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Fonseca PHM, Martinelli AG, Gill PG, Rayfield EJ, Schultz CL, Kerber L, Ribeiro AM, Soares MB. Anatomy of the maxillary canal of Riograndia guaibensis (Cynodontia, Probainognathia)-A prozostrodont from the Late Triassic of southern Brazil. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024. [PMID: 39039851 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Investigating the evolutionary trajectory of synapsid sensory and cephalic systems is pivotal for understanding the emergence and diversification of mammals. Recent studies using CT-scanning to analyze the rostral foramina and maxillary canals morphology in fossilized specimens of probainognathian cynodonts have contributed to clarifying the homology and paleobiological interpretations of these structures. In the present work, μCT-scannings of three specimens of Riograndia guaibensis, an early Norian cynodont from southern Brazil, were analyzed and revealed an incomplete separation between the lacrimal and maxillary canals, with points of contact via non-ossified areas. While the maxillary canal exhibits a consistent morphological pattern with other Prozostrodontia, featuring three main branches along the lateral region of the snout, the rostral alveolar canal in Riograndia displays variability in the number of extra branches terminating in foramina on the lateral surface of the maxilla, showing differences among individuals and within the same skull. Additionally, pneumatization is observed in the anterior region of the skull, resembling similar structures found in reptiles and mammals. Through this pneumatization, certain branches originating from the maxillary canal extend to the canine alveolus. Further investigation is warranted to elucidate the functionality of this structure and its occurrence in other cynodont groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Henrique Morais Fonseca
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Agustín Guillermo Martinelli
- CONICET-Sección Paleontología de Vertebrados, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales "Bernardino Rivadavia", Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Núcleo Milenio EVOTEM-Evolutionary Transitions of Early Mammals-ANID, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela G Gill
- Palaeobiology Research Group, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Bristol, UK
- Earth Sciences Department, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Emily J Rayfield
- Palaeobiology Research Group, School of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, Bristol, UK
| | - Cesar Leandro Schultz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Kerber
- Centro de Apoio à Pesquisa Paleontológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, São João do Polêsine, Brazil
| | - Ana Maria Ribeiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Seção de Paleontologia, Museu de Ciências Naturais, Secretaria do Meio Ambiente e Infraestrutura do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marina Bento Soares
- Departamento de Geologia e Paleontologia, Museu Nacional, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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SUZUKI C, SASAKI M, TSUZUKI N, KAYANO M, YAMADA K, ISHIGURO N, SUZUKI S, TARU H, MATSUDA W, ENDO H, KIKUCHI T, KIKUCHI K, KITAMURA N. Quantitative analysis of the skull in the Japanese wolf (Canis lupus hodophilax) using CT. J Vet Med Sci 2024; 86:440-450. [PMID: 38383004 PMCID: PMC11061575 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study using computed tomography (CT), the volumes of the internal cranial cavities, such as the braincase, frontal sinus and tympanic cavity, and the ratio of the volume of each cavity to the skull volume in Japanese wolves were quantified, and CT images of the frontal sinus were observed. The results were then compared with those of other wolf subspecies, including Akita, a dog breed, to clarify the characteristics of the internal cranial cavities in Japanese wolves. The present study revealed that the Japanese wolf had a relatively larger braincase volume and a relatively smaller frontal sinus volume than the wolf ssp. (a group of wild wolf subspecies except the Japanese wolf) and Akita. Moreover, the relative and absolute tympanic cavity volumes of the Japanese wolf and Akita were significantly smaller than those of the wolf ssp. In the CT image or macroscopic observations, the frontal sinuses of the wolf ssp. and Akita were relatively well developed to the caudal and dorsal directions, respectively, compared with that of the Japanese wolf, and the tympanic cavity of the wolf ssp. was more largely swelled ventrally and medially than that of other groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro SUZUKI
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine,
Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Motoki SASAKI
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine,
Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Nao TSUZUKI
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine,
Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Mitsunori KAYANO
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine,
Hokkaido, Japan
| | | | - Naotaka ISHIGURO
- The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Miura,
Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Satoshi SUZUKI
- Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History, Kanagawa,
Japan
| | - Hajime TARU
- Kanagawa Prefectural Museum of Natural History, Kanagawa,
Japan
| | | | - Hideki ENDO
- The University Museum, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo,
Japan
| | - Tomoaki KIKUCHI
- Hokkaido Chuo Agricultural Mutual Aid Association, Hokkaido,
Japan
| | | | - Nobuo KITAMURA
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine,
Hokkaido, Japan
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3
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Ichikawa Y, Kanemaki N, Kanai K. Breed-Specific Skull Morphology Reveals Insights into Canine Optic Chiasm Positioning and Orbital Structure through 3D CT Scan Analysis. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:197. [PMID: 38254367 PMCID: PMC10812588 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
This study's CT scan-based morphometric analysis of 50 adult dogs explored the relationship between skull shape variations (determined by the skull index, SI), optic chiasm, optic canals, and orbital shape. Dogs were classified as brachycephalic (SI ≥ 59), mesocephalic (SI ≥ 51 but <59), and dolichocephalic (SI < 51). No significant age or weight differences were observed. Skull lengths (brachycephalic: 11.39 ± 1.76 cm, mesocephalic: 15.00 ± 2.96 cm, dolichocephalic: 17.96 ± 3.44 cm) and facial lengths (brachycephalic: 3.63 ± 1.00 cm, mesocephalic: 6.46 ± 1.55 cm, dolichocephalic: 8.23 ± 1.03 cm) varied significantly, with shorter orbital depths (brachycephalic: 2.58 ± 0.42 cm, mesocephalic: 3.19 ± 0.65 cm, dolichocephalic: 3.61 ± 0.77 cm) in brachycephalic dogs. The optic chiasm-to-inion horizontal length ratio to cranial horizontal length positively correlated with the SI (r = 0.883, p < 0.001), while the ratio to neurocranial length showed no SI correlation (range: 55.5-75.0). Brachycephalic breeds had a significantly wider optic canal angle (93.74 ± 16.00°), along with broader lacrimal-zygomatic and zygomatic frontal process angles. These findings highlight the zygomatic bone's role in influencing breed-specific orbital variations by connecting the face to the neurocranium, projecting the orbital rim outward and forward with facial shortening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichiro Ichikawa
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi 23 Ban-Cho, Towada 034-8628, Aomori, Japan;
- Ichikawa Animal Hospital, 118-3 Negiuchi, Matsudo-shi 270-0011, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Kanemaki
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuou-ku, Sagamihara 252-5201, Kanagawa, Japan;
- DVMs Animal Medical Center Yokohama, 2-2 Sawatari, Kanagawa-ku, Yokohama 221-0844, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Kanai
- Department of Small Animal Internal Medicine II, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 35-1 Higashi 23 Ban-Cho, Towada 034-8628, Aomori, Japan;
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4
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Law CJ, Hlusko LJ, Tseng ZJ. Uncovering the mosaic evolution of the carnivoran skeletal system. Biol Lett 2024; 20:20230526. [PMID: 38263882 PMCID: PMC10806395 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The diversity of vertebrate skeletons is often attributed to adaptations to distinct ecological factors such as diet, locomotion, and sensory environment. Although the adaptive evolution of skull, appendicular skeleton, and vertebral column is well studied in vertebrates, comprehensive investigations of all skeletal components simultaneously are rarely performed. Consequently, we know little of how modes of evolution differ among skeletal components. Here, we tested if ecological and phylogenetic effects led to distinct modes of evolution among the cranial, appendicular and vertebral regions in extant carnivoran skeletons. Using multivariate evolutionary models, we found mosaic evolution in which only the mandible, hindlimb and posterior (i.e. last thoracic and lumbar) vertebrae showed evidence of adaptation towards ecological regimes whereas the remaining skeletal components reflect clade-specific evolutionary shifts. We hypothesize that the decoupled evolution of individual skeletal components may have led to the origination of distinct adaptive zones and morphologies among extant carnivoran families that reflect phylogenetic hierarchies. Overall, our work highlights the importance of examining multiple skeletal components simultaneously in ecomorphological analyses. Ongoing work integrating the fossil and palaeoenvironmental record will further clarify deep-time drivers that govern the carnivoran diversity we see today and reveal the complexity of evolutionary processes in multicomponent systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris J. Law
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Texas, Austin, TX, USA
- Burke Museum and Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Leslea J. Hlusko
- National Research Center on Human Evolution (CENIEH), Burgos, Spain
| | - Z. Jack Tseng
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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5
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Smith TD, Zinreich SJ, Márquez S, King SEE, Evans S, DeLeon VB. Growth and microanatomy of the paranasal sinuses in two species of New World monkeys. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2024; 307:49-65. [PMID: 37060246 DOI: 10.1002/ar.25222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Paranasal sinuses of living apes and humans grow with positive allometry, suggesting a novel mechanism for bone enlargement. Here, we examine the paranasal sinuses of the owl monkey (Aotus spp.) and a tamarin (Saguinus midas) across postnatal development. The prediction that paranasal sinuses grow disproportionately faster than the main nasal chamber is tested. We used diffusible iodine-based contrast-enhanced computed tomography and histology to study sinuses in eight Aotus and three tamarins ranging from newborn to adult ages. Sinuses were segmented at the mucosa-air cavity interface and measured in volume. All sinuses were lined by a ciliated respiratory epithelium, except for the ethmoid air cells in Aotus, which are lined in part by olfactory epithelium. An age comparison indicates that only the maxillary sinus and ethmoid air cells are present in newborns, and two additional sinuses (invading the orbitosphenoid and the frontal bone), do not appear until late infancy or later. Comparing newborns and adults, the main nasal airway is 10 times larger in the adult Aotus and ~ 6.5 times larger in adult Saguinus. In contrast, the maxillary sinus far exceeds this magnitude of difference: 24 times larger in the adult Aotus and 46 times larger in adult Saguinus. The frontal sinuses add significantly to total paranasal space volume in both species, but this growth is likely delayed until juvenile age. Results suggest ethmoid air cells expand the least. These results support our prediction that most paranasal sinuses have a distinctly higher growth rate compared to the main nasal chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy D Smith
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - S James Zinreich
- The Russel H. Morgan Departments of Radiology, The Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Samuel Márquez
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Scot E E King
- School of Physical Therapy, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Valerie B DeLeon
- Department of Anthropology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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6
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Schwab JA, Figueirido B, Martín-Serra A, van der Hoek J, Flink T, Kort A, Esteban Núñez JM, Jones KE. Evolutionary ecomorphology for the twenty-first century: examples from mammalian carnivores. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231400. [PMID: 38018109 PMCID: PMC10685142 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Carnivores (cats, dogs and kin) are a diverse group of mammals that inhabit a remarkable range of ecological niches. While the relationship between ecology and morphology has long been of interest in carnivorans, the application of quantitative techniques has resulted in a recent explosion of work in the field. Therefore, they provide a case study of how quantitative techniques, such as geometric morphometrics (GMM), have impacted our ability to tease apart complex ecological signals from skeletal anatomy, and the implications for our understanding of the relationships between form, function and ecological specialization. This review provides a synthesis of current research on carnivoran ecomorphology, with the goal of illustrating the complex interaction between ecology and morphology in the skeleton. We explore the ecomorphological diversity across major carnivoran lineages and anatomical systems. We examine cranial elements (skull, sensory systems) and postcranial elements (limbs, vertebral column) to reveal mosaic patterns of adaptation related to feeding and hunting strategies, locomotion and habitat preference. We highlight the crucial role that new approaches have played in advancing our understanding of carnivoran ecomorphology, while addressing challenges that remain in the field, such as ecological classifications, form-function relationships and multi-element analysis, offering new avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia A. Schwab
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, UK
| | - Borja Figueirido
- Departamento de Ecología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alberto Martín-Serra
- Departamento de Ecología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Julien van der Hoek
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, UK
| | - Therese Flink
- Department of Palaeobiology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 50007, 10405 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anne Kort
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Indiana University Bloomington, 1001 E 10th St, Bloomington, IN, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, 1100 N University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | | | - Katrina E. Jones
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, M13 9PL Manchester, UK
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7
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Perrichon G, Hautier L, Pochat-Cottilloux Y, Raselli I, Salaviale C, Dailh B, Rinder N, Fernandez V, Adrien J, Lachambre J, Martin JE. Ontogenetic variability of the intertympanic sinus distinguishes lineages within Crocodylia. J Anat 2023; 242:1096-1123. [PMID: 36709416 PMCID: PMC10184552 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The phylogenetic relationships within crown Crocodylia remain contentious due to conflicts between molecular and morphological hypotheses. However, morphology-based datasets are mostly constructed on external characters, overlooking internal structures. Here, we use 3D geometric morphometrics to study the shape of the intertympanic sinus system in crown crocodylians during ontogeny, in order to assess its significance in a taxonomic context. Intertympanic sinus shape was found to be highly correlated with size and modulated by cranial shape during development. Still, adult sinus morphology distinguishes specimens at the family, genus and species level. We observe a clear distinction between Alligatoridae and Longirostres, a separation of different Crocodylus species and the subfossil Malagasy genus Voay, and a distinction between the Tomistoma and Gavialis lineages. Our approach is independent of molecular methods but concurs with the molecular topologies. Therefore, sinus characters could add significantly to morphological datasets, offering an alternative viewpoint to resolve problems in crocodylian relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwendal Perrichon
- CNRS UMR 5276, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Planètes, Environnement, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lionel Hautier
- Institut des Sciences de l'Évolution, Université Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France.,Mammal Section, Life Sciences, Vertebrate Division, The Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Yohan Pochat-Cottilloux
- CNRS UMR 5276, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Planètes, Environnement, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Irena Raselli
- Geoscience Department, Chemin de Musée 6, University of Fribourg, Jurassica Museum, Porrentruy, Switzerland
| | - Céline Salaviale
- CNRS UMR 5276, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Planètes, Environnement, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Benjamin Dailh
- CNRS UMR 5276, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Planètes, Environnement, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Nicolas Rinder
- CNRS UMR 5276, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Planètes, Environnement, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | - Jérôme Adrien
- Laboratoire Matériaux, Ingénierie et Science, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Joël Lachambre
- Laboratoire Matériaux, Ingénierie et Science, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jeremy E Martin
- CNRS UMR 5276, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, ENS de Lyon, Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon: Terre, Planètes, Environnement, Villeurbanne, France
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8
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Wang Z, Yang W, Ryan K, Garai S, Auerbach BM, Shen L. Using Optimal Transport to Improve Spherical Harmonic Quantification of Complex Biological Shapes. PROCEEDINGS. IEEE INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIOINFORMATICS AND BIOMEDICINE 2022; 2022:1255-1261. [PMID: 38013951 PMCID: PMC10676763 DOI: 10.1109/bibm55620.2022.9995036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
The knowledge of the anatomical shape of both gross and microscopic structures is the key to understanding the effects of disease processes on cellular structure. Geometric morphometric methods, such as Procrustes superimposition, and Spherical Harmonics (SPHARM), have been used to capture the biological shape variation and group differences in morphology. Previous SPHARM-MAT techniques use the CALD algorithm to parameterize the mesh surface. It starts from initial mapping and performs local and global smoothing methods alternately to control the area and length distortions simultaneously. However, this parameterization may not be sufficient in complex morphological cases. To bridge this gap, we propose SPHARM-OT, an enhanced SPHARM surface modeling method using optimal transport (OT) for spherical parameterization. First, the genus 0 3D objects are conformally mapped onto a sphere. Then the optimal transport theory via spherical power diagram is introduced to minimize the area distortion. This new algorithm can effectively reduce the area distortion and lead to a better reconstruction result. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the method by applying it to the human sphenoidal paranasal sinuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexuan Wang
- Applied Mathematics and Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Wenxi Yang
- Applied Mathematics and Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Katharine Ryan
- Department of Biology, Sacred Heart University, Fairfield Connecticut, USA
| | - Sumita Garai
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Benjamin M Auerbach
- Department of Anthropology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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9
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Kutara K, Ono T, Hisaeda K, Inoue Y, Henmi C, Sho K, Ohnishi A, Ohzawa E, Une Y, Iwata E, Shibano K, Asanuma T, Kitagawa H. An anatomical study of the skull, the dorsal and ventral nasal conchal bullae and paranasal sinuses in normal Noma horses: Computed tomographic anatomical and morphometric findings. Anat Histol Embryol 2022; 51:624-632. [DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kutara
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Tetsushi Ono
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Keiichi Hisaeda
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Yoichi Inoue
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Chizuka Henmi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Kadekaru Sho
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Akihiro Ohnishi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Emi Ohzawa
- Noma Horse Preservation Society 8 Noma Imabari Japan
| | - Yumi Une
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Eri Iwata
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Kenichi Shibano
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Taketoshi Asanuma
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kitagawa
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Okayama University of Science Imabari Japan
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10
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A Middle Pleistocene wolf from central Italy provides insights on the first occurrence of Canis lupus in Europe. Sci Rep 2022; 12:2882. [PMID: 35217686 PMCID: PMC8881584 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06812-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we describe a partial cranium of a large canid dated at 406.5 ± 2.4 ka from the Middle Pleistocene of Ponte Galeria (Rome, Italy). The sample represents one of the few Middle Pleistocene remains of a wolf-like canid falling within the timeframe when the Canis mosbachensis–Canis lupus transition occurred, a key moment to understand the spread of the extant wolf (Canis lupus) in Europe. CT-based methods allow studying the outer and inner cranial anatomy (brain and frontal sinuses) of a selected sample of fossil and extant canids. Morphological and biometric results allowed to: (I) ascribe the cranium from Ponte Galeria to an adult Canis lupus, representing the first reliable occurrence of this taxon in Europe; (II) provide the content for a biochronological revision of the Middle Pleistocene record of European wolves.
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11
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Wheelhouse J, Vogelnest L, Nicoll RG. Skeletal radiographic anatomy of echidnas: insights into unusual mammals. J Mammal 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyab138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Long-beaked echidnas (Zaglossus spp.) have received less attention in the literature than Short-beaked echidnas (Tachyglossus aculeatus). Their natural history, anatomy, and physiology are poorly known. To improve our understanding of this unique group, we undertook a radiographic study of the Eastern long-beaked echidna (Zaglossus bartoni), and provide a comparative analysis of its radiographic skeletal anatomy with that of T. aculeatus. We examine conventional radiography and computed tomographic images of Zaglossus and Tachyglossus, describe the anatomical features of Zaglossus, and compare those with Tachyglossus. We provide evidence of epicoracoid overlap in echidnas, a feature not well documented in monotremes. The significance of epicoracoid overlap requires further investigation. Our study is intended as a reference for the radiographic anatomy of Z. bartoni.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Larry Vogelnest
- Taronga Conservation Society Australia, Taronga Zoo, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert G Nicoll
- Veterinary Imaging Associates, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia
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12
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Ferreira JD, Dozo MT, de Moura Bubadué J, Kerber L. Morphology and postnatal ontogeny of the cranial endocast and paranasal sinuses of capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), the largest living rodent. J Morphol 2021; 283:66-90. [PMID: 34775628 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have analyzed and described the endocranial cavities of caviomorph rodents. However, no study has documented the changes in the morphology and relative size of such cavities during ontogeny. Expecting to contribute to the discussion of the endocranial spaces of extinct caviomorphs, we aimed to characterize the cranial endocast morphology and paranasal sinuses of the largest living rodent, Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris, by focusing on its ontogenetic growth patterns. We analyzed 12 specimens of different ontogenetic stages and provided a comparison with other cavioids. Our study demonstrates that the adult cranial endocast of H. hydrochaeris is characterized by olfactory bulbs with an irregular shape, showing an elongated olfactory tract without a clear circular fissure, a marked temporal region that makes the endocast with rhombus outline, and gyrencephaly. Some of these traits change as the brain grows. The cranial pneumatization is present in the frontal and lacrimal bones. We identified two recesses (frontal and lacrimal) and one sinus (frontal). These pneumatic cavities increase their volume as the cranium grows, covering the cranial region of the cranial endocast. The encephalization quotient was calculated for each specimen, demonstrating that it decreases as the individual grows, being much higher in younger specimens than in adults. Our results show that the ontogenetic stage can be a confounding factor when it comes to the general patterns of encephalization of extinct rodents, reinforcing the need for paleobiologists to take the age of the specimens into account in future studies on this subject to avoid age-related biases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José D Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.,Centro de Apoio à Pesquisa Paleontológica da Quarta Colônia, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa Dozo
- Instituto Patagónico de Geología y Paleontología, CCT CONICET-CENPAT, Puerto Madryn, Argentina
| | - Jamile de Moura Bubadué
- Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Kerber
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade Animal, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.,Centro de Apoio à Pesquisa Paleontológica da Quarta Colônia, Centro de Ciências Naturais e Exatas, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil.,Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Coordenação de Ciências da Terra e Ecologia, Belém, Brazil
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13
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Schmidt MJ, Steenkamp G, Caldwell P, Failing K, Kirberger RM. Radiographic analysis of the thickness of the cranial bones in captive compared to wild-living cheetahs and in cheetahs with hypovitaminosis A. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255924. [PMID: 34375363 PMCID: PMC8354437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Captive cheetahs often demonstrate a high incidence of diseases in which vitamin A imbalances are implicated. These can occur even under controlled and optimised feeding regimens, which is why surveillance of vitamin A status is mandatory in the successful health management of cheetahs. Serum levels of the vitamin do not reflect the true vitamin A status and liver tissue analysis is rather impractical for routine application in large felids. A biomarker for evaluating overt and subclinical vitamin A deficiency in cheetahs is needed. This study evaluates whether increased calvarial bone thickness can be detected on routine skull radiographs of vitamin A deficient cheetahs compared to unaffected animals, and secondly, evaluates whether there is increased bone thickness in clinically sound captive cheetahs in general compared to wild-living controls. Bone thickness in the neuro- and splanchnocranium was measured in 138 skull radiographs. Significant thickening of the parietal bones was found in latero-lateral radiographs of immature cheetahs (< 12 months) with vitamin A deficiency. This finding may allow a presumptive diagnosis of hypovitaminosis A in immature cheetahs. A general difference in skull thickness between free-living and captive cheetahs was not found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Schmidt
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Small Animal Clinic, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Steenkamp
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | | | - Klaus Failing
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Justus Liebig-University-Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Robert M. Kirberger
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Department of Companion Animal Clinical Studies, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
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14
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Czeibert K, Sommese A, Petneházy Ö, Csörgő T, Kubinyi E. Digital Endocasting in Comparative Canine Brain Morphology. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:565315. [PMID: 33134351 PMCID: PMC7572857 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.565315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Computed tomography (CT) is one of the most useful techniques for digitizing bone structures and making endocranial models from the neurocranium. The resulting digital endocasts reflect the morphology of the brain and the associated structures. Our first aim was to document the methodology behind creating detailed digital endocasts of canine skulls. We created digital endocasts of the skulls of 24 different dog breeds and 4 wild canids for visualization and teaching purposes. We used CT scanning with 0.323 mm × 0.322 mm × 0.6 mm resolution. The imaging data were segmented with 3D Slicer software and refined with Autodesk Meshmixer. Images were visualized in 3D Slicer and surface models were converted to 3D PDFs to provide easier interactive access, and 3D prints were also generated for visualization purposes. Our second aim was to analyze how skull length and width relate to the surface areas of the prepiriform rhinencephalic, prefrontal, and non-prefrontal cerebral convexity areas of the endocasts. The rhinencephalic area ratio decreased with a larger skull index. Our results open the possibility to analyze the relationship between the skull and brain morphology, and to link certain features to behavior, and cognition in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kálmán Czeibert
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Sommese
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Örs Petneházy
- University of Kaposvár, Kaposvár, Hungary.,Medicopus Nonprofit Ltd., Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Tibor Csörgő
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikő Kubinyi
- Department of Ethology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
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15
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Wagner F, Ruf I. "Forever young"-Postnatal growth inhibition of the turbinal skeleton in brachycephalic dog breeds (Canis lupus familiaris). Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2020; 304:154-189. [PMID: 32462796 DOI: 10.1002/ar.24422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In short snouted (brachycephalic) dogs (Canis lupus familiaris), several genetic mutations cause postnatal growth inhibition of the viscerocranium. Thus, for example, the pug keeps a snub nose like that observed in neonate dogs in general. However, little is known how far intranasal structures like the turbinal skeleton are also affected. In the present study, we provide the first detailed morphological and morphometric analyses on the turbinal skeleton of pug, Japanese chin, pekingese, King Charles spaniel, and Cavalier. In order to elucidate how a shortened snout affects turbinal shape, size, and density, our sample covers different degrees of brachycephaly. Macerated skulls of 1 juvenile and 17 adult individuals were investigated by μCT and virtual 3D reconstructions. In addition, histological serial sections of two prenatal and one neonate whippet were taken into account. All investigated postnatal stages show three frontoturbinals and three ethmoturbinals similar to longer snouted breeds, whereas the number of interturbinals is reduced. The shape of the entire turbinal skeleton simplifies with decreasing snout length, that is, within a minimized nasal cavity the turbinals decrease proportionally in surface area and surface density due to a looser arrangement. We interpret these apparent reductions as a result of spatial constraint which affects postnatal appositional bone growth and the position of the turbinals inside the nasal cavity. The turbinal skeleton of brachycephalic dogs arrests at an early ontogenetic stage, corresponding with previous studies on the dermal bones. Hence, we assume an association between the growth of intranasal structures and facial elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Wagner
- Abteilung Messelforschung und Mammalogie, Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Museum für Tierkunde, Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Irina Ruf
- Abteilung Messelforschung und Mammalogie, Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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16
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Adapting spherical-harmonics-based geometric morphometrics (SPHARM) for 3D images containing large cavity openings using ambient occlusion: a study with hermit crab claw shape variability. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-020-00488-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOne of the advantages of mesh-based geometric morphometrics (GM) over landmark-based approaches, is that it affords the possibility of the precise examination of highly irregular shapes and complex topographic surfaces. In the case of spherical-harmonic-based GM, the main prerequisite is a completely closed mesh surface, which is often lacking, particularly when dealing with natural objects. Here we present a methodology to prepare 3D segmentations with large cavity openings for spherical-harmonics-based GM analysis. This will be exemplified by a case study of hermit crab (Paguroidea, Decapoda, and Crustacea) claws. The joint openings of the claws—between manus and ‘movable finger’ (dactylus)—typify the problem of the large cavity opening. We described a methodology, including an ambient-occlusion-based segmentation algorithm, which leads to precise results and thereby enables the study of inter- and intraspecific differences in the shape of hermit crab claws. Analysis showed a statistically significant separation between all examined diogenid and pagurid claws, whereas separation observed between all left and right claws was not significant. Additionally, the procedure offers other benefits: it is easy to reproduce and causes little variance in the data, closures integrate smoothly into the overall structures and the algorithm saves a significant amount of time.
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17
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Pérez-Ramos A, Tseng ZJ, Grandal-D’Anglade A, Rabeder G, Pastor FJ, Figueirido B. Biomechanical simulations reveal a trade-off between adaptation to glacial climate and dietary niche versatility in European cave bears. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaay9462. [PMID: 32270039 PMCID: PMC7112751 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aay9462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The cave bear is one of the best known extinct large mammals that inhabited Europe during the "Ice Age," becoming extinct ≈24,000 years ago along with other members of the Pleistocene megafauna. Long-standing hypotheses speculate that many cave bears died during their long hibernation periods, which were necessary to overcome the severe and prolonged winters of the Last Glacial. Here, we investigate how long hibernation periods in cave bears would have directly affected their feeding biomechanics using CT-based biomechanical simulations of skulls of cave and extant bears. Our results demonstrate that although large paranasal sinuses were necessary for, and consistent with, long hibernation periods, trade-offs in sinus-associated cranial biomechanical traits restricted cave bears to feed exclusively on low energetic vegetal resources during the predormancy period. This biomechanical trade-off constitutes a new key factor to mechanistically explain the demise of this dominant Pleistocene megafaunal species as a direct consequence of climate cooling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Pérez-Ramos
- Departamento de Ecología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Z. Jack Tseng
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14203, USA
| | | | - Gernot Rabeder
- University of Vienna, Institute of Palaeontology and Naturkundliche Station Lunz am See, Vienna, Austria
| | - Francisco J. Pastor
- Departamento de Anatomía y Radiología, Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 47005, Spain
| | - Borja Figueirido
- Departamento de Ecología y Geología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
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18
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Foth C, Evers SW, Joyce WG, Volpato VS, Benson RBJ. Comparative analysis of the shape and size of the middle ear cavity of turtles reveals no correlation with habitat ecology. J Anat 2019; 235:1078-1097. [PMID: 31373396 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The middle ear of turtles differs from other reptiles in being separated into two distinct compartments. Several ideas have been proposed as to why the middle ear is compartmentalized in turtles, most suggesting a relationship with underwater hearing. Extant turtle species span fully marine to strictly terrestrial habitats, and ecomorphological hypotheses of turtle hearing predict that this should correlate with variation in the structure of the middle ear due to differences in the fluid properties of water and air. We investigate the shape and size of the air-filled middle ear cavity of 56 extant turtles using 3D data and phylogenetic comparative analysis to test for correlations between habitat preferences and the shape and size of the middle ear cavity. Only weak correlations are found between middle ear cavity size and ecology, with aquatic taxa having proportionally smaller cavity volumes. The middle ear cavity of turtles exhibits high shape diversity among species, but we found no relationship between this shape variation and ecology. Surprisingly, the estimated acoustic transformer ratio, a key functional parameter of impedance-matching ears in vertebrates, also shows no relation to habitat preferences (aquatic/terrestrial) in turtles. We suggest that middle ear cavity shape may be controlled by factors unrelated to hearing, such as the spatial demands of surrounding cranial structures. A review of the fossil record suggests that the modern turtle ear evolved during the Early to Middle Jurassic in stem turtles broadly adapted to freshwater and terrestrial settings. This, combined with our finding that evolutionary transitions between habitats caused only weak evolutionary changes in middle ear structure, suggests that tympanic hearing in turtles evolved as a compromise between subaerial and underwater hearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Foth
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Serjoscha W Evers
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.,Department of Earth Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Walter G Joyce
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Virginie S Volpato
- Department of Geosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
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19
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Bertrand OC, San Martin‐Flores G, Silcox MT. Endocranial shape variation in the squirrel‐related clade and their fossil relatives using 3D geometric morphometrics: contributions of locomotion and phylogeny to brain shape. J Zool (1987) 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/jzo.12665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- O. C. Bertrand
- School of GeoSciences University of Edinburgh Grant Institute Edinburgh UK
| | | | - M. T. Silcox
- Department of Anthropology University of Toronto Scarborough Toronto ON Canada
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20
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Usui K, Tokita M. Creating diversity in mammalian facial morphology: a review of potential developmental mechanisms. EvoDevo 2018; 9:15. [PMID: 29946416 PMCID: PMC6003202 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-018-0103-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals (class Mammalia) have evolved diverse craniofacial morphology to adapt to a wide range of ecological niches. However, the genetic and developmental mechanisms underlying the diversification of mammalian craniofacial morphology remain largely unknown. In this paper, we focus on the facial length and orofacial clefts of mammals and deduce potential mechanisms that produced diversity in mammalian facial morphology. Small-scale changes in facial morphology from the common ancestor, such as slight changes in facial length and the evolution of the midline cleft in some lineages of bats, could be attributed to heterochrony in facial bone ossification. In contrast, large-scale changes of facial morphology from the common ancestor, such as a truncated, widened face as well as the evolution of the bilateral cleft possessed by some bat species, could be brought about by changes in growth and patterning of the facial primordium (the facial processes) at the early stages of embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaoru Usui
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Tokita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Toho University, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510 Japan
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21
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Sardi ML, Joosten GG, Pandiani CD, Gould MM, Anzelmo M, Ventrice F. Frontal sinus ontogeny and covariation with bone structures in a modern human population. J Morphol 2018; 279:871-882. [PMID: 29603333 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the frontal sinus (FS) is located in the medial part of the supraorbital region, sometimes expanded throughout the frontal squama. It exhibits high morphological variability, but its general form appears to be constrained by surrounding structures. The goal of this study is to analyze FS growth and test for covariation between FS volume and the glabellar region, upper nasal region, bone thickness and endocranial size in a human sample from Argentina. The sample comprises 149 reconstructions derived from computed tomography images of individuals aged 0-31 years. Volume of the FS and measurements of the surrounding structures were recorded. The FS growth trajectory was assessed by parametric and nonparametric methods, and covariation was determined using correlations and partial correlations. The FS volume could be measured at an age of about 6 years and older; adults had no aplasia but hyperplasia was found in some cases. Since the most conspicuous characteristic found was variation among individuals, the nonparametric smoothing spline produced very poor fitting. The modified logistic function was the only parametric method providing significant parameters. Sexes differed in the age at which FS growth began and ended, with FS developing earlier but at a slower rate in females than in males. The FS volume did not correlate with either upper nasal width or endocranial volume, but it correlated with bone thickness measurements (mainly from the glabellar region), even when age was held constant. Expansion of the FS at the frontal poles also correlated with frontal bone thickness. Despite the difficulty in modeling and predicting the trajectory and morphology of FS, our results suggest that it is affected by its surrounding bony environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina L Sardi
- División Antropología, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - G Germán Joosten
- División Antropología, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cynthia D Pandiani
- Grupo de Investigación en Bioarqueología, Universidad Nacional del Centro, Sede Quequén, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Mercedes Gould
- División Antropología, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marisol Anzelmo
- División Antropología, Museo de La Plata, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Fernando Ventrice
- Servicio de Imágenes, Hospital Nacional Profesor Alejandro Posadas, El Palomar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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22
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Curtis AA, Orke M, Tetradis S, van Valkenburgh B. Diet-related differences in craniodental morphology between captive-reared and wild coyotes, Canis latrans (Carnivora: Canidae). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A Curtis
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mathew Orke
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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23
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Billet G, Hautier L, de Thoisy B, Delsuc F. The hidden anatomy of paranasal sinuses reveals biogeographically distinct morphotypes in the nine-banded armadillo ( Dasypus novemcinctus). PeerJ 2017; 5:e3593. [PMID: 28828240 PMCID: PMC5562141 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background With their Pan-American distribution, long-nosed armadillos (genus Dasypus) constitute an understudied model for Neotropical biogeography. This genus currently comprises seven recognized species, the nine-banded armadillo (D. novemcinctus) having the widest distribution ranging from Northern Argentina to the South-Eastern US. With their broad diversity of habitats, nine-banded armadillos provide a useful model to explore the effects of climatic and biogeographic events on morphological diversity at a continental scale. Methods Based on a sample of 136 skulls of Dasypus spp. belonging to six species, including 112 specimens identified as D. novemcinctus, we studied the diversity and pattern of variation of paranasal cavities, which were reconstructed virtually using µCT-scanning or observed through bone transparency. Results Our qualitative analyses of paranasal sinuses and recesses successfully retrieved a taxonomic differentiation between the traditional species D. kappleri, D. pilosus and D. novemcinctus but failed to recover diagnostic features between the disputed and morphologically similar D. septemcinctus and D. hybridus. Most interestingly, the high variation detected in our large sample of D. novemcinctus showed a clear geographical patterning, with the recognition of three well-separated morphotypes: one ranging from North and Central America and parts of northern South America west of the Andes, one distributed across the Amazonian Basin and central South America, and one restricted to the Guiana Shield. Discussion The question as to whether these paranasal morphotypes may represent previously unrecognized species is to be evaluated through a thorough revision of the Dasypus species complex integrating molecular and morphological data. Remarkably, our recognition of a distinct morphotype in the Guiana Shield area is congruent with the recent discovery of a divergent mitogenomic lineage in French Guiana. The inflation of the second medialmost pair of caudal frontal sinuses constitutes an unexpected morphological diagnostic feature for this potentially distinct species. Our results demonstrate the benefits of studying overlooked internal morphological structures in supposedly cryptic species revealed by molecular data. It also illustrates the under-exploited potential of the highly variable paranasal sinuses of armadillos for systematic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Billet
- Sorbonne Universités, CR2P, UMR 7207, CNRS, Université Paris 06, Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Lionel Hautier
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Mammal Section, Life Sciences, Vertebrate Division, The Natural History Museum, London, United Kingdom
| | - Benoit de Thoisy
- Institut Pasteur de la Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana, France.,Association Kwata, Cayenne, French Guiana, France
| | - Frédéric Delsuc
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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24
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Sakai ST, Arsznov BM, Hristova AE, Yoon EJ, Lundrigan BL. Big Cat Coalitions: A Comparative Analysis of Regional Brain Volumes in Felidae. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:99. [PMID: 27812324 PMCID: PMC5071314 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Broad-based species comparisons across mammalian orders suggest a number of factors that might influence the evolution of large brains. However, the relationship between these factors and total and regional brain size remains unclear. This study investigated the relationship between relative brain size and regional brain volumes and sociality in 13 felid species in hopes of revealing relationships that are not detected in more inclusive comparative studies. In addition, a more detailed analysis was conducted of four focal species: lions (Panthera leo), leopards (Panthera pardus), cougars (Puma concolor), and cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). These species differ markedly in sociality and behavioral flexibility, factors hypothesized to contribute to increased relative brain size and/or frontal cortex size. Lions are the only truly social species, living in prides. Although cheetahs are largely solitary, males often form small groups. Both leopards and cougars are solitary. Of the four species, leopards exhibit the most behavioral flexibility, readily adapting to changing circumstances. Regional brain volumes were analyzed using computed tomography. Skulls (n = 75) were scanned to create three-dimensional virtual endocasts, and regional brain volumes were measured using either sulcal or bony landmarks obtained from the endocasts or skulls. Phylogenetic least squares regression analyses found that sociality does not correspond with larger relative brain size in these species. However, the sociality/solitary variable significantly predicted anterior cerebrum (AC) volume, a region that includes frontal cortex. This latter finding is despite the fact that the two social species in our sample, lions and cheetahs, possess the largest and smallest relative AC volumes, respectively. Additionally, an ANOVA comparing regional brain volumes in four focal species revealed that lions and leopards, while not significantly different from one another, have relatively larger AC volumes than are found in cheetahs or cougars. Further, female lions possess a significantly larger AC volume than conspecific males; female lion values were also larger than those of the other three species (regardless of sex). These results may reflect greater complexity in a female lion’s social world, but additional studies are necessary. These data suggest that within family comparisons may reveal variations not easily detected by broad comparative analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharleen T Sakai
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, USA; Neuroscience Program, Michigan State University, East LansingMI, USA
| | - Bradley M Arsznov
- Department of Psychology, Minnesota State University, Mankato, Mankato MN, USA
| | - Ani E Hristova
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI, USA
| | - Elise J Yoon
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI, USA
| | - Barbara L Lundrigan
- Department of Integrative Biology and Michigan State University Museum, Michigan State University, East Lansing MI, USA
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Ito T, Nishimura TD. Enigmatic Diversity of the Maxillary Sinus in Macaques and Its Possible Role as a Spatial Compromise in Craniofacial Modifications. Evol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11692-016-9369-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Ruf I, Janßen S, Zeller U. The ethmoidal region of the skull of <i>Ptilocercus lowii</i> (Ptilocercidae, Scandentia, Mammalia) – a contribution to the reconstruction of the cranial morphotype of primates. Primate Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.5194/pb-2-89-2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract. The ethmoidal region of the skull houses one of the most important sense organs of mammals, the sense of smell. Investigation of the ontogeny and comparative anatomy of internal nasal structures of the macrosmatic order Scandentia is a significant contribution to the understanding of the morphotype of Scandentia with potential implications for our understanding of the primate nasal morphological pattern. For the first time perinatal and adult stages of Ptilocercus lowii and selected Tupaia species were investigated by serial histological sections and high-resolution computed tomography (μCT), respectively. Scandentia show a very common olfactory turbinal pattern of small mammals in having two frontoturbinals, three ethmoturbinals, and one interturbinal between the first and second ethmoturbinal. This indicates a moderately developed sense of smell (moderately macrosmatic). The observed septoturbinal is probably an apomorphic character of Scandentia. A general growth in length occurs during postnatal ontogeny; thus the adult ethmoidal region is proportionally longer compared to the rest of the skull. Throughout ontogeny Ptilocercus has a proportionally longer nasal cavity than Tupaia. Major differences exist between Ptilocercus and Tupaia in regard to the proportions of the nasal cavity which correlate with the position of the orbits. Compared to Tupaia, Ptilocercus shows more anteriorly oriented orbits and has a proportionally longer nasal capsule than Tupaia and based on anatomy probably a higher level of olfactory discrimination. Furthermore, Ptilocercus has a platybasic skull base that resembles a derived feature of Ptilocercidae. In contrast, Tupaia has a distinct septum interorbitale leading to a tropibasic skull, a pattern that is a plesiomorphic character of Tupaiidae and Scandentia in general. This finding helps us to understand the septum interorbitale pattern in Primates. Our results indicate that differences among the investigated Scandentia species are correlated with adaptations to foraging and behavioural biology.
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Ruf I, Maier W, Rodrigues PG, Schultz CL. Nasal anatomy of the non-mammaliaform cynodont Brasilitherium riograndensis (Eucynodontia, Therapsida) reveals new insight into mammalian evolution. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 297:2018-30. [PMID: 25312362 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian nasal cavity is characterized by a unique anatomy with complex internal features. The evolution of turbinals was correlated with endothermic and macrosmatic adaptations in therapsids and in early mammals, which is still apparent in their twofold function (warming and moistening of air, olfaction). Fossil evidence for the transformation from the nonmammalian to the mammalian nasal cavity pattern has been poor and inadequate. Ossification of the cartilaginous nasal capsule and turbinals seems to be a feature that occurred only very late in synapsid evolution but delicate ethmoidal bones are rarely preserved. Here we provide the first µCT investigation of the nasal cavity of the advanced non-mammaliaform cynodont Brasilitherium riograndensis from the Late Triassic of Southern Brazil, a member of the sister-group of mammaliaforms, in order to elucidate a critical anatomical transition in early mammalian evolution. Brasilitherium riograndensis already had at least partially ossified turbinals as remnants of the nasoturbinal and the first ethmoturbinal are preserved. The posterior nasal septum is partly ossified and contributes to a mesethmoid. The nasal cavity is posteriorly expanded and forms a distinctive pars posterior (ethmoidal recess) that is ventrally separated from the nasopharyngeal duct by a distinct lamina terminalis. Thus, our observations clearly demonstrate that principal features of the mammalian nasal cavity were already present in the sister-group of mammaliaforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Ruf
- Steinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Nussallee 8, 53115, Bonn, Germany; Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Abteilung Paläoanthropologie und Messelforschung, Sektion Mammalogie, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Van Valkenburgh B, Smith TD, Craven BA. Tour of a labyrinth: exploring the vertebrate nose. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 297:1975-84. [PMID: 25312359 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
This special issue of The Anatomical Record is the outcome of a symposium entitled "Inside the Vertebrate Nose: Evolution, Structure and Function." The skeletal framework of the nasal cavity is a complicated structure that often houses sinuses and comprises an internal skeleton of bone or cartilage that can vary greatly in architecture among species. The nose serves multiple functions, including olfaction and respiratory air-conditioning, and its morphology is constrained by evolution, development, and conflicting demands on cranial space, such as enlarged orbits. The nasal cavity of vertebrates has received much more attention in the last decade due to the emergence of nondestructive methods that allow improved visualization of the internal anatomy of the skull, such as high-resolution x-ray computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The 17 articles included here represent a broad range of investigators, from paleontologists to engineers, who approach the nose from different perspectives. Key topics include the evolution and development of the nose, its comparative anatomy and function, and airflow through the nasal cavity of individual species. In addition, this special issue includes review articles on anatomical reduction of the olfactory apparatus in both cetaceans and primates (the vomeronasal system), as well as the molecular biology of olfaction in vertebrates. Together these articles provide an expansive summary of our current understanding of vertebrate nasal anatomy and function. In this introduction, we provide background information and an overview of each of the three primary topics, and place each article within the context of previous research and the major challenges that lie ahead.
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Mori F, Hanida S, Kumahata K, Miyabe-Nishiwaki T, Suzuki J, Matsuzawa T, Nishimura TD. Minor contributions of the maxillary sinus to the air-conditioning performance in macaque monkeys. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 218:2394-401. [PMID: 26034122 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.118059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The nasal passages mainly adjust the temperature and humidity of inhaled air to reach the alveolar condition required in the lungs. By contrast to most other non-human primates, macaque monkeys are distributed widely among tropical, temperate and subarctic regions, and thus some species need to condition the inhaled air in cool and dry ambient atmospheric areas. The internal nasal anatomy is believed to have undergone adaptive modifications to improve the air-conditioning performance. Furthermore, the maxillary sinus (MS), an accessory hollow communicating with the nasal cavity, is found in macaques, whereas it is absent in most other extant Old World monkeys, including savanna monkeys. In this study, we used computational fluid dynamics simulations to simulate the airflow and heat and water exchange over the mucosal surface in the nasal passage. Using the topology models of the nasal cavity with and without the MS, we demonstrated that the MS makes little contribution to the airflow pattern and the air-conditioning performance within the nasal cavity in macaques. Instead, the inhaled air is conditioned well in the anterior portion of the nasal cavity before reaching the MS in both macaques and savanna monkeys. These findings suggest that the evolutionary modifications and coetaneous variations in the nasal anatomy are rather independent of transitions and variations in the climate and atmospheric environment found in the habitats of macaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Futoshi Mori
- Interfaculty Initiative in Information Studies, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan Earthquake Research Institute, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Sho Hanida
- Kanazawa Institute of Technology, Nonoichi, Ishikawa 921-8501, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Kumahata
- RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational Science, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0047, Japan
| | | | - Juri Suzuki
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
| | - Teruo Matsuzawa
- Japan Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Nomi, Ishikawa 923-1292, Japan
| | - Takeshi D Nishimura
- Primate Research Institute, Kyoto University, Inuyama, Aichi 484-8506, Japan
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Curtis AA, Lai G, Wei F, Van Valkenburgh B. Repeated loss of frontal sinuses in arctoid carnivorans. J Morphol 2014; 276:22-32. [PMID: 25069818 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Many mammal skulls contain air spaces inside the bones surrounding the nasal chamber including the frontal, maxilla, ethmoid, and sphenoid, all of which are called paranasal sinuses. Within the Carnivora, frontal sinuses are usually present, but vary widely in size and shape. The causes of this variation are unclear, although there are some functional associations, such as a correlation between expanded frontal sinuses and a durophagous diet in some species (e.g., hyenas) or between absent sinuses and semiaquatic lifestyle (e.g., pinnipeds). To better understand disparity in frontal sinus morphology within Carnivora, we quantified frontal sinus size in relationship to skull size and shape in 23 species within Arctoidea, a clade that is ecologically diverse including three independent invasions of aquatic habitats, by bears, otters, and pinnipeds, respectively. Our sampled species range in behavior from terrestrial (rarely or never forage in water), to semiterrestrial (forage in water and on land), to semiaquatic (forage only in water). Results show that sinuses are either lost or reduced in both semiterrestrial and semiaquatic species, and that sinus size is related to skull size and shape. Among terrestrial species, frontal sinus size was positively allometric overall, but several terrestrial species completely lacked sinuses, including two fossorial badgers, the kinkajou (a nocturnal, arboreal frugivore), and several species with small body size, indicating that factors other than aquatic habits, such as space limitations due to constraints on skull size and shape, can limit sinus size and presence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail A Curtis
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, California, 90095-1606
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