Sc(CH2SiMe3)(ηx-toluene)n][B(C6F5)4]2 (5). Compounds 2-4 showed negligible ethylene polymerization activity, whereas 5 is highly active (up to 870 kg mol-1 h-1 atm-1 in o-C6H4F2/toluene under 1 atm of ethylene at room temperature).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aathith Vasanthakumar
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - Jeffrey S Price
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
| | - David J H Emslie
- Department of Chemistry, McMaster University 1280 Main Street West Hamilton Ontario L8S 4M1 Canada
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13
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Zhu L, Kinjo R. Reactions of main group compounds with azides forming organic nitrogen-containing species. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:5563-5606. [PMID: 37519098 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00290j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Since the seminal discovery of phenyl azide by Grieß in 1864, a variety of organic azides (R-N3) have been developed and extensively studied. The amenability of azides to a number of reactions has expanded their utility as building blocks not only in organic synthesis but also in bioorthogonal chemistry and materials science. Over the decades, it has been demonstrated that the reactions of main group compounds with azides lead to diverse N-containing main group molecules. In view of the pronounced progress in this area, this review summarizes the reactions of main group compounds with azides, emphatically introducing their reaction patterns and mechanisms. The reactions of forming inorganic nitrogen species are not included in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhao Zhu
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
| | - Rei Kinjo
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Nanyang Link 21, Singapore 637371, Singapore.
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14
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Evans MJ, Anker MD, McMullin CL, Coles MP. Controlled reductive C-C coupling of isocyanides promoted by an aluminyl anion. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6278-6288. [PMID: 37325153 PMCID: PMC10266456 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01387a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the reaction of the potassium aluminyl, K[Al(NON)] ([NON]2- = [O(SiMe2NDipp)2]2-, Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) with a series of isocyanide substrates (R-NC). In the case of tBu-NC, degradation of the isocyanide was observed generating an isomeric mixture of the corresponding aluminium cyanido-κC and -κN compounds, K[Al(NON)(H)(CN)]/K[Al(NON)(H)(NC)]. The reaction with 2,6-dimethylphenyl isocyanide (Dmp-NC), gave a C3-homologation product, which in addition to C-C bond formation showed dearomatisation of one of the aromatic substituents. In contrast, using adamantyl isocyanide Ad-NC allowed both the C2- and C3-homologation products to be isolated, allowing a degree of control to be exercised over the chain growth process. These data also show that the reaction proceeds through a stepwise addition, supported in this study by the synthesis of the mixed [(Ad-NC)2(Dmp-NC)]2- product. Computational analysis of the bonding within the homologised products confirm a high degree of multiple bond character in the exocyclic ketenimine units of the C2- and C3-products. In addition, the mechanism of chain growth was investigated, identifying different possible pathways leading to the observed products, and highlighting the importance of the potassium cation in formation of the initial C2-chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington P. O. Box 600 Wellington New Zealand
| | - Mathew D Anker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington P. O. Box 600 Wellington New Zealand
| | | | - Martyn P Coles
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington P. O. Box 600 Wellington New Zealand
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15
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Abstract
The chemistry of low valent p-block metal complexes continues to elicit interest in the research community, demonstrating reactivity that replicates and in some cases exceeds that of their more widely studied d-block metal counterparts. The introduction of the first aluminyl anion, a complex containing a formally anionic Al(I) centre charge balanced by an alkali metal (AM) cation, has established a platform for a new area of chemical research. The chemistry displayed by aluminyl compounds is expanding rapidly, with examples of reactivity towards a diverse range of small molecules and functional groups now reported in the literature. Herein we present an account of the structure and reactivity of the growing family of aluminyl compounds. In this context we examine the structural relationships between the aluminyl anion and the AM cations, which now include examples of AM = Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs. We report on the ability of these compounds to engage in bond-breaking and bond-forming reactions, which is leading towards their application as useful reagents in chemical synthesis. Furthermore we discuss the chemistry of bimetallic complexes containing direct Al-M bonds (M = Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn) and compounds with Al-E multiple bonds (E = NR, CR2, O, S, Se, Te), where both classes of compound are derived directly from aluminyl anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn P Coles
- School of Chemical of Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand.
| | - Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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16
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Heilmann A, Vasko P, Hicks J, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. An Aluminium Imide as a Transfer Agent for the [NR] 2- Function via Metathesis Chemistry. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300018. [PMID: 36602941 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of a terminal aluminium imide with a range of oxygen-containing substrates have been probed with a view to developing its use as a novel main group transfer agent for the [NR]2- fragment. We demonstrate transfer of the imide moiety to [N2 ], [CO] and [Ph(H)C] units driven thermodynamically by Al-O bond formation. N2 O reacts rapidly to generate the organoazide DippN3 (Dipp=2,6-i Pr2 C6 H3 ), while CO2 (under dilute reaction conditions) yields the corresponding isocyanate, DippNCO. Mechanistic studies, using both experimental and quantum chemical techniques, identify a carbamate complex K2 [(NON)Al-{κ2 -(N,O)-N(Dipp)CO2 }]2 (formed via [2+2] cycloaddition) as an intermediate in the formation of DippNCO, and also in an alternative reaction leading to the generation of the amino-dicarboxylate complex K2 [(NON)Al{κ2 -(O,O')-(O2 C)2 N-(Dipp)}] (via the take-up of a second equivalent of CO2 ). In the case of benzaldehyde, a similar [2+2] cycloaddition process generates the metallacyclic hemi-aminal complex, Kn [(NON)Al{κ2 -(N,O)-(N(Dipp)C(Ph)(H)O}]n . Extrusion of the imine, PhC(H)NDipp, via cyclo-reversion is disfavoured thermally, due to the high energy of the putative aluminium oxide co-product, K2 [(NON)Al(O)]2 . However, addition of CO2 allows the imine to be released, driven by the formation of the thermodynamically more stable aluminium carbonate co-product, K2 [(NON)Al(κ2 -(O,O')-CO3 )]2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Petra Vasko
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, A. I. Virtasen Aukio 1, PO Box 55, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QR, UK
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17
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Ballmann GM, Evans MJ, Gentner TX, Kennedy AR, Fulton JR, Coles MP, Mulvey RE. Synthesis, Characterization, and Structural Analysis of AM[Al(NON Dipp)(H)(SiH 2Ph)] ( AM = Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs) Compounds, Made Via Oxidative Addition of Phenylsilane to Alkali Metal Aluminyls. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:19838-19846. [PMID: 36503245 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c03010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We report the oxidative addition of phenylsilane to the complete series of alkali metal (AM) aluminyls [AM{Al(NONDipp)}]2 (AM = Li, Na, K, Rb, and Cs). Crystalline products (1-AM) have been isolated as ether or THF adducts, [AM(L)n][Al(NONDipp)(H)(SiH2Ph)] (AM = Li, Na, K, Rb, L = Et2O, n = 1; AM = Cs, L = THF, n = 2). Further to this series, the novel rubidium rubidiate, [{Rb(THF)4}2(Rb{Al(NONDipp)(H)(SiH2Ph)}2)]+ [Rb{Al(NONDipp)(H)(SiH2Ph)}2]-, was isolated during an attempted recrystallization of Rb[Al(NONDipp)(H)(SiH2Ph)] from a hexane/THF mixture. Structural and spectroscopic characterizations of the series 1-AM confirm the presence of μ-hydrides that bridge the aluminum and alkali metals (AM), with multiple stabilizing AM···π(arene) interactions to either the Dipp- or Ph-substituents. These products form a complete series of soluble, alkali metal (hydrido) aluminates that present a platform for further reactivity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd M Ballmann
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Thomas X Gentner
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Alan R Kennedy
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - J Robin Fulton
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Martyn P Coles
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
| | - Robert E Mulvey
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
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18
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Ghosh B, Phukan AK. Unravelling the Potential of Ylides in Stabilizing Low-Valent Group 13 Compounds: Theoretical Predictions of Stable, Five-Membered Group 13 (Aluminum and Gallium) Carbenoids Capable of Small-Molecule Activation. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:14606-14615. [PMID: 36059112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Computational investigations provide evidence toward the remarkable ability of strongly electron-donating ylidic functionalities in stabilizing singlet group 13 carbenoids with promising ligand properties. All of the proposed carbenoids are found to be considerably nucleophilic and possess significant singlet-triplet energy separation values. The calculated activation barriers and reaction free energies obtained for the cleavage of different enthalpically strong bonds by these carbenoids are found to be either comparable to or lower than those of the experimentally evaluated aluminum and gallium carbenoids, thereby indicating their potential in small-molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijoy Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napam 784028, Assam, India
| | - Ashwini K Phukan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napam 784028, Assam, India
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19
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Dodonov VA, Sokolov VG, Baranov EV, Skatova AA, Xu W, Zhao Y, Yang XJ, Fedushkin IL. Reactivity of Transition Metal Gallylene Complexes Toward Substrates with Multiple Carbon–Element Bonds. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:14962-14972. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A. Dodonov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences (IOMC RAS), Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Vladimir G. Sokolov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences (IOMC RAS), Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny V. Baranov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences (IOMC RAS), Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra A. Skatova
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences (IOMC RAS), Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Wenhua Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Yanxia Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi’an 710069, China
| | - Igor L. Fedushkin
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences (IOMC RAS), Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
- Kozma Minin Nizhny Novgorod State Pedagogical University, Ulyanova 1, Nizhny Novgorod 603005, Russian Federation
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20
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Heilmann A, Roy MMD, Crumpton AE, Griffin LP, Hicks J, Goicoechea JM, Aldridge S. Coordination and Homologation of CO at Al(I): Mechanism and Chain Growth, Branching, Isomerization, and Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12942-12953. [PMID: 35786888 PMCID: PMC9348839 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Homologation of carbon
monoxide is central to the heterogeneous
Fischer–Tropsch process for the production of hydrocarbon fuels.
C–C bond formation has been modeled by homogeneous systems,
with [CnOn]2– fragments (n = 2–6)
formed by two-electron reduction being commonly encountered. Here,
we show that four- or six-electron reduction of CO can be accomplished
by the use of anionic aluminum(I) (“aluminyl”) compounds
to give both topologically linear and branched C4/C6 chains. We show that the mechanism for homologation relies
on the highly electron-rich nature of the aluminyl reagent and on
an unusual mode of interaction of the CO molecule, which behaves primarily
as a Z-type ligand in initial adduct formation. The formation of [C6O6]4– from [C4O4]4– shows for the first time a solution-phase
CO homologation process that brings about chain branching via complete
C–O bond cleavage, while a comparison of the linear [C4O4]4– system with the [C4O4]6– congener formed under more
reducing conditions models the net conversion of C–O bonds
to C–C bonds in the presence of additional reductants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Agamemnon E Crumpton
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Liam P Griffin
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Jamie Hicks
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
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21
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Kassymbek A, Spasyuk D, Dmitrienko A, Pilkington M, Nikonov GI. Facile C-H bond activation on a transient gallium imide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:6946-6949. [PMID: 35640262 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01857h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of NacNacGa with azide N3SiMe3 results in the generation of a transient imide NacNacGa(NSiMe3) that can cleave unactivated sp3 C-H and sp2 C-H bonds of different substrates, affording gallium amides. Pyridine, cyclohexanone, ethyl acetate, DMSO, and triethylphosphine oxide were activated in this process producing corresponding gallium amides. All new compounds were characterised by multinuclear NMR and X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishabibi Kassymbek
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Denis Spasyuk
- Canadian Light Source Inc., 44 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, S7N 2V3, Canada
| | - Anton Dmitrienko
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Melanie Pilkington
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Georgii I Nikonov
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, L2S 3A1, Canada.
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22
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Low CH, Buss JA, Agapie T. Molybdenum-Mediated Coupling of Carbon Monoxide to a C 3 Product on a Single Metal Site. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:7710-7714. [PMID: 35532950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a series of naphthalenediyl-diphosphine molybdenum complexes are reported. A novel dicarbonyl-Mo complex (3) converts to a bis(siloxy)acetylene complex (5) upon reduction and treatment with a silyl electrophile, Me3SiCl. This process shows exclusive C-C coupling distinct from the previously reported phenylene-linked analogue that undergoes C-O cleavage. Further CO catenation can be engendered from 5 under mild conditions providing metallacyclobutenone complex 6, with a C3O3 organic motif derived from CO. Differences in reactivity are assigned to the nature of the arene linker, where the naphthalenediyl fragment shows a propensity for η4 binding previously not observed for phenylene. Consistent with this hypothesis, a Mo precursor with a 1,3-cyclohexadienediyl-based linker was prepared which also showed exclusive formation of a bis(siloxy)acetylene complex and subsequent coupling of a third CO molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Heng Low
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard MC 127-72, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Joshua A Buss
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard MC 127-72, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Theodor Agapie
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard MC 127-72, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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23
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Evans MJ, Anker MD, McMullin CL, Neale SE, Rajabi NA, Coles MP. Carbon-chalcogen bond formation initiated by [Al(NON Dipp)(E)] - anions containing Al-E{16} (E{16} = S, Se) multiple bonds. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4635-4646. [PMID: 35656129 PMCID: PMC9020183 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01064j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiply-bonded main group metal compounds are of interest as a new class of reactive species able to activate and functionalize a wide range of substrates. The aluminium sulfido compound K[Al(NONDipp)(S)] (NONDipp = [O(SiMe2NDipp)2]2−, Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3), completing the series of [Al(NONDipp)(E)]− anions containing Al–E{16} multiple bonds (E{16} = O, S, Se, Te), was accessed via desulfurisation of K[Al(NONDipp)(S4)] using triphenylphosphane. The crystal structure showed a tetrameric aggregate joined by multiple K⋯S and K⋯π(arene) interactions that were disrupted by the addition of 2.2.2-cryptand to form the separated ion pair, [K(2.2.2-crypt)][Al(NONDipp)(S)]. Analysis of the anion using density functional theory (DFT) confirmed multiple-bond character in the Al–S group. The reaction of the sulfido and selenido anions K[Al(NONDipp)(E)] (E = S, Se) with CO2 afforded K[Al(NONDipp)(κ2E,O-EC{O}O)] containing the thio- and seleno-carbonate groups respectively, consistent with a [2 + 2]-cycloaddition reaction and C–E bond formation. An analogous cycloaddition reaction took place with benzophenone affording compounds containing the diphenylsulfido- and diphenylselenido-methanolate ligands, [κ2E,O-EC{O}Ph2]2−. In contrast, when K[Al(NONDipp)(E)] (E = S, Se) was reacted with benzaldehyde, two equivalents of substrate were incorporated into the product accompanied by formation of a second C–E bond and complete cleavage of the Al–E{16} bonds. The products contained the hitherto unknown κ2O,O-thio- and κ2O,O-seleno-bis(phenylmethanolate) ligands, which were exclusively isolated as the cis-stereoisomers. The mechanisms of these cycloaddition reactions were investigated using DFT methods. Reaction of Al–E (E = S, Se) multiple bonds with C
Created by potrace 1.16, written by Peter Selinger 2001-2019
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O functionalities generates new C–E bonds.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington P.O. Box 600 Wellington New Zealand
| | - Mathew D Anker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington P.O. Box 600 Wellington New Zealand
| | | | - Samuel E Neale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Nasir A Rajabi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Martyn P Coles
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington P.O. Box 600 Wellington New Zealand
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24
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Dodonov VA, Kushnerova OA, Rumyantsev RV, Novikov AS, Osmanov VK, Fedushkin IL. Cycloaddition of isoselenocyanates to sodium and magnesium metallacycles. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:4113-4121. [PMID: 35187552 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04366h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Heterocumulenes SeCNR (R = C6H4OMe-2, C6H4Me-2) undergo facile cycloaddition to [(H-dpp-bian)Na(Et2O)2] (1) (H-dpp-bian = N-protonated 1,2-bis[(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene) resulting in cycloadducts [(H-dpp-bian)Na(SeCNR)(DME)] (2, 3), which are the first cycloadducts derived from a sodium metallacycle reported so far. A comparative reaction of [(dpp-bian)Mg(THF)3] (10) with SeCNR gives magnesium cycloadducts [(dpp-bian)Mg(SeCNR)(Solv)2] (11, 12), which undergo fast decomposition at room temperature. New compounds are characterized by NMR, EPR, and IR spectroscopy, and elemental and X-ray diffraction analysis. Their electronic structures and reaction pathways were probed using DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Dodonov
- G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Tropinina str. 49, N. Novgorod 603137, Russia.
| | - Olga A Kushnerova
- G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Tropinina str. 49, N. Novgorod 603137, Russia.
| | - Roman V Rumyantsev
- G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Tropinina str. 49, N. Novgorod 603137, Russia.
| | - Alexander S Novikov
- Institute of Chemistry, Saint Petersburg State University, Universitetskaya Nab., 7/9, Saint Petersburg 199034, Russia.
| | - Vladimir K Osmanov
- Nizhny Novgorod State Technical University. Minina str. 24, N. Novgorod 603155, Russia.
| | - Igor L Fedushkin
- G.A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Tropinina str. 49, N. Novgorod 603137, Russia.
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25
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Dankert F, Hering-Junghans C. Heavier group 13/15 multiple bond systems: synthesis, structure and chemical bond activation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1242-1262. [PMID: 35014640 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc06518a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heavier group 13/15 multiple bonds have been under investigation since the late 80s and to date, several examples have been published, which shows the obsoleteness of the so-called double bond rule. Especially in the last few years, more and more group 13/15 multiple bonds became synthetically feasible and their application in terms of small molecule activation has been demonstrated. Our group has recently shown that the combination of the pnictinidene precursor DipTer-Pn(PMe3) (Pn = P, As) in combination with Al(I) synthons afforded the first examples of phospha- and arsaalumenes as isolable and thermally robust compounds. This feature article is intended to show the recent developments in the field, to outline early synthetic approaches and to discuss strategies to unlock the synthetic potential of these elusive chemical bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Dankert
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 29A, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
| | - C Hering-Junghans
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT), Albert-Einstein-Str. 29A, 18059 Rostock, Germany.
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Fujimori
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, WACKER-Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
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27
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Sharma MK, Wölper C, Schulz S. Selective 1,2 addition of polar X-H bonds to the Ga-P double bond of gallaphosphene L(Cl)GaPGaL. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:1612-1616. [PMID: 34994365 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt04299h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Gallaphosphene L(Cl)GaPGaL 1 (L = HC[C(Me)N(2,6-i-Pr2-C6H3)]2) reacts at ambient temperature with a series of polar X-H bonds, i.e. ammonia, primary amines, water, phenol, thiophenol, and selenophenol, selectively with 1,2 addition at the polar Ga-P double bond. The gallium atom serves as electrophile and the phosphorous atom is protonated in all reactions. The resulting complexes L(Cl)GaP(H)Ga(X)L (X = NH22, NHi-Pr 3, NHPh 4, OH 5, OXyl 6, SPh 7, SePh 8) were characterized by IR and heteronuclear (1H, 13C{1H}, 31P{1H}) NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K Sharma
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstraße 5-7, D-45141 Essen, Germany.
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28
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Evans MJ, Gardiner M, Anker MD, Coles MP. Extending Chain Growth Beyond C1 → C4 in CO Homologation: Aluminyl Promoted Formation of the [C 5O 5] 5– Ligand. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:5833-5836. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc01554d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The TMEDA supported potassium aluminyl (NONDipp)Al–K(TMEDA)2 (NONDipp = [O(SiMe2NDipp)2]2–, Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3), containing a Al–K bond, activates and reductively couples cabon monoxide gas to give a new aluminium species contianing...
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29
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Simler T, McCabe KN, Maron L, Nocton G. CO reductive oligomerization by a divalent thulium complex and CO2-induced functionalization. Chem Sci 2022; 13:7449-7461. [PMID: 35919756 PMCID: PMC9241974 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01798a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The divalent thulium complex [Tm(Cpttt)2] (Cpttt = 1,2,4-tris(tert-butyl)cyclopentadienyl) reacts with CO to afford selective CO reductive dimerization and trimerization into ethynediolate (C2) and ketenecarboxylate (C3) complexes, respectively. DFT calculations were...
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Simler
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay Palaiseau 91120 France
| | - Karl N McCabe
- LPCNO, UMR 5215, Université de Toulouse-CNRS, INSA, UPS Toulouse France
| | - Laurent Maron
- LPCNO, UMR 5215, Université de Toulouse-CNRS, INSA, UPS Toulouse France
| | - Grégory Nocton
- LCM, CNRS, Ecole Polytechnique, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, Route de Saclay Palaiseau 91120 France
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30
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Zhang X, Liu LL. A Free Aluminylene with Diverse σ‐Donating and Doubly σ/π‐Accepting Ligand Features for Transition Metals**. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202111975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China
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31
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Zhang X, Liu LL. A Free Aluminylene with Diverse σ-Donating and Doubly σ/π-Accepting Ligand Features for Transition Metals*. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:27062-27069. [PMID: 34614275 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202111975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the synthesis, characterization, and coordination chemistry of a free N-aluminylene, namely a carbazolylaluminylene 2 b. This species is prepared via a reduction reaction of the corresponding carbazolyl aluminium diiodide. The coordination behavior of 2 b towards transition metal centers (W, Cr) is shown to afford a series of novel aluminylene complexes 3-6 with diverse coordination modes. We demonstrate that the tri-active ambiphilic Al center in 2 b can behave as: 1. a σ-donating and doubly π-accepting ligand; 2. a σ-donating, σ-accepting and π-accepting ligand; and 3. a σ-donating and doubly σ-accepting ligand. Additionally, we show ligand exchange at the aluminylene center providing access to the modulation of electronic properties of transition metals without changing the coordinated atoms. Investigations of 2 b with IDippCuCl (IDipp=1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene) show an unprecedented aluminylene-alumanyl transformation leading to a rare terminal Cu-alumanyl complex 8. The electronic structures of such complexes and the mechanism of the aluminylene-alumanyl transformation are investigated through density functional theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
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32
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Manankandayalage CP, Unruh DK, Krempner C. Carbon monoxide bond cleavage mediated by an intramolecular frustrated Lewis pair: access to new B/N heterocycles via selective incorporation of single carbon atoms. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:12528-12531. [PMID: 34766617 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05673e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Utilizing an intramolecular frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) decorated with a strongly donating guanidino moiety enabled the formation of a thermally remarkably stable FLP-CO adduct, which at 120 °C underwent CO migration to form an acyl borane. Both compounds underwent rapid CO cleavage in the presence of strong electrophiles leading to the selective formation of a range of new 1,2- and 1,3-benzazaboroles in good yields under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chamila P Manankandayalage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Memorial Dr & Boston, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
| | - Daniel K Unruh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Memorial Dr & Boston, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
| | - Clemens Krempner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University, Memorial Dr & Boston, Lubbock, TX, 79409, USA.
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Roy MMD, Omaña AA, Wilson ASS, Hill MS, Aldridge S, Rivard E. Molecular Main Group Metal Hydrides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:12784-12965. [PMID: 34450005 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This review serves to document advances in the synthesis, versatile bonding, and reactivity of molecular main group metal hydrides within Groups 1, 2, and 12-16. Particular attention will be given to the emerging use of said hydrides in the rapidly expanding field of Main Group element-mediated catalysis. While this review is comprehensive in nature, focus will be given to research appearing in the open literature since 2001.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M D Roy
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Alvaro A Omaña
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
| | - Andrew S S Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Avon BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Rivard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, 11227 Saskatchewan Drive, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2G2, Canada
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34
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Schwamm RJ, Hill MS, Liu HY, Mahon MF, McMullin CL, Rajabi NA. Seven-Membered Cyclic Potassium Diamidoalumanyls. Chemistry 2021; 27:14971-14980. [PMID: 34403562 PMCID: PMC8596455 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The seven-membered cyclic potassium alumanyl species, [{SiNMes }AlK]2 [{SiNMes }={CH2 SiMe2 N(Mes)}2 ; Mes=2,4,6-Me3 C6 H2 ], which adopts a dimeric structure supported by flanking K-aryl interactions, has been isolated either by direct reduction of the iodide precursor, [{SiNMes }AlI], or in a stepwise manner via the intermediate dialumane, [{SiNMes }Al]2 . Although the intermediate dialumane has not been observed by reduction of a Dipp-substituted analogue (Dipp=2,6-i-Pr2 C6 H3 ), partial oxidation of the potassium alumanyl species, [{SiNDipp }AlK]2 , where {SiNDipp }={CH2 SiMe2 N(Dipp)}2 , provided the extremely encumbered dialumane [{SiNDipp }Al]2 . [{SiNDipp }AlK]2 reacts with toluene by reductive activation of a methyl C(sp3 )-H bond to provide the benzyl hydridoaluminate, [{SiNDipp }AlH(CH2 Ph)]K, and as a nucleophile with BPh3 and RN=C=NR (R=i-Pr, Cy) to yield the respective Al-B- and Al-C-bonded potassium aluminaborate and alumina-amidinate products. The dimeric structure of [{SiNDipp }AlK]2 can be disrupted by partial or complete sequestration of potassium. Equimolar reactions with 18-crown-6 result in the corresponding monomeric potassium alumanyl, [{SiNDipp }Al-K(18-cr-6)], which provides a rare example of a direct Al-K contact. In contrast, complete encapsulation of the potassium cation of [{SiNDipp }AlK]2 , either by an excess of 18-cr-6 or 2,2,2-cryptand, allows the respective isolation of bright orange charge-separated species comprising the 'free' [{SiNDipp }Al]- alumanyl anion. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations performed on this moiety indicate HOMO-LUMO energy gaps in the of order 200-250 kJ mol-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan J Schwamm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Michael S Hill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Han-Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Mary F Mahon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Claire L McMullin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Nasir A Rajabi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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35
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Dodonov VA, Chen W, Liu L, Sokolov VG, Baranov EV, Skatova AA, Zhao Y, Wu B, Yang XJ, Fedushkin IL. Reactions of Iso(thio)cyanates with Dialanes: Cycloaddition, Reductive Coupling, or Cleavage of the C═S or C═O Bond. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:14602-14612. [PMID: 34551514 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The dialanes [(dpp-Bian)Al-Al(dpp-Bian)] (1) and [(dpp-dad)Al(THF)-(THF)Al(dpp-dad)] (2) (dpp-Bian = 1,2-[(2,6-iPr2C6H3)NC]2C12H6, dpp-dad = [(2,6-iPr2C6H3)NC(CH3)]2) react with some isothiocyanates, isocyanates, and diphenylketene via [2 + 4] cycloaddition of the C═O or C═S bond across the C═C-N-Al fragment to afford complexes [L(X═C-Y)Al-Al(X═C-Y)L] with an intact Al-Al single bond (3, L = dpp-Bian, X = PhN, Y = O; 4, L = dpp-Bian, X = Ph2C, Y = O; 6, L = dpp-dad, X = BnN, Y = S; 7, L = dpp-dad, X = tBuN, Y = O; 8, L = dpp-dad, X = iPrN, Y = S; and 9, L = dpp-dad, X = CyN, Y = S). A mixed C═N and C═O mode cycloadduct, [(dpp-Bian)(TosN═C-O)Al-Al(TosN-C═O)(dpp-Bian)] 5, was obtained in the reaction of 1 with tosylisocyanate. Heating the solution of 3 resulted in a thermal transformation and a change of the cycloaddition mode from C═O to C═N to give the product [(dpp-Bian)(PhN-C═O)Al(O)Al(PhN-C═O)(dpp-Bian)] 10. The reduction of 7 and 8 with Na yielded the products [Na(THF)n]2[(dpp-dad-H)(X═C-Y)Al]2 (12, X = iPrN, Y = S, n = 2 and 13, X = tBuN, Y = O, n = 3) in which one of the methyl groups of the backbone of the initial dpp-dad ligand was dehydrogenated. When 2 was reacted with the bulky adamantyl isocyanate AdNCO, the C-C coupling of two substrates occurred to form 14 [(dpp-dad)Al(O═C-NAd)2Al(dpp-dad)] in which the coupled dianionic oxamide ligand bridged two Al atoms in a μ,η4-N,O/N,O mode. Moreover, in the presence of 2.0 equiv of Na metal, precursor 2 reacts with tBuNCS, p-TolylNCS, or Me3SiNCO, possibly through the reduced AlI intermediate, to yield the sulfur- or oxygen-bridged dimer [Na(solv)n]2[(dpp-dad)Al(μ-E)]2 (15, E = S, solv = THF, n = 3 and 16, E = O, solv = DME, n = 2) upon C═S or C═O bond cleavage. Dialane 1 reacts with dimethylsulfone to give a Lewis adduct [(dpp-Bian)(Me2SO2)Al]2 (17), which releases dimethylsulfone upon heating. The diamagnetic compounds 3-10 and 12-17 were characterized by NMR and IR spectroscopy. The molecular structures of 3-17 were established by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Electronic structures of the compounds and possible isomers have been examined by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Dodonov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences (IOMC RAS), Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Weixing Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Li Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Vladimir G Sokolov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences (IOMC RAS), Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Evgeny V Baranov
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences (IOMC RAS), Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Alexandra A Skatova
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences (IOMC RAS), Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation
| | - Yanxia Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Biao Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Igor L Fedushkin
- G. A. Razuvaev Institute of Organometallic Chemistry of Russian Academy of Sciences (IOMC RAS), Tropinina 49, Nizhny Novgorod 603950, Russian Federation.,College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
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36
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Sharma MK, Wölper C, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. Reversible and Irreversible [2+2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Heteroallenes to a Gallaphosphene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:21784-21788. [PMID: 34324782 PMCID: PMC8519123 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
[2+2] Cycloaddition reactions of gallaphosphene L(Cl)GaPGaL 1 (L=HC[C(Me)N(2,6-i-Pr2 C6 H3 )]2 ) with carbodiimides [C(NR)2 ; R=i-Pr, Cy] and isocyanates [RNCO; R=Et, i-Pr, Cy] yielded four-membered metallaheterocycles LGa(Cl)P[μ-C(X)NR]GaL (X=NR, R=i-Pr 2, Cy 3; X=O, R=Et 4, i-Pr 5, Cy 6). Compounds 4-6 reversibly react with CO2 via [2+2] cycloaddition at ambient temperature to the six-membered metallaheterocycles LGa(Cl)P[μ-C(O)O]-μ-C(O)N(R)GaL (R=Et 7, i-Pr 8, Cy 9). Compounds 2-9 were characterized by IR and heteronuclear (1 H, 13 C{1 H}, 31 P{1 H}) NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis, while quantum chemical calculations provided a deeper understanding on the energetics of the reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K. Sharma
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745141EssenGermany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745141EssenGermany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745141EssenGermany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745141EssenGermany
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Feld J, Wilson DWN, Goicoechea JM. Contrasting E-H Bond Activation Pathways of a Phosphanyl-Phosphagallene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22057-22061. [PMID: 34383991 PMCID: PMC8518045 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202109334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of the phosphanyl‐phosphagallene, [H2C{N(Dipp)}]2PP=Ga(Nacnac) (Nacnac=HC[C(Me)N(Dipp)]2; Dipp=2,6‐iPr2C6H3) towards a series of reagents possessing E−H bonds (primary amines, ammonia, water, phenylacetylene, phenylphosphine, and phenylsilane) is reported. Two contrasting reaction pathways are observed, determined by the polarity of the E−H bonds of the substrates. In the case of protic reagents (δ−E−Hδ+), a frustrated Lewis pair type of mechanism is operational at room temperature, in which the gallium metal centre acts as a Lewis acid and the pendant phosphanyl moiety deprotonates the substrates. Interestingly, at elevated temperatures both NH2iPr and ammonia can react via a second, higher energy, pathway resulting in the hydroamination of the Ga=P bond. By contrast, with hydridic reagents (δ+E−Hδ−), such as phenylsilane, hydroelementation of the Ga=P bond is exclusively observed, in line with the polarisation of the Si−H and Ga=P bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey Feld
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd., Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Daniel W N Wilson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd., Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Rd., Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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38
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Feld J, Wilson DWN, Goicoechea JM. Contrasting E−H Bond Activation Pathways of a Phosphanyl‐Phosphagallene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202109334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joey Feld
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Rd. Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Daniel W. N. Wilson
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Rd. Oxford OX1 3TA UK
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry University of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory 12 Mansfield Rd. Oxford OX1 3TA UK
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39
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Sharma MK, Wölper C, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. Reversible und irreversible [2+2]‐Cycloadditionen von Heteroallenen an ein Gallaphosphen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K. Sharma
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) Universität Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45141 Essen Deutschland
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) Universität Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45141 Essen Deutschland
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45141 Essen Deutschland
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) Universität Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45141 Essen Deutschland
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40
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Sun Q, Daniliuc CG, Bergander K, Kehr G, Erker G. Carbon Monoxide Coupling Reactions via a Frustrated Lewis Pair-Derived η 2-Formyl Borane. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14992-14997. [PMID: 34516088 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The η2-formyl borane system 3 is readily available by carbonylation of the vicinal P/BH frustrated Lewis pair (FLP) 1. It serves as a frustrated C/B Lewis pair toward carbon dioxide or phenylisocyanate. In the presence of B(C6F5)3, it forms the coupling product between two CO-derived units. The resulting compound 13 rearranged to a doubly O-borylated endiolate, with both of the central carbon atoms originating from carbon monoxide. The subsequent treatment with a silane gave a rare macrocyclic silicon endiolate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Sun
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Constantin G Daniliuc
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Bergander
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerald Kehr
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerhard Erker
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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41
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Yu Q, Zhang L, He Y, Pan J, Li H, Bian GQ, Chen X, Tan G. A stable tetrazagallole and its radical anion dimer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:9268-9271. [PMID: 34519308 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc03448k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of the carbazole ligand supported Ga(I) compound LGa(THF) (3) and 1-azido-4-(tert-butyl)benzene (ArN3) afforded the first stable tetrazagallole LGaN4Ar2 (4) bearing a three-coordinate Ga atom. Reduction of 4 with elemental potassium resulted in the radical dimer {[K(18-c-6)]+[4]˙-}2, featuring a strong antiferromagnetic interaction between the spin centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Center of Materials Science and Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545006, China
| | - Yuhao He
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Jinjing Pan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Hao Li
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Guo-Qing Bian
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Xiaodan Chen
- College of Chemistry and Material, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Gengwen Tan
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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42
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Bodach A, Ortmeyer J, Herrmann B, Felderhoff M. Amino−Organolithium Compounds and their Aggregation for the Synthesis of Amino−Organoaluminium Compounds. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Bodach
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Jochen Ortmeyer
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry RWTH Aachen University Landoltweg 1 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Bastian Herrmann
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Michael Felderhoff
- Department of Heterogeneous Catalysis Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
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43
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Munz D, Meyer K. Charge frustration in ligand design and functional group transfer. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:422-439. [PMID: 37118028 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-021-00276-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Molecules with different resonance structures of similar importance, such as heterocumulenes and mesoionics, are prominent in many applications of chemistry, including 'click chemistry', photochemistry, switching and sensing. In coordination chemistry, similar chameleonic/schizophrenic entities are referred to as ambidentate/ambiphilic or cooperative ligands. Examples of these had remained, for a long time, limited to a handful of archetypal compounds that were mere curiosities. In this Review, we describe ambiphilicity - or, rather, 'charge frustration' - as a general guiding principle for ligand design and functional group transfer. We first give a historical account of organic zwitterions and discuss their electronic structures and applications. Our discussion then focuses on zwitterionic ligands and their metal complexes, such as those of ylidic and redox-active ligands. Finally, we present new approaches to single-atom transfer using cumulated small molecules and outline emerging areas, such as bond activation and stable donor-acceptor ligand systems for reversible 1e- chemistry or switching.
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44
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Queen J, Irvankoski S, Fettinger JC, Tuononen HM, Power PP. A Monomeric Aluminum Imide (Iminoalane) with Al-N Triple-Bonding: Bonding Analysis and Dispersion Energy Stabilization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6351-6356. [PMID: 33882237 PMCID: PMC8154528 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of :AlAriPr8 (AriPr8 = C6H-2,6-(C6H2-2,4,6-iPr3)2-3,5-iPr2) with ArMe6N3 (ArMe6 = C6H3-2,6-(C6H2-2,4,6-Me3)2) in hexanes at ambient temperature gave the aluminum imide AriPr8AlNArMe6 (1). Its crystal structure displayed short Al-N distances of 1.625(4) and 1.628(3) Å with linear (C-Al-N-C = 180°) or almost linear (C-Al-N = 172.4(2)°; Al-N-C = 172.5(3)°) geometries. DFT calculations confirm linear geometry with an Al-N distance of 1.635 Å. According to energy decomposition analysis, the Al-N bond has three orbital components totaling -1350 kJ mol-1 and instantaneous interaction energy of -551 kJ mol-1 with respect to :AlAriPr8 and ArMe6N̈:. Dispersion accounts for -89 kJ mol-1, which is similar in strength to one Al-N π-interaction. The electronic spectrum has an intense transition at 290 nm which tails into the visible region. In the IR spectrum, the Al-N stretching band is calculated to appear at ca. 1100 cm-1. In contrast, reaction of :AlAriPr8 with 1-AdN3 or Me3SiN3 gave transient imides that immediately reacted with a second equivalent of the azide to give AriPr8Al[(NAd)2N2] (2) or AriPr8Al(N3){N(SiMe3)2} (3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua
D. Queen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis California, 95616, United States
| | - Sini Irvankoski
- Department
of Chemistry, NanoScience Centre, University
of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - James C. Fettinger
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis California, 95616, United States
| | - Heikki M. Tuononen
- Department
of Chemistry, NanoScience Centre, University
of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Philip P. Power
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis California, 95616, United States
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45
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Bodach A, Nöthling N, Felderhoff M. Activation of Molecular Hydrogen by Inter‐ and Intramolecular Al−N Lewis Pairs. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202001152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nils Nöthling
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1
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46
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Evans MJ, Anker MD, Coles MP. Oxidative Addition of Hydridic, Protic, and Nonpolar E-H Bonds (E = Si, P, N, or O) to an Aluminyl Anion. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:4772-4778. [PMID: 33724013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The aluminyl anion K[Al(NONDipp)] {NONDipp = [O(SiMe2NDipp)2]2-; Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3} engages in oxidative additions with the E-H (E = Si, P, N, or O) bonds of phenylsilane (PhSiH3), mesityl phosphane (MesPH2; Mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2), 2,6-di-iso-propylaniline (DippNH2), and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (ArOH). The resulting (hydrido)aluminate salts are formed regardless of the E-H bond polarity. All of the products were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopic techniques and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. This study highlights the versatility of aluminyl anions to activate hydridic, acidic, and (essentially) nonpolar E-H bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Kelburn, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Mathew D Anker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Kelburn, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
| | - Martyn P Coles
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, P.O. Box 600, Kelburn, Wellington 6012, New Zealand
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47
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Sharma MK, Wölper C, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. Vielseitiges Gallaphosphen: Von einem Ga‐P‐Ga‐Heteroallylkation über CO
2
‐Speicherung hin zu C(sp
3
)‐H‐Bindungsaktivierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K. Sharma
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Center für Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) Universität Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45141 Essen Deutschland
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Center für Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) Universität Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45141 Essen Deutschland
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie Universität Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45141 Essen Deutschland
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Center für Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) Universität Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45141 Essen Deutschland
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48
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Sharma MK, Wölper C, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. Multi-Talented Gallaphosphene for Ga-P-Ga Heteroallyl Cation Generation, CO 2 Storage, and C(sp 3 )-H Bond Activation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6784-6790. [PMID: 33368922 PMCID: PMC7986129 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Gallaphosphene L(Cl)GaPGaL (2; L=HC[C(Me)N(2,6-i-Pr2 C6 H3 )]2 ), which is synthesized by reaction of LGa(Cl)PCO (1) with LGa, reacts with [Na(OCP)(dioxane)2.5 ] to LGa(OCP)PGaL (3), whereas chloride abstraction with LiBArF 4 yields [LGaPGaL][BArF 4 ] (4; BArF 4 =B(C6 F5 )4 ). 4 represents a heteronuclear analog of the allyl cation according to quantum chemical calculations. Remarkably, 2 reversibly reacts with CO2 to yield L(Cl)Ga-P[μ-C(O)O]2 GaL (5), while reactions with acetophenone and acetone selectively give compounds 6 and 7 by C(sp3 )-H bond activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K. Sharma
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745141EssenGermany
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745141EssenGermany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745141EssenGermany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE)University of Duisburg-EssenUniversitätsstrasse 5–745141EssenGermany
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49
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Fischer M, Nees S, Kupfer T, Goettel JT, Braunschweig H, Hering-Junghans C. Isolable Phospha- and Arsaalumenes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4106-4111. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Malte Fischer
- Leibniz Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT), A.-Einstein-Str.3a, 18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Samuel Nees
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kupfer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - James T. Goettel
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
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50
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Krüger J, Wölper C, Schulz S. Von π‐gebundenen Gallapnictenen zu nukleophilen, redoxaktiven metallkoordinierten Pnictid‐Anionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Krüger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Center für Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide) Universität Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45117 Essen Deutschland
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Center für Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide) Universität Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45117 Essen Deutschland
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Center für Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (Cenide) Universität Duisburg-Essen Universitätsstraße 5–7 45117 Essen Deutschland
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