1
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Zhao X, Zhang X, Li X, Wu L, Ji L. Energy Barriers and Gap Between Two Excited States in a Dual-Emissive Carborane. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401246. [PMID: 38630894 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
A thorough understanding of the internal conversion process between excited states is important for the designing of ideal multiple-emissive materials. However, it is hard to experimentally measure both the energy barriers and gaps between the excited states of a compound. For a long time, it is dubious if what was measured is the energy gap or barrier between two excited states. In this paper, we designed 1-(pyren-2'-yl)-9,12-di(p-tolyl)-o-carborane (2), which shows dual-emission in solution. Temperature-dependent fluorescence measurements show that the two emission bands in hexane are corresponding to two different excited states. The ratio of the emission bands is controlled by thermodynamics at higher temperatures and by kinetics at lower temperatures. Thus, the energy barrier and energy gaps between the two excited states of 2 can be experimentally estimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyuan Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo, 315103, China
| | - Xinning Zhang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo, 315103, China
| | - Xin Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo, 315103, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo, 315103, China
| | - Lei Ji
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE) and Xi'an Institute of Biomedical Materials & Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, 710072, China
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University, Ningbo, 315103, China
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2
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Chaliha R, Perumalla DS, Yadav K, Prasad DLVK, Jemmis ED. An Extended Rudolph Diagram: B 3H 5 and B 3H 6+ Relate 3D-, 2D-, 1D-, and 0D-Boron Allotropes. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:10954-10966. [PMID: 38845415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c04254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
The structural chemistry of boron goes beyond the sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridization paradigms of carbon chemistry. We relate the apparently unconnected polyhedral boranes and 3D allotropes on the one hand and 2D clusters, borophenes, and multilayer borophenes on the other hand, through an extended Rudolph diagram. All-boron equivalents of cyclopropenium cation viz the flat B3H5 and the nonplanar B3H6+ constitute the missing links. The nonplanar B3H6+ (C3v) is the starting point for construction of polyhedral boranes; e.g., fusion of two of them leads to octahedral B6H62-. On the other hand, planar B3H6+ and B3H5 relate to borophenes with hexagonal holes. These borophene sheets can be further stacked with diverse interlayer BB bonds, ranging from bilayers to infinite layers. The tendency to achieve electron sufficiency as in the parent C3H3+ dictates the preference for hexagonal holes in the constituent layers and the interlayer bonds between them in multilayer borophenes. The design principles and theoretical validations for the formation of multilayer borophenes are also presented, indicating the variety and complexities involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rinkumoni Chaliha
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Malleswaram, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - D Sravanakumar Perumalla
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Malleswaram, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
| | - Kedar Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Dasari L V K Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Eluvathingal D Jemmis
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Malleswaram, Bangalore, Karnataka 560012, India
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3
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Pazderová L, Tüzün EZ, Bavol D, Litecká M, Fojt L, Grűner B. Chemistry of Carbon-Substituted Derivatives of Cobalt Bis(dicarbollide)(1 -) Ion and Recent Progress in Boron Substitution. Molecules 2023; 28:6971. [PMID: 37836814 PMCID: PMC10574808 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The cobalt bis(dicarbollide)(1-) anion (1-), [(1,2-C2B9H11)2-3,3'-Co(III)](1-), plays an increasingly important role in material science and medicine due to its high chemical stability, 3D shape, aromaticity, diamagnetic character, ability to penetrate cells, and low cytotoxicity. A key factor enabling the incorporation of this ion into larger organic molecules, biomolecules, and materials, as well as its capacity for "tuning" interactions with therapeutic targets, is the availability of synthetic routes that enable easy modifications with a wide selection of functional groups. Regarding the modification of the dicarbollide cage, syntheses leading to substitutions on boron atoms are better established. These methods primarily involve ring cleavage of the ether rings in species containing an oxonium oxygen atom connected to the B(8) site. These pathways are accessible with a broad range of nucleophiles. In contrast, the chemistry on carbon vertices has remained less elaborated over the previous decades due to a lack of reliable methods that permit direct and straightforward cage modifications. In this review, we present a survey of methods based on metalation reactions on the acidic C-H vertices, followed by reactions with electrophiles, which have gained importance in only the last decade. These methods now represent the primary trends in the modifications of cage carbon atoms. We discuss the scope of currently available approaches, along with the stereochemistry of reactions, chirality of some products, available types of functional groups, and their applications in designing unconventional drugs. This content is complemented with a report of the progress in physicochemical and biological studies on the parent cobalt bis(dicarbollide) ion and also includes an overview of recent syntheses and emerging applications of boron-substituted compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Pazderová
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic; (L.P.); (E.Z.T.); (D.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Ece Zeynep Tüzün
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic; (L.P.); (E.Z.T.); (D.B.); (M.L.)
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Science, Charles University, Hlavova 2030/8, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dmytro Bavol
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic; (L.P.); (E.Z.T.); (D.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Miroslava Litecká
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic; (L.P.); (E.Z.T.); (D.B.); (M.L.)
| | - Lukáš Fojt
- Institute of Biophysics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Královopolská 135, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Bohumír Grűner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 250 68 Řež, Czech Republic; (L.P.); (E.Z.T.); (D.B.); (M.L.)
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4
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Poater J, Viñas C, Escayola S, Solà M, Teixidor F. Pioneering the Power of Twin Bonds in a Revolutionary Double Bond Formation. Unveiling the True Identity of o-Carboryne as o-Carborene. Chemistry 2023:e202302448. [PMID: 37702301 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
The homolytic elimination of two H atoms from two adjacent carbons in benzene results in the aromatic product o-benzyne. In a similar way, the homolytic elimination of two H atoms from the two adjacent carbons in 1,2-C2 B10 H12 results in the aromatic product o-carboryne. In this work, we provide experimental and computational evidences that despite the similarity of o-carboryne and o-benzyne, the nature of the C-C bond generated between two adjacent carbons that lose H atoms is different. While in o-benzyne the C-C bond behaves as a triple bond, in o-carboryne the C-C bond is a double bond. Therefore, we must stop naming 1,2-dehydro-o-carboryne as o-carboryne but instead call it o-carborene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Viñas
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Sílvia Escayola
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Francesc Teixidor
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
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5
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Horáček O, Nováková L, Tüzün E, Grüner B, Švec F, Kučera R. Advanced Tool for Chiral Separations of Anionic and Zwitterionic (Metalla)carboranes: Supercritical Fluid Chromatography. Anal Chem 2022; 94:17551-17558. [PMID: 36475613 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The continuous expansion of research in the field of stable carboranes and their wide potential in the drug design require carrying out fundamental studies regarding their chiral separations. Although supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) is a viable technique for fast enantioseparations, no investigation concerning boron cluster compounds has been done yet. We aimed at the development of a straightforward method enabling chiral separations of racemic mixtures of anionic cluster carboranes and metallacarboranes that represent an analytical challenge. The fast gradient screening testing nine polysaccharide-based columns was used. The key parameters affecting the selectivity were the type of chiral selector, the type of alcohol, and the base in cosolvent. Moreover, the addition of acetonitrile or water to the cosolvent was identified as an effective tool for decreasing the analysis time while preserving the resolution. After the optimization, the chiral separations of 19 out of 20 selected compounds were achieved in less than 10 min. These results demonstrate the clear advantage of SFC over chiral separations using HPLC in terms of both analysis time and structural variety of successfully separated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Horáček
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Nováková
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ece Tüzün
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 25068 Řež, Czech Republic.,Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague 2, 2030 Hlavova, Czech Republic
| | - Bohumír Grüner
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, 25068 Řež, Czech Republic
| | - František Švec
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Radim Kučera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Charles University, 500 05 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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6
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Tomasini M, Caporaso L, Trouvé J, Poater J, Gramage‐Doria R, Poater A. Unravelling Enzymatic Features in a Supramolecular Iridium Catalyst by Computational Calculations. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201970. [PMID: 35788999 PMCID: PMC9804516 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Non-biological catalysts following the governing principles of enzymes are attractive systems to disclose unprecedented reactivities. Most of those existing catalysts feature an adaptable molecular recognition site for substrate binding that are prone to undergo conformational selection pathways. Herein, we present a non-biological catalyst that is able to bind substrates via the induced fit model according to in-depth computational calculations. The system, which is constituted by an inflexible substrate-recognition site derived from a zinc-porphyrin in the second coordination sphere, features destabilization of ground states as well as stabilization of transition states for the relevant iridium-catalyzed C-H bond borylation of pyridine. In addition, this catalyst appears to be most suited to tightly bind the transition state rather than the substrate. Besides these features, which are reminiscent of the action modes of enzymes, new elementary catalytic steps (i. e. C-B bond formation and catalyst regeneration) have been disclosed owing to the unique distortions encountered in the different intermediates and transition states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Tomasini
- Institut de Química Computacional i CatàlisiDepartament de QuímicaUniversitat de Gironac/Mª Aurèlia Capmany 6917003GironaCataloniaSpain,Department of ChemistryUniversity of SalernoVia Ponte Don Melillo84084FiscianoItaly
| | - Lucia Caporaso
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of SalernoVia Ponte Don Melillo84084FiscianoItaly
| | | | - Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & IQTCUBUniversitat de Barcelona08028BarcelonaSpain,ICREA08010BarcelonaSpain
| | | | - Albert Poater
- Institut de Química Computacional i CatàlisiDepartament de QuímicaUniversitat de Gironac/Mª Aurèlia Capmany 6917003GironaCataloniaSpain
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7
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Chen M, Xu J, Zhao D, Sun F, Tian S, Tu D, Lu C, Yan H. Site-Selective Functionalization of Carboranes at the Electron-Rich Boron Vertex: Photocatalytic B-C Coupling via a Carboranyl Cage Radical. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205672. [PMID: 35670361 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Functionalization of carboranes in a vertex-specific manner is a perennial challenge. Here, we report a photocatalytic B-C coupling for the selective functionalization of carboranes at the boron site which is most distal to carbon. This reaction was achieved by the photo-induced decarboxylation of carborane carboxylic acids to generate boron vertex-centered carboranyl radicals. Theoretical calculations also demonstrate that the reaction more easily occurs at the boron site bearing higher electron density owing to the lower energy barrier for a single-electron transfer to generate a carboranyl radical. By using this strategy, a number of functionalized carboranes could be accessed through alkylation, alkenylation, and heteroarylation under mild conditions. Moreover, both a highly efficient blue emitter with a solid-state luminous efficiency of 42 % and a drug candidate for boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT) containing targeting and fluorine units were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jingkai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Deshi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Fangxiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Songlin Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Deshuang Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Changsheng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Organic Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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8
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Poater J, Viñas C, Solà M, Teixidor F. 3D and 2D aromatic units behave like oil and water in the case of benzocarborane derivatives. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3844. [PMID: 35788134 PMCID: PMC9253344 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31267-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of 2D/2D and 3D/3D aromatic fusions that keep their aromaticity in the fused compounds have been synthesized. In addition, we have previously proven the electronic relationship between the 3D aromaticity of boron hydrides and the 2D aromaticity of PAHs. Here we report the possible existence of 3D/2D aromatic fusions that retain the whole aromaticity of the two units. Our conclusion is that such a 3D/2D aromatic combination is not possible due to the ineffective overlap between the π-MOs of the planar species and the n + 1 molecular orbitals in the aromatic cage that deter an effective electronic delocalization between the two fused units. We have also proven the necessary conditions for 3D/3D fusions to take place, and how aromaticity of each unit is decreased in 2D/2D and 3D/3D fusions. 2D/2D fusion of aromatic halves leading to a global aromatic is found in many polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, whereas 2D/3D aromaticity is difficult to achieve. Here the authors report a computational chemistry investigation showing that 3D/2D aromatic combination is not possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Viñas
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Francesc Teixidor
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Campus Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.
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9
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Đorđević S, Solà M, Radenković S. Aromaticity of Singlet and Triplet Boron Disk-like Clusters: A Test for Electron Counting Aromaticity Rules. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:10116-10125. [PMID: 35737864 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Boron clusters are polyhedral boron-containing structures that have unique features and properties. The disk-like boron clusters are among the most fascinating boron cluster forms. These clusters have a molecular orbital (MO) distribution similar to the one derived from the simple particle-on-a-disk model. In this model, the MOs come in pairs except for m = 0. Disk-like boron clusters in their singlet ground state are aromatic when they reach a closed-shell structure. One could expect that disk-like aromatic boron clusters in the singlet state, when acquiring or releasing two electrons, may also be aromatic in the lowest-lying triplet state. We use magnetically induced current densities and bond current strengths to analyze the aromatic character of a series of disk-like boron clusters. Our results show that, with the exception of triplet 3B19-, the disk-like boron clusters follow Hückel and Baird's rules if one considers the different MOs grouped by their symmetry. We also found that if the lowest-lying triplet state in disk-like boron clusters is aromatic, this triplet state is the ground state for this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slađana Đorđević
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, P.O. Box 60, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, C/M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, Girona 17003, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Slavko Radenković
- Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, P.O. Box 60, Kragujevac 34000, Serbia
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10
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Chen M, Xu J, Zhao D, Sun F, Tian S, Tu D, Lu C, Yan H. Site‐Selective Functionalization of Carboranes at Electron‐Rich Boron Vertex: Photocatalytic B‐C Coupling via a Carboranyl Cage Radical. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Jingkai Xu
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Deshi Zhao
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Fangxiang Sun
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Songlin Tian
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Deshuang Tu
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Changsheng Lu
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering CHINA
| | - Hong Yan
- Nanjing University School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering 22 Hankou Rd. 210093 Nanjing CHINA
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