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Głowacki A, Rybiński P, Czerwonka G, Żukowski W, Mirkhodjaev UZ, Żelezik M. Flammability, Toxicity, and Microbiological Properties of Polyurethane Flexible Foams. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:3517. [PMID: 39063810 PMCID: PMC11278372 DOI: 10.3390/ma17143517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
The aim of the research was to investigate the influence of calcium phosphinate (HPCA) and aluminum phosphinate (HPAL) in synergistic systems with organophosphorus compounds, i.e., diphenylcresyl phosphate (CDP) and trichloropropyl phosphate (TCPP), on the thermal stability, flammability, smoke density, and emission of toxic gases during the thermal decomposition of polyurethane (PUR) foams. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), along with cone calorimetry and microcalorimetry, were used to assess the influence of fillers on the thermal stability and flammability of PUR foams. The analysis of toxic gas products was performed with the use of a coupled TG-gas analyzer system. The optical density of gases was measured with the use of a smoke density chamber (SDC). The obtained results showed an increase in thermal stability and a decrease in the flammability of the PUR composites. However, the results regarding smoke and gas emissions, as well as toxic combustion by-products, present ambiguity. On one hand, the applied flame retardant systems in the form of PUR-HPCA-CDP and PUR-HPCA-TCPP led to a reduction in the concentration of CO and HCN in the gas by-products. On the other hand, they clearly increased the concentration of CO2, NOx, and smoke emissions. Microbiological studies indicated that the obtained foam material is completely safe for use and does not exhibit biocidal properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Głowacki
- Institute of Chemistry, The Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Przemysław Rybiński
- Institute of Chemistry, The Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Czerwonka
- Institute of Biology, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland;
| | - Witold Żukowski
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland;
| | | | - Monika Żelezik
- Institute of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Jan Kochanowski University, 25-406 Kielce, Poland;
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2
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Kim TS, Park TH, Park JH, Yang JH, Han DH, Lee BC, Kwon JS. Thermal characteristics of fire extinguishing agents in compartment fire suppression. Sci Prog 2024; 107:368504241263435. [PMID: 39096047 PMCID: PMC11298059 DOI: 10.1177/00368504241263435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Water and foam have different fire-extinguishing mechanisms. Traditional foam and compressed air foam (CAF) have different bubble structures. These differences result in different thermal characteristics, which affect the extinguishing abilities during a fire. In this study, the differences in the thermal characteristics of three different extinguishing agents (water, traditional foam, and CAF) were investigated by suppressing a compartment fire. With an ignition source in the compartment (6 m × 3 m × 3 m), the agent was preferentially applied to the outside wall of the compartment. The effects of internal cooling and burnback resistance generated from the outer wall were evaluated. The performance of each agent in shielding firefighters from radiant heat while suppressing the fire inside the compartment was evaluated. When the outside wall of the compartment was covered with each of the agents, all agents were found to reduce the room temperature. When CAF was applied, the delay time until temperature re-rise was approximately 1.76-4.5 times longer than that when water was used. In addition, foaming agents exhibited a higher heat-shielding effect than water during the initial suppression. Thus, considering the thermal characteristics of these agents, fire suppression can be more effective if foam agents are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Sun Kim
- Fire Technology Research Division, National Fire Research Institute, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hee Park
- Fire Technology Research Division, National Fire Research Institute, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwa Park
- Fire Technology Research Division, National Fire Research Institute, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Yang
- Fire Technology Research Division, National Fire Research Institute, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hun Han
- Fire Technology Research Division, National Fire Research Institute, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeong-Chae Lee
- Fire Technology Research Division, National Fire Research Institute, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Suk Kwon
- Fire Technology Research Division, National Fire Research Institute, Asan-si, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
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3
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Geng Y, Li R, Zhao Z, Li G, Huang B, Chen X, Jiao C. Bio-based P-N flame retardant with ZIF-67 in-situ growth on flexible polyurethane foam with excellent fire safety performance. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:142048. [PMID: 38641295 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Revised: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
The wide application of flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) poses a giant challenge to human society in terms of fire prevention and environmental pollution. To solve this problem, the lignocellulose-based P-N flame retardant (LFPN) has been developed using mechanochemical methods. It was found that FPUF treated using LFPN exhibited good flame retardancy, but suffered from high smoke generation and toxicity. The hollow dodecahedral ZIF-67 has been used for smoke suppression catalysis, but the agglomeration phenomenon makes it inefficient. Hence, in this study, the adhesive properties of polydopamine (PDA) were utilized to assist the in-situ growth of ZIF-67. The results showed that the total smoke release rate of the treated FPUF was reduced by 40.5%. The toxic gases, such as carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen cyanide, etc., also showed the same decreasing trend. What's more, the catalytic effect of ZIF-67 itself and the synergistic effect with LFPN gave FPUF great flame retardant and smoke inhibition properties. This novel FPUF provides a new reference for achieving smoke suppression and toxicity reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Geng
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, PR China
| | - Rongjia Li
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, PR China
| | - Zexuan Zhao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, PR China
| | - Gaoyuan Li
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, PR China
| | - Biyu Huang
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, PR China
| | - Xilei Chen
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, PR China.
| | - Chuanmei Jiao
- College of Environment and Safety Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266042, PR China.
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Parcheta-Szwindowska P, Habaj J, Krzemińska I, Datta J. A Comprehensive Review of Reactive Flame Retardants for Polyurethane Materials: Current Development and Future Opportunities in an Environmentally Friendly Direction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5512. [PMID: 38791552 PMCID: PMC11121908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyurethanes are among the most significant types of polymers in development; these materials are used to produce construction products intended for work in various conditions. Nowadays, it is important to develop methods for fire load reduction by using new kinds of additives or monomers containing elements responsible for materials' fire resistance. Currently, additive antipyrines or reactive flame retardants can be used during polyurethane material processing. The use of additives usually leads to the migration or volatilization of the additive to the surface of the material, which causes the loss of the resistance and aesthetic values of the product. Reactive flame retardants form compounds containing special functional groups that can be chemically bonded with monomers during polymerization, which can prevent volatilization or migration to the surface of the material. In this study, reactive flame retardants are compared. Their impacts on polyurethane flame retardancy, combustion mechanism, and environment are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Parcheta-Szwindowska
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.H.); (I.K.); (J.D.)
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Ragab A, Ibrahim SA, Aboul-Magd DS, Baren MH. One-pot synthesis of pyrazolo[4,3- d]thiazole derivatives containing α-aminophosphonate as potential Mur A inhibitors against MDR pathogens with radiosterilization and molecular modeling simulation. RSC Adv 2023; 13:34756-34771. [PMID: 38035237 PMCID: PMC10685179 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07040a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study involves the synthesis of a new series of α-aminophosphonate derivatives in good yields with a simple workup via the Kabachnik-Fields reaction using lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) as a catalyst to facilitate the reaction. All the newly synthesized compounds were confirmed using various physical, spectroscopic, and analytical data, and the obtained results correlated with the proposed molecular structure. The in vitro antimicrobial activities of each compound were evaluated against different clinical isolates. The results indicated that among these derivatives, two compounds (5a and 5b) were the most active and displayed potent activity with MICs in the range from 0.06 to 0.25 μg mL-1 compared with fosfomycin and fluconazole as standard antibiotics. Moreover, the synthesized phosphonates displayed a broad spectrum of bactericidal and fungicidal activities depending on MICs, MBCs/MFCs, and the time-kill kinetics. In addition, the checkerboard assay showed synergistic and partial synergistic activities between the active compounds combined with fosfomycin and fluconazole. Furthermore, the SEM images showed distinct ruptures of the OM integrity of the FOS-R E. coli at their MICs, which was further indicated by the increased EtBr accumulation within the bacterial cells. Moreover, active derivatives revealed MurA inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 3.8 ± 0.39 and 4.5 ± 0.23 μM compared with fosfomycin (IC50 = 12.7 ± 0.27 μM). To our surprise, exposing 5a and 5b compounds to different gamma radiation doses revealed that 7.0 kGy eradicated the microbial load completely. Finally, the results of quantum chemical study supported the binding mode obtained from the docking study performed inside the active site of MurA (PDB: 1UAE), suggesting that these phosphonates may be promising safe candidates for MDR infection therapy clinical trials with no toxic effects on the normal human cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ragab
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science (Boys), Al-Azhar University Nasr City Cairo 11884 Egypt
| | - Seham A Ibrahim
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University Tanta 31527 Egypt
| | - Dina S Aboul-Magd
- Drug Radiation Research Department, National Center for Radiation Research and Technology (NCRRT), Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Baren
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta University Tanta 31527 Egypt
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Růžičková J, Raclavská H, Juchelková D, Šafář M, Kucbel M, Švédová B, Slamová K, Grobelak A. The use of polymer compounds in the deposits from the combustion of briquettes in domestic heating as an identifier of fuel quality. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:8582-8600. [PMID: 34762237 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17280-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The utilisation of waste wood from furniture production brings new problems connected with an incomplete thermochemical decomposition of additives (chemicals for improving properties of plastics) in small heating with the addition of sources. Unique organic compounds produced by the combustion of waste wood allow the identification of the type of fuel. The organic compounds contained in the char deposits were analysed by pyrolysis gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. The deposits from the combustion of briquettes from furniture production contain organic compounds originating by decomposition of phenolic resins, aminoplasts (urea-formaldehyde, resorcinol-formaldehyde and melamine), polyurethanes and wood glue. Additives contained in the deposits include plasticisers such as phthalates (DEHP, dibutyl phthalate and diisobutyl phthalate), flame retardants (2-propanol, 1-chlorophosphate (3:1) and p-terphenyl). Deposits from the combustion of briquettes from virgin wood do not contain these compounds. The total amount of compounds identified in the deposits from the boiler, which do not come from virgin wood combustion, varies in the range between 4.25 and 6.25 g/kg. Phthalates (55.5%) and PVAc adhesives (18.6%) are the main anthropogenic compounds in the deposits from domestic boilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Růžičková
- Centre ENET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Raclavská
- Centre ENET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Juchelková
- Department of Electronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Šafář
- Centre ENET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Kucbel
- Centre ENET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Švédová
- Centre ENET, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Karolina Slamová
- Institute of Foreign Languages, VŠB-Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 708 00, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Grobelak
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Infrastructure and Environment, Czestochowa University of Technology, J.H. Dąbrowskiego 69, 42-201, Czestochowa, Poland
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Investigation of the Flame Retardant Properties of High-Strength Microcellular Flame Retardant/Polyurethane Composite Elastomers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235055. [PMID: 36501450 PMCID: PMC9740006 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs) often reduce the mechanical properties of polymer materials, and FR/microcellular polyurethane elastomer (MPUE) composite materials have not been systemically studied. Hence, we conducted this study on FR/MPUE composites by using multiple liquid FRs and/or expandable graphite (EG). Compared with liquid flame retardants, the LOI of an expandable graphite/dimethyl methylphosphonate (EG/DMMP) (3:1) combination was significantly increased (~36.1%), and the vertical combustion grade reached V-0 without a dripping phenomenon. However, the corresponding tensile strength was decreased by 17.5%. With the incorporation of EG alone, although the corresponding LOI was not a match with that of DMMP/EG, there was no droplet phenomenon. In addition, even with 15 wt% of EG, there was no significant decline in the tensile strength. Cone calorimeter test results showed that PHRR, THR, PSPR, and TSR were significantly reduced, compared to the neat MPUE, when the EG content surpassed 10 wt%. The combustion process became more stable and thus the fire risk was highly reduced. It was found that flame retardancy and mechanical properties could be well balanced by adding EG alone. Our proposed strategy for synthesizing FR/MPUE composites with excellent flame retardancy and mechanical properties was easy, effective, low-cost and universal, which could have great practical significance in expanding the potential application fields of MPUEs.
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GOSSIAUX A, BELLAYER S, ORTGIES S, WAGENER T, KÖNIG A, DUQUESNE S. Systematic study of the condensed phase of phosphorus-based flame retarded foams. Polym Degrad Stab 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2022.110208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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Yadav A, de Souza FM, Dawsey T, Gupta RK. Recent Advancements in Flame-Retardant Polyurethane Foams: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c02670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anilkumar Yadav
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Felipe M. de Souza
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Tim Dawsey
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
| | - Ram K. Gupta
- National Institute for Materials Advancement, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Pittsburg State University, Pittsburg, Kansas 66762, United States
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Brondi C, Mosciatti T, Di Maio E. Ostwald Ripening Modulation by Organofluorine Additives in Rigid Polyurethane Foams. Ind Eng Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.2c01829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cosimo Brondi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125Naples, Italy
| | - Thomas Mosciatti
- Polyurethanes R&D, DOW Italia s.r.l, via Carpi 29, 42015Correggio, Italy
| | - Ernesto Di Maio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125Naples, Italy
- foamlab, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125Naples, Italy
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Choi JH, Oh HM, Hwang JH, Kim KS, Lee SY. Rare case of compartment syndrome provoked by inhalation of polyurethane agent: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:8003-8008. [PMID: 36158470 PMCID: PMC9372838 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i22.8003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The most common causes of compartment syndrome in the lower extremities include lower limb fractures, trauma-induced crushing injuries, severe burns, and non-traumatic factors. However, there have been no reports of compartment syndrome secondary to toxic inhalation.
CASE SUMMARY A 59-year-old man, who lost consciousness after applying polyurethane-based paint on a water tank, was brought to the emergency room. The initial blood test showed apparent rhabdomyolysis. One day later, pain and swelling in both legs were observed, and the physical examination confirmed the presence of compartment syndrome. Double-incision fasciotomy was performed on both legs. Frequent dressings and negative pressure wound treatment were done on both legs, and skin grafting was performed after healthy granulation tissue had been identified. No other complications were observed after treatment. However, symptoms of peroneal neuropathy, particularly limited ankle dorsiflexion and reduced sensation on the lower extremities, were observed.
CONCLUSION Workers using polyurethane agents should wear gas masks and be evaluated for compartment syndrome and rhabdomyolysis secondary to toxic inhalation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ho Choi
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, South Korea
| | - Hyun Myung Oh
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chonnam National University Hospital, Gwangju 61469, South Korea
| | - Jae Ha Hwang
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, South Korea
| | - Kwang Seog Kim
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, South Korea
| | - Sam Yong Lee
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju 61469, South Korea
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A Systematic Review and Bibliometric Analysis of Flame-Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foam from 1963 to 2021. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14153011. [PMID: 35893975 PMCID: PMC9332328 DOI: 10.3390/polym14153011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame-retardant science and technology are sciences developed to prevent the occurrence of fire, meet the needs of social safety production, and protect people's lives and property. Rigid polyurethane (PU) is a polymer formed by the additional polymerization reaction of a molecule with two or more isocyanate functional groups with a polyol containing two or more reactive hydroxyl groups under a suitable catalyst and in an appropriate ratio. Rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) is a foam-like material with a large contact area with oxygen when burning, resulting in rapid combustion. At the same time, RPUF produces a lot of toxic gases when burning and endangers human health. Improving the flame-retardant properties of RPUF is an important theme in flame-retardant science and technology. This review discusses the development of flame-retardant RPUF through the lens of bibliometrics. A total of 194 articles are analyzed, spanning from 1963 to 2021. We describe the development and focus of this theme at different stages. The various directions of this theme are discussed through keyword co-occurrence and clustering analysis. Finally, we provide reasonable perspectives about the future research direction of this theme based on the bibliometric results.
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Choline Chloride/Urea Deep Eutectic Solvents: A Promising Reaction Medium for the Synthesis of Bio-Based Poly(hydroxyurethane)s. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134131. [PMID: 35807374 PMCID: PMC9268707 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of more sustainable and eco-friendly polymers has attracted much attention from researchers over the past decades. Among the different strategies that can be implemented towards this goal, the substitution of the toxic reagents/monomers often used in polyurethane chemistry has stimulated much innovation leading to the development of the hydroxylated version of PURs, namely, the poly(hydroxyurethane)s (PHURs). However, some PHURs remain far from being sustainable as their synthesis may involve monomers and/or solvents displaying poor environmental impacts. Herein, we report on the use of more sustainable conditions to synthesize the biobased polycarbonates involved in the aminolysis reaction. In addition, we demonstrate that the use of renewable deep eutectic solvents (DESs) can act both as excellent solvents and organocatalysts to promote the aminolysis reaction.
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Qiu Y, Xi B, Qian L, Liu A, Gao L. Carbonization‐dominated synergistic behaviors of ammonium hypophosphite/
EG
composite in improving flame retardancy of flexible polyurethane foam. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qiu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Baoan Xi
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Lijun Qian
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Anqi Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
| | - Lun‐Bagen Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
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15
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Chan YY, Schartel B. It Takes Two to Tango: Synergistic Expandable Graphite–Phosphorus Flame Retardant Combinations in Polyurethane Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14132562. [PMID: 35808608 PMCID: PMC9269610 DOI: 10.3390/polym14132562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the high flammability and smoke toxicity of polyurethane foams (PUFs) during burning, distinct efficient combinations of flame retardants are demanded to improve the fire safety of PUFs in practical applications. This feature article focuses on one of the most impressive halogen-free combinations in PUFs: expandable graphite (EG) and phosphorus-based flame retardants (P-FRs). The synergistic effect of EG and P-FRs mainly superimposes the two modes of action, charring and maintaining a thermally insulating residue morphology, to bring effective flame retardancy to PUFs. Specific interactions between EG and P-FRs, including the agglutination of the fire residue consisting of expanded-graphite worms, yields an outstanding synergistic effect, making this approach the latest champion to fulfill the demanding requirements for flame-retarded PUFs. Current and future topics such as the increasing use of renewable feedstock are also discussed in this article.
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16
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Liu T, Wang G, Yang X. Controlled synthesis of aliphatic polycarbonate diols using dimethyl carbonate and various diols. J CHIN CHEM SOC-TAIP 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/jccs.202200155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Gongying Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
| | - Xiangui Yang
- Chengdu Institute of Organic Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Chengdu China
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing China
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17
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Role of Air Bubble Inclusion on Polyurethane Reaction Kinetics. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15093135. [PMID: 35591469 PMCID: PMC9104360 DOI: 10.3390/ma15093135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the influence of mixing conditions on the foaming process of water blown polyurethane (PU) foams obtained at different mixing speeds (50, 500, 1000 and 2000 rpm). In particular, the morphological evolution during the foaming process, in terms of the bubble size and bubble density, was studied via optical observations, while the effects on the reaction kinetics were monitored using in situ FTIR spectroscopy. At the slow mixing speed (50 rpm), no air bubbles were included and the early foaming process was characterized by the formation of new bubbles (CO2 nucleation), provided by the blowing reaction. Later on, it was observed that the coalescence affected the overall foaming process, caused by the gelling reaction, which was inhibited by the indigent mixing conditions and could not withstand the bubbles expansion. As a result, a PU foam with a coarse cellular structure and an average bubble size of 173 µm was obtained. In this case, the bubbles degeneration rate, dN/dt, was −3095 bubble·cm−3·s−1. On the contrary, at 500 rpm, air bubbles were included into the PU reaction system (aeration) and no formation of new bubbles was observed during the foaming process. After this, the air bubbles underwent growth caused by diffusion of the CO2 provided by the blowing reaction. As the gelling reaction was not strongly depleted as in the case at 50 rpm, the coalescence less affected the bubble growth (dN/dt = −2654 bubble·cm−3·s−1), leading to a PU foam with an average bubble size of 94 µm. For the foams obtained at 1000 and 2000 rpm, the bubble degeneration was first affected by coalescence and then by Ostwald ripening, and a finer cellular structure was observed (with average bubble sizes of 62 µm and 63 µm for 1000 rpm and 2000 rpm, respectively). During the first foaming stage, the coalescence was less predominant in the bubble growth (with dN/dt values of −1838 bubble·cm−3·s−1 and −1601 bubble·cm−3·s−1, respectively) compared to 50 rpm and 500 rpm. This occurrence was ascribed to the more balanced process between the bubble expansion and the PU polymerization caused by the more suitable mixing conditions. During the late foaming stage, the Ostwald ripening was only responsible for the further bubble degeneration (with dN/dt values of −89 bubble·cm−3·s−1 and −69 bubble·cm−3·s−1, respectively).
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18
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Synthesis and Hydrophilicity Analysis of bis(propane-1,2-diol) Terminated Polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMSs). MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15030753. [PMID: 35160706 PMCID: PMC8836733 DOI: 10.3390/ma15030753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
Among silicone oligomers, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is widely used industrially and has the advantage of improving the properties of other compounds, such as flame-retardant polyurethane (PU). However, as there are barriers to the synthesis of PU-grafted siloxane, owing to the polarity difference between isocyanate and PDMS, numerous research efforts are being aimed at improving the hydrophilicity of PDMS. To improve the hydrophilicity and reactivity of hydroxyl PDMS, bis(propane-1,2-diol)-terminated PDMS (G-PDMS-G) with four hydroxy (-OH) groups was synthesized through ring-opening addition to replace both ends of linear α,ω-hydroxyl PDMS (HO-PDMS-OH) with glycidol, resulting in hydrophilic PDMS rather than dihydroxy PDMS. In all cases of G-PDMS-G, the contact angle and viscosity both decreased by more than 20%, confirming the improved hydrophilicity. In particular, G-PDMS-G-3, which has the largest molecular weight, demonstrated the greatest decrease in viscosity and contact angle (33%).
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19
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Okrasa M, Leszczyńska M, Sałasińska K, Szczepkowski L, Kozikowski P, Nowak A, Szulc J, Adamus-Włodarczyk A, Gloc M, Majchrzycka K, Ryszkowska J. Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foams with Reduced Flammability and Cytotoxicity. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 15:151. [PMID: 35009298 PMCID: PMC8746040 DOI: 10.3390/ma15010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Consistent and proper use of respiratory protective devices (RPD) is one of the essential actions that can be taken to reduce the risk of exposure to airborne hazards, i.e., biological and nonbiological aerosols, vapours, and gases. Proper fit of the facepiece and comfort properties of RPDs play a crucial role in effective protection and acceptance of RPDs by workers. The objective of the present paper was to develop viscoelastic polyurethane foams for use in RPD seals characterised by proper elasticity, allowing for the enhancement of the device fit to the face and the capability of removing moisture from the skin in order to improve the comfort of RPD use. Moreover, it was pivotal to ensure the non-flammability of the foams, as well as a simultaneous reduction in their cytotoxicity. The obtained foams were characterised using scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry. Measurements also involved gel fraction, apparent density, compression set, rebound resilience, wettability, flammability, and cytotoxicity. The results are discussed in the context of the impact of modifications to the foam formulation (i.e., flame-retardant type and content) on the desired foam properties. The test results set directions for future works aimed to develop viscoelastic polyurethane foams that could be applied in the design of respiratory protective devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Okrasa
- Department of Personal Protective Equipment, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Wierzbowa 48, 90-133 Lodz, Poland; (A.A.-W.); (K.M.)
| | - Milena Leszczyńska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland; (M.L.); (K.S.); (M.G.); (J.R.)
| | - Kamila Sałasińska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland; (M.L.); (K.S.); (M.G.); (J.R.)
- Department of Chemical, Aerosol and Biological Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warszawa, Poland;
| | | | - Paweł Kozikowski
- Department of Chemical, Aerosol and Biological Hazards, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Adriana Nowak
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 Lodz, Poland; (A.N.); (J.S.)
| | - Justyna Szulc
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-530 Lodz, Poland; (A.N.); (J.S.)
| | - Agnieszka Adamus-Włodarczyk
- Department of Personal Protective Equipment, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Wierzbowa 48, 90-133 Lodz, Poland; (A.A.-W.); (K.M.)
| | - Michał Gloc
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland; (M.L.); (K.S.); (M.G.); (J.R.)
| | - Katarzyna Majchrzycka
- Department of Personal Protective Equipment, Central Institute for Labour Protection—National Research Institute, Wierzbowa 48, 90-133 Lodz, Poland; (A.A.-W.); (K.M.)
| | - Joanna Ryszkowska
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Wołoska 141, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland; (M.L.); (K.S.); (M.G.); (J.R.)
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20
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Bulak P, Proc K, Pytlak A, Puszka A, Gawdzik B, Bieganowski A. Biodegradation of Different Types of Plastics by Tenebrio molitor Insect. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13203508. [PMID: 34685267 PMCID: PMC8537651 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Looking for new, sustainable ways to utilize plastics is still a very pertinent topic considering the amount of plastics produced in the world. One of the newest and intriguing possibility is the use of insects in biodegradation of plastics, which can be named entomoremediation. The aim of this work was to demonstrate the ability of the insect Tenebrio molitor to biodegrade different, real plastic waste. The types of plastic waste used were: remains of thermal building insulation polystyrene foam (PS), two types of polyurethane (kitchen sponge as PU1 and commercial thermal insulation foam as PU2), and polyethylene foam (PE), which has been used as packaging material. After 58 days, the efficiency of mass reduction for all of the investigated plastics was 46.5%, 41.0%, 53.2%, and 69.7% for PS, PU1, PU2, and PE, respectively (with a dose of 0.0052 g of each plastic per 1 mealworm larvae). Both larvae and imago were active plastic eaters. However, in order to shorten the duration of the experiment and increase the specific consumption rate, the two forms of the insect should not be combined together in one container.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Bulak
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland; (K.P.); (A.P.); (A.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Kinga Proc
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland; (K.P.); (A.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Anna Pytlak
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland; (K.P.); (A.P.); (A.B.)
| | - Andrzej Puszka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Gliniana 33, 20-614 Lublin, Poland; (A.P.); (B.G.)
| | - Barbara Gawdzik
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University in Lublin, Gliniana 33, 20-614 Lublin, Poland; (A.P.); (B.G.)
| | - Andrzej Bieganowski
- Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland; (K.P.); (A.P.); (A.B.)
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21
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Hejna A. Clays as Inhibitors of Polyurethane Foams' Flammability. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4826. [PMID: 34500914 PMCID: PMC8432671 DOI: 10.3390/ma14174826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Polyurethanes are a very important group of polymers with an extensive range of applications in different branches of industry. In the form of foams, they are mainly used in bedding, furniture, building, construction, and automotive sectors. Due to human safety reasons, these applications require an appropriate level of flame retardance, often required by various law regulations. Nevertheless, without the proper modifications, polyurethane foams are easily ignitable, highly flammable, and generate an enormous amount of smoke during combustion. Therefore, proper modifications or additives should be introduced to reduce their flammability. Except for the most popular phosphorus-, halogen-, or nitrogen-containing flame retardants, promising results were noted for the application of clays. Due to their small particle size and flake-like shape, they induce a "labyrinth effect" inside the foam, resulting in the delay of decomposition onset, reduction of smoke generation, and inhibition of heat, gas, and mass transfer. Moreover, clays can be easily modified with different organic compounds or used along with conventional flame retardants. Such an approach may often result in the synergy effect, which provides the exceptional reduction of foams' flammability. This paper summarizes the literature reports related to the applications of clays in the reduction of polyurethane foams' flammability, either by their incorporation as a nanofiller or by preparation of coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Hejna
- Department of Polymer Technology, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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22
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Ma Z, Liu X, Xu X, Liu L, Yu B, Maluk C, Huang G, Wang H, Song P. Bioinspired, Highly Adhesive, Nanostructured Polymeric Coatings for Superhydrophobic Fire-Extinguishing Thermal Insulation Foam. ACS NANO 2021; 15:11667-11680. [PMID: 34170679 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Lightweight polymeric foam is highly attractive as thermal insulation materials for energy-saving buildings but is plagued by its inherent flammability. Fire-retardant coatings are suggested as an effective means to solve this problem. However, most of the existing fire-retardant coatings suffer from poor interfacial adhesion to polymeric foam during use. In nature, snails and tree frogs exhibit strong adhesion to a variety of surfaces by interfacial hydrogen-bonding and mechanical interlocking, respectively. Inspired by their adhesion mechanisms, we herein rationally design fire-retardant polymeric coatings with phase-separated micro/nanostructures via a facile radical copolymerization of hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) and sodium vinylsulfonate (VS). The resultant waterborne poly(VS-co-HEA) copolymers exhibit strong interfacial adhesion to rigid polyurethane (PU) foam and other substrates, better than most of the current adhesives because of the combination of interfacial hydrogen-bonding and mechanical interlocking. Besides a superhydrophobic feature, the poly(VS-co-HEA)-coated PU foam can self-extinguish a flame, exhibiting a desired V-0 rating during vertical burning and low heat and smoke release due to its high charring capability, which is superior to its previous counterparts. Moreover, the foam thermal insulation is well-preserved and agrees well with theoretical calculations. This work offers a facile biomimetic strategy for creating advanced adhesive fire-retardant polymeric coatings for many flammable substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhewen Ma
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Xiaochen Liu
- College of Physics, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaodong Xu
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Engineering, Zhejiang A & F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Bin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Cristian Maluk
- School of Civil Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Guobo Huang
- School of Pharmaceutical and Materials Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou 318000, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, 4300, Australia
| | - Pingan Song
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield Central, 4300, Australia
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23
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Bo G, Xu X, Tian X, Wu J, Yan Y. Enhancing the Fire Safety and Smoke Safety of Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foam via Inserting a Reactive Flame Retardant Containing P@N and Blending Silica Aerogel Powder. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2140. [PMID: 34209838 PMCID: PMC8271911 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) are widely used in many fields, but they are easy to burn and produce a lot of smoke, which seriously endangers the safety of people's lives and property. In this study, tetraethyl(1,5-bis(bis(2-hydroxypropyl)amino)pentane-1,5-diyl)bis(phosphonate) (TBPBP), as a phosphorus-nitrogen-containing reactive-type flame retardant, was successfully synthesized and employed to enhance the flame retardancy of RPUFs, and silica aerogel (SA) powder was utilized to reduce harmful fumes. Castor oil-based rigid polyurethane foam containing SA powder and TBPBP was named RPUF-T45@SA20. Compared with neat RPUF, the obtained RPUF-T45@SA20 greatly improved with the compressive strength properties and the LOI value increased by 93.64% and 44.27%, respectively, and reached the V-0 rank of UL-94 testing. The total heat release (THR) and total smoke production (TSP) of RPUF-T45@SA20 were, respectively, reduced by 44.66% and 51.89% compared to those of the neat RPUF. A possible flame-retardant mechanism of RPUF-T45@SA20 was also proposed. This study suggested that RPUF incorporated with TBPBP and SA powder is a prosperous potential composite for fire and smoke safety as a building insulation material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yunjun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; (G.B.); (X.X.); (X.T.); (J.W.)
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24
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Lu S, Feng Y, Zhang P, Hong W, Chen Y, Fan H, Yu D, Chen X. Preparation of Flame-Retardant Polyurethane and Its Applications in the Leather Industry. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13111730. [PMID: 34070588 PMCID: PMC8198486 DOI: 10.3390/polym13111730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As a novel polymer, polyurethane (PU) has been widely applied in leather, synthetic leather, and textiles due to its excellent overall performance. Nevertheless, conventional PU is flammable and its combustion is accompanied by severe melting and dripping, which then generates hazardous fumes and gases. This defect limits PU applications in various fields, including the leather industry. Hence, the development of environmentally friendly, flame-retardant PU is of great significance both theoretically and practically. Currently, phosphorus-nitrogen (P-N) reactive flame-retardant is a hot topic in the field of flame-retardant PU. Based on this, the preparation and flame-retardant mechanism of flame-retardant PU, as well as the current status of flame-retardant PU in the leather industry were reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaolin Lu
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
| | - Yechang Feng
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
| | - Peikun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (P.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Wei Hong
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
| | - Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (P.Z.); (Y.C.)
| | - Haojun Fan
- Key Laboratory of Leather Chemistry and Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Biomass Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; (P.Z.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (H.F.); (X.C.)
| | - Dingshan Yu
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
| | - Xudong Chen
- Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; (S.L.); (Y.F.); (W.H.); (D.Y.)
- Correspondence: (H.F.); (X.C.)
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25
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Rostami-Tapeh-Esmaeil E, Vahidifar A, Esmizadeh E, Rodrigue D. Chemistry, Processing, Properties, and Applications of Rubber Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1565. [PMID: 34068238 PMCID: PMC8153173 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
With the ever-increasing development in science and technology, as well as social awareness, more requirements are imposed on the production and property of all materials, especially polymeric foams. In particular, rubber foams, compared to thermoplastic foams in general, have higher flexibility, resistance to abrasion, energy absorption capabilities, strength-to-weight ratio and tensile strength leading to their widespread use in several applications such as thermal insulation, energy absorption, pressure sensors, absorbents, etc. To control the rubber foams microstructure leading to excellent physical and mechanical properties, two types of parameters play important roles. The first category is related to formulation including the rubber (type and grade), as well as the type and content of accelerators, fillers, and foaming agents. The second category is associated to processing parameters such as the processing method (injection, extrusion, compression, etc.), as well as different conditions related to foaming (temperature, pressure and number of stage) and curing (temperature, time and precuring time). This review presents the different parameters involved and discusses their effect on the morphological, physical, and mechanical properties of rubber foams. Although several studies have been published on rubber foams, very few papers reviewed the subject and compared the results available. In this review, the most recent works on rubber foams have been collected to provide a general overview on different types of rubber foams from their preparation to their final application. Detailed information on formulation, curing and foaming chemistry, production methods, morphology, properties, and applications is presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ali Vahidifar
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab 5551761167, Iran;
| | - Elnaz Esmizadeh
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Bonab, Bonab 5551761167, Iran;
| | - Denis Rodrigue
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Université Laval, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
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26
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Wrześniewska-Tosik K, Ryszkowska J, Mik T, Wesołowska E, Kowalewski T, Pałczyńska M, Walisiak D, Auguścik Królikowska M, Leszczyńska M, Niezgoda K, Sałasińska K. Viscoelastic Polyurethane Foam with Keratin and Flame-Retardant Additives. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1380. [PMID: 33922625 PMCID: PMC8122959 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Viscoelastic polyurethane (VEPUR) foams with increased thermal resistance are presented in this article. VEPUR foams were manufactured with the use of various types of flame retardant additives and keratin fibers. The structure of the modified foams was determined by spectrophotometric-(FTIR), thermal-(DSC), and thermogravimetric (TGA) analyses as well as by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We also assessed the fire resistance, hardness, and comfort coefficient (SAG factor). It was found that the use of keratin filler and flame retardant additives changed the foams' structure and properties as well as their burning behavior. The highest fire resistance was achieved for foams containing keratin and expanding graphite, for which the reduction in heat release rate (HRR) compared to VEPUR foams reached 75%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Wrześniewska-Tosik
- Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres, ul. Skłodowskiej-Curie 19/27, 90-570 Łódź, Poland; (T.M.); (E.W.); (T.K.); (M.P.); (D.W.)
| | - Joanna Ryszkowska
- Faculty of Materials Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland; (J.R.); (M.A.K.); (M.L.); (K.N.)
| | - Tomasz Mik
- Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres, ul. Skłodowskiej-Curie 19/27, 90-570 Łódź, Poland; (T.M.); (E.W.); (T.K.); (M.P.); (D.W.)
| | - Ewa Wesołowska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres, ul. Skłodowskiej-Curie 19/27, 90-570 Łódź, Poland; (T.M.); (E.W.); (T.K.); (M.P.); (D.W.)
| | - Tomasz Kowalewski
- Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres, ul. Skłodowskiej-Curie 19/27, 90-570 Łódź, Poland; (T.M.); (E.W.); (T.K.); (M.P.); (D.W.)
| | - Michalina Pałczyńska
- Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres, ul. Skłodowskiej-Curie 19/27, 90-570 Łódź, Poland; (T.M.); (E.W.); (T.K.); (M.P.); (D.W.)
| | - Damian Walisiak
- Łukasiewicz Research Network, Institute of Biopolymers and Chemical Fibres, ul. Skłodowskiej-Curie 19/27, 90-570 Łódź, Poland; (T.M.); (E.W.); (T.K.); (M.P.); (D.W.)
| | - Monika Auguścik Królikowska
- Faculty of Materials Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland; (J.R.); (M.A.K.); (M.L.); (K.N.)
| | - Milena Leszczyńska
- Faculty of Materials Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland; (J.R.); (M.A.K.); (M.L.); (K.N.)
| | - Krzysztof Niezgoda
- Faculty of Materials Science, Warsaw University of Technology, Woloska 141, 02-507 Warszawa, Poland; (J.R.); (M.A.K.); (M.L.); (K.N.)
| | - Kamila Sałasińska
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Aerosol Hazards, Central Institute for Labor Protection, National Research Institute, Czerniakowska 16, 00-701 Warsaw, Poland;
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Członka S, Kairytė A, Miedzińska K, Strąkowska A, Adamus-Włodarczyk A. Mechanically Strong Polyurethane Composites Reinforced with Montmorillonite-Modified Sage Filler ( Salvia officinalis L.). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3744. [PMID: 33916847 PMCID: PMC8038432 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane (PUR) foams reinforced with 1, 2, and 5 wt.% of salvia filler (SO filler) and montmorillonite-modified salvia filler (MMT-modified SO filler) were produced in the following study. The impact of 1, 2, and 5 wt.% of SO filler and MMT-modified SO filler on the morphological, chemical, and mechanical properties of PUR composites were examined. In both cases, the addition of 1 and 2 wt.% of SO fillers resulted in the synthesis of PUR composites with improved physicomechanical properties, while the addition of 5 wt.% of SO fillers resulted in the formation of PUR composites with a less uniform structure and, therefore, some deterioration in their physicomechanical performances. Moreover, the results showed that the modification of SO filler with MMT improved the interphase compatibility between filler surface and PUR matrix. Therefore, such reinforced PUR composites were characterized by a well-developed closed-cell structure and improved mechanical, thermal, and flame-retardant performances. For example, when compared with reference foam, the addition of 2 wt.% of MMT-modified SO filler resulted in the formation of PUR composites with greater mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength) and improved dynamic-mechanical properties (storage modulus). The PUR composites were characterized by better thermal stability as well as improved flame retardancy-e.g., decreased peak rate of heat release (pHRR), reduced total smoke release (TSR), and increased limiting oxygen index (LOI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Członka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnė Kairytė
- Laboratory of Thermal Insulating Materials and Acoustics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Institute of Building Materials, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, Linkmenu St. 28, LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Karolina Miedzińska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Strąkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Polymer & Dye Technology, Lodz University of Technology, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Adamus-Włodarczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, 93-590 Lodz, Poland
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28
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Sam M, Dekamin MG, Alirezvani Z. Dendrons containing boric acid and 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate covalently attached to silica-coated magnetite for the expeditious synthesis of Hantzsch esters. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2399. [PMID: 33504833 PMCID: PMC7840758 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80884-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A new multifunctional dendritic nanocatalyst containing boric acid and 1,3,5-tris(2-hydroxyethyl)isocyanurate covalently attached to core-shell silica-coated magnetite (Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-THEIC-(CH2)3OB(OH)2) was designed and properly characterized by different spectroscopic or microscopic methods as well as analytical techniques used for mesoporous materials. It was found that the combination of both aromatic π-π stacking and boron-oxygen ligand interactions affords supramolecular arrays of dendrons. Furthermore, the use of boric acid makes this dendritic catalyst a good choice, from corrosion, recyclability and cost points of view. The catalytic activity of Fe3O4@SiO2@PTS-THEIC-(CH2)3OB(OH)2, as an efficient magnetically recoverable catalyst, was investigated for the synthesis of polyhydroacridines (PHAs) as well as polyhydroquinolines (PHQs) via one-pot multicomponent reactions of dimedone and/or ethyl acetoacetate, different aldehydes and ammonium acetate in EtOH under reflux conditions. Very low loading of the catalyst, high to quantitative yields of the desired PHAs or PHQs products, short reaction times, wide scope of the substrates, eliminating any toxic heavy metals or corrosive reagents for the modification of the catalyst, and simple work-up procedure are remarkable advantages of this green protocol. An additional advantage of this magnetic nanoparticles catalyst is its ability to be separated and recycled easily from the reaction mixture with minimal efforts in six subsequent runs without significant loss of its catalytic activity. This magnetic and dendritic catalyst can be extended to new two- and three-dimensional covalent organic frameworks with different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Sam
- Pharmaceutical and Heterocyclic Compounds Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, 1684613114, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad G Dekamin
- Pharmaceutical and Heterocyclic Compounds Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, 1684613114, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Zahra Alirezvani
- Pharmaceutical and Heterocyclic Compounds Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, 1684613114, Tehran, Iran
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29
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Composites of Semi-Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Keratin Fibers Derived from Poultry Feathers and Flame Retardant Additives. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12122943. [PMID: 33317209 PMCID: PMC7764476 DOI: 10.3390/polym12122943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Semi-rigid composites of polyurethane foams (SRPUF) modified with the addition of keratin flour from poultry feathers and flame retardant additives were manufactured. Ten percent by mass of keratin fibers was added to the foams as well as halogen-free flame retardant additives such as Fyrol PNX, expandable graphite, metal oxides, in amounts such that their total mass did not exceed 15%. Thermal and mechanical properties were tested. Water absorption, dimensional stability, apparent density and flammability of produced foams were determined. It was found that the use of keratin fibers and flame retardant additives changes the foam synthesis process, changes their structure and properties as well as their combustion process. The addition of the filler made of keratin fibers significantly limits the amount of smoke generated during foam burning. The most favorable reduction of heat and smoke release rate was observed for foams with the addition of 10% keratin fibers and 10% expandable graphite. Systems of reducing combustibility of polyurethane foams using keratin fillers are a new solution on a global scale.
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30
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Liu C, Zhang P, Shi Y, Rao X, Cai S, Fu L, Feng Y, Wang L, Zheng X, Yang W. Enhanced Fire Safety of Rigid Polyurethane Foam via Synergistic Effect of Phosphorus/Nitrogen Compounds and Expandable Graphite. Molecules 2020; 25:E4741. [PMID: 33076563 PMCID: PMC7587603 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to explore highly efficient flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF), phosphorus/nitrogen compounds and expandable graphite (EG) were successfully incorporated into RPUF by a free one-spot method. The combustion results showed that the fire safety of the RPUF samples was remarkably improved by the addition of phosphoric/nitrogen compounds and EG. With the incorporation of 22.4 wt.% phosphorus/nitrogen compounds and 3.2 wt.% EG, the RPUF composites achieved UL-94 V-0 rating. Besides, the total heat release and total smoke release of RPUF composites were reduced by 29.6% and 32.4% respectively, compared to those of the pure RPUF sample. PO• and PO2• together with nonflammable gaseous products were evolved from phosphoric/nitrogen compounds in the gas phase, which quenched the flammable free radicals in the matrix and diluted the concentration of combustible gaseous products generated from PRUF during combustion. The compact char residues which acted as excellent physical barriers were formed by catalysis of EG and phosphoric/nitrogen compounds in the condense phase. The fire hazard of RPUF was significantly reduced by the synergistic effect of phosphorus-nitrogen compounds and EG. This work provides a promising strategy to enhance the fire safety of RPUF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Liu
- College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China; (C.L.); (X.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Ping Zhang
- State key Laboratory of Enviromental Friendly Energy Materials & Department of Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China;
| | - Yongqian Shi
- College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China; (C.L.); (X.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Xiaohui Rao
- College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China; (C.L.); (X.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Suncheng Cai
- College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China; (C.L.); (X.R.); (S.C.)
| | - Libi Fu
- College of Civil Engineering, Fuzhou University, 2 Xueyuan Road, Fuzhou 350116, China;
| | - Yuezhan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold Ministry of Education, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Polymer Processing Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450002, China;
| | - Liancong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Safety Technology, CCTEG Shenyang Research Institute, Fushun 113122, China
| | - Xueqin Zheng
- College of Safety and Environment, Fujian Chuanzheng Communications College, 80 Shoushan Road, Fuzhou 350007, China;
| | - Wei Yang
- School of Energy, Materials and Chemical Engineering, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China
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Wang H, Tian Y, Chen X, Li J. Kinetic and Synergetic Effect Analysis of the Co-Combustion of Coal Blended with Polyurethane Materials. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:26005-26014. [PMID: 33073127 PMCID: PMC7557952 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The synergetic effects during the co-combustion of coal blended with polyurethane are researched by thermogravimetric experiments. The mixing ratio of polyurethane to coal affects the oxygen absorption and pyrolysis. According to the synergetic effects, the co-combustion process can be divided into three stages. In the first stage, the synergetic effects are notable and the main reactions are pyrolysis and oxygen absorption. In the second stage, there are almost no synergetic effects and the main reaction is combustion of fixed carbon. In the third stage, there are some synergetic effects because the combustion residues agglomerate. The synergetic effects during co-combustion are influenced by two factors, energy and free radicals. When the mixing ratio is lower than 1:15, the synergetic effects are expressed as inhibitory effects, and the pyrolysis of polyurethane competes with the oxygen absorption of coal. The calorific values of the samples are lower and their ignition temperature and activation energy in the early stage of co-combustion are higher than those of coal. When the mixing ratio is higher than 1:15, the synergetic effects expressed as promoting effects.
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32
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Li C, Ye L, Zhao X. In situ preparation of intrinsic flame-retardant urea formaldehyde/carbon nanotubes nanocomposite foam: structure and reinforcing mechanism. POLYM-PLAST TECH MAT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/25740881.2020.1759632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chuanlong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lin Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaowen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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33
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Chen Y, Li L, Wu X. Construction of an efficient ternary flame retardant system for rigid polyurethane foam based on bi‐phase flame retardant effect. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yajun Chen
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing China
| | - Linshan Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing China
| | - Xingde Wu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing China
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34
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Bubbles and collapses: Fire phenomena of flame‐retarded flexible polyurethane foams. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Xi X, Pizzi A, Lei H, Du G, Zhou X, Lin Y. Characterization and Preparation of Furanic-Glyoxal Foams. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030692. [PMID: 32244975 PMCID: PMC7183269 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic foams have become an essential industrial product for a great variety of applications. Furfuryl alcohol, as a biomass chemical, was reacted with glyoxal at room temperature to prepare furanic-glyoxal rigid foams, and p-toluenesulfonic acid was used as a catalyst to initiate the reaction. Foams with different molar ratios (furfuryl alcohol/glyoxal) were prepared in this work, and uniform cells foams have been obtained. Their compression resistance, 24-h water absorption, density, and other basic properties were tested. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the cellular morphology of the foams prepared, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) helped to understand their thermal and combustion properties, and FTIR and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionisation Time of Flight (MALDI ToF) mass spectroscopy to explain the structure of the resulting foams to clarify the reactions occurring during foaming. The results show that the compression resistance of furanic-glyoxal foams declined as the furfuryl alcohol/glyoxal ratio decreases also. SEM observations revealed that foams with open-cell were obtained when furfuryl alcohol was added in greater amounts, and more closed cell structures were formed as the proportion of glyoxal increased. TGA results showed that the initial ignition temperature of furanic-glyoxal foams is ~200 °C higher than that of wood, and the smaller comprehensive combustion index S (about 0.15 × 10−7 (%2 K−3 min−2)) indicates that the foam burns slowly and has poor flammability, that is, it is not easy to burn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuedong Xi
- Yunnan key laboratory of wood adhesives and glue products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (X.X.); (H.L.); (G.D.); (X.Z.)
- ENSTIB-LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France
| | - Antonio Pizzi
- ENSTIB-LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 27 rue Philippe Seguin, 88000 Epinal, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-623-126-940
| | - Hong Lei
- Yunnan key laboratory of wood adhesives and glue products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (X.X.); (H.L.); (G.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Guanben Du
- Yunnan key laboratory of wood adhesives and glue products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (X.X.); (H.L.); (G.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Xiaojian Zhou
- Yunnan key laboratory of wood adhesives and glue products, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China; (X.X.); (H.L.); (G.D.); (X.Z.)
| | - Yuying Lin
- LERMAB, University of Lorraine, 88000 Epinal, France
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36
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Batool S, Gill R, Ma C, Reddy GCS, Guo W, Hu Y. Epoxy‐based multilayers for flame resistant flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF). J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Batool
- Department of Environmental SciencesFatima Jinnah Women University The Mall, Rawalpindi 46000 Punjab Pakistan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 23000 China
| | - Rohama Gill
- Department of Environmental SciencesFatima Jinnah Women University The Mall, Rawalpindi 46000 Punjab Pakistan
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fire ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 23000 China
| | | | - Wenwen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Fire ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 23000 China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire ScienceUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 23000 China
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37
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Singh I, Samal SK, Mohanty S, Nayak SK. Recent Advancement in Plant Oil Derived Polyol‐Based Polyurethane Foam for Future Perspective: A Review. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.201900225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Indrajeet Singh
- School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – LARPMCentral Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology (CIPET) – IPT B/25, CNI Complex, Patia Bhubaneswar 751024 Odisha India
| | - Sushanta K. Samal
- School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – LARPMCentral Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology (CIPET) – IPT B/25, CNI Complex, Patia Bhubaneswar 751024 Odisha India
| | - Smita Mohanty
- School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – LARPMCentral Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology (CIPET) – IPT B/25, CNI Complex, Patia Bhubaneswar 751024 Odisha India
| | - Sanjay K. Nayak
- School for Advanced Research in Polymers (SARP) – LARPMCentral Institute of Plastics Engineering & Technology (CIPET) – IPT B/25, CNI Complex, Patia Bhubaneswar 751024 Odisha India
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38
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Highly Effective Flame-Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foams: Fabrication and Applications in Inhibition of Coal Combustion. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11111776. [PMID: 31671837 PMCID: PMC6918278 DOI: 10.3390/polym11111776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The extemporaneous combustion of coal remains a major threat to safety in coal mines because such fire accidents result in casualties and significant property loss, as well as serious environmental pollution. This work proposed the fabrication of flame-retardant rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) containing expandable graphite as char expander/sealant with melamine phosphosphate and 2-carboxyethyl (phenyl)phosphinic acid as char inducer and radical trapping agents. The as-prepared RPUF successfully inhibited coal combustion by forming thermally stable high graphitic content expandable intumescent char sealing over the coal. The RPUF achieved UL-94 V-0 rating in addition to significant reductions in peak heat release, total heat release, and CO and CO2 yields. The external and the internal residual char structure was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectra, Raman spectroscopy, and real-time Fourier transform infrared spectra techniques, and a flame-retardant mode of action has been proposed. This work provides important insight into a facile fabrication of highly efficient and economical flame-retardant RPUF to inhibit the spontaneous combustion of coal.
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39
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Zieglowski M, Trosien S, Rohrer J, Mehlhase S, Weber S, Bartels K, Siegert G, Trellenkamp T, Albe K, Biesalski M. Reactivity of Isocyanate-Functionalized Lignins: A Key Factor for the Preparation of Lignin-Based Polyurethanes. Front Chem 2019; 7:562. [PMID: 31448266 PMCID: PMC6691062 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Using isocyanate-functionalized Kraft lignin as a reactive macromonomer for the preparation of polyurethane foams by a prepolymer technique is a well-known strategy to incorporate the biomacromolecule into a higher value polymer material. However, as of today the mechanical properties of the resulting materials are still insufficient for a number of possible applications. One reason for this limitation is that the reaction pathway and the morphological arrangement of such foams is of uttermost complexity and depends on a large number of influencing material-intrinsic factors. One important parameter is the reactivity of the functionalized lignin, which has a great impact on the interphase reaction kinetics and thus, on the geometry and mechanical properties of the resulting polyurethane foams. The reactivity is implied, amongst others, by the electron affinity of the isocyanate moiety. Herein, we investigate the reactivity of Kraft lignin modified with different commercially used isocyanates in the reaction with conventional polyols. Therefore, differently reactive prepolymers were synthesized, characterized and polyurethane foams were prepared thereof by using these compounds and the foam formation kinetics, morphological as well as mechanical properties were investigated. Finally, the results were supported by quantum mechanical calculations of the electron affinities of representative model compounds for the lignin-based prepolymers. This work gives rise to a better understanding of the effect of the reactivity and isocyanate structure linked to Kraft lignin on the polyurethane formation and enables rational choice of the isocyanate for pre-functionalization of lignin to prepare materials with better mechanical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mareike Zieglowski
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Paper Chemistry, Ernst-Berl Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simon Trosien
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Paper Chemistry, Ernst-Berl Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jochen Rohrer
- Fachgebiet Materialmodellierung, Institute of Material Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sabrina Mehlhase
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Paper Chemistry, Ernst-Berl Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Simone Weber
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Paper Chemistry, Ernst-Berl Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kerstin Bartels
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Paper Chemistry, Ernst-Berl Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gregor Siegert
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Paper Chemistry, Ernst-Berl Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Karsten Albe
- Fachgebiet Materialmodellierung, Institute of Material Science, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Markus Biesalski
- Laboratory of Macromolecular Chemistry and Paper Chemistry, Ernst-Berl Institute of Chemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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40
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Li L, Chen Y, Wu X, Xu B, Qian L. Bi‐phase flame‐retardant effect of dimethyl methylphosphonate and modified ammonium polyphosphate on rigid polyurethane foam. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linshan Li
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
| | - Yajun Chen
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
| | - Xingde Wu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
| | - Bo Xu
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
| | - Lijun Qian
- School of Materials Science and Mechanical EngineeringBeijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Engineering Laboratory of Non‐Halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
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41
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Salgado-Escobar O, Hernández-Guadarrama A, Romero-Estudillo I, Linzaga-Elizalde I. Direct Synthesis of Phosphonates and α-Amino-phosphonates from 1,3-Benzoxazines. Molecules 2019; 24:E294. [PMID: 30650579 PMCID: PMC6359518 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24020294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A straightforward and novel method for transformation of readily available 1,3-benzoxazines to secondary phosphonates and α-aminophosphonates using boron trifluoride etherate as catalyst is developed. The formation of phosphonates proceeds through ortho-quinone methide (o-QM) generated in situ, followed by a phospha-Michael addition reaction. On the other hand, the α-aminophosphonates were obtained by iminium ion formation and the subsequence nucleophilic substitution of alkylphosphites. This method can be also used for the preparation of o-hydroxybenzyl ethers through oxa-Michael addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Salgado-Escobar
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
| | - Alexis Hernández-Guadarrama
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
| | - Ivan Romero-Estudillo
- CONACYT-Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
| | - Irma Linzaga-Elizalde
- Centro de Investigaciones Químicas-IICBA, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, 62209 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México.
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Bhoyate S, Ionescu M, Kahol PK, Gupta RK. Castor-oil derived nonhalogenated reactive flame-retardant-based polyurethane foams with significant reduced heat release rate. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sanket Bhoyate
- Department of Chemistry; Pittsburg State University; Pittsburg Kansas 66762
| | - Mihail Ionescu
- Kansas Polymer Research Center; Pittsburg State University; Pittsburg Kansas 66762
| | - Pawan K. Kahol
- Department of Physics; Pittsburg State University; Pittsburg Kansas 66762
| | - Ram K. Gupta
- Department of Chemistry; Pittsburg State University; Pittsburg Kansas 66762
- Kansas Polymer Research Center; Pittsburg State University; Pittsburg Kansas 66762
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Pang XY, Chang WS, Chang R, Weng MQ. Influence of Titanium Dioxide Modified Expandable Graphite and Ammonium Polyphosphate on Combustion Behavior and Physicomechanical Properties of Rigid Polyurethane Foam. INT POLYM PROC 2018. [DOI: 10.3139/217.3489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this research, the individual influence and synergistic behavior between titanium dioxide modified expendable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate on combustion behavior and physicomechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) were investigated. Combustion behavior was evaluated by limiting oxygen index, and vertical-combustion tests. Thermal stability was studied via thermogravimetric/differential thermal gravimetric (TG/DTG) analysis. Results showed that the modified expendable graphite presented better thermal stability and flame retardancy for RPUF than the normal expandable graphite. Furthermore, the combination of the modified expendable graphite and ammonium polyphosphate with the mass ratio of 1 : 1 caused the RPUF to exhibit better flame retardancy, compression strength and high temperature thermal stability. Especially, the compression strength of this polymer composite sharply increased by 52.4 % over RPUF.
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Affiliation(s)
- X.-Y. Pang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science , Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
- Flame Retardant Material and Processing Technology Engineering Technology Research Center of Hebei Province , Key Laboratory of Analytical Science and Technology of Hebei Province, Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
| | - W.-S. Chang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science , Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
| | - R. Chang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science , Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
| | - M.-Q. Weng
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science , Hebei University, Baoding , PRC
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45
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Xu L, Xiao L, Jia P, Goossens K, Liu P, Li H, Cheng C, Huang Y, Bielawski CW, Geng J. Lightweight and Ultrastrong Polymer Foams with Unusually Superior Flame Retardancy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:26392-26399. [PMID: 28707895 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b06282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
High-performance flame-retardant materials are urgently needed to address outstanding issues that pertain to safety. Traditional flame retardants are toxic to the environment and/or lack the physical properties required for use in many contemporary applications. Here, we show that isocyanate-based polyimide (PI) foam, a flammable material, can exhibit unusually superior flame retardancy as well as other excellent properties, such as being lightweight and displaying high mechanical strength, by incorporating red phosphorus (RP)-hybridized graphene. The covalent bonds formed between the graphene platelets and the PI matrix provide the resultant PI foam with a specific Young's modulus (83 kNm kg-1) that is comparable to or even higher than those displayed by state-of-the-art foams, including silica aerogels, polystyrene foams, and polyurethane foams. In addition, even a low content of the RP-hybridized graphene (2.2 wt %) results in an exceptionally higher limiting oxygen index (39.4) than those of traditional flame-retardant polymer-based materials (typically 20-30). The resultant PI foam also exhibits thermal insulation properties that are similar to that of air. Moreover, the RP-hybridized graphene is prepared using a one-step ball milling process in 100% yield, and does not require solvent or produce waste. The preparation of the flame-retardant PI foams can be scaled as the starting materials are commercially available and the techniques employed are industrially compatible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linli Xu
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Linhong Xiao
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Pan Jia
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Karel Goossens
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Peng Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Engineering Plastics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Chungui Cheng
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Yong Huang
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Christopher W Bielawski
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jianxin Geng
- Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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Zhang G, Zhu G, Zhao G. Analysis of the Influence of Construction Insulation Systems on Public Safety in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13090861. [PMID: 27589774 PMCID: PMC5036694 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13090861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With the Government of China’s proposed Energy Efficiency Regulations (GB40411-2007), the implementation of external insulation systems will be mandatory in China. The frequent external insulation system fires cause huge numbers of casualties and extensive property damage and have rapidly become a new hot issue in construction evacuation safety in China. This study attempts to reconstruct an actual fire scene and propose a quantitative risk assessment method for upward insulation system fires using thermal analysis tests and large eddy simulations (using the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) software). Firstly, the pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of Extruded polystyrene board (XPS panel), such as ignition temperature, combustion heat, limiting oxygen index, thermogravimetric analysis and thermal radiation analysis were studied experimentally. Based on these experimental data, large eddy simulation was then applied to reconstruct insulation system fires. The results show that upward insulation system fires could be accurately reconstructed by using thermal analysis test and large eddy simulation. The spread of insulation material system fires in the vertical direction is faster than that in the horizontal direction. Moreover, we also find that there is a possibility of flashover in enclosures caused by insulation system fires as the smoke temperature exceeds 600 °C. The simulation methods and experimental results obtained in this paper could provide valuable references for fire evacuation, hazard assessment and fire resistant construction design studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guowei Zhang
- Faculty of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, China.
- Key Laboratory of Building Fire Protection Engineering and Technology of Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China, Tianjin 300000, China.
| | - Guoqing Zhu
- Faculty of Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221008, China.
| | - Guoxiang Zhao
- Department of Flow, Heat and Combustion Mechanics, Ghent University, Brussels B-1000, Belgium.
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Liu Y, He J, Yang R. The Thermal Properties and Flame Retardancy of 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene 10-Oxide (DOPO)–Mg/Polyisocyanurate–Polyurethane Foam Composites. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20160064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Stability of biodegradable waterborne polyurethane films in buffered saline solutions. Biointerphases 2015; 10:031006. [PMID: 26296357 DOI: 10.1116/1.4929357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The stability of polyurethane (PU) is of critical importance for applications such as in coating industry or as biomaterials. To eliminate the environmental concerns on the synthesis of PU which involves the use of organic solvents, the aqueous-based or waterborne PU (WBPU) has been developed. WBPU, however, may be unstable in an electrolyte-rich environment. In this study, the authors reported the stability of biodegradable WBPU in the buffered saline solutions evaluated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Various biodegradable WBPU films were prepared by spin coating on coverslip glass, with a thickness of ∼300 nm. The surface AFM images of poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) diol-based WBPU revealed nanoglobular structure. The same feature was observed when 20% molar of the PCL diol soft segment was replaced by polyethylene butylenes adipate diol. After hydration in buffered saline solutions for 24 h, the surface domains generally increased in sizes and became irregular in shape. On the other hand, when the soft segment was replaced by 20% poly(l-lactide) diol, a meshlike surface structure was demonstrated by AFM. When the latter WBPU was hydrated, the surface domains appeared to be disconnected. Results from the attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicated that the surface chemistry of WBPU films was altered after hydration. These changes were probably associated with the neutralization of carboxylate by ions in the saline solutions, resulting in the rearrangements of soft and hard segments and causing instability of the WBPU.
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Jin J, Dong QX, Shu ZJ, Wang WJ, He K. Flame Retardant Properties of Polyurethane/Expandable Praphite Composites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.proeng.2014.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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