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Rocha VC, Martins GF. Midgut morphology of the predator mosquito Lutzia bigoti (Diptera: Culicidae) and its implications for feeding behavior. Acta Trop 2024; 257:107289. [PMID: 38878848 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Lutzia mosquitoes (Theobald, 1903) are predaceous during their larval stages, but the adult feeding is not clearly understood, especially in relation to blood feeding. In case these mosquitoes are harmless to humans and related animals, they can be useful in biological control of mosquito vectors of pathogens. Investigating the midgut morphology is a good strategy to understand the feeding behavior of this species. The midgut in Lutzia bigoti Bellardi, 1862 displays two distinct portions, a thin anterior midgut and a more dilated posterior midgut. Digestive cells form a single epithelium in the midgut. These cells have long and packed microvilli at their apex and membrane infoldings at their basal portion, the basal labyrinth. The epithelium is supported by a basal lamina. Regarding their cytoplasm, it is noteworthy the abundance of mitochondria, distributed in an apical-basal fashion, and also a whirl-shaped endoplasmic reticulum in the posterior midgut. Basal cells are also found in the midgut of L. bigoti, resembling regenerative cells. The general organization of L. bigoti's midgut closely resembles that of numerous hematophagous mosquitoes previously documented. However, it diverges due to the presence of a peritrophic matrix even when exclusively fed on sugary solutions. Peculiar aspects of L. bigoti's midgut are discussed and compared to those of other mosquito species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Cordeiro Rocha
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ferreira Martins
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
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Liang X, Huang Y, Xu H, Ren Q, Cui D, Qi X, Zhang HL. A positive loop between relish and cuticle proteins and their roles in regulating AMPs expression during bacterial infection in Eriocheir sinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 153:109830. [PMID: 39142374 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 07/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
Cuticle proteins (CPs) are the vital components of the cuticle and chitin lining covering the digestive tract of crustaceans. In this study, four new CP genes (designated as EsCP3, EsCP4, EsCP5, and EsCP8) were initially cloned and identified from the Chinese mitten crab Eriocheir sinensis. EsCP3/4/5/8 included 375, 411, 381, and 570 bp open reading frame encoding 124, 136, 126, and 189 amino acid proteins, respectively. Except for EsCP8, EsCP3/4/5 all contained a Chitin_bind_4 domain. EsCP3/4/5/8 were clustered into different groups in the phylogenetic tree. Quantitative real-time PCR results indicated that four EsCP genes have different patterns of tissue distribution. Changes in the expression levels of these four EsCP genes were observed in the intestine of crabs under Vibrio parahaemolyticus challenge. RNA interference assay showed that the knockdown of EsCPs in the intestine could inhibit the expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), including crustins and anti-lipopolysaccharide factors. In addition, the knockdown of EsRelish in the intestine decreased the expression levels of these four EsCP genes. These results indicated that EsCPs were involved in regulating the expression of AMPs, and EsCPs were regulated by EsRelish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Liang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; College of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Heze University, Heze, Shandong Province, 274015, China
| | - Ying Huang
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
| | - Hao Xu
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210044, China
| | - Qian Ren
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210044, China
| | - Di Cui
- College of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Heze University, Heze, Shandong Province, 274015, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Hai-Li Zhang
- Department of Marine Biology, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China.
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Liao ZH, Shih HT, Dong YJ, Tseng MJ, Wang SH, Chen SJ, Wu SJ, Huang RN. Insecticidal action of mammalian galectin-1-transfected Arabidopsis thaliana. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:4024-4033. [PMID: 38554050 DOI: 10.1002/ps.8109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/30/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Galectins (GALs) are a family of mammalian sugar-binding proteins specific for β-galactosides. Our previous studies have shown that the larval development of the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) is significantly disturbed when fed with recombinant mammalian galectin 1 (GAL1) derived from Escherichia coli. To further explore its applicability, two GAL1-overexpressed Arabidopsis [GAL1-Arabidopsis (whole plant) and GAL1-Arabidopsis-vas (vascular bundle-specific)] lines were established for insecticidal activity and mechanism studies. RESULTS The expression level of GAL1 in transgenic Arabidopsis is 1-0.5% (GAL1-Arabidopsis) and 0.08-0.01% (GAL1-Arabidopsis-vas) of total leaf soluble protein. Survival, body weight, and food consumption significantly decreased in a time-dependent manner in P. xylostella larvae (with chewing mouthparts) fed on GAL1-Arabidopsis. The mortality of Kolla paulula (with piercing-sucking mouthparts and xylem feeder) fed on GAL1-Arabidopsis-vas was also significantly higher than that fed on wild-type Arabidopsis (WT-Arabidopsis), but was lower than that fed on GAL1-Arabidopsis. The histochemical structure and results of immunostaining suggested that the binding of GAL1 to the midgut epithelium of P. xylostella fed on GAL1-Arabidopsis was dose- and time-dependent. Ultrastructural studies further showed the disruption of microvilli, abnormalities in epithelial cells, and fragments of the peritrophic membrane (PM) in P. xylostella larvae fed on GAL1-Arabidopsis. CONCLUSION The insecticidal mechanism of GAL1 involves interference with PM integrity and suggests that GAL1 is a potential candidate for bioinsecticide development. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Hao Liao
- Department of Life Science, College of Health Science and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Tzung Shih
- Applied Zoology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yaw-Jen Dong
- Applied Zoology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mei-Jung Tseng
- Applied Zoology Division, Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Siou-Hua Wang
- Department of Life Science, College of Health Science and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shiang-Jiuun Chen
- Department of Life Science, Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology and TechComm-5, College of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shaw-Jye Wu
- Department of Life Science, College of Health Science and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Nan Huang
- Department of Entomology, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Windfelder AG, Steinbart J, Graser L, Scherberich J, Krombach GA, Vilcinskas A. An enteric ultrastructural surface atlas of the model insect Manducasexta. iScience 2024; 27:109410. [PMID: 38558941 PMCID: PMC10981077 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The tobacco hornworm is a laboratory model that is particularly suitable for analyzing gut inflammation, but a physiological reference standard is currently unavailable. Here, we present a surface atlas of the healthy hornworm gut generated by scanning electron microscopy and nano-computed tomography. This comprehensive overview of the gut surface reveals morphological differences between the anterior, middle, and posterior midgut, allowing the screening of aberrant gut phenotypes while accommodating normal physiological variations. We estimated a total resorptive midgut surface of 0.42 m2 for L5d6 larvae, revealing its remarkable size. Our data will support allometric scaling and dose conversion from Manduca sexta to mammals in preclinical research, embracing the 3R principles. We also observed non-uniform gut colonization by enterococci, characterized by dense biofilms in the pyloric cone and downstream of the pylorus associated with pore and spine structures in the hindgut intima, indicating a putative immunosurveillance function in the lepidopteran hindgut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton G. Windfelder
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Giessen, Germany
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University-Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jessica Steinbart
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University-Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Leonie Graser
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jan Scherberich
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University-Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Gabriele A. Krombach
- Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University-Hospital Giessen, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University-Hospital Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas Vilcinskas
- Branch for Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Giessen, Germany
- Institute for Insect Biotechnology, Department of Applied Entomology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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Tang B, Hu S, Luo Y, Shi D, Liu X, Zhong F, Jiang X, Hu G, Li C, Duan H, Wu Y. Impact of Three Thiazolidinone Compounds with Piperine Skeletons on Trehalase Activity and Development of Spodoptera frugiperda Larvae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:8423-8433. [PMID: 38565327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Trehalases (TREs) are pivotal enzymes involved in insect development and reproduction, making them prime targets for pest control. We investigated the inhibitory effect of three thiazolidinones with piperine skeletons (6a, 7b, and 7e) on TRE activity and assessed their impact on the growth and development of the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda. The compounds were injected into FAW larvae, while the control group was treated with 2% DMSO solvent. All three compounds effectively inhibited TRE activity, resulting in a significant extension of the pupal development stage. Moreover, the treated larvae exhibited significantly decreased survival rates and a higher incidence of abnormal phenotypes related to growth and development compared to the control group. These results suggest that these TRE inhibitors affect the molting of larvae by regulating the chitin metabolism pathway, ultimately reducing their survival rates. Consequently, these compounds hold potential as environmentally friendly insecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Shangrong Hu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Yujia Luo
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Dongmei Shi
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangyu Liu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management of Invasive Alien Species, Guizhou Education Department, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Fan Zhong
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Xinyi Jiang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Gao Hu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Can Li
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management of Invasive Alien Species, Guizhou Education Department, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
| | - Hongxia Duan
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Surveillance and Management of Invasive Alien Species, Guizhou Education Department, Department of Biology and Engineering of Environment, Guiyang University, Guiyang 550005, China
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Zhao WJ, Li Y, Jiao ZL, Su PP, Yang LB, Sun CQ, Xiu JF, Shang XL, Guo G. Function analysis and characterisation of a novel chitinase, MdCht9, in Musca domestica. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 33:157-172. [PMID: 38160324 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Insect chitinases have been proposed as potential targets for pest control. In this work, a novel group IV chitinase gene, MdCht9, from Musca domestica was found to have multiple functions in the physiological activity, including chitin regulation, development and antifungal immunity. The MdCht9 gene was cloned and sequenced, its phylogeny was analysed and its expression was determined in normal and 20E treated larvae. Subsequently, RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated MdCht9 knockdown was performed, followed by biochemical assays, morphological observations and transcriptome analysis. Finally, the recombinant protein MdCht9 (rMdCht9) was purified and tested for anti-microbial activity and enzyme characteristics. The results showed that MdCht9 consists of three domains, highly expressed in a larval salivary gland. RNAi silencing of MdCht9 resulted in significant down-regulation of chitin content and expression of 15 chitin-binding protein (CBP) genes, implying a new insight that MdCht9 might regulate chitin content by influencing the expression of CBPs. In addition, more than half of the lethality and partial wing deformity appeared due to the dsMdCht9 treatment. In addition, the rMdCht9 exhibited anti-microbial activity towards Candida albicans (fungus) but not towards Escherichia coli (G-) or Staphylococcus aureus (G+). Our work expands on previous studies of chitinase while providing a potential target for pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Sanquan College of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Zhen-Long Jiao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Pei-Pei Su
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Long-Bing Yang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chao-Qin Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Jiang-Fan Xiu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiao-Li Shang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control (Guizhou Medical University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang, China
| | - Guo Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control (Guizhou Medical University), Ministry of Education, Guiyang, China
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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Zhu H, Ludington WB, Spradling AC. Cellular and molecular organization of the Drosophila foregut. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2318760121. [PMID: 38442150 PMCID: PMC10945768 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2318760121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The animal foregut is the first tissue to encounter ingested food, bacteria, and viruses. We characterized the adult Drosophila foregut using transcriptomics to better understand how it triages consumed items for digestion or immune response and manages resources. Cell types were assigned and validated using GFP-tagged and Gal4 reporter lines. Foregut-associated neuroendocrine cells play a major integrative role by coordinating gut activity with nutrition, the microbiome, and circadian cycles; some express clock genes. Multiple epithelial cell types comprise the proventriculus, the central foregut organ that secretes the peritrophic matrix (PM) lining the gut. Analyzing cell types synthesizing individual PM layers revealed abundant mucin production close to enterocytes, similar to the mammalian intestinal mucosa. The esophagus and salivary gland express secreted proteins likely to line the esophageal surface, some of which may generate a foregut commensal niche housing specific gut microbiome species. Overall, our results imply that the foregut coordinates dietary sensing, hormonal regulation, and immunity in a manner that has been conserved during animal evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolong Zhu
- Biosphere Sciences and Engineering, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD21218
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
| | - William B. Ludington
- Biosphere Sciences and Engineering, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD21218
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
| | - Allan C. Spradling
- Biosphere Sciences and Engineering, Carnegie Institution for Science, Baltimore, MD21218
- Department of Biology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD21218
- HHMI, Baltimore, MD21218
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Ferreira SR, da Silva KM, Simão BR, Baptista KEV, da Paschoa R, Silveira V, Fernandes KVS, Oliveira AEA. Seeds of nonhost species as sources of toxic compounds for the cowpea weevil Callosobruchus maculatus (F.). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 200:105829. [PMID: 38582575 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2024.105829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Cowpea weevil, Callosobruchus maculatus, is the primary pest of stored cowpea seeds. The management of this infestation currently relies on insecticides, resulting in environmental pollution and selection of insecticide-resistant pests. Consequently, research efforts are being devoted to identify natural insecticides as sustainable and environment friendly alternatives for the control of C. maculatus. In this study, we explore the toxic effects of the nonhost seeds Parkia multijuga, Copaifera langsdorffii, Ormosia arborea, Amburana cearensis, Lonchocarpus guilleminianus, Sapindus saponaria, and Myroxylon peruiferum, on the cowpea weevil C. maculatus. Notably, all nonhost seeds led to reductions between 60 and 100% in oviposition by C. maculatus females. Additionally, the larvae were unable to penetrate the nonhost seeds. Artificial seeds containing 0.05% to 10% of cotyledon flour were toxic to C. maculatus larvae. Approximately 40% of larvae that consumed seeds containing 0.05% of O. arborea failed to develop, in contrast to control larvae. Proteomic analysis of A. cearensis and O. arborea seeds identify revealed a total of 371 proteins. From those, 237 are present in both seeds, 91 were exclusive to O. arborea seeds, and 43 were specific to A. cearensis seeds. Some of these proteins are related to defense, such as proteins containing the cupin domain and 11S seed storage protein. The in silico docking of cupin domain-containing proteins and 11S storage protein with N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)4 showed negative values of affinity energy, indicating spontaneous binding. These results showed that nonhost seeds have natural insecticide compounds with potential to control C. maculatus infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rodrigues Ferreira
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Karine Marques da Silva
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Bruna Rohem Simão
- Laboratório de Melhoramento Genético Vegetal, Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Agropecuárias, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Kayan Eudorico Ventury Baptista
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Roberta da Paschoa
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Vanildo Silveira
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Kátia Valevski Sales Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Antônia Elenir Amâncio Oliveira
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28013-602, Brazil.
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9
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Güney G, Cedden D, Hänniger S, Hegedus DD, Heckel DG, Toprak U. Peritrophins are involved in the defense against Bacillus thuringiensis and nucleopolyhedrovirus formulations in Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2024; 166:104073. [PMID: 38215915 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2024.104073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
The peritrophic matrix (or peritrophic membrane, PM) is present in most insects where it acts as a barrier to mechanical insults and pathogens, as well as a facilitator of digestive processes. The PM is formed by the binding of structural PM proteins, referred to as peritrophins, to chitin fibrils and spans the entire midgut in lepidopterans. To investigate the role of peritrophins in a highly polyphagous lepidopteran pest, namely the cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis), we generated Insect Intestinal Mucin (IIM-) and non-mucin Peritrophin (PER-) mutant strains via CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis. Both strains exhibited deformed PMs and retarded developmental rates. Bioassays conducted with Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpliNPV) formulations showed that both the IIM- and PER- mutant larvae were more susceptible to these bioinsecticides compared to the wild-type (WT) larvae with intact PM. Interestingly, the provision of chitin-binding agent Calcofluor (CF) in the diet lowered the toxicity of Bt formulations in both WT and IIM- larvae and the protective effect of CF was significantly lower in PER- larvae. This suggested that the interaction of CF with PER is responsible for Bt resistance mediated by CF. In contrast, the provision of CF caused increased susceptibility to SpliNPV in both mutants and WT larvae. The study showed the importance of peritrophins in the defense against pathogens in S. littoralis and revealed novel insights into CF-mediated resistance to Cry toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gözde Güney
- Agricultural Entomology, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Entomology, Jena, Germany; Ankara University, Molecular Entomology Lab., Dept. of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Doga Cedden
- Department of Evolutionary Developmental Genetics, Johann-Friedrich-Blumenbach Institute, GZMB, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Ankara University, Molecular Entomology Lab., Dept. of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sabine Hänniger
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Entomology, Jena, Germany
| | - Dwayne D Hegedus
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; University of Saskatchewan, Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - David G Heckel
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Department of Entomology, Jena, Germany.
| | - Umut Toprak
- Ankara University, Molecular Entomology Lab., Dept. of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Ankara, Turkey.
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10
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Awais MM, Fei S, Xia J, Feng M, Sun J. Insights into midgut cell types and their crucial role in antiviral immunity in the lepidopteran model Bombyx mori. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1349428. [PMID: 38420120 PMCID: PMC10899340 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1349428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The midgut, a vital component of the digestive system in arthropods, serves as an interface between ingested food and the insect's physiology, playing a pivotal role in nutrient absorption and immune defense mechanisms. Distinct cell types, including columnar, enteroendocrine, goblet and regenerative cells, comprise the midgut in insects and contribute to its robust immune response. Enterocytes/columnar cells, the primary absorptive cells, facilitate the immune response through enzyme secretions, while regenerative cells play a crucial role in maintaining midgut integrity by continuously replenishing damaged cells and maintaining the continuity of the immune defense. The peritrophic membrane is vital to the insect's innate immunity, shielding the midgut from pathogens and abrasive food particles. Midgut juice, a mixture of digestive enzymes and antimicrobial factors, further contributes to the insect's immune defense, helping the insect to combat invading pathogens and regulate the midgut microbial community. The cutting-edge single-cell transcriptomics also unveiled previously unrecognized subpopulations within the insect midgut cells and elucidated the striking similarities between the gastrointestinal tracts of insects and higher mammals. Understanding the intricate interplay between midgut cell types provides valuable insights into insect immunity. This review provides a solid foundation for unraveling the complex roles of the midgut, not only in digestion but also in immunity. Moreover, this review will discuss the novel immune strategies led by the midgut employed by insects to combat invading pathogens, ultimately contributing to the broader understanding of insect physiology and defense mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Min Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingchen Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Zhang R, Liu W, Fu J, Zhang Z. MicroRNA-989 controls Aedes albopictus pupal-adult transition process by influencing cuticle chitin metabolism in pupae. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:397. [PMID: 37919799 PMCID: PMC10623821 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05976-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes albopictus is a vector of numerous devastating arboviruses and places heavy burdens on global public health. Chitin is one of the important components of cuticles and targeting chitin metabolism is a promising strategy for preventing mosquito dispersal and mosquito-borne diseases. Increasing evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in various physiological processes of insects. METHODS A previous analysis suggested that the microRNA miR-989 is potentially involved in chitin metabolism in Ae. albopictus pupae. In the present study, we found that the expression level of miR-989 was significantly overexpressed after injection of agomir. A dual-luciferase assay was used to determine the direct target of miR-989. Survival rate, eclosion rate and malformation rate were statistically analyzed to evaluate the potential effect of miR-989. Hematoxylin-eosin staining and chitin staining were used to evaluate the microstructural changes in the cuticles of Ae. albopictus pupae. RESULTS Overexpression of miR-989 resulted in a significantly reduced survival rate and eclosion rate of pupae and an elevated malformation rate of adults. The results suggested that miR-989 acted as a regulator of chitin metabolism in Ae. albopictus pupae by affecting the transcript levels of the Ae. albopictus genes encoding chitin synthase 1 (AaCHS1) and chitinase 10 (AaCht10). The altered expression levels of the two chitin metabolism-related enzymes (CHS1 and Cht10, respectively) caused the structural changes in cuticles and further affected the pupal-adult transition process of Ae. albopictus. XM_029863591.1 was proven to be the target gene of miR-989 and displayed similar effects on pupae as miR-989. CONCLUSIONS The microRNA miR-989 was found to be essential for chitin metabolism in old and new cuticles of Ae. albopictus pupae. The results of the current study suggested that miR-989 could be used as a potential target to control Ae. albopictus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiling Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, China.
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Science, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250117, China.
- School of Laboratory Animal (Shandong Laboratory Animal Center), Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250117, China.
| | - Wenjuan Liu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, China
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Science, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Jingwen Fu
- Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250000, China
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Science, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250117, China
| | - Zhong Zhang
- School of Clinical and Basic Medical Science, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences), Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, 250117, China.
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12
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Länger ZM, Baur M, Korša A, Eirich J, Lindeza AS, Zanchi C, Finkemeier I, Kurtz J. Differential proteome profiling of bacterial culture supernatants reveals candidates for the induction of oral immune priming in the red flour beetle. Biol Lett 2023; 19:20230322. [PMID: 37909056 PMCID: PMC10618857 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2023.0322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Most organisms are host to symbionts and pathogens, which led to the evolution of immune strategies to prevent harm. Whilst the immune defences of vertebrates are classically divided into innate and adaptive, insects lack specialized cells involved in adaptive immunity, but have been shown to exhibit immune priming: the enhanced survival upon infection after a first exposure to the same pathogen or pathogen-derived components. An important piece of the puzzle are the pathogen-associated molecules that induce these immune priming responses. Here, we make use of the model system consisting of the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum) and its bacterial pathogen Bacillus thuringiensis, to compare the proteomes of culture supernatants of two closely related B. thuringiensis strains that either induce priming via the oral route, or not. Among the proteins that might be immunostimulatory to T. castaneum, we identify the Cry3Aa toxin, an important plasmid-encoded virulence factor of B. thuringiensis. In further priming-infection assays we test the relevance of Cry-carrying plasmids for immune priming. Our findings provide valuable insights for future studies to perform experiments on the mechanisms and evolution of immune priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoe Marie Länger
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstraße 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Moritz Baur
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstraße 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ana Korša
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstraße 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eirich
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 7, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ana Sofia Lindeza
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstraße 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Caroline Zanchi
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstraße 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Schlossplatz 7, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Joachim Kurtz
- Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Hüfferstraße 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
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13
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Zhu Q, Li F, Shu Q, Feng P, Wang Y, Dai M, Mao T, Sun H, Wei J, Li B. Disruption of peritrophic matrix chitin metabolism and gut immune by chlorantraniliprole results in pathogenic bacterial infection in Bombyx mori. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 193:105430. [PMID: 37248008 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Chlorantraniliprole (CAP) is widely used in pest control, and its environmental residues affect the disease resistance of non-target insect silkworms. Studies have demonstrated that changes in gut microbial communities of insects are associated with susceptibility to pathogens. In the present study, we examined the effects of CAP exposure on the immune system and gut microbial community structure of silkworms. The results showed that after 96 h of exposure to low-concentration CAP, the peritrophic matrix (PM) of silkworm larvae was disrupted, and pathogenic bacteria invaded hemolymph. The trehalase activity in the midgut was significantly decreased, while the activities of chitinase, β-N-acetylglucosaminidase, and chitin deacetylase were increased considerably, resulting in decreased chitin content in PM. In addition, exposure to CAP reduced the expressions of key genes in the Toll, IMD, and JAK/STAT pathways, ultimately leading to the downregulation of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) genes and alterations in the structure of the gut microbial community. Therefore, after infection with the conditional pathogen Enterobacter cloacae (E. cloacae), CAP-exposed individuals exhibited significantly lower body weight and higher mortality. These findings showed that exposure to low-concentration CAP impacted the biological defense system of silkworms, changed the gut microbial community structure, and increased silkworms' susceptibility to bacterial diseases. Collectively, these findings provided a new perspective for the safety evaluation of low-concentration CAP exposure in sericulture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyu Zhu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Fanchi Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China; Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Qilong Shu
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Piao Feng
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Yuanfei Wang
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Minli Dai
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Tingting Mao
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Haina Sun
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China; Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Jing Wei
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China; Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China
| | - Bing Li
- School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China; Sericulture Institute of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, PR China.
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Peritrophin-like Genes Are Associated with Delousing Drug Response and Sensitivity in the Sea Louse Caligus rogercresseyi. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113341. [DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Caligus rogercresseyi is the main ectoparasite that affects the salmon industry in Chile. The mechanisms used by the parasite to support its life strategy are of great interest for developing control strategies. Due to the critical role of insect peritrophins in host–parasite interactions and response to pest control drugs, this study aimed to identify and characterize the peritrophin-like genes present in C. rogercresseyi. Moreover, the expression of peritrophin-like genes was evaluated on parasites exposed to delousing drugs such as pyrethroids and azamethiphos. Peritrophin genes were identified by homology analysis among the sea louse transcriptome database and arthropods peritrophin-protein database obtained from GenBank and UniProt. Moreover, the gene loci in the parasite genome were located. Furthermore, peritrophin gene expression levels were evaluated by RNA-Seq analysis in sea louse developmental stages and sea lice exposed to delousing drugs deltamethrin, cypermethrin, and azamethiphos. Seven putative peritrophin-like genes were identified in C. rogercresseyi with high homology with other crustacean peritrophins. Differences in the presence of signal peptides, the number of chitin-binding domains, and the position of conserved cysteines were found. In addition, seven peritrophin-like gene sequences were identified in the C. rogercresseyi genome. Gene expression analysis revealed a stage-dependent expression profile. Notably, differential regulation of peritrophin genes in resistant and susceptible populations to delousing drugs was found. These data are the first report and characterization of peritrophin genes in the sea louse C. rogercresseyi, representing valuable knowledge to understand sea louse biology. Moreover, this study provides evidence for a deeper understanding of the molecular basis of C. rogercresseyi response to delousing drugs.
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15
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Chen YL, Kumar R, Liu CH, Wang HC. Litopenaeus vannamei peritrophin interacts with WSSV and AHPND-causing V. parahaemolyticus to regulate disease pathogenesis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 126:271-282. [PMID: 35609762 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Peritrophins are peritrophic membrane (PM) proteins that can interact with chitin fibers via chitin-binding domains. Peritrophins have essential roles in providing porosity and strength to the PM that lines the shrimp midgut. Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by strains of V. parahaemolyticus, is known to initially colonize the shrimp stomach and simultaneously disrupt its structural barriers (e.g., cuticle or epithelial tissues) to reach the hepatopancreas. Although stomach and hepatopancreas were identified as target tissues involved in AHPND pathogenesis, our results indicated that peritrophin in peritrophic membrane has a crucial role in determining not only colonization of AHPND-causing bacteria but also their tissue distribution. As the interaction between LvPeritrophin (LvPT) and WSSV (white spot syndrome virus) is not well understood, we noted that LvPT expression was upregulated in shrimp stomach challenged with either WSSV or AHPND. In an in vitro pathogen binding assay, there was strong binding of recombinant LvPT WSSV and AHPND-causing V. parahaemolyticus, and various bacteria. Furthermore, dsRNA-mediated LvPT silencing inhibited WSSV gene expression and viral genome replication. However, downregulation of LvPT gene expression increased copies of AHPND-causing bacteria in shrimp digestive tract, and facilitated bacterial colonization in stomach. In conclusion, we speculated that LvPT might regulate bacterial colonization during AHPND, whereas in WSSV infection, LvPT silencing favored the host. Although recombinant LvPT had strong binding with WSSV, the precise role of LvPT in WSSV infection needs further investigation. These findings increased our understanding of host-pathogen interactions in AHPND and WSSV infection that can be applied in shrimp aquaculture for developing effective antibacterial and antiviral strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lun Chen
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ramya Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; International Center for Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioindustry Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; International Center for Scientific Development of Shrimp Aquaculture, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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16
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Pathogen infection routes and host innate immunity: Lessons from insects. Immunol Lett 2022; 247:46-51. [PMID: 35667452 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in insect-pathogen interactions have started to reveal the role of insect tissues and organs as natural infection routes for parasites and microbial pathogens. Here we summarize this information highlighting the micro- and macro-parasites that enter insects through distinct infection routes and link them to innate immune activity. We also examine whether the infection route determines the insect immune response and if the resulting immunological and physiological processes underpinning these different routes of infection are clearly distinct. Understanding how the infection route is associated with the robustness in insect host defense will help us identify conserved evolutionary and ecological patterns in order to design novel strategies for the management of destructive agricultural pests and disease vectors.
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17
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França AFJ, Araújo JN, Santos YQ, Carelli GSC, Silva DA, Amorim TML, Migliolo L, Santos EA, Oliveira AS, Uchôa AF. Vicilin from Anadenanthera colubrina Seeds: An alternative tool to combat Callosobruchus maculatus. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:5229-5237. [PMID: 34466101 PMCID: PMC8381016 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Vicilins are seed proteins, and they constitute 70-80% of the total protein in leguminous seeds; with amolecular mass between 150 and 190 kDa, they are composed of subunits without disulfide bridges, with high affinity for chitin-binding. They are also associated with seed defense against insect pests. The chitin-binding vicilin from Anadenanthera colubrina seeds was purified by ammonium sulfate, followed by affinity chromatography on a chitin column, molecular exclusion on Superdex 75 Tricorn in FPLC system and Phenomenex C8 chromatography in HPLC system. The A. colubrina vicilin, named AcV, is a tetrameric glycoprotein composed of 1.55% carbohydrates and molecular weight determined by SDS-PAGE, consisting of 70, 73, 43 and 41 kDa. The AcV homogeneity was confirmed in native PAGE, where it was observed to be a unique band with slow mobility in this gel, with approximately 230 kDa. AcV added to the Callosobruchus maculatus diet in the bioassays resulted in a strong effect on adult emergence (ED50 of 0.096%), and in larvae caused a marked reduction in mass (WD50 of 0.32%) and lethality (LD50 of 0.33%) (w:w). The digestibility of AcV was evaluated in vitro with the digestive enzymes of larvae of C. maculatus of fourth instar, showing major fragments of 10 and 30 kDa. AcV showed reactivity against the anti-EvV antibody from Erythrina velutina vicilin. The deleterious effects of AcV are likely to be associated with the chitin-binding fragments generated by proteolysis in the bruchid gut, similarly to that found for vicilins from other leguminous plant species, Enterolobium contortisiliquum and Vigna unguiculata. AcV might be a candidate protein for a possible bioinsecticidal control of the bruchid weevil, C. maculatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A F J França
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas Bioativas - LQFPB, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.,Escola Multicampi de Ciências Médicas - EMCM, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Caicó, RN, Brazil
| | - J N Araújo
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas Bioativas - LQFPB, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - Y Q Santos
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas Bioativas - LQFPB, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.,Instituto Federal do Ceará, Campus Limoeiro do Norte, Limoeiro do Norte, CE, Brazil
| | - G S C Carelli
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas Bioativas - LQFPB, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - D A Silva
- Laboratório de Produtos Naturais - LPN, Centro de Ciências da Saúde e Desporto, Universidade Federal do Acre, Rio Branco, AC, Brazil
| | - T M L Amorim
- Curso de Bacharelado em Medicina - Núcleo de Pesquisa em Ciências Médicas/NPCMed, Universidade Federal do Piauí, Picos, PI, Brazil
| | - L Migliolo
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas Bioativas - LQFPB, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.,Laboratório S-Inova Biotech, Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Brazil
| | - E A Santos
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas Bioativas - LQFPB, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - A S Oliveira
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas Bioativas - LQFPB, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - A F Uchôa
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas Bioativas - LQFPB, Departamento de Bioquímica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.,Laboratório de Proteomas - Instituto de Medicina Tropical do RN, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
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18
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Ricarte-Bermejo A, Simón O, Fernández AB, Williams T, Caballero P. Bacmid Expression of Granulovirus Enhancin En3 Accumulates in Cell Soluble Fraction to Potentiate Nucleopolyhedrovirus Infection. Viruses 2021; 13:1233. [PMID: 34202228 PMCID: PMC8309998 DOI: 10.3390/v13071233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enhancins are metalloproteinases that facilitate baculovirus infection in the insect midgut. They are more prevalent in granuloviruses (GVs), constituting up to 5% of the proteins of viral occlusion bodies (OBs). In nucleopolyhedroviruses (NPVs), in contrast, they are present in the envelope of the occlusion-derived virions (ODV). In the present study, we constructed a recombinant Autographa californica NPV (AcMNPV) that expressed the Trichoplusia ni GV (TnGV) enhancin 3 (En3), with the aim of increasing the presence of enhancin in the OBs or ODVs. En3 was successfully produced but did not localize to the OBs or the ODVs and accumulated in the soluble fraction of infected cells. As a result, increased OB pathogenicity was observed when OBs were administered in mixtures with the soluble fraction of infected cells. The mixture of OBs and the soluble fraction of Sf9 cells infected with BacPhEn3 recombinant virus was ~3- and ~4.7-fold more pathogenic than BacPh control OBs in the second and fourth instars of Spodoptera exigua, respectively. In contrast, when purified, recombinant BacPhEn3 OBs were as pathogenic as control BacPh OBs. The expression of En3 in the soluble fraction of insect cells may find applications in the development of virus-based insecticides with increased efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ricarte-Bermejo
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (A.R.-B.); (A.B.F.); (P.C.)
| | - Oihane Simón
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (A.R.-B.); (A.B.F.); (P.C.)
| | - Ana Beatriz Fernández
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (A.R.-B.); (A.B.F.); (P.C.)
- Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo, Bioinsectis SL, Polígono Industrial Mocholi Plaza Cein 5, Nave A14, 31110 Noain, Navarra, Spain
| | | | - Primitivo Caballero
- Institute for Multidisciplinary Research in Applied Biology, Universidad Pública de Navarra, 31006 Pamplona, Navarra, Spain; (A.R.-B.); (A.B.F.); (P.C.)
- Departamento de Investigación y Desarrollo, Bioinsectis SL, Polígono Industrial Mocholi Plaza Cein 5, Nave A14, 31110 Noain, Navarra, Spain
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19
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Paiva ÉAS. Do calcium oxalate crystals protect against herbivory? Naturwissenschaften 2021; 108:24. [PMID: 34043088 DOI: 10.1007/s00114-021-01735-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals have challenged human curiosity since the advent of microscopy. These crystals are linked to the control of calcium levels in plant cells, but they have also been attributed several other functions, including protection against herbivory. However, the protection offered by CaOx crystals against herbivory may be overstated, as claims have been mainly based on their shapes and hard and indigestible nature rather than on experimental evidence. I contend that it is improbable that a constitutive defense, present since very early in the evolution of plants, has not been superseded by herbivores, especially insects. Here, I present arguments and evidence that suggest that these crystals have low efficiency in protecting plants against herbivores. First, I argue that insects with chewing mouthparts possess a semipermeable structure that protects their midgut, minimizing damage from crystals. Second, the action of CaOx crystals is purely mechanical and similar to other inert materials such as sand. Therefore, CaOx crystals only provide effective protection from herbivory in very particular cases and should not be considered an effective defense without supporting experimental evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Élder Antônio Sousa Paiva
- Plant Secretion & Reproduction (PlantSeR) Lab, Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-901, Brazil.
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20
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Xu S, Jing M, Kong DM, Wang YR, Zhou Q, Liu WY, Jiao F, Li YJ, Xie SY. Chitin binding protein from the kuruma shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus facilitates the clearance of Vibrio anguillarum. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 117:103981. [PMID: 33340592 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Peritrophic membrane (PM) refers to a vital physical barrier enabling shrimp to resist pathogen invasion. It primarily consists of chitin and proteins, mostly chitin-binding protein (CBP). CBPs have been identified from microorganisms to higher organisms. In the present study, a CBP, designated MjCBP, was reported from Marsupenaeus japonicus. The open reading frame of MjCBP was 1854 bp, encoding a protein with 618 amino acids (MH544098). To be specific, the theoretical pI and molecular mass of mature MjCBP reached 5.43 and 66064.00 Da, respectively. MjCBP consisted of seven type Ⅱ chitin-binding domains (ChtB D2), which was up-regulated after being challenged with Vibrio anguillarum and then agglutinating several bacteria. In addition, MjCBP and the first chitin-binding domain (CBD1) could bind to several Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria via the binding process to lipopolysaccharides and peptidoglycans, whereas CBD1 was not capable of agglutinating bacteria. Moreover, the anterior and posterior segments of CBD1 were synthesized in vitro, and the posterior segment could bind to lipopolysaccharides. However, both segments fail to agglutinate bacteria. Furthermore, MjCBP and CBD1 facilitated the clearance of V. anguillarum in vivo, and the silencing of MjCBP via RNA interference reduced the ability of bacterial clearance. As revealed from the mentioned results, MjCBP acts as an opsonin or pattern recognition receptor to achieve antibacterial immune response in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
| | - Ming Jing
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - De-Min Kong
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Ya-Ru Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Wen-Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Fei Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - You-Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Shu-Yang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, 264003, China.
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Ferreira SR, de Moura Rocha M, Damasceno-Silva KJ, Ferreira ATS, Perales J, Fernandes KVS, Oliveira AEA. The resistance of the cowpea cv. BRS Xiquexique to infestation by cowpea weevil is related to the presence of toxic chitin-binding proteins. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 173:104782. [PMID: 33771261 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2021.104782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The cowpea weevil (Callosobruchus maculatus) is the main pest that attacks cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds during storage, causing nutritional and economic losses in the cowpea crop. Thus, studies aiming to identify resistant cowpea cultivars have been developed. Chitin-binding proteins (CBP), such vicilins and chitinases, have been detected in seeds and related with the toxicity to insects. In this work, we investigated the presence of chitin-binding proteins in the partially resistant cowpea cv. BRS Xiquexique and evaluated their toxicity towards cowpea weevil. The CBP fraction was isolated by chitin affinity chromatography. CBP fraction showed, through 15% SDS PAGE, protein bands with varying molecular masses, mainly below 55 kDa. Proteins present in CBP fraction were identified by Western blotting and mass spectrometry analysis, as vicilins and chitinases. CBP fraction, at 5%, was able to interfere with the development of cowpea weevil, decreasing larval mass and length. A CBV (chitin-binding vicilin) fraction isolated from CBP fraction was toxic, at 2.0%, to C. maculatus, decreasing larval mass and length in 64.3% and 33.23%, respectively. These results suggest that chitin binding proteins, such vicilins and chitinases, may be related to the resistance of cowpea cv. BRS Xiquexique to the infestation by C. maculatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rodrigues Ferreira
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Maurisrael de Moura Rocha
- Embrapa Meio-Norte, Avenida Duque de Caxias, 5650, Bairro Buenos Aires, Teresina, PI 64008-780, Brazil
| | | | - Andre T S Ferreira
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jonas Perales
- Laboratório de Toxinologia, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz - FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Kátia V S Fernandes
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Antonia E A Oliveira
- Laboratório de Química e Função de Proteínas e Peptídeos, Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro - UENF, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ 28013-602, Brazil.
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22
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Ding YJ, Li GY, Xu CD, Wu Y, Zhou ZS, Wang SG, Li C. Regulatory Functions of Nilaparvata lugens GSK-3 in Energy and Chitin Metabolism. Front Physiol 2020; 11:518876. [PMID: 33324230 PMCID: PMC7723894 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.518876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucose metabolism is a biologically important metabolic process. Glycogen synthase kinase (GSK-3) is a key enzyme located in the middle of the sugar metabolism pathway that can regulate the energy metabolism process in the body through insulin signaling. This paper mainly explores the regulatory effect of glycogen synthase kinase on the metabolism of glycogen and trehalose in the brown planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens) by RNA interference. In this paper, microinjection of the target double-stranded GSK-3 (dsGSK-3) effectively inhibited the expression of target genes in N. lugens. GSK-3 gene silencing can effectively inhibit the expression of target genes (glycogen phosphorylase gene, glycogen synthase gene, trehalose-6-phosphate synthase 1 gene, and trehalose-6-phosphate synthase 2 gene) in N. lugens and trehalase activity, thereby reducing glycogen and glucose content, increasing trehalose content, and regulating insect trehalose balance. GSK-3 can regulate the genes chitin synthase gene and glucose-6-phosphate isomerase gene involved in the chitin biosynthetic pathway of N. lugens. GSK-3 gene silencing can inhibit the synthesis of chitin N. lugens, resulting in abnormal phenotypes and increased mortality. These results indicated that a low expression of GSK-3 in N. lugens can regulate the metabolism of glycogen and trehalose through the insulin signal pathway and energy metabolism pathway, and can regulate the biosynthesis of chitin, which affects molting and wing formation. The relevant research results will help us to more comprehensively explore the molecular mechanism of the regulation of energy and chitin metabolism of insect glycogen synthase kinases in species such as N. lugens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Juan Ding
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for Biological Resources Protection and Efficient Utilization of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Yong Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for Biological Resources Protection and Efficient Utilization of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Cai-Di Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for Biological Resources Protection and Efficient Utilization of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhong-Shi Zhou
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for Biological Resources Protection and Efficient Utilization of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shi-Gui Wang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Can Li
- Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory for Rare Animal and Economic Insect of the Mountainous Region, Guizhou Provincial Engineering Research Center for Biological Resources Protection and Efficient Utilization of the Mountainous Region, College of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Guiyang University, Guiyang, China
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23
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Yang C, Liu Q, Peng M, Chen X, Zhu W, Chen X, Li Q, Zeng D, Zhao Y. Penaeus stylirostris densovirus proteins CP and NS1 interact with peritrophin of Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:357-364. [PMID: 32791095 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Penaeus stylirostris densovirus (PstDNV) is a major virus of shrimps that severely harms the shrimp farming industry. Peritrophin is a peritrophic membrane protein with chitin binding activity. To examine the roles of peritrophin in viral infection, we used yeast two-hybrid to analyze the interaction between the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) peritrophin and PstDNV proteins (CP, NS1 and NS2). The yeast two-hybrid results showed that NS1 and peritrophin had an interaction, CP and peritrophin had an interaction as well, and NS2 had no interaction with peritrophin. We validated the interactions with GST pull-down assays. We then conducted RNA interference and qRT-PCR. The results showed that when pre-injection of dsRNA-peritrophin, the quantity of PstDNV in the shrimps injected with viruses was significantly lower than in the control group (P < 0.01), indicating the viral infection was decreased when the peritrophin gene expression was inhibited. The results indicated that peritrophin of L. vannamei participated in the PstDNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunling Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Qingyun Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Min Peng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Xiuli Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Weilin Zhu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaohan Chen
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Qiangyong Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Digang Zeng
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Nanning, China.
| | - Yongzhen Zhao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Academy of Fisheries Sciences, Nanning, China.
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Wang Y, Cheng J, Luo M, Wu J, Guo G. Identifying and Characterizing a Novel Peritrophic Matrix Protein (MdPM-17) Associated With Antibacterial Response From the Housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2020; 20:6042885. [PMID: 33347588 PMCID: PMC7751770 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieaa135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Peritrophic matrix/membrane (PM) critically prevents the midgut of insects from external invasion by microbes. The proteins in the peritrophic membrane are its major structural components. Additionally, they determine the formation and function of this membrane. However, the role of PM proteins in immune regulation is unclear. Herein, we isolated a novel PM protein (MdPM-17) from Musca domestica larvae. Further, the function of MdPM-17 in regulating host innate immunity was identified. Results showed that the cDNA of MdPM-17 full is 635 bp in length. Moreover, it consists of a 477-bp open reading frame encoding 158 amino acid residues. These amino acid residues are composed of two Chitin-binding type-2 domain (ChtBD2) and 19 amino acids as a signal peptide. Moreover, tissue distribution analysis indicates that MdPM-17 was enriched expressed in midgut, and moderate levels in the fat body, foregut, and malpighian tubule. Notably, MdPM-17 recombinant protein showed high chitin-binding capacity, thus belongs to the Class III PM protein group. MdPM-17 protein silencing via RNA interference resulted in the expression of antimicrobial peptide (defensin, cecropins, and diptericin) genes, and this occurred after oral inoculation with exogenous microbes Escherichia coli (Enterobacteriales:Enterobacteriaceae), Staphylococcus aureus (Bacillales:Staphylococcaceae), and Candida albicans (Endomycetales:Saccharomycetaceae)). Therefore, all the antimicrobial peptide (AMP) gene expression levels are high in MdPM-17-depleted larvae during microbial infection compared to controls. Consequently, these findings indicate that MdPM-17 protein is associated with the antibacterial response from the housefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Department of Clinical laboratory, The First People’s Hospital of Guiyang, Guizhou, PR China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Jinzhi Cheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Man Luo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Jianwei Wu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Guo Guo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, PR China
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25
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Wang S, Wang P. Functional redundancy of structural proteins of the peritrophic membrane in Trichoplusia ni. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 125:103456. [PMID: 32814147 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2020.103456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The peritrophic membrane (or peritrophic matrix) (PM) in insects is formed by binding of PM proteins with multiple chitin binding domains (CBDs) to chitin fibrils. Multi-CBD chitin binding proteins (CBPs) and the insect intestinal mucin (IIM) are major PM structural proteins. To understand the biochemical and physiological role of IIM in structural formation and physiological function of the PM, Trichoplusia ni mutant strains lacking IIM were generated by CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis. The mutant T. ni larvae were confirmed to lack IIM, but PM formation was observed as in wild type larvae and lacking IIM in the PM did not result in changes of protease activities in the larval midgut. Larval growth and development of the mutant strains were similar to the wild type strain on artificial diet and cabbage leaves, but had a decreased survival in the 5th instar. The larvae of the mutant strains with the PM formed without IIM did not have a change of susceptibility to the infection of the baculovirus AcMNPV and the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) formulation Dipel, to the toxicity of the Bt toxins Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab and the chemical insecticide sodium aluminofluoride. Treatment of the mutant T. ni larvae with Calcofluor reduced the larval susceptibility to the toxicity of Bt Cry1Ac, as similarly observed in the wild type larvae. Overall, in the mutant T. ni larvae, the PM was formed without IIM and the lacking of IIM in the PM did not drastically impact the performance of larvae on diet or cabbage leaves under the laboratory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Wang
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA; School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA.
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26
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Analysis of blood-induced Anopheles gambiae midgut proteins and sexual stage Plasmodium falciparum interaction reveals mosquito genes important for malaria transmission. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14316. [PMID: 32868841 PMCID: PMC7459308 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71186-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium invasion of mosquito midguts is a mandatory step for malaria transmission. The roles of mosquito midgut proteins and parasite interaction during malaria transmission are not clear. This study aims to identify mosquito midgut proteins that interact with and affect P. falciparum invasion. Based on gene expression profiles and protein sequences, 76 mosquito secretory proteins that are highly expressed in midguts and up-regulated by blood meals were chosen for analysis. About 61 candidate genes were successfully cloned from Anopheles gambiae and expressed in insect cells. ELISA analysis showed that 25 of the insect cell-expressed recombinant mosquito proteins interacted with the P. falciparum-infected cell lysates. Indirect immunofluorescence assays confirmed 17 of them interacted with sexual stage parasites significantly stronger than asexual stage parasites. Knockdown assays found that seven candidate genes significantly changed mosquitoes' susceptibility to P. falciparum. Four of them (AGAP006268, AGAP002848, AGAP006972, and AGAP002851) played a protective function against parasite invasion, and the other three (AGAP008138, FREP1, and HPX15) facilitated P. falciparum transmission to mosquitoes. Notably, AGAP008138 is a unique gene that only exists in Anopheline mosquitoes. These gene products are ideal targets to block malaria transmission.
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27
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Miranda MRA, Uchôa AF, Ferreira SR, Ventury KE, Costa EP, Carmo PRL, Machado OLT, Fernandes KVS, Amancio Oliveira AE. Chemical Modifications of Vicilins Interfere with Chitin-Binding Affinity and Toxicity to Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Insect: A Combined In Vitro and In Silico Analysis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:5596-5605. [PMID: 32343573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Vicilins are related to cowpea seed resistance toward Callosobruchus maculatus due to their ability to bind to chitinous structures lining larval midgut. However, this binding mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we identified chitin binding sites and investigated how in vitro and in silico chemical modifications interfere with vicilin chitin binding and insect toxicity. In vitro assays showed that unmodified vicilin strongly binds to chitin matrices, mainly with acetylated chitin. Chemical modifications of specific amino acids (tryptophan, lysine, tyrosine), as well as glutaraldehyde cross-linking, decreased the evaluated parameters. In silico analyses identified at least one chitin binding site in vicilin monomer, the region between Arg208 and Lys216, which bears the sequence REGIRELMK and forms an α helix, exposed in the 3D structure. In silico modifications of Lys223 (acetylated at its terminal nitrogen) and Trp316 (iodinated to 7-iodine-L-tryptophan or oxidized to β-oxy-indolylalanine) decreased vicilin chitin binding affinity. Glucose, sucrose, and N-acetylglucosamine also interfered with vicilin chitin binding affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Raquel A Miranda
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Fortaleza Ceará 60440554, Brazil
| | - Adriana F Uchôa
- Departamento de Biologia Celular e Genética, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte 59072970, Brazil
| | - Sarah R Ferreira
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Kayan E Ventury
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Evenilton P Costa
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Paulo R Leitão Carmo
- NUPEN, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ) Macaé, Rio de Janeiro 27965-045, Brazil
| | - Olga L T Machado
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Katia V S Fernandes
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
| | - Antonia Elenir Amancio Oliveira
- Centro de Biociências e Biotecnologia, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro (UENF), Campos dos Goytacazes, Rio de Janeiro 28013-602, Brazil
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28
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Chen Y, Guo L, Wan N, Ji X, Zhang H, Jiang J. Transcriptomic analysis of the interactions between the Spodoptera exigua midgut and nucleopolyhedrovirus. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 163:241-253. [PMID: 31973864 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 11/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Spodoptera exigua nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeNPV) has been successfully applied as a bioinsecticide against S. exigua, one of the most devastating pests worldwide. However, due to limited information, the molecular mechanisms underlying interactions between S. exigua and SeNPV remain to be elucidated. In this study, RNA-Seq and differentially expressed gene (DEG) analysis of the S. exigua larva midgut were performed to explore molecular responses to SeNPV infection. A total of 1785 DEGs, including 935 upregulated and 850 downregulated genes, were identified in the midgut of SeNPV-infected S. exigua larvae. Ultrastructural observations showed that after SeNPV infection, the peritrophic matrix (PM) became a loose and highly porous surface with many clear ruptures; these changes were most likely associated with upregulation of chitin deacetylases. In addition, 124 putative innate immunity-related DEGs were identified and divided into several groups, including pattern recognition proteins, signaling pathways, signal modulation, antimicrobial peptides and detoxification. Interestingly, upregulation of some pattern recognition proteins, induction of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway and promotion of REPAT synthesis might be the main innate immunity responses occurring in the S. exigua larva midgut after SeNPV infection. According to quantitative real-time PCR, the expression profiles of 19 random DEGs were consistent with those obtained by RNA-Seq. These findings provide important basic information for understanding the molecular mechanisms of SeNPV invasion and the anti-SeNPV responses of the S. exigua midgut, promoting the utility of SeNPV as a bioinsecticide for the effective control of S. exigua and related pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijuan Chen
- Ecological Control of Pests Lab, Ecoenvironment and Plant Protect Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Science, 1000 Jin qi Road, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Ling Guo
- Ecological Control of Pests Lab, Ecoenvironment and Plant Protect Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Science, 1000 Jin qi Road, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Nianfeng Wan
- Ecological Control of Pests Lab, Ecoenvironment and Plant Protect Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Science, 1000 Jin qi Road, Shanghai 201403, PR China
| | - Xiangyun Ji
- Ecological Control of Pests Lab, Ecoenvironment and Plant Protect Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Science, 1000 Jin qi Road, Shanghai 201403, PR China..
| | - Hao Zhang
- Ecological Control of Pests Lab, Ecoenvironment and Plant Protect Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Science, 1000 Jin qi Road, Shanghai 201403, PR China..
| | - Jiexian Jiang
- Ecological Control of Pests Lab, Ecoenvironment and Plant Protect Research Institute, Shanghai Academy of Agriculture Science, 1000 Jin qi Road, Shanghai 201403, PR China..
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29
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Yang F, Li X, Li S, Xiang J, Li F. A novel cuticle protein involved in WSSV infection to the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:103491. [PMID: 31494218 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
As the most productive crustacean species in aquaculture, Litopenaeus vannamei is seriously threatened by white spot syndrome virus (WSSV), which has caused huge economic damage in the past decades. Shrimp cuticle proteins are the important components in the frontier target tissues, including cuticle and the chitinous lining of the digestive tract. In present study, a novel cuticle protein gene, named LvCPAP1, was isolated and demonstrated to play an important role in WSSV infection. The deduced amino acid sequence of LvCPAP1 contained a signal peptide and a conserved chitin-binding domain type 2 (ChBD2). Tissue distribution analysis revealed that LvCPAP1 was predominantly expressed in epidermis and stomach. The transcription levels of LvCPAP1 in epidermis and stomach were significantly regulated upon WSSV challenge. DsRNA silencing of LvCPAP1 decreased the in vivo WSSV copy numbers and the death rate of shrimp after WSSV infection, indicating that LvCPAP1 might facilitate WSSV invasion. In addition, the interaction between LvCPAP1 and the major envelop protein VP24 of WSSV was revealed by yeast two-hybrid system and further confirmed by dot blot and pull-down assays. The present study implied that cuticle protein LvCPAP1 might favor the entry process of WSSV, which provided new clues for understanding the role of cuticle proteins during virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xuechun Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shihao Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Jianhai Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Fuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 7 Nanhai Road, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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30
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Abd-Alla AMM, Meki IK, Demirbas-Uzel G. Insect Viruses as Biocontrol Agents: Challenges and Opportunities. COTTAGE INDUSTRY OF BIOCONTROL AGENTS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS 2020:277-295. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-33161-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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31
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Fan S, Zheng Z, Hao R, Du X, Jiao Y, Huang R. PmCBP, a novel poly (chitin-binding domain) gene, participates in nacreous layer formation of Pinctada fucata martensii. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 240:110374. [PMID: 31733296 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.110374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Chitin participates in shell formation as the main component of an organic framework. Chitin-binding protein contains domains that can bind to chitin specifically. In this study, a novel chitin-binding protein from Pinctada fucata martensii (PmCBP) with poly (chitin-binding domain) was cloned, which contains a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 114 bp and 3'UTR of 116 bp, and encodes a putative protein of 2044 amino acids. The predicted PmCBP protein was structurally typical of the CBP family with 20 ChtBD2 domains. Phylogenetic and linear relation analyses showed that the ChtBD2 domain has a highly conserved structure among the three species of P. f. martensii, Crassostrea gigas, and Mizuhopecten yessoensis. qRT-PCR and in-situ hybridization analysis revealed that PmCBP was most abundant in the mantle pallium whose expression level was significantly correlated with the growth traits. After RNAi, PmCBP expression was significantly inhibited in the mantle pallium (P < 0.05) and the microstructure of nacreous layers showed a disordered growth in the experiment group. These results indicated that PmCBP may be involved in nacreous layer formation through participation in the process of binding chitin in pearl oyster P. f. martensii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Fan
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Zhe Zheng
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Pearl Aquaculture and Process, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Ruijuan Hao
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Xiaodong Du
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Pearl Aquaculture and Process, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China.
| | - Yu Jiao
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Pearl Aquaculture and Process, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ronglian Huang
- Fishery College, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Pearl Aquaculture and Process, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
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Hou D, Kuang W, Luo S, Zhang F, Zhou F, Chen T, Zhang Y, Wang H, Hu Z, Deng F, Wang M. Baculovirus ODV-E66 degrades larval peritrophic membrane to facilitate baculovirus oral infection. Virology 2019; 537:157-164. [PMID: 31493654 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
ODV-E66 is a major envelope proteins of baculovirus occlusion derived virus (ODV) with chondroitinase activity. Here, we studied the roles of ODV-E66 during Helicoverpa armigera nucleopolyhedrovirus (HearNPV) primary infection. ODV-E66 is a late viral protein dispensable for BV production and ODV morphogenesis. Deletion of odv-e66 had a profound effect on HearNPV oral infectivity in 4th instar larvae with a 50% lethal concentration (LC50) value of 26 fold higher than that of the repaired virus, compared to in 3rd instar larvae. Calcofluor white, an agent which destroys the peritrophic membrane (PM), could rescue the oral infectivity of odv-e66 deleted HearNPV, implying the PM may be the target of ODV-E66. In vitro assays showed HearNPV ODV-E66 has chondroitinase activity. Electron microscopy demonstrated that odv-e66 deletion alleviated the damage to the PM caused by HearNPV infection. These data suggest an important role of ODV-E66 in the penetration of the PM during oral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianhai Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, 261053, China
| | - Wenhua Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China; Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Sijiani Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fenghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fengqiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Tong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Manli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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Rezende TMT, Rezende AM, Luz Wallau G, Santos Vasconcelos CR, de-Melo-Neto OP, Silva-Filha MHNL, Romão TP. A differential transcriptional profile by Culex quinquefasciatus larvae resistant to Lysinibacillus sphaericus IAB59 highlights genes and pathways associated with the resistance phenotype. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:407. [PMID: 31429782 PMCID: PMC6702717 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3661-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The study of the mechanisms by which larvae of the Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito survive exposure to the entomopathogen Lysinibacillus sphaericus has benefited substantially from the generation of laboratory-selected colonies resistant to this bacterium. One such colony, RIAB59, was selected after regular long-term exposure of larvae to the L. sphaericus IAB59 strain. This strain is characterized by its ability to produce the well known Binary (Bin) toxin, and the recently characterized Cry48Aa/Cry49Aa toxin, able to kill Bin-resistant larvae. Resistance to Bin is associated with the depletion of its receptor, Cqm1 α-glucosidase, from the larvae midgut. This study aimed to identify novel molecules and pathways associated with survival of the RIAB59 larvae and the resistance phenotype. Methods A transcriptomic approach and bioinformatic tools were used to compare the profiles derived from the midguts of larvae resistant and susceptible to L. sphaericus IAB59. Results The RNA-seq profiles identified 1355 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 673 down- and 682 upregulated transcripts. One of the most downregulated DEGs was cqm1, which validates the approach. Other strongly downregulated mRNAs encode the enzyme pantetheinase, apolipoprotein D, lipases, heat-shock proteins and a number of lesser known and hypothetical polypeptides. Among the upregulated DEGs, the top most encodes a peroxisomal enzyme involved in lipid metabolism, while others encode enzymes associated with juvenile hormone synthesis, ion channels, DNA binding proteins and defense polypeptides. Further analyses confirmed a strong downregulation of several enzymes involved in lipid catabolism while the assignment of DEGs into metabolic pathways highlighted the upregulation of those related to DNA synthesis and maintenance, confirmed by their clustering into related protein networks. Several other pathways were also identified with mixed profiles of down- and upregulated transcripts. Quantitative RT-PCR confirmed the changes in levels seen for selected mRNAs. Conclusions Our transcriptome-wide dataset revealed that the RIAB59 colony, found to be substantially more resistant to Bin than to the Cry48Aa/Cry49Aa toxin, developed a differential expression profile as well as metabolic features co-selected during the long-term adaptation to IAB59 and that are most likely linked to Bin resistance.![]() Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-019-3661-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Mauro Rezende
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães-FIOCRUZ, Av. Moraes Rego s/n Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-465, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Luz Wallau
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães-FIOCRUZ, Av. Moraes Rego s/n Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-465, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Tatiany Patrícia Romão
- Instituto Aggeu Magalhães-FIOCRUZ, Av. Moraes Rego s/n Cidade Universitária, Recife, PE, 50740-465, Brazil.
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Guo W, Kain W, Wang P. Effects of disruption of the peritrophic membrane on larval susceptibility to Bt toxin Cry1Ac in cabbage loopers. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 117:103897. [PMID: 31199901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The insect midgut peritrophic membrane (or peritrophic matrix) (PM) is an extracellular structure, lining the midgut epithelium. The PM facilitates the food digestion process and plays important roles in insect-microbe interactions as a barrier against microbial pathogens. The soil bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), and its proteinaceous toxins are widely used for insect control. To understand the protective role of PM in insects against Bt toxins, the effect of PM on larval susceptibility to Bt toxin Cry1Ac was examined in Cry1Ac-susceptible and -resistant strains of the cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni. The PM in T. ni was disrupted, using a baculovirus enhancin (TnGV enhancin) to degrade the major PM mucin protein IIM and a chitin binding chemical, Calcofluor, to inhibit the binding of PM proteins to chitin. Bioassays of the susceptibility of T. ni larvae to Cry1Ac with treatment of TnGV enhancin showed significantly increased larval mortality in both the Cry1Ac susceptible and resistant strains, confirming that the PM is a protective barrier to the passage of Cry1Ac and plays a protective role against the toxin. However, treatment of T. ni larvae with Calcofluor significantly reduced the larval susceptibility to Cry1Ac. The level of mortality reduction by treatment with Calcofluor was more significant in the resistant T. ni strains than in the susceptible strain. The mechanism for the decrease of susceptibility to Cry1Ac in T. ni treated with Calcofluor needs to be understood. It may result from binding of the toxin to the over expressed PM proteins, preventing the Cry1Ac from reaching the midgut receptor for the toxin or from potential binding of Calcofluor to the midgut receptor for Cry1Ac, leading to inhibition of the toxicity of Cry1Ac in larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Wendy Kain
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA.
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Konno K, Mitsuhashi W. The peritrophic membrane as a target of proteins that play important roles in plant defense and microbial attack. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 117:103912. [PMID: 31301311 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The peritrophic membrane (or peritrophic matrix: PM) is a thin membranous structure that lies along the midgut epithelium in the midgut lumen and consists of chitin and proteins. PM exists between ingested food material and midgut epithelium cells and it is on the frontline of insect-plant and insect-microbe interactions. Therefore, proteins that play major roles in plant defense against herbivorous insects and in microbial attack on insects should penetrate, destroy or modify the PM to accomplish their roles. Recently, it has become clear that some proteins crucial to plant defense or microbial attack have the PM as their primary target. In addition, several plant defense proteins have been reported to affect the PM, although it is still unclear whether the PM is their primary target. This review introduces several of these proteins: fusolin and enhancin, two proteins produced by insect viruses that greatly enhance infection of the viruses by disrupting the PM; the MLX56 family proteins found in mulberry latex as defense proteins against insect herbivores, which modify the PM to a thick structure that inhibits digestive processes; Mir1-CP, a defense cysteine protease from maize that inhibits the growth of insects at very low concentrations and degrades the PM structures; and chitinases and lectins. The importance, necessary characteristics, and modes of action of PM-targeting proteins are then discussed from a strategic point of view, by spotlighting the importance of selective permeability of the PM. Finally, the review discusses the possibility of applying PM-targeting proteins for the control of pest insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Konno
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan.
| | - Wataru Mitsuhashi
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
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Hegedus DD, Toprak U, Erlandson M. Peritrophic matrix formation. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 117:103898. [PMID: 31211963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dwayne D Hegedus
- Molecular Genetics Section, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Umut Toprak
- Molecular Genetics Section, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Molecular Entomology Laboratory, College of Agriculture, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Martin Erlandson
- Molecular Genetics Section, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Li Z, Tian S, Yang H, Zhou X, Xu S, Zhang Z, Gong J, Hou Y, Xia Q. Genome-wide identification of chitin-binding proteins and characterization of BmCBP1 in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. INSECT SCIENCE 2019; 26:400-412. [PMID: 29087606 PMCID: PMC7379184 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The insect cuticle plays important roles in numerous physiological functions to protect the body from invasion of pathogens, physical injury and dehydration. In this report, we conducted a comprehensive genome-wide search for genes encoding proteins with peritrophin A-type (ChtBD2) chitin-binding domain (CBD) in the silkworm, Bombyx mori. One of these genes, which encodes the cuticle protein BmCBP1, was additionally cloned, and its expression and location during the process of development and molting in B. mori were investigated. In total, 46 protein-coding genes were identified in the silkworm genome, including those encoding 15 cuticle proteins analogous to peritrophins with one CBD (CPAP1s), nine cuticle proteins analogous to peritrophins with three CBD (CPAP3s), 15 peritrophic membrane proteins (PMPs), four chitinases, and three chitin deacetylases, which contained at least one ChtBD2 domain. Microarray analysis indicated that CPAP-encoding genes were widely expressed in various tissues, whereas PMP genes were highly expressed in the midgut. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting showed that the cuticle protein BmCBP1 was highly expressed in the epidermis and head, particularly during molting and metamorphosis. An immunofluorescence study revealed that chitin co-localized with BmCBP1 at the epidermal surface during molting. Additionally, BmCBP1 was notably up-regulated by 20-hydroxyecdysone treatment. These results provide a genome-level view of the chitin-binding protein in silkworm and suggest that BmCBP1 participates in the formation of the new cuticle during molting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi‐Lang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome BiologyCollege of BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Sha Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome BiologyCollege of BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Huan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome BiologyCollege of BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Xia Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome BiologyCollege of BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Shu‐Ping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome BiologyCollege of BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Zi‐Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome BiologyCollege of BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Jing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome BiologyCollege of BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Yong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome BiologyCollege of BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
| | - Qing‐You Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome BiologyCollege of BiotechnologySouthwest UniversityChongqingChina
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Hou Z, Wei C. De novo comparative transcriptome analysis of a rare cicada, with identification of candidate genes related to adaptation to a novel host plant and drier habitats. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:182. [PMID: 30845906 PMCID: PMC6407286 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5547-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Although the importance of host plant chemistry in plant–insect interactions is widely recognized, our understanding about the genetic basis underlying the relationship between changes in midgut proteins and adaptation of plant-feeding insects to novel host plants and habitats is very limited. To address this knowledge gap, the transcriptional profiles of midguts among three populations of the cicada Subpsaltria yangi Chen were compared. Among which, the Hancheng (HC) and Fengxiang (FX) populations occurring in the Loess Plateau feed on Ziziphus jujuba Mill. var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chow, while the population occurring in a much drier habitat in the Helan (HL) Mountains is locally specialized on a chemically divergent plant, Ephedra lepidosperma C. Y. Cheng. Results Based on comparative analysis, 1826 (HL vs HC) differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 723 DEGs (HL vs FX) were identified between the populations utilizing different host plants, including 20, 36, 2, 5 and 2 genes related to digestion, detoxification, oxidation-reduction, stress response and water-deprivation response, respectively, and 35 genes presumably associated with osmoregulation. However, only 183 DEGs were identified between the HC and FX populations, including two genes related to detoxification, two genes related to stress response, and one gene presumably associated with osmoregulation. These results suggest that the weakest expression differences were between the populations utilizing the same host plant and occurring in the closest habitats, which may help explain the metabolic mechanism of adaptation in S. yangi populations to novel host plants and new niches. Conclusions The observed differences in gene expression among S. yangi populations are consistent with the hypothesis that the host plant shift and habitat adaptation in the HL population was facilitated by differential regulation of genes related to digestion, detoxification, oxidation-reduction, stress response, water-deprivation response and osmoregulation. The results may inform future studies on the molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship between changes in midgut proteins and adaptation of herbivorous insects to novel host plants and new niches. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5547-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zehai Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Cong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Plant Protection Resources and Pest Management, Ministry of Education, College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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Jin M, Liao C, Chakrabarty S, Wu K, Xiao Y. Comparative Proteomics of Peritrophic Matrix Provides an Insight into its Role in Cry1Ac Resistance of Cotton Bollworm Helicoverpa armigera. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E92. [PMID: 30717423 PMCID: PMC6409725 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystalline (Cry) proteins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are widely used in sprays and transgenic crops to control insect pests, but the evolution of insect resistance threatens their long-term use. Different resistance mechanisms have been identified, but some have not been completely elucidated. Here, the transcriptome of the midgut and proteome of the peritrophic matrix (PM) were comparatively analyzed to identify potential mechanism of resistance to Cry1Ac in laboratory-selected strain XJ10 of Helicoverpa armigera. This strain had a 146-fold resistance to Cry1Ac protoxin and 45-fold resistance to Cry1Ac activated toxin compared with XJ strain. The mRNA and protein levels for several trypsin genes were downregulated in XJ10 compared to the susceptible strain XJ. Furthermore, 215 proteins of the PM were identified, and nearly all had corresponding mRNAs in the midgut. These results provide new insights that the PM may participate in Bt resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Jin
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China.
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Chongyu Liao
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China.
| | - Swapan Chakrabarty
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China.
| | - Kongming Wu
- The State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Disease and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, West Yuanmingyuan Road, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Yutao Xiao
- Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518120, China.
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Hundsdoerfer AK, Buchwalder K, O’Neill MA, Dobler S. Chemical ecology traits in an adaptive radiation: TPA-sensitivity and detoxification in Hyles and Hippotion (Sphingidae, Lepidoptera) larvae. CHEMOECOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-018-0274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tetreau G, Wang P. Chitinous Structures as Potential Targets for Insect Pest Control. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1142:273-292. [PMID: 31102251 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-7318-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chitinous structures are physiologically fundamental in insects. They form the insect exoskeleton, play important roles in physiological systems and provide physical, chemical and biological protections in insects. As critically important structures in insects, chitinous structures are attractive target sites for the development of new insect-pest-control strategies. Chitinous structures in insects are complex and their formation and maintenance are dynamically regulated with the growth and development of insects. In the past few decades, studies on insect chitinous structures have shed lights on the physiological functions, compositions, structural formation, and regulation of the chitinous structures. Current understanding of the chitinous structures has indicated opportunities for exploring new target sites for insect control. Mechanisms to disrupt chitinous structures in insects have been studied and strategies for the potential development of new means of insect control by targeting chitinous structures have been proposed and are practically to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Tetreau
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IBS, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Geneva, NY, 14456, USA.
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Mitsuhashi W, Shimura S, Miyamoto K, Sugimoto TN. Spatial distribution of orally administered viral fusolin protein in the insect midgut and possible synergism between fusolin and digestive proteases to disrupt the midgut peritrophic matrix. Arch Virol 2018; 164:17-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-018-4013-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Gosal SS, Wani SH. RNAi for Resistance Against Biotic Stresses in Crop Plants. BIOTECHNOLOGIES OF CROP IMPROVEMENT, VOLUME 2 2018. [PMCID: PMC7123769 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-90650-8_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi)-based gene silencing has become one of the most successful strategies in not only identifying gene function but also in improving agronomical traits of crops by silencing genes of different pathogens/pests and also plant genes for improvement of desired trait. The conserved nature of RNAi pathway across different organisms increases its applicability in various basic and applied fields. Here we attempt to summarize the knowledge generated on the fundamental mechanisms of RNAi over the years, with emphasis on insects and plant-parasitic nematodes (PPNs). This chapter also reviews the rich history of RNAi research, gene regulation by small RNAs across different organisms, and application potential of RNAi for generating transgenic plants resistant to major pests. But, there are some limitations too which restrict wider applications of this technology to its full potential. Further refinement of this technology in terms of resolving these shortcomings constitutes one of the thrust areas in present RNAi research. Nevertheless, its application especially in breeding agricultural crops resistant against biotic stresses will certainly offer the possible solutions for some of the breeding objectives which are otherwise unattainable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satbir Singh Gosal
- School of Agricultural Biotechnology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab India
| | - Shabir Hussain Wani
- Mountain Research Centre for Field Crops, Khudwani, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir India
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Yang F, Li S, Li F, Xiang J. A cuticle protein from the Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei involved in WSSV infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 81:303-311. [PMID: 29274789 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2017.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a major viral pathogen in global shrimp farming, causing huge economic damage. Through penetrating the outer surface of the target tissues, WSSV enters into the cells of the target tissue to complete the replication process in the host. In the present study, a cuticle protein gene from Litopenaeus vannamei, designated as LvAMP13.4, was identified and proved to be involved in WSSV invasion. The deduced amino acid sequence of LvAMP13.4 contained a signal peptide and a conserved chitin-binding domain type 4 (ChBD4). This cuticle protein gene was mainly expressed in stomach, gill and epidermis. The expression level of LvAMP13.4 was significantly changed during WSSV infection. Silencing of LvAMP13.4 by dsRNA interference apparently reduced the mortality rate and the WSSV copy number in shrimp upon WSSV infection. Furthermore, yeast two-hybrid system and Co-IP assay were performed to confirm that LvAMP13.4 could interact with the major envelop protein VP24 of WSSV. These data indicated that LvAMP13.4 was involved in the invasion process of WSSV through interaction with VP24. The present results could provide new insights for us in understanding the role of host cuticle proteins during virus invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shihao Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Fuhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Jianhai Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
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Konno K, Shimura S, Ueno C, Arakawa T, Nakamura M. Abnormal swelling of the peritrophic membrane in Eri silkworm gut caused by MLX56 family defense proteins with chitin-binding and extensin domains. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2018; 147:211-219. [PMID: 29406091 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
MLX56 family defense proteins, MLX56 and its close homolog LA-b, are chitin-binding defense proteins found in mulberry latex that show strong growth-inhibitions against caterpillars when fed at concentrations as low as 0.01%. MLX56 family proteins contain a unique structure with an extensin domain surrounded by two hevein-like chitin-binding domains, but their defensive modes of action remain unclear. Here, we analyzed the effects of MLX56 family proteins on the peritrophic membrane (PM), a thin and soft membrane consisting of chitin that lines the midgut lumen of insects. We observed an abnormally thick (>1/5 the diameter of midgut) hard gel-like membrane consisted of chitin and MLX56 family proteins, MLX56 and LA-b, in the midgut of the Eri silkworms, Samia ricini, fed a diet containing MLX56 family proteins, MLX56 and LA-b. When polyoxin AL, a chitin-synthesis-inhibitor, was added to the diet containing MLX56 family proteins, the toxicity of MLX56 family proteins disappeared and PM became thinner and fragmented. These results suggest that MLX56 family proteins, through their chitin-binding domains, bind to the chitin framework of PM, then through their extensin-domain (gum arabic-like structure), which functions as swelling agent, expands PM into an abnormally thick membrane that inhibits the growth of insects. This study shows that MLX56 family proteins are plant defense lectins with a totally unique mode of action, and reveals the functions of extensin domains and arabinogalactan proteins as swelling (gel-forming) agents of plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Konno
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan.
| | - Sachiko Shimura
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ueno
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Toru Arakawa
- Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 1-2 Ohwashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8634, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nakamura
- Genetic Resource Center Hokuto, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), 6585 Kobuchizawa, Hokuto, Yamanashi 408-0044, Japan
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Rost-Roszkowska MM, Kszuk-Jendrysik M, Marchewka A, Poprawa I. Fine structure of the midgut epithelium in the millipede Telodeinopus aoutii (Myriapoda, Diplopoda) with special emphasis on epithelial regeneration. PROTOPLASMA 2018; 255:43-55. [PMID: 28612274 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-017-1131-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The midgut of millipedes is composed of a simple epithelium that rests on a basal lamina, which is surrounded by visceral muscles and hepatic cells. As the material for our studies, we chose Telodeinopus aoutii (Demange, 1971) (Kenyan millipede) (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida), which lives in the rain forests of Central Africa. This commonly reared species is easy to obtain from local breeders and easy to culture in the laboratory. During our studies, we used transmission and scanning electron microscopes and light and fluorescent microscopes. The midgut epithelium of the species examined here shares similarities to the structure of the millipedes analyzed to date. The midgut epithelium is composed of three types of cells-digestive, secretory, and regenerative cells. Evidence of three types of secretion have been observed in the midgut epithelium: merocrine, apocrine, and microapocrine secretion. The regenerative cells of the midgut epithelium in millipedes fulfill the role of midgut stem cells because of their main functions: self-renewal (the ability to divide mitotically and to maintain in an undifferentiated state) and potency (ability to differentiate into digestive cells). We also confirmed that spot desmosomes are common intercellular junctions between the regenerative and digestive cells in millipedes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Rost-Roszkowska
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland.
| | - M Kszuk-Jendrysik
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - A Marchewka
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
| | - I Poprawa
- Department of Animal Histology and Embryology, University of Silesia, Bankowa 9, 40-007, Katowice, Poland
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Velasques J, Cardoso MH, Abrantes G, Frihling BE, Franco OL, Migliolo L. The rescue of botanical insecticides: A bioinspiration for new niches and needs. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 143:14-25. [PMID: 29183583 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Crop protection is the basis of plant production and food security. Additionally, there are many efforts focused on increasing defensive mechanisms in order to avoid the damaging effects of insects, which still represent significant losses worldwide. Plants have naturally evolved different mechanisms to discourage herbivory, including chemical barriers such as the induction of defensive proteins and secondary metabolites, some of which have a historical link with bio-farming practices and others that are yet to be used. In the context of global concern regarding health and environmental impacts, which has been translated into political action and restrictions on the use of synthetic pesticides, this review deals with a description of some historical commercial phytochemicals and promising proteinaceous compounds that plants may modulate to defeat insect attacks. We present a broader outlook on molecular structure and mechanisms of action while we discuss possible tools to achieve effective methods for the biological control of pests, either by the formulation of products or by the development of new plant varieties with enhanced chemical defenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannaina Velasques
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Marlon Henrique Cardoso
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Abrantes
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Breno Emanuel Frihling
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Programa de Pós Graduação em Patologia Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Centro de Análises Proteômicas e Bioquímicas, Pós-Graduação em Ciências Genômicas e Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Ludovico Migliolo
- S-Inova Biotech, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Dom Bosco, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
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de Oliveira CFR, de Moura MC, Napoleão TH, Paiva PMG, Coelho LCBB, Macedo MLR. A chitin-binding lectin from Moringa oleifera seeds (WSMoL) impairs the digestive physiology of the Mediterranean flour larvae, Anagasta kuehniella. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2017; 142:67-76. [PMID: 29107249 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biotechnological techniques allow the investigation of alternatives to outdated chemical insecticides for crop protection; some investigations have focused on the identification of molecules tailored from nature for this purpose. We, herein, describe the negative effects of water-soluble lectin from Moringa oleifera seeds (WSMoL) on Anagasta kuehniella development. The chitin-binding lectin, WSMoL, impaired the larval weight gain by 50% and affected the activity of the pest's major digestive enzymes. The commitment of the digestive process became evident after controlled digestion studies, where the capacity of protein digestion was compromised by >90%. Upon acute exposure, the lectin was not resistant to digestion; however, chronic ingestion of WSMoL was able to reverse this feature. Thus, we show that resistance to digestion may not be a prerequisite for a lectin's ability to exert negative effects on larval physiology. The mechanism of action of WSMoL involves binding to chitin with possible disruption to the peritrophic membrane, causing disorder between the endo- and ectoperitrophic spaces. Additionally, results suggest that WSMoL may trigger apoptosis in gut cells, leading to the lower enzymatic activity observed in WSMoL-fed larvae. Although assays employing an artificial diet did not demonstrate effects of WSMoL on A. kuehniella mortality, this lectin may hold potential for exerting insecticide effects on other pest insects, as well for use in other experimental approaches, such as WSMoL-expressing plants. Moreover, the use of WSMoL with other biotechnological tools, such as 'pyramid' crops, may represent a strategy for delaying the evolution of pest resistance to transgenic crops, since its multiple site targets could act in synergism with other insecticide compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Fernando Ramalho de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas-LPPFB, Unidade de Tecnologia de Alimentos e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil
| | - Maiara Celine de Moura
- Departmento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Thiago Henrique Napoleão
- Departmento de Bioquímica e Biofísica, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | | | | | - Maria Lígia Rodrigues Macedo
- Laboratório de Purificação de Proteínas e suas Funções Biológicas-LPPFB, Unidade de Tecnologia de Alimentos e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.
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Kariyat RR, Smith JD, Stephenson AG, De Moraes CM, Mescher MC. Non-glandular trichomes of Solanum carolinense deter feeding by Manduca sexta caterpillars and cause damage to the gut peritrophic matrix. Proc Biol Sci 2017; 284:20162323. [PMID: 28228510 PMCID: PMC5326521 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2016.2323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant trichomes constitute a first line of defence against insect herbivores. The pre- and post-ingestive defensive functions of glandular trichomes are well documented and include direct toxicity, adhesion, antinutrition and defence gene induction. By contrast, the defensive functions of non-glandular trichomes are less well characterized, although these structures are thought to serve as physical barriers that impede herbivore feeding and movement. We experimentally varied the density of stellate non-glandular trichomes in several ways to explore their pre- and post-ingestive effects on herbivores. Larvae of Manduca sexta (Sphingidae) initiated feeding faster and gained more weight on Solanum carolinense (Solanaceae) leaves having lower trichome densities (or experimentally removed trichomes) than on leaves having higher trichome densities. Adding trichomes to artificial diet also deterred feeding and adversely affected caterpillar growth relative to controls. Scanning electron and light microscopy revealed that the ingestion of stellate trichomes by M. sexta caterpillars caused extensive damage to the peritrophic membrane, a gut lining that is essential to digestion and pathogen isolation. These findings suggest that, in addition to acting as a physical barrier to deter feeding, trichomes can inhibit caterpillar growth and development via post-ingestive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupesh R Kariyat
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jason D Smith
- Department of Biology, Dickinson College, Carlisle, PA 17013, USA
| | - Andrew G Stephenson
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Consuelo M De Moraes
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mark C Mescher
- Department of Environmental Systems Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH Zürich), 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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Characterization of putative virulence factors of Serratia marcescens strain SEN for pathogenesis in Spodoptera litura. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 143:115-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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