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Haller JM, Fink D, Smith H, Olsen Z, Jacobs C, Anderson D. The Relationship Between Intra-articular Fracture Energy and a Patient's Inflammatory Response. J Orthop Trauma 2024; 38:e225-e229. [PMID: 38478361 DOI: 10.1097/bot.0000000000002800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Prior studies have demonstrated elevated inflammatory cytokine concentrations in the synovial fluid of articular fracture patients postinjury. Similarly, CT-based fracture energy measurements have been correlated with posttraumatic osteoarthritis risk after pilon fracture. The purpose of this study was to determine the associations between synovial fluid cytokine levels, fracture energy, and overall trauma to the body in articular fracture patients. METHODS Acute tibial plateau, tibial plafond, and rotational ankle fracture patients were prospectively enrolled from December 2011 through January 1, 2019. Synovial fluid concentrations of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-1 receptor antagonist, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, matrix metallopeptidase-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 were quantified. Patient CT scans were used to calculate fracture energy. The Injury Severity Score (ISS) was used to relate cytokine levels to whole-body injury severity. Spearman rho correlation coefficients were calculated to assess the relationship between injury severity metrics and synovial fluid cytokine, chemokine, and matrix metallopeptidase concentrations. RESULTS Eighty-seven patients were enrolled with 42 had a tibial plateau fractures (OTA/AO 41B1-2, 41B2-14, 41B3-3, 41C1-3, 41C2-4, 41C3-16), 24 patients had a tibial plafond fracture (OTA/AO 43B1-2, 43B2-4, 43B3-5, 43C1-2, 43C2-3, 43C3-8), and 21 had a rotational ankle fracture (OTA/AO 44B1-3, 44B2-3, 44B3-6, 44C1-4, 44C2-5). Fracture energy significantly differed between fracture patterns, with ankle fractures involving substantially less fracture energy (median = 2.92 J) than plafond (10.85 J, P < 0.001) and plateau fractures (13.05 J, P < 0.001). After adjustment for multiple comparisons, MMP-3 was significantly correlated with transformed fracture energy (r = 0.41, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.22-0.58, P < 0.001), while IL-1β was significantly correlated with the Injury Severity Score (Spearman ρ = 0.31, 95% CI, 0.08-0.49, P = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS Synovial fluid MMP-3 concentration was significantly correlated with CT-quantified fracture energy in intra-articular fracture patients. Given that in clinical practice fracture energy tends to correlate with posttraumatic osteoarthritis risk, MMP-3 may warrant further investigation for its role in posttraumatic osteoarthritis development after articular fracture. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Haller
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Diane Fink
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Hannah Smith
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Zachary Olsen
- Arkansas College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Smith, AR; and
| | - Cale Jacobs
- Massachusetts General Brigham Sports Medicine, Foxborough, MA
| | - Donald Anderson
- Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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Stewart HL, Gilbert D, Stefanovski D, Garman Z, Albro MB, Bais M, Grinstaff MW, Snyder BD, Schaer TP. A missed opportunity: A scoping review of the effect of sex and age on osteoarthritis using large animal models. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2024; 32:501-513. [PMID: 38408635 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2024.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective was to critically analyze the published literature accounting for sex differences and skeletal age (open vs. closed physis) in preclinical animal models of OA, including the disaggregation of data by sex and skeletal maturity when data is generated from combined sex and/or multi-aged cohorts without proper confounding. METHOD A scoping literature review of PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and SCOPUS was performed for studies evaluating the effect of sex and age in experimental studies and clinical trials utilizing preclinical large animal models of OA. RESULTS A total of 9727 papers were identified in large animal (dog, pig, sheep, goat, horse) models for preclinical OA research, of which 238 ex vivo and/or in vivo studies disclosed model type, animal species, sex, and skeletal age sufficient to analyze their effect on outcomes. Dogs, followed by pigs, sheep, and horses, were the most commonly used models. A paucity of preclinical studies evaluated the effect of sex and age in large animal models of naturally occurring or experimentally induced OA: 26 total studies reported some kind of analysis of the effects of sex or age, with 4 studies discussing the effects of sex only, 11 studies discussing the effects of age only, and 11 studies analyzing both the effects of age and sex. CONCLUSION Fundamental to translational research, OARSI is uniquely positioned to develop recommendations for conducting preclinical studies using large animal models of OA that consider biological mechanisms linked to sex chromosomes, skeletal age, castration, and gonadal hormones affecting OA pathophysiology and treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly L Stewart
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
| | - Derek Gilbert
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
| | - Darko Stefanovski
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
| | - Zoe Garman
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Boston University, Boston MA 02215, USA
| | - Michael B Albro
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston MA 02215, USA
| | - Manish Bais
- Boston University, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston MA 02118, USA
| | - Mark W Grinstaff
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Chemistry, Boston University, Boston MA 02215, USA
| | - Brian D Snyder
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Thomas P Schaer
- Department of Clinical Studies New Bolton Center, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
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Segarra-Queralt M, Crump K, Pascuet-Fontanet A, Gantenbein B, Noailly J. The interplay between biochemical mediators and mechanotransduction in chondrocytes: Unravelling the differential responses in primary knee osteoarthritis. Phys Life Rev 2024; 48:205-221. [PMID: 38377727 DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2024.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
In primary or idiopathic osteoarthritis (OA), it is unclear which factors trigger the shift of articular chondrocyte activity from pro-anabolic to pro-catabolic. In fact, there is a controversy about the aetiology of primary OA, either mechanical or inflammatory. Chondrocytes are mechanosensitive cells, that integrate mechanical stimuli into cellular responses in a process known as mechanotransduction. Mechanotransduction occurs thanks to the activation of mechanosensors, a set of specialized proteins that convert physical cues into intracellular signalling cascades. Moderate levels of mechanical loads maintain normal tissue function and have anti-inflammatory effects. In contrast, mechanical over- or under-loading might lead to cartilage destruction and increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Simultaneously, mechanotransduction processes can regulate and be regulated by pro- and anti-inflammatory soluble mediators, both local (cells of the same joint, i.e., the chondrocytes themselves, infiltrating macrophages, fibroblasts or osteoclasts) and systemic (from other tissues, e.g., adipokines). Thus, the complex process of mechanotransduction might be altered in OA, so that cartilage-preserving chondrocytes adopt a different sensitivity to mechanical signals, and mechanic stimuli positively transduced in the healthy cartilage may become deleterious under OA conditions. This review aims to provide an overview of how the biochemical exposome of chondrocytes can alter important mechanotransduction processes in these cells. Four principal mechanosensors, i.e., integrins, Ca2+ channels, primary cilium and Wnt signalling (canonical and non-canonical) were targeted. For each of these mechanosensors, a brief summary of the response to mechanical loads under healthy or OA conditions is followed by a concise overview of published works that focus on the further regulation of the mechanotransduction pathways by biochemical factors. In conclusion, this paper discusses and explores how biological mediators influence the differential behaviour of chondrocytes under mechanical loads in healthy and primary OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Segarra-Queralt
- BCN MedTech, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/ de la Mercè, 12, Barcelona, 08002, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Katherine Crump
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics & Mechanobiology, Bone & Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland; Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Mittelstrasse 43, Bern, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andreu Pascuet-Fontanet
- BCN MedTech, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/ de la Mercè, 12, Barcelona, 08002, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Benjamin Gantenbein
- Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedics & Mechanobiology, Bone & Joint Program, Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), Medical Faculty, University of Bern, Murtenstrasse 35, Bern, 3008, Bern, Switzerland; Department of Orthopedic Surgery & Traumatology, Inselspital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 18, Bern, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Noailly
- BCN MedTech, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, C/ de la Mercè, 12, Barcelona, 08002, Catalonia, Spain.
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Allen NB, Aitchison AH, Bagheri K, Guardino NJ, Abar B, Adams SB. Exposure of Tissue-Engineered Cartilage Analogs to Synovial Fluid Hematoma After Ankle Fracture Is Associated With Chondrocyte Death and Altered Cartilage Maintenance Gene Expression. Foot Ankle Int 2023; 44:922-930. [PMID: 37329280 DOI: 10.1177/10711007231178829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first stage of fracture healing consists of hematoma formation with recruitment of proinflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases. Unfortunately, when there is an intra-articular fracture, these inflammatory mediators are not retained at the fracture site, but instead, envelop the healthy cartilage of the entire joint via the synovial fluid fracture hematoma (SFFH). These inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinases are known factors in the progression of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Despite the known inflammatory contents of the SFFH, little research has been done on the effects of the SFFH on healthy cartilage with regard to cell death and alteration in gene expression that could lead to posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). METHODS SFFH was collected from 12 patients with intraarticular ankle fracture at the time of surgery. Separately, C20A4 immortalized human chondrocytes were 3-dimensionally cultured to create scaffold-free cartilage tissue analogs (CTAs) to simulate healthy cartilage. Experimental CTAs (n = 12) were exposed to 100% SFFH for 3 days, washed, and transferred to complete media for 3 days. Control CTAs (n = 12) were simultaneously cultured in complete medium without exposure to SFFH. Subsequently, CTAs were harvested and underwent biochemical, histological, and gene expression analysis. RESULTS Exposure of CTAs to ankle SFFH for 3 days significantly decreased chondrocyte viability by 34% (P = .027). Gene expression of both COL2A1 and SOX9 were significantly decreased after exposure to SFFH (P = .012 and P = .0013 respectively), while there was no difference in COL1A1, RUNX2, and MMP13 gene expression. Quantitative analysis of Picrosirius red staining demonstrated increased collagen I deposition with poor ultrastructural organization in SFFH-exposed CTAs. CONCLUSION Exposure of an organoid model of healthy cartilage tissue to SFFH after intraarticular ankle fracture resulted in decreased chondrocyte viability, decreased expression of genes regulating normal chondrocyte phenotype, and altered matrix ultrastructure indicating differentiation toward an osteoarthritis phenotype. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The majority of ankle fracture open reduction and internal fixation does not occur immediately after fracture. In fact, typically these fractures are treated several days to weeks later in order to let the swelling subside. This means that the healthy innocent bystander cartilage not involved in the fracture is exposed to SFFH during this time. In this study, the SFFH caused decreased chondrocyte viability and specific altered gene expression that might have the potential to induce osteoarthritis. These data suggest that early intervention after intraarticular ankle fracture could possibly mitigate progression toward PTOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas B Allen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Kian Bagheri
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Nicholas J Guardino
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bijan Abar
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Material Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Samuel B Adams
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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5
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Segarra-Queralt M, Piella G, Noailly J. Network-based modelling of mechano-inflammatory chondrocyte regulation in early osteoarthritis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1006066. [PMID: 36815875 PMCID: PMC9936426 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1006066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a debilitating joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degradation, inflammation and pain. An extensive range of in vivo and in vitro studies evidences that mechanical loads induce changes in chondrocyte gene expression, through a process known as mechanotransduction. It involves cascades of complex molecular interactions that convert physical signals into cellular response(s) that favor either chondroprotection or cartilage destruction. Systematic representations of those interactions can positively inform early strategies for OA management, and dynamic modelling allows semi-quantitative representations of the steady states of complex biological system according to imposed initial conditions. Yet, mechanotransduction is rarely integrated. Hence, a novel mechano-sensitive network-based model is proposed, in the form of a continuous dynamical system: an interactome of a set of 118 nodes, i.e., mechano-sensitive cellular receptors, second messengers, transcription factors and proteins, related among each other through a specific topology of 358 directed edges is developed. Results show that under physio-osmotic initial conditions, an anabolic state is reached, whereas initial perturbations caused by pro-inflammatory and injurious mechanical loads leads to a catabolic profile of node expression. More specifically, healthy chondrocyte markers (Sox9 and CITED2) are fully expressed under physio-osmotic conditions, and reduced under inflammation, or injurious loadings. In contrast, NF-κB and Runx2, characteristic of an osteoarthritic chondrocyte, become activated under inflammation or excessive loading regimes. A literature-based evaluation shows that the model can replicate 94% of the experiments tested. Sensitivity analysis based on a factorial design of a treatment shows that inflammation has the strongest influence on chondrocyte metabolism, along with a significant deleterious effect of static compressive loads. At the same time, anti-inflammatory therapies appear as the most promising ones, though the restoration of structural protein production seems to remain a major challenge even in beneficial mechanical environments. The newly developed mechano-sensitive network model for chondrocyte activity reveals a unique potential to reflect load-induced chondroprotection or articular cartilage degradation in different mechano-chemical-environments.
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6
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Kosonen JP, Eskelinen ASA, Orozco GA, Nieminen P, Anderson DD, Grodzinsky AJ, Korhonen RK, Tanska P. Injury-related cell death and proteoglycan loss in articular cartilage: Numerical model combining necrosis, reactive oxygen species, and inflammatory cytokines. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1010337. [PMID: 36701279 PMCID: PMC9879441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common musculoskeletal disease that leads to deterioration of articular cartilage, joint pain, and decreased quality of life. When OA develops after a joint injury, it is designated as post-traumatic OA (PTOA). The etiology of PTOA remains poorly understood, but it is known that proteoglycan (PG) loss, cell dysfunction, and cell death in cartilage are among the first signs of the disease. These processes, influenced by biomechanical and inflammatory stimuli, disturb the normal cell-regulated balance between tissue synthesis and degeneration. Previous computational mechanobiological models have not explicitly incorporated the cell-mediated degradation mechanisms triggered by an injury that eventually can lead to tissue-level compositional changes. Here, we developed a 2-D mechanobiological finite element model to predict necrosis, apoptosis following excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and inflammatory cytokine (interleukin-1)-driven apoptosis in cartilage explant. The resulting PG loss over 30 days was simulated. Biomechanically triggered PG degeneration, associated with cell necrosis, excessive ROS production, and cell apoptosis, was predicted to be localized near a lesion, while interleukin-1 diffusion-driven PG degeneration was manifested more globally. Interestingly, the model also showed proteolytic activity and PG biosynthesis closer to the levels of healthy tissue when pro-inflammatory cytokines were rapidly inhibited or cleared from the culture medium, leading to partial recovery of PG content. The numerical predictions of cell death and PG loss were supported by previous experimental findings. Furthermore, the simulated ROS and inflammation mechanisms had longer-lasting effects (over 3 days) on the PG content than localized necrosis. The mechanobiological model presented here may serve as a numerical tool for assessing early cartilage degeneration mechanisms and the efficacy of interventions to mitigate PTOA progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonas P. Kosonen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Gustavo A. Orozco
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Petteri Nieminen
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Donald D. Anderson
- Departments of Orthopedics & Rehabilitation and Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Alan J. Grodzinsky
- Departments of Biological Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, and Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Rami K. Korhonen
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Petri Tanska
- Department of Technical Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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7
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Plaas AHK, Moran MM, Sandy JD, Hascall VC. Aggrecan and Hyaluronan: The Infamous Cartilage Polyelectrolytes - Then and Now. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1402:3-29. [PMID: 37052843 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-25588-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Cartilages are unique in the family of connective tissues in that they contain a high concentration of the glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate attached to the core protein of the proteoglycan, aggrecan. Multiple aggrecan molecules are organized in the extracellular matrix via a domain-specific molecular interaction with hyaluronan and a link protein, and these high molecular weight aggregates are immobilized within the collagen and glycoprotein network. The high negative charge density of glycosaminoglycans provides hydrophilicity, high osmotic swelling pressure and conformational flexibility, which together function to absorb fluctuations in biomechanical stresses on cartilage during movement of an articular joint. We have summarized information on the history and current knowledge obtained by biochemical and genetic approaches, on cell-mediated regulation of aggrecan metabolism and its role in skeletal development, growth as well as during the development of joint disease. In addition, we describe the pathways for hyaluronan metabolism, with particular focus on the role as a "metabolic rheostat" during chondrocyte responses in cartilage remodeling in growth and disease.Future advances in effective therapeutic targeting of cartilage loss during osteoarthritic diseases of the joint as an organ as well as in cartilage tissue engineering would benefit from 'big data' approaches and bioinformatics, to uncover novel feed-forward and feed-back mechanisms for regulating transcription and translation of genes and their integration into cell-specific pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H K Plaas
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Meghan M Moran
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - John D Sandy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Vincent C Hascall
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Capuana E, Marino D, Di Gesù R, La Carrubba V, Brucato V, Tuan RS, Gottardi R. A High-Throughput Mechanical Activator for Cartilage Engineering Enables Rapid Screening of in vitro Response of Tissue Models to Physiological and Supra-Physiological Loads. Cells Tissues Organs 2023; 211:670-688. [PMID: 34261061 PMCID: PMC9843549 DOI: 10.1159/000514985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage is crucially influenced by loading during development, health, and disease. However, our knowledge of the mechanical conditions that promote engineered cartilage maturation or tissue repair is still incomplete. Current in vitro models that allow precise control of the local mechanical environment have been dramatically limited by very low throughput, usually just a few specimens per experiment. To overcome this constraint, we have developed a new device for the high throughput compressive loading of tissue constructs: the High Throughput Mechanical Activator for Cartilage Engineering (HiT-MACE), which allows the mechanoactivation of 6 times more samples than current technologies. With HiT-MACE we were able to apply cyclic loads in the physiological (e.g., equivalent to walking and normal daily activity) and supra-physiological range (e.g., injurious impacts or extensive overloading) to up to 24 samples in one single run. In this report, we compared the early response of cartilage to physiological and supra-physiological mechanical loading to the response to IL-1β exposure, a common but rudimentary in vitro model of cartilage osteoarthritis. Physiological loading rapidly upregulated gene expression of anabolic markers along the TGF-β1 pathway. Notably, TGF-β1 or serum was not included in the medium. Supra-physiological loading caused a mild catabolic response while IL-1β exposure drove a rapid anabolic shift. This aligns well with recent findings suggesting that overloading is a more realistic and biomimetic model of cartilage degeneration. Taken together, these findings showed that the application of HiT-MACE allowed the use of larger number of samples to generate higher volume of data to effectively explore cartilage mechanobiology, which will enable the design of more effective repair and rehabilitation strategies for degenerative cartilage pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Capuana
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy,Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Davide Marino
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy,Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Roberto Di Gesù
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA,Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Fondazione Ri.MED, Palermo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo La Carrubba
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy,INSTM, Palermo Research Unit, Palermo, Italy
| | - Valerio Brucato
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
| | - Rocky S. Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA,The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Riccardo Gottardi
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA,Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA,Fondazione Ri.MED, Palermo, Italy,*Riccardo Gottardi,
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Kim B, Bonassar LJ. Understanding the Influence of Local Physical Stimuli on Chondrocyte Behavior. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1402:31-44. [PMID: 37052844 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-25588-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the mechanobiology of chondrocytes is challenging due to the complex micromechanical environment of cartilage tissue. The innate zonal differences and poroelastic properties of the tissue combined with its heterogeneous composition create spatial- and temporal-dependent cell behavior, which further complicates the investigation. Despite the numerous challenges, understanding the mechanobiology of chondrocytes is crucial for developing strategies for treating cartilage related diseases as chondrocytes are the only cell type within the tissue. The effort to understand chondrocyte behavior under various mechanical stimuli has been ongoing over the last 50 years. Early studies examined global biosynthetic behavior under unidirectional mechanical stimulus. With the technological development in high-speed confocal imaging techniques, recent studies have focused on investigating real-time individual and collective cell responses to multiple / combined modes of mechanical stimuli. Such efforts have led to tremendous advances in understanding the influence of local physical stimuli on chondrocyte behavior. In addition, we highlight the wide variety of experimental techniques, spanning from static to impact loading, and analysis techniques, from biochemical assays to machine learning, that have been utilized to study chondrocyte behavior. Finally, we review the progression of hypotheses about chondrocyte mechanobiology and provide a perspective on the future outlook of chondrocyte mechanobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byumsu Kim
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence J Bonassar
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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10
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Selig M, Azizi S, Walz K, Lauer JC, Rolauffs B, Hart ML. Cell morphology as a biological fingerprint of chondrocyte phenotype in control and inflammatory conditions. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1102912. [PMID: 36860844 PMCID: PMC9968733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1102912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Little is known how inflammatory processes quantitatively affect chondrocyte morphology and how single cell morphometric data could be used as a biological fingerprint of phenotype. Methods We investigated whether trainable high-throughput quantitative single cell morphology profiling combined with population-based gene expression analysis can be used to identify biological fingerprints that are discriminatory of control vs. inflammatory phenotypes. The shape of a large number of chondrocytes isolated from bovine healthy and human osteoarthritic (OA) cartilages was quantified under control and inflammatory (IL-1β) conditions using a trainable image analysis technique measuring a panel of cell shape descriptors (area, length, width, circularity, aspect ratio, roundness, solidity). The expression profiles of phenotypically relevant markers were quantified by ddPCR. Statistical analysis, multivariate data exploration, and projection-based modelling were used for identifying specific morphological fingerprints indicative of phenotype. Results Cell morphology was sensitive to both cell density and IL-1β. In both cell types, all shape descriptors correlated with expression of extracellular matrix (ECM)- and inflammatory-regulating genes. A hierarchical clustered image map revealed that individual samples sometimes responded differently in control or IL-1β conditions than the overall population. Despite these variances, discriminative projection-based modeling revealed distinct morphological fingerprints that discriminated between control and inflammatory chondrocyte phenotypes: the most essential morphological characteristics attributable to non-treated control cells was a higher cell aspect ratio in healthy bovine chondrocytes and roundness in OA human chondrocytes. In contrast, a higher circularity and width in healthy bovine chondrocytes and length and area in OA human chondrocytes indicated an inflammatory (IL-1β) phenotype. When comparing the two species/health conditions, bovine healthy and human OA chondrocytes exhibited comparable IL-1β-induced morphologies in roundness, a widely recognized marker of chondrocyte phenotype, and aspect ratio. Discussion Overall, cell morphology can be used as a biological fingerprint for describing chondrocyte phenotype. Quantitative single cell morphometry in conjunction with advanced methods for multivariate data analysis allows identifying morphological fingerprints that can discriminate between control and inflammatory chondrocyte phenotypes. This approach could be used to assess how culture conditions, inflammatory mediators, and therapeutic modulators regulate cell phenotype and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mischa Selig
- G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Saman Azizi
- G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Kathrin Walz
- G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Jasmin C Lauer
- G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Bernd Rolauffs
- G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Melanie L Hart
- G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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11
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Kurz B, Hart ML, Rolauffs B. Mechanical Articular Cartilage Injury Models and Their Relevance in Advancing Therapeutic Strategies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1402:107-124. [PMID: 37052850 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-25588-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
This chapter details how Alan Grodzinsky and his team unraveled the complex electromechanobiological structure-function relationships of articular cartilage and used these insights to develop an impressively versatile shear and compression model. In this context, this chapter focuses (i) on the effects of mechanical compressive injury on multiple articular cartilage properties for (ii) better understanding the molecular concept of mechanical injury, by studying gene expression, signal transduction and the release of potential injury biomarkers. Furthermore, we detail how (iii) this was used to combine mechanical injury with cytokine exposure or co-culture systems for generating a more realistic trauma model to (iv) investigate the therapeutic modulation of the injurious response of articular cartilage. Impressively, Alan Grodzinsky's research has been and will remain to be instrumental in understanding the proinflammatory response to injury and in developing effective therapies that are based on an in-depth understanding of complex structure-function relationships that underlay articular cartilage function and degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo Kurz
- Department of Anatomy, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Melanie L Hart
- G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Bernd Rolauffs
- G.E.R.N. Research Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center-Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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12
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Dwivedi G, Flaman L, Alaybeyoglu B, Struglics A, Frank EH, Chubinskya S, Trippel SB, Rosen V, Cirit M, Grodzinsky AJ. Inflammatory cytokines and mechanical injury induce post-traumatic osteoarthritis-like changes in a human cartilage-bone-synovium microphysiological system. Arthritis Res Ther 2022; 24:198. [PMID: 35982461 PMCID: PMC9386988 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-022-02881-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic knee injuries in humans trigger an immediate increase in synovial fluid levels of inflammatory cytokines that accompany impact damage to joint tissues. We developed a human in vitro cartilage-bone-synovium (CBS) coculture model to study the role of mechanical injury and inflammation in the initiation of post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA)-like disease. Methods Osteochondral plugs (cartilage-bone, CB) along with joint capsule synovium explants (S) were harvested from 25 cadaveric distal femurs from 16 human donors (Collin’s grade 0–2, 23–83years). Two-week monocultures (cartilage (C), bone (B), synovium (S)) and cocultures (CB, CBS) were established. A PTOA-like disease group was initiated via coculture of synovium explants with mechanically impacted osteochondral plugs (CBS+INJ, peak stress 5MPa) with non-impacted CB as controls. Disease-like progression was assessed through analyses of changes in cell viability, inflammatory cytokines released to media (10-plex ELISA), tissue matrix degradation, and metabolomics profile. Results Immediate increases in concentrations of a panel of inflammatory cytokines occurred in CBS+INJ and CBS cocultures and cultures with S alone (IL-1, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α among others). CBS+INJ and CBS also showed increased chondrocyte death compared to uninjured CB. The release of sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAG) and associated ARGS-aggrecan neoepitope fragments to the medium was significantly increased in CBS and CBS+INJ groups. Distinct metabolomics profiles were observed for C, B, and S monocultures, and metabolites related to inflammatory response in CBS versus CB (e.g., kynurenine, 1-methylnicotinamide, and hypoxanthine) were identified. Conclusion CBS and CBS+INJ models showed distinct cellular, inflammatory, and matrix-related alterations relevant to PTOA-like initiation/progression. The use of human knee tissues from donors that had no prior history of OA disease suggests the relevance of this model in highlighting the role of injury and inflammation in earliest stages of PTOA progression. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13075-022-02881-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Dwivedi
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lisa Flaman
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Begum Alaybeyoglu
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Javelin Biotech, Woburn, MA, USA
| | - André Struglics
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Orthopaedics, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Eliot H Frank
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Susan Chubinskya
- Departments of Pediatrics, Orthopedic Surgery and Medicine (Section of Rheumatology), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Stephen B Trippel
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Vicki Rosen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Harvard School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Alan J Grodzinsky
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, NE47-377, 500 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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13
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Eskelinen ASA, Florea C, Tanska P, Hung HK, Frank EH, Mikkonen S, Nieminen P, Julkunen P, Grodzinsky AJ, Korhonen RK. Cyclic loading regime considered beneficial does not protect injured and interleukin-1-inflamed cartilage from post-traumatic osteoarthritis. J Biomech 2022; 141:111181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Jansen MP, Mastbergen SC. Joint distraction for osteoarthritis: clinical evidence and molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2022; 18:35-46. [PMID: 34616035 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-021-00695-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Joint distraction, the prolonged mechanical separation of the bones at a joint, has emerged as a joint-preserving treatment for end-stage osteoarthritis, with the gradually growing promise of implementation in regular clinical practice. Joint distraction of the knee has been most extensively studied, with these studies showing prolonged symptomatic improvement in combination with repair of cartilage tissue in degenerated knee joints, supporting the concept that cartilage repair can translate into real clinical benefit. The reversal of tissue degeneration observed with joint distraction could be the result of one or a combination of various proposed mechanisms, including partial unloading, synovial fluid pressure oscillation, mechanical and biochemical changes in subchondral bone, adhesion and chondrogenic commitment of joint-derived mesenchymal stem cells or a change in the molecular milieu of the joint. The overall picture that emerges from the combined evidence is relevant for future research and treatment-related improvements of joint distraction and for translation of the insights gained about tissue repair to other joint-preserving techniques. It remains to be elucidated whether optimizing the biomechanical conditions during joint distraction can actually cure osteoarthritis rather than only providing temporary symptomatic relief, but even temporary relief might be relevant for society and patients, as it will delay joint replacement with a prosthesis at an early age and thereby avert revision surgery later in life. Most importantly, improved insights into the underlying mechanisms of joint repair might provide new leads for more targeted treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylène P Jansen
- Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Simon C Mastbergen
- Rheumatology & Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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15
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Mechanical Cues: Bidirectional Reciprocity in the Extracellular Matrix Drives Mechano-Signalling in Articular Cartilage. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413595. [PMID: 34948394 PMCID: PMC8707858 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition and organisation of the extracellular matrix (ECM), particularly the pericellular matrix (PCM), in articular cartilage is critical to its biomechanical functionality; the presence of proteoglycans such as aggrecan, entrapped within a type II collagen fibrillar network, confers mechanical resilience underweight-bearing. Furthermore, components of the PCM including type VI collagen, perlecan, small leucine-rich proteoglycans—decorin and biglycan—and fibronectin facilitate the transduction of both biomechanical and biochemical signals to the residing chondrocytes, thereby regulating the process of mechanotransduction in cartilage. In this review, we summarise the literature reporting on the bidirectional reciprocity of the ECM in chondrocyte mechano-signalling and articular cartilage homeostasis. Specifically, we discuss studies that have characterised the response of articular cartilage to mechanical perturbations in the local tissue environment and how the magnitude or type of loading applied elicits cellular behaviours to effect change. In vivo, including transgenic approaches, and in vitro studies have illustrated how physiological loading maintains a homeostatic balance of anabolic and catabolic activities, involving the direct engagement of many PCM molecules in orchestrating this slow but consistent turnover of the cartilage matrix. Furthermore, we document studies characterising how abnormal, non-physiological loading including excessive loading or joint trauma negatively impacts matrix molecule biosynthesis and/or organisation, affecting PCM mechanical properties and reducing the tissue’s ability to withstand load. We present compelling evidence showing that reciprocal engagement of the cells with this altered ECM environment can thus impact tissue homeostasis and, if sustained, can result in cartilage degradation and onset of osteoarthritis pathology. Enhanced dysregulation of PCM/ECM turnover is partially driven by mechanically mediated proteolytic degradation of cartilage ECM components. This generates bioactive breakdown fragments such as fibronectin, biglycan and lumican fragments, which can subsequently activate or inhibit additional signalling pathways including those involved in inflammation. Finally, we discuss how bidirectionality within the ECM is critically important in enabling the chondrocytes to synthesise and release PCM/ECM molecules, growth factors, pro-inflammatory cytokines and proteolytic enzymes, under a specified load, to influence PCM/ECM composition and mechanical properties in cartilage health and disease.
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16
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Regenerative Potential of Platelet Concentrate Lysate in Mechanically Injured Cartilage and Matrix-Associated Chondrocyte Implantation In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413179. [PMID: 34947976 PMCID: PMC8703707 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Adjuvant therapy in autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) can control the post-traumatic environment and guide graft maturation to support cartilage repair. To investigate both aspects, we examined potential chondro-regenerative effects of lysed platelet concentrate (PC) and supplementary interleukin 10 (IL-10) on mechanically injured cartilage and on clinically used ACI scaffolds. ACI remnants and human cartilage explants, which were applied to an uniaxial unconfined compression as injury model, were treated with human IL-10 and/or PC from thrombocyte concentrates. We analyzed nuclear blebbing/TUNEL, sGAG content, immunohistochemistry, and the expression of COL1A1, COL2A1, COL10A1, SOX9, and ACAN. Post-injuriously, PC was associated with less cell death, increased COL2A1 expression, and decreased COL10A1 expression and, interestingly, the combination with Il-10 or Il-10 alone had no additional effects, except on COL10A1, which was most effectively decreased by the combination of PC and Il-10. The expression of COL2A1 or SOX9 was statistically not modulated by these substances. In contrast, in chondrocytes in ACI grafts the combination of PC and IL-10 had the most pronounced effects on all parameters except ACAN. Thus, using adjuvants such as PC and IL-10, preferably in combination, is a promising strategy for enhancing repair and graft maturation of autologous transplanted chondrocytes after cartilage injury.
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17
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Shimozono Y, Dankert JF, Kennedy JG. Arthroscopic Debridement and Autologous Micronized Adipose Tissue Injection in the Treatment of Advanced-Stage Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis of the Ankle. Cartilage 2021; 13:1337S-1343S. [PMID: 32757620 PMCID: PMC8808881 DOI: 10.1177/1947603520946364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of intra-articular injection of autologous micronized adipose tissue (MAT) with ankle arthroscopic debridement in patients with advanced-stage posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) of ankle. DESIGN A retrospective cohort study investigating patients treated with arthroscopic debridement and autologous MAT injection for ankle PTOA was performed. Patients with Kellgren-Lawrence (KL) grade 3 to 4 were included. Visual analogue scale (VAS), Foot and Ankle Outcome Scores (FAOS), and patient satisfaction were evaluated. RESULTS A total of 19 patients (19 ankles) were included (KL grade 3, 8 patients; grade 4, 11 patients). At a mean follow-up time of 14.3 months (range, 7-23 months), the mean FAOS subscales for pain and quality of life significantly increased from 48.8 and 20.1 preoperatively to 61.1 and 30.1 (P = 0.029 and 0.048, respectively). The mean VAS score significantly improved from 6.1 to 3.8 (P = 0.003) at final follow-up. A total of 10.5% (2/19) of patients were very satisfied, 31.6% (6/19) satisfied, 26.3% (5/19) neutral, 21.1% (4/19) unsatisfied, and 10.5% (2/19) very unsatisfied with their outcomes. The overall FAOS score demonstrated a significant difference in pre- to postoperative change with 14.8 for KL grade 3 and 5.9 for KL grade 4 (P = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS Autologous MAT injection is a safe and potentially beneficial procedure for advanced-stage ankle PTOA as an adjunct to arthroscopic debridement, although more than one-third of patients were unsatisfied with the procedure. This procedure may be more beneficial for KL grade 3 patients than grade 4 patients. However, future investigations are necessary to define the role of MAT for ankle PTOA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John F. Dankert
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU
Langone Health, New York, NY, USA
| | - John G. Kennedy
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU
Langone Health, New York, NY, USA,John G. Kennedy, NYU Langone Health, 171
Delancey Street, 2nd Floor, New York, NY 10002, USA.
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18
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Sauerland K, Wolf A, Schudok M, Steinmeyer J. A novel model of a biomechanically induced osteoarthritis-like cartilage for pharmacological in vitro studies. J Cell Mol Med 2021; 25:11221-11231. [PMID: 34766430 PMCID: PMC8650028 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.17044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive pressure or overload induces and aggravates osteoarthritic changes in articular cartilage, but the underlying biomechanical forces are largely ignored in existing pharmacological in vitro models that are used to investigate drugs against osteoarthritis (OA). Here, we introduce a novel in vitro model to perform pathophysiological and pharmacological investigations, in which cartilage explants are subjected to intermittent cyclic pressure, and characterize its ability to mimic OA‐like tissue reactivity. Mechanical loading time‐dependently increased the biosynthesis, content and retention of fibronectin (Fn), whereas collagen metabolism remained unchanged. This protocol upregulated the production and release of proteoglycans (PGs). The release of PGs from explants was significantly inhibited by a matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor, suggesting the involvement of such proteinases in the destruction of the model tissue, similar to what is observed in human OA cartilage. In conclusion, the metabolic alterations in our new biomechanical in vitro model are similar to those of early human OA cartilage, and our pharmacological prevalidation with an MMP‐inhibitor supports its value for further in vitro drug studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Sauerland
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Amela Wolf
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Manfred Schudok
- R&D, Drug Metabolism & Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschand GmbH, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Juergen Steinmeyer
- Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Laboratory for Experimental Orthopaedics, Department of Orthopaedics, University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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19
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Inflammatory signaling sensitizes Piezo1 mechanotransduction in articular chondrocytes as a pathogenic feed-forward mechanism in osteoarthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2001611118. [PMID: 33758095 PMCID: PMC8020656 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001611118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a global health problem that affects load-bearing joints, causing loss of mobility and enormous healthcare costs. However, disease-modifying approaches are lacking. Here, we report a cellular mechanism of inflammatory signaling in chondrocytes, the cellular component of cartilage. We show how osteoarthritis-relevant levels of interleukin-1α reprogram articular chondrocytes so that they become more susceptible to mechanical trauma, which chondrocytes sense via Piezo1/2-mechanosensitive ion channels. We uncover that IL-1α enhances gene expression of Piezo1 in primary articular chondrocytes underlying Piezo1 enhanced function. We elucidate signaling from membrane to nucleus, including transcription factors that enhance Piezo1 expression. We also define consequences of increased expression of Piezo1, for mechanotransduction and at rest, that implicate this reprogramming mechanism in osteoarthritis pathogenesis. Osteoarthritis (OA) is a painful and debilitating condition of synovial joints without any disease-modifying therapies [A. M. Valdes, T. D. Spector, Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 7, 23–32 (2011)]. We previously identified mechanosensitive PIEZO channels, PIEZO1 and PIEZO2, both expressed in articular cartilage, to function in chondrocyte mechanotransduction in response to injury [W. Lee et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 111, E5114–E5122 (2014); W. Lee, F. Guilak, W. Liedtke, Curr. Top. Membr. 79, 263–273 (2017)]. We therefore asked whether interleukin-1–mediated inflammatory signaling, as occurs in OA, influences Piezo gene expression and channel function, thus indicative of maladaptive reprogramming that can be rationally targeted. Primary porcine chondrocyte culture and human osteoarthritic cartilage tissue were studied. We found that interleukin-1α (IL-1α) up-regulated Piezo1 in porcine chondrocytes. Piezo1 expression was significantly increased in human osteoarthritic cartilage. Increased Piezo1 expression in chondrocytes resulted in a feed-forward pathomechanism whereby increased function of Piezo1 induced excess intracellular Ca2+ at baseline and in response to mechanical deformation. Elevated resting state Ca2+ in turn rarefied the F-actin cytoskeleton and amplified mechanically induced deformation microtrauma. As intracellular substrates of this OA-related inflammatory pathomechanism, in porcine articular chondrocytes exposed to IL-1α, we discovered that enhanced Piezo1 expression depended on p38 MAP-kinase and transcription factors HNF4 and ATF2/CREBP1. CREBP1 directly bound to the proximal PIEZO1 gene promoter. Taken together, these signaling and genetic reprogramming events represent a detrimental Ca2+-driven feed-forward mechanism that can be rationally targeted to stem the progression of OA.
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20
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Houtman E, van Hoolwerff M, Lakenberg N, Suchiman EHD, van der Linden-van der Zwaag E, Nelissen RGHH, Ramos YFM, Meulenbelt I. Human Osteochondral Explants: Reliable Biomimetic Models to Investigate Disease Mechanisms and Develop Personalized Treatments for Osteoarthritis. Rheumatol Ther 2021; 8:499-515. [PMID: 33608843 PMCID: PMC7991015 DOI: 10.1007/s40744-021-00287-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Likely due to ignored heterogeneity in disease pathophysiology, osteoarthritis (OA) has become the most common disabling joint disease, without effective disease-modifying treatment causing a large social and economic burden. In this study we set out to explore responses of aged human osteochondral explants upon different OA-related perturbing triggers (inflammation, hypertrophy and mechanical stress) for future tailored biomimetic human models. Methods Human osteochondral explants were treated with IL-1β (10 ng/ml) or triiodothyronine (T3; 10 nM) or received 65% strains of mechanical stress (65% MS). Changes in chondrocyte signalling were determined by expression levels of nine genes involved in catabolism, anabolism and hypertrophy. Breakdown of cartilage was measured by sulphated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs) release, scoring histological changes (Mankin score) and mechanical properties of cartilage. Results All three perturbations (IL-1β, T3 and 65% MS) resulted in upregulation of the catabolic genes MMP13 and EPAS1. IL-1β abolished COL2A1 and ACAN gene expression and increased cartilage degeneration, reflected by increased Mankin scores and sGAGs released. Treatment with T3 resulted in a high and significant upregulation of the hypertrophic markers COL1A1, COL10A1 and ALPL. However, 65% MS increased sGAG release and detrimentally altered mechanical properties of cartilage. Conclusion We present consistent and specific output on three different triggers of OA. Perturbation with the pro-inflammatory IL-1β mainly induced catabolic chondrocyte signalling and cartilage breakdown, while T3 initiated expression of hypertrophic and mineralization markers. Mechanical stress at a strain of 65% induced catabolic chondrocyte signalling and changed cartilage matrix integrity. The major strength of our ex vivo models was that they considered aged, preserved, human cartilage of a heterogeneous OA patient population. As a result, the explants may reflect a reliable biomimetic model prone to OA onset allowing for development of different treatment modalities. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40744-021-00287-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Houtman
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcella van Hoolwerff
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nico Lakenberg
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eka H D Suchiman
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rob G H H Nelissen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yolande F M Ramos
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Meulenbelt
- Molecular Epidemiology, Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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21
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Khella CM, Asgarian R, Horvath JM, Rolauffs B, Hart ML. An Evidence-Based Systematic Review of Human Knee Post-Traumatic Osteoarthritis (PTOA): Timeline of Clinical Presentation and Disease Markers, Comparison of Knee Joint PTOA Models and Early Disease Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:1996. [PMID: 33671471 PMCID: PMC7922905 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the causality of the post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) disease process of the knee joint is important for diagnosing early disease and developing new and effective preventions or treatments. The aim of this review was to provide detailed clinical data on inflammatory and other biomarkers obtained from patients after acute knee trauma in order to (i) present a timeline of events that occur in the acute, subacute, and chronic post-traumatic phases and in PTOA, and (ii) to identify key factors present in the synovial fluid, serum/plasma and urine, leading to PTOA of the knee in 23-50% of individuals who had acute knee trauma. In this context, we additionally discuss methods of simulating knee trauma and inflammation in in vivo, ex vivo articular cartilage explant and in vitro chondrocyte models, and answer whether these models are representative of the clinical inflammatory stages following knee trauma. Moreover, we compare the pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations used in such models and demonstrate that, compared to concentrations in the synovial fluid after knee trauma, they are exceedingly high. We then used the Bradford Hill Framework to present evidence that TNF-α and IL-6 cytokines are causal factors, while IL-1β and IL-17 are credible factors in inducing knee PTOA disease progresssion. Lastly, we discuss beneficial infrastructure for future studies to dissect the role of local vs. systemic inflammation in PTOA progression with an emphasis on early disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Melanie L. Hart
- G.E.R.N. Center for Tissue Replacement, Regeneration & Neogenesis, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Center—Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, 79085 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany; (C.M.K.); (R.A.); (J.M.H.); (B.R.)
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22
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Huang W, Warner M, Sasaki H, Furukawa KS, Ushida T. Layer dependence in strain distribution and chondrocyte damage in porcine articular cartilage exposed to excessive compressive stress loading. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2020; 112:104088. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2020.104088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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23
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Perni S, Prokopovich P. Rheometer enabled study of cartilage frequency-dependent properties. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20696. [PMID: 33244092 PMCID: PMC7693262 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77758-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the well-established dependence of cartilage mechanical properties on the frequency of the applied load, most research in the field is carried out in either load-free or constant load conditions because of the complexity of the equipment required for the determination of time-dependent properties. These simpler analyses provide a limited representation of cartilage properties thus greatly reducing the impact of the information gathered hindering the understanding of the mechanisms involved in this tissue replacement, development and pathology. More complex techniques could represent better investigative methods, but their uptake in cartilage research is limited by the highly specialised training required and cost of the equipment. There is, therefore, a clear need for alternative experimental approaches to cartilage testing to be deployed in research and clinical settings using more user-friendly and financial accessible devices. Frequency dependent material properties can be determined through rheometry that is an easy to use requiring a relatively inexpensive device; we present how a commercial rheometer can be adapted to determine the viscoelastic properties of articular cartilage. Frequency-sweep tests were run at various applied normal loads on immature, mature and trypsinased (as model of osteoarthritis) cartilage samples to determine the dynamic shear moduli (G*, G′ G″) of the tissues. Moduli increased with increasing frequency and applied load; mature cartilage had generally the highest moduli and GAG depleted samples the lowest. Hydraulic permeability (KH) was estimated from the rheological data and decreased with applied load; GAG depleted cartilage exhibited higher hydraulic permeability than either immature or mature tissues. The rheometer-based methodology developed was validated by the close comparison of the rheometer-obtained cartilage characteristics (G*, G′, G″, KH) with results obtained with more complex testing techniques available in literature. Rheometry is relatively simpler and does not require highly capital intensive machinery and staff training is more accessible; thus the use of a rheometer would represent a cost-effective approach for the determination of frequency-dependent properties of cartilage for more comprehensive and impactful results for both healthcare professional and R&D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Perni
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Redwood BuildingCardiff, CF10 3NB, UK
| | - Polina Prokopovich
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, King Edward VII Avenue, Redwood BuildingCardiff, CF10 3NB, UK.
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Lawrence EA, Hammond CL, Blain EJ. Potential of zebrafish as a model to characterise MicroRNA profiles in mechanically mediated joint degeneration. Histochem Cell Biol 2020; 154:521-531. [PMID: 32935147 PMCID: PMC7609428 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-020-01918-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mechanically mediated joint degeneration and cartilage dyshomeostasis is implicated in highly prevalent diseases such as osteoarthritis. Increasingly, MicroRNAs are being associated with maintaining the normal state of cartilage, making them an exciting and potentially key contributor to joint health and disease onset. Here, we present a summary of current in vitro and in vivo models which can be used to study the role of mechanical load and MicroRNAs in joint degeneration, including: non-invasive murine models of PTOA, surgical models which involve ligament transection, and unloading models based around immobilisation of joints or removal of load from the joint through suspension. We also discuss how zebrafish could be used to advance this field, namely through the availability of transgenic lines relevant to cartilage homeostasis and the ability to accurately map strain through the cartilage, enabling the response of downstream MicroRNA targets to be followed dynamically at a cellular level in areas of high and low strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Lawrence
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.
| | - Chrissy L Hammond
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Emma J Blain
- Biomechanics and Bioengineering Centre Versus Arthritis, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
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Komeili A, Luqman S, Federico S, Herzog W. Effect of cracks on the local deformations of articular cartilage. J Biomech 2020; 110:109970. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is more effective in suppressing cytokine-induced catabolism in cartilage-synovium co-culture than in cartilage monoculture. Arthritis Res Ther 2019; 21:238. [PMID: 31722745 PMCID: PMC6854651 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-019-2003-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most in vitro studies of potential osteoarthritis (OA) therapies have used cartilage monocultures, even though synovium is a key player in mediating joint inflammation and, thereby, cartilage degeneration. In the case of interleukin-1 (IL-1) inhibition using its receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), like chondrocytes, synoviocytes also express IL-1 receptors that influence intra-articular IL-1 signaling and IL-1Ra efficacy. The short residence time of IL-1Ra after intra-articular injection requires the application of frequent dosing, which is clinically impractical and comes with increased risk of infection; these limitations motivate the development of effective drug delivery strategies that can maintain sustained intra-articular IL-1Ra concentrations with only a single injection. The goals of this study were to assess how the presence of synovium in IL-1-challenged cartilage-synovium co-culture impacts the time-dependent biological response of single and sustained doses of IL-1Ra, and to understand the mechanisms underlying any co-culture effects. Methods Bovine cartilage explants with or without synovium were treated with IL-1α followed by single or multiple doses of IL-1Ra. Effects of IL-1Ra in rescuing IL-1α-induced catabolism in cartilage monoculture and cartilage-synovium co-culture were assessed by measuring loss of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and collagen using DMMB (dimethyl-methylene blue) and hydroxyproline assays, respectively, nitric oxide (NO) release using Griess assay, cell viability by fluorescence staining, metabolic activity using Alamar blue, and proteoglycan biosynthesis by radiolabel incorporation. Day 2 conditioned media from mono and co-cultures were analyzed by mass spectrometry and cytokine array to identify proteins unique to co-culture that contribute to biological crosstalk. Results A single dose of IL-1Ra was ineffective, and a sustained dose was necessary to significantly suppress IL-1α-induced catabolism as observed by enhanced suppression of GAG and collagen loss, NO synthesis, rescue of chondrocyte metabolism, viability, and GAG biosynthesis rates. The synovium exhibited a protective role as the effects of single-dose IL-1Ra were significantly enhanced in cartilage-synovium co-culture and were accompanied by release of anti-catabolic factors IL-4, carbonic anhydrase-3, and matrilin-3. A total of 26 unique proteins were identified in conditioned media from co-cultures, while expression levels of many additional proteins important to cartilage homeostasis were altered in co-culture compared to monocultures; principal component analysis revealed distinct clustering between co-culture and cartilage and synovium monocultures, thereby confirming significant crosstalk. Conclusions IL-1Ra suppresses cytokine-induced catabolism in cartilage more effectively in the presence of synovium, which was associated with endogenous production of anti-catabolic factors. Biological crosstalk between cartilage and synovium is significant; thus, their co-cultures should better model the intra-articular actions of potential OA therapeutics. Additionally, chondroprotective effects of IL-1Ra require sustained drug levels, underscoring the need for developing drug delivery strategies to enhance its joint residence time following a single intra-articular injection.
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Inhibition of CD44 intracellular domain production suppresses bovine articular chondrocyte de-differentiation induced by excessive mechanical stress loading. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14901. [PMID: 31624271 PMCID: PMC6797729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50166-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
CD44 fragmentation is enhanced in chondrocytes of osteoarthritis (OA) patients. We hypothesized that mechanical stress-induced enhancement of CD44-intracellular domain (CD44-ICD) production plays an important role in the de-differentiation of chondrocytes and OA. This study aimed to assess the relationship between CD44-ICD and chondrocyte gene expression. Monolayer cultured primary bovine articular chondrocytes (BACs) were subjected to cyclic tensile strain (CTS) loading. ADAM10 inhibitor (GI254023X) and γ-secretase inhibitor (DAPT) were used to inhibit CD44 cleavage. In overexpression experiments, BACs were electroporated with a plasmid encoding CD44-ICD. CTS loading increased the expression of ADAM10 and subsequent CD44 cleavage, while decreasing the expression of SOX9, aggrecan, and type 2 collagen (COL2). Overexpression of CD44-ICD also resulted in decreased expression of these chondrocyte genes. Both GI254023X and DAPT reduced the production of CD44-ICD upon CTS loading, and significantly rescued the reduction of SOX9 expression by CTS loading. Chemical inhibition of CD44-ICD production also rescued aggrecan and COL2 expression following CTS loading. Our findings suggest that CD44-ICD is closely associated with the de-differentiation of chondrocytes. Excessive mechanical stress loading promoted the de-differentiation of BACs by enhancing CD44 cleavage and CD44-ICD production. Suppression of CD44 cleavage has potential as a novel treatment strategy for OA.
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Vazquez KJ, Andreae JT, Henak CR. Cartilage-on-cartilage cyclic loading induces mechanical and structural damage. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 98:262-267. [PMID: 31280053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Cartilage breaks down during mechanically-mediated osteoarthritis (OA). While previous research has begun to elucidate mechanical, structural and cellular damage in response to cyclic loading, gaps remain in our understanding of the link between cyclic cartilage loading and OA-like mechanical damage. Thus, the aim of this study was to quantify irreversible cartilage damage in response to cyclic loading. A novel in vitro model of damage through cartilage-on-cartilage cyclic loading was established. Cartilage was loaded at 1 Hz to two different doses (10,000 or 50,000 cycles) between -6.0 ± 0.2 MPa and -10.3 ± 0.2 MPa 1st Piola-Kirchhoff stress. After loading, mechanical damage (altered mechanical properties: elastic moduli and dissipated energy) and structural damage (surface damage and specimen thickness) were quantified. Linear and tangential moduli were determined by fitting the loading portion of the stress-strain curves. Dissipated energy was calculated from the area between loading and unloading stress-strain curves. Specimen thickness was measured both before and after loading. Surface damage was assessed by staining samples with India ink, then imaging the articular surface. Cyclic loading resulted in dose-dependent decreases in linear and tangential moduli, energy dissipation, thickness, and intact area. Collectively, these results show that cartilage damage can be initiated by mechanical loading alone in vitro, suggesting that cyclic loading can cause in vivo damage. This study demonstrated that with increased number of cycles, cartilage undergoes both tissue softening and structural damage. These findings are a first step towards characterizing the cartilage response to cyclic loading, which can ultimately provide important insight for delaying the initiation and slowing the progression of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly J Vazquez
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Jacob T Andreae
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Corinne R Henak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA; Department of Orthopedics and Rehabilitation, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.
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Sahu N, Viljoen HJ, Subramanian A. Continuous low-intensity ultrasound attenuates IL-6 and TNFα-induced catabolic effects and repairs chondral fissures in bovine osteochondral explants. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2019; 20:193. [PMID: 31054572 PMCID: PMC6499975 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-019-2566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cartilage repair outcomes are compromised in a pro-inflammatory environment; therefore, the mitigation of pro-inflammatory responses is beneficial. Treatment with continuous low-intensity ultrasound (cLIUS) at the resonant frequency of 5 MHz is proposed for the repair of chondral fissures under pro-inflammatory conditions. METHODS Bovine osteochondral explants, concentrically incised to create chondral fissures, were maintained under cLIUS (14 kPa (5 MHz, 2.5 Vpp), 20 min, 4 times/day) for a period of 28 days in the presence or absence of cytokines, interleukin-6 (IL-6) or tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α. Outcome assessments included histological and immunohistochemical staining of the explants; and the expression of catabolic and anabolic genes by qRT-PCR in bovine chondrocytes. Cell migration was assessed by scratch assays, and by visualizing migrating cells into the hydrogel core of cartilage-hydrogel constructs. RESULTS Both in the presence and absence of cytokines, higher percent apposition along with closure of fissures were noted in cLIUS-stimulated explants as compared to non-cLIUS-stimulated explants on day 14. On day 28, the percent apposition was not significantly different between unstimulated and cLIUS-stimulated explants exposed to cytokines. As compared to non-cLIUS-stimulated controls, on day 28, cLIUS preserved the distribution of proteoglycans and collagen II in explants despite exposure to cytokines. cLIUS enhanced the cell migration irrespective of cytokine treatment. IL-6 or TNFα-induced increases in MMP13 and ADAMTS4 gene expression was rescued by cLIUS stimulation in chondrocytes. Under cLIUS, TNFα-induced increase in NF-κB expression was suppressed, and the expression of collagen II and TIMP1 genes were upregulated. CONCLUSION cLIUS repaired chondral fissures, and elicited pro-anabolic and anti-catabolic effects, thus demonstrating the potential of cLIUS in improving cartilage repair outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neety Sahu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0643, USA
| | - Hendrik J Viljoen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588-0643, USA
| | - Anuradha Subramanian
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alabama at Huntsville, Huntsville, Alabama, 35899, USA.
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Mohanraj B, Huang AH, Yeger-McKeever MJ, Schmidt MJ, Dodge GR, Mauck RL. Chondrocyte and mesenchymal stem cell derived engineered cartilage exhibits differential sensitivity to pro-inflammatory cytokines. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:2901-2910. [PMID: 29809295 PMCID: PMC7735382 DOI: 10.1002/jor.24061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a promising approach for the repair of articular cartilage defects, with engineered constructs emerging that match native tissue properties. However, the inflammatory environment of the damaged joint might compromise outcomes, and this may be impacted by the choice of cell source in terms of their ability to operate anabolically in an inflamed environment. Here, we compared the response of engineered cartilage derived from native chondrocytes and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to challenge by TNFα and IL-1β in order to determine if either cell type possessed an inherent advantage. Compositional (extracellular matrix) and functional (mechanical) characteristics, as well as the release of catabolic mediators (matrix metalloproteinases [MMPs], nitric oxide [NO]) were assessed to determine cell- and tissue-level changes following exposure to IL-1β or TNF-α. Results demonstrated that MSC-derived constructs were more sensitive to inflammatory mediators than chondrocyte-derived constructs, exhibiting a greater loss of proteoglycans and functional properties at lower cytokine concentrations. While MSCs and chondrocytes both have the capacity to form functional engineered cartilage in vitro, this study suggests that the presence of an inflammatory environment is more likely to impair the in vivo success of MSC-derived cartilage repair. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:2901-2910, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Mohanraj
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. 19104,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. 19104
| | - Alice H. Huang
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. 19104,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. 19104
| | - Meira J. Yeger-McKeever
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. 19104
| | - Megan J. Schmidt
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. 19104
| | - George R. Dodge
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. 19104,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. 19104,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Robert L. Mauck
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. 19104,Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. 19104,Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104,Address for Correspondence: Robert L. Mauck, Ph.D., Mary Black Ralston Professor of Orthopaedic Surgery, Professor of Bioengineering, Director, McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 114A Stemmler Hall, 36th Street and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6081, Phone: 215-898-3294,
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Hyaluronan microenvironment enhances cartilage regeneration of human adipose-derived stem cells in a chondral defect model. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:726-740. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Orozco GA, Tanska P, Florea C, Grodzinsky AJ, Korhonen RK. A novel mechanobiological model can predict how physiologically relevant dynamic loading causes proteoglycan loss in mechanically injured articular cartilage. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15599. [PMID: 30348953 PMCID: PMC6197240 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33759-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cartilage provides low-friction properties and plays an essential role in diarthrodial joints. A hydrated ground substance composed mainly of proteoglycans (PGs) and a fibrillar collagen network are the main constituents of cartilage. Unfortunately, traumatic joint loading can destroy this complex structure and produce lesions in tissue, leading later to changes in tissue composition and, ultimately, to post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Consequently, the fixed charge density (FCD) of PGs may decrease near the lesion. However, the underlying mechanisms leading to these tissue changes are unknown. Here, knee cartilage disks from bovine calves were injuriously compressed, followed by a physiologically relevant dynamic compression for twelve days. FCD content at different follow-up time points was assessed using digital densitometry. A novel cartilage degeneration model was developed by implementing deviatoric and maximum shear strain, as well as fluid velocity controlled algorithms to simulate the FCD loss as a function of time. Predicted loss of FCD was quite uniform around the cartilage lesions when the degeneration algorithm was driven by the fluid velocity, while the deviatoric and shear strain driven mechanisms exhibited slightly discontinuous FCD loss around cracks. Our degeneration algorithm predictions fitted well with the FCD content measured from the experiments. The developed model could subsequently be applied for prediction of FCD depletion around different cartilage lesions and for suggesting optimal rehabilitation protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo A Orozco
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Petri Tanska
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Cristina Florea
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Departments of Biological Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Alan J Grodzinsky
- Departments of Biological Engineering, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science and Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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Mononen ME, Tanska P, Isaksson H, Korhonen RK. New algorithm for simulation of proteoglycan loss and collagen degeneration in the knee joint: Data from the osteoarthritis initiative. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:1673-1683. [PMID: 29150953 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a harmful joint disease but prediction of disease progression is problematic. Currently, there is only one modeling framework which can be applied to predict the progression of knee osteoarthritis but it only considers degenerative changes in the collagen fibril network. Here, we have developed the framework further by considering all of the major tissue changes (proteoglycan content, fluid flow, and collagen fibril network) occurring in osteoarthritis. While excessive levels of tissue stresses controlled degeneration of the collagen fibril network, excessive levels of tissue strains controlled the decrease in proteoglycan content and the increase in permeability. We created four knee joint models with increasing degrees of complexity based on the depth-wise composition. Models were tested for normal and abnormal, physiologically relevant, loading conditions in the knee. Finally, the predicted depth-wise compositional changes from each model were compared against experimentally observed compositional changes in vitro. The model incorporating the typical depth-wise composition of cartilage produced the best match with experimental observations. Consistent with earlier in vitro experiments, this model simulated the greatest proteoglycan depletion in the superficial and middle zones, while the collagen fibril degeneration was located mostly in the superficial zone. The presented algorithm can be used for predicting simultaneous collagen degeneration and proteoglycan loss during the development of knee osteoarthritis. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1673-1683, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mika E Mononen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Petri Tanska
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, Kuopio, 70211, Finland
| | - Hanna Isaksson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Rami K Korhonen
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Eastern Finland, POB 1627, Kuopio, 70211, Finland.,Diagnostic Imaging Centre, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
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Delco ML, Bonnevie ED, Szeto HS, Bonassar LJ, Fortier LA. Mitoprotective therapy preserves chondrocyte viability and prevents cartilage degeneration in an ex vivo model of posttraumatic osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:10.1002/jor.23882. [PMID: 29469223 PMCID: PMC6105558 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
No disease-modifying osteoarthritis (OA) drugs are available to prevent posttraumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Mitochondria (MT) mediate the pathogenesis of many degenerative diseases, and recent evidence indicates that MT dysfunction is a peracute (within minutes to hours) response of cartilage to mechanical injury. The goal of this study was to investigate cardiolipin-targeted mitoprotection as a new strategy to prevent chondrocyte death and cartilage degeneration after injury. Cartilage was harvested from bovine knee joints and subjected to a single, rapid impact injury (24.0 ±1.4 MPa, 53.8 ± 5.3 GPa/s). Explants were then treated with a mitoprotective peptide, SS-31 (1µM), immediately post-impact, or at 1, 6, or 12 h after injury, and then cultured for up to 7 days. Chondrocyte viability and apoptosis were quantified in situ using confocal microscopy. Cell membrane damage (lactate dehydrogenase activity) and cartilage matrix degradation (glycosaminoglycan loss) were quantified in cartilage-conditioned media. SS-31 treatment at all time points after impact resulted in chondrocyte viability similar to that of un-injured controls. This effect was sustained for up to a week in culture. Further, SS-31 prevented impact-induced chondrocyte apoptosis, cell membrane damage, and cartilage matrix degeneration. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE This study is the first investigation of cardiolipin-targeted mitoprotective therapy in cartilage. These results suggest that even when treatment is delayed by up to 12 h after injury, mitoprotection may be a useful strategy in the prevention of PTOA. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 9999:1-10, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L. Delco
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Edward D. Bonnevie
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Hazel S. Szeto
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
| | - Lawrence J. Bonassar
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
- Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Lisa A. Fortier
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
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Trevino RL, Pacione CA, Malfait AM, Chubinskaya S, Wimmer MA. Development of a Cartilage Shear-Damage Model to Investigate the Impact of Surface Injury on Chondrocytes and Extracellular Matrix Wear. Cartilage 2017; 8:444-455. [PMID: 28934882 PMCID: PMC5613899 DOI: 10.1177/1947603516681133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Many i n vitro damage models investigate progression of cartilage degradation after a supraphysiologic, compressive impact at the surface and do not model shear-induced damage processes. Models also neglect the response to uninterrupted tribological stress after damage. It was hypothesized that shear-induced removal of the superficial zone would accelerate matrix degradation when damage was followed by continued load and articulation. Methods Bovine cartilage underwent a 5-day test. Shear-damaged samples experienced 2 days of damage induction with articulation against polyethylene and then continued articulation against cartilage (CoC), articulation against metal (MoC), or rest as free-swelling control (FSC). Surface-intact samples were randomized to CoC, MoC, or FSC for the entire 5-day test. Samples were evaluated for chondrocyte viability, GAG (glycosaminoglycan) release (matrix wear surrogate), and histological integrity. Results Shear induction wore away the superficial zone. Damaged samples began continued articulation with collagen matrix disruption and increased cell death compared to intact samples. In spite of the damaged surface, these samples did not exhibit higher GAG release than intact samples articulating against the same counterface ( P = 0.782), contrary to our hypothesis. Differences in GAG release were found to be due to tribological testing against metal ( P = 0.003). Conclusion Shear-induced damage lowers chondrocyte viability and affects extracellular matrix integrity. Continued motion of either cartilage or metal against damaged surfaces did not increase wear compared with intact samples. We conjecture that favorable reorganization of the surface collagen fibers during articulation protected the underlying matrix. This finding suggests a potential window for clinical interventions to slow matrix degradation after traumatic incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L. Trevino
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Carol A. Pacione
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Malfait
- Department of Internal Medicine (Rheumatology), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Susan Chubinskaya
- Department of Pediatrics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Markus A. Wimmer
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
- Markus A. Wimmer, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, 1611 West Harrison Street, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Nebelung S, Rath B, Tingart M, Kuhl C, Schrading S. [Chondral and osteochondral defects : Representation by imaging methods]. DER ORTHOPADE 2017; 46:894-906. [PMID: 28936540 DOI: 10.1007/s00132-017-3472-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Morphological imaging of cartilage at high resolution allows the differentiation of chondral and osteochondral lesions. Nowadays, magnetic resonance imaging is the principal diagnostic tool in the assessment of cartilage structure and composition. Conventional radiography, computed tomography, ultrasound or optical coherence tomography are adjunct diagnostic modalities in the assessment of cartilage pathologies. The present article discusses the up-to-date diagnostic practice of cartilage imaging in terms of its scientific basis and current clinical status, requirements, techniques and image interpretation. Innovations in the field such as functional MRI are discussed as well due to their mid- to long-term clinical perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nebelung
- Klinik für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland
| | - B Rath
- Klinik für Orthopädie, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland
| | - M Tingart
- Klinik für Orthopädie, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland
| | - C Kuhl
- Klinik für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland
| | - S Schrading
- Klinik für Diagnostische und Interventionelle Radiologie, Universitätsklinikum Aachen, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074, Aachen, Deutschland.
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Coculture of bovine cartilage with synovium and fibrous joint capsule increases aggrecanase and matrix metalloproteinase activity. Arthritis Res Ther 2017; 19:157. [PMID: 28679445 PMCID: PMC5498889 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-017-1318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A hallmark of osteoarthritis is increased proteolytic cleavage of aggrecan. Cross talk between cartilage and the synovium + joint capsule (SJC) can drive cartilage degradation by activating proteases in both tissues. We investigated aggrecan proteolysis patterns in cartilage explants using a physiologically relevant explant model of joint injury combining cartilage mechanical compression and coincubation with SJC. Methods Bovine cartilage explants were untreated; coincubated with SJC; or subjected to mechanical injury and coincubated with SJC, mechanical injury alone, or mechanical injury and incubated with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). To compare the patterns of aggrecan proteolysis between 6 h and 16 days, release of sulfated glycosaminoglycans and specific proteolytic aggrecan fragments into medium or remaining in cartilage explants was measured by dimethylmethylene blue and Western blot analysis. Results Aggrecanase activity toward aggrecan was observed in all conditions, but it was directed toward the TEGE↓ARGS interglobular domain (IGD) site only when cartilage was coincubated with SJC or TNF-α. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity at the aggrecan IGD site (IPES↓FFGV) was not detected when cartilage was exposed to TNF-α (up to 6 days), but it was in all other conditions. Compared with when bovine cartilage was left untreated or subjected to mechanical injury alone, additional aggrecan fragment types were released into medium and proteolysis of aggrecan started at an earlier time when SJC was present. Conclusions Indicative of different proteolytic pathways for aggrecan degradation, the SJC increases both aggrecanase and MMP activity toward aggrecan, whereas TNF-α inhibits MMP activity against the IGD of aggrecan. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-017-1318-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Steinecker-Frohnwieser B, Kaltenegger H, Weigl L, Mann A, Kullich W, Leithner A, Lohberger B. Pharmacological treatment with diacerein combined with mechanical stimulation affects the expression of growth factors in human chondrocytes. Biochem Biophys Rep 2017; 11:154-160. [PMID: 28955780 PMCID: PMC5614688 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) as the main chronic joint disease arises from a disturbed balance between anabolic and catabolic processes leading to destructions of articular cartilage of the joints. While mechanical stress can be disastrous for the metabolism of chondrocytes, mechanical stimulation at the physiological level is known to improve cell function. The disease modifying OA drug (DMOAD) diacerein functions as a slowly-acting drug in OA by exhibiting anti-inflammatory, anti-catabolic, and pro-anabolic properties on cartilage. Combining these two treatment options revealed positive effects on OA-chondrocytes. METHODS Cells were grown on flexible silicone membranes and mechanically stimulated by cyclic tensile loading. After seven days in the presence or absence of diacerein, inflammation markers and growth factors were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR and enzyme linked immune assays. The influence of conditioned medium was tested on cell proliferation and cell migration. RESULTS Tensile strain and diacerein treatment reduced interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression, whereas cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) expression was increased only by mechanical stimulation. The basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) was down regulated by the combined treatment modalities, whereas prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) synthesis was reduced only under OA conditions. The expression of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) was down-regulated by both. CONCLUSIONS From our study we conclude that moderate mechanical stimulation appears beneficial for the fate of the cell and improves the pharmacological effect of diacerein based on cross-talks between different initiated pathways. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Combining two different treatment options broadens the perspective to treat OA and improves chondrocytes metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiane Steinecker-Frohnwieser
- Ludwig Boltzmann Department for Rehabilitation of Internal Diseases, Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Thorerstrasse 26, 5760 Saalfelden, Austria
| | - Heike Kaltenegger
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Lukas Weigl
- Department of Special Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Anda Mann
- Department of Special Anaesthesia and Pain Therapy, Medical University Vienna, Austria
| | - Werner Kullich
- Ludwig Boltzmann Department for Rehabilitation of Internal Diseases, Ludwig Boltzmann Cluster for Arthritis and Rehabilitation, Thorerstrasse 26, 5760 Saalfelden, Austria
| | - Andreas Leithner
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Birgit Lohberger
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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39
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Shekhawat VK, Schmid TM, Pennekamp PH, Pacione CA, Chubinskaya S, Wimmer MA. Implications of trauma and subsequent articulation on the release of Proteoglycan-4 and tissue response in adult human ankle cartilage. J Orthop Res 2017; 35:667-676. [PMID: 27551813 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of trauma and subsequent articulation on adult human ankle cartilage subjected to an injurious impact. Trauma was initiated through impaction on talar cartilage explants. Articulation and loading were applied in a joint bioreactor over 5 consecutive days. The early (24 h) effects of impaction included a reduced chondrocytes viability (51% vs. 81% for non-impacted; p = 0.03), increased levels of apoptosis (43% vs. 27%; p = 0.03), and an increase in the histopathology score (4.4 vs. 1.7; p = 0.02) as compared to non-impacted cartilage explants. One of the key findings was that damage also stimulated the PRG4 release (2.2 vs. 1.5 μg/ml). Subsequent articulation for 5 days did not lead to further changes in tissue histopathology and cell viability, neither for injured nor non-injured samples. However, articulation led to an increased apoptosis in the injured samples (p = 0.03 for the interaction term). Articulation also caused a significant increase of PG/GAG release into the culture medium (p = 0.04) for both injured and non-injured samples; however, the synthesis of PG was not affected by articulation (p = 0.45) though the PG synthesis was higher in injured samples (p < 0.01). With regard to the PRG4 release, impacted samples continued to show higher amounts (p = 0.01), adding articulation led to a reduction (p = 0.02). The current study demonstrated that adult human talar cartilage increases both the PRG4 release and biosynthetic activity as an immediate cellular response to injury. Articulation played a less contributing role to biosynthesis and remodeling, behaving mostly neutral, in that no further damage emerged. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:667-676, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek K Shekhawat
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Thomas M Schmid
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Peter H Pennekamp
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Carol A Pacione
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Susan Chubinskaya
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Pediatrics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Markus A Wimmer
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois.,Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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Kerschenmeyer A, Arlov Ø, Malheiro V, Steinwachs M, Rottmar M, Maniura-Weber K, Palazzolo G, Zenobi-Wong M. Anti-oxidant and immune-modulatory properties of sulfated alginate derivatives on human chondrocytes and macrophages. Biomater Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00341b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A sulfated biopolymer was found to have anti-oxidant and immunemodulatory properties. This class of materials has promise for treatment of joint disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kerschenmeyer
- Otto-Stern-Weg 7
- Cartilage Engineering+Regeneration
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Øystein Arlov
- Department of Biotechnology and Nanomedicine
- SINTEF Materials and Chemistry
- 7034 Trondheim
- Norway
| | - Vera Malheiro
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science & Technology
- Biointerfaces
- 9014 St. Gallen
- Switzerland
| | | | - Markus Rottmar
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science & Technology
- Biointerfaces
- 9014 St. Gallen
- Switzerland
| | - Katharina Maniura-Weber
- Empa
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science & Technology
- Biointerfaces
- 9014 St. Gallen
- Switzerland
| | - Gemma Palazzolo
- Otto-Stern-Weg 7
- Cartilage Engineering+Regeneration
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Marcy Zenobi-Wong
- Otto-Stern-Weg 7
- Cartilage Engineering+Regeneration
- ETH Zurich
- 8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
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41
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Quantitative proteomics analysis of cartilage response to mechanical injury and cytokine treatment. Matrix Biol 2016; 63:11-22. [PMID: 27988350 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Mechanical damage at the time of joint injury and the ensuing inflammatory response associated with elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the synovial fluid, are reported to contribute to the progression to osteoarthritis after injury. In this exploratory study, we used a targeted proteomics approach to follow the progression of matrix degradation in response to mechanical damage and cytokine treatment of human knee cartilage explants, and thereby to study potential molecular biomarkers. This proteomics approach allowed us to unambiguously identify and quantify multiple peptides and proteins in the cartilage medium and explants upon treatment with ±injurious compression ±cytokines, treatments that mimic the earliest events in post-traumatic OA. We followed degradation of different protein domains, e.g., G1/G2/G3 of aggrecan, by measuring representative peptides of matrix proteins released into the medium at 7 time points throughout the 21-day culture period. COMP neo-epitopes, which were previously identified in the synovial fluid of knee injury/OA patients, were also released by these human cartilage explants treated with cyt and cyt+inj. The absence of collagen pro-peptides and elevated levels of specific COMP and COL3A1 neo-epitopes after human knee trauma may be relevant as potential biomarkers for post-traumatic OA. This model system thereby enables study of the kinetics of cartilage degradation and the identification of biomarkers within cartilage explants and those released to culture medium. Discovery proteomics revealed that candidate proteases were identified after specific treatment conditions, including MMP1, MMP-3, MMP-10 and MMP-13.
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42
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Effects of mechanical stress on chondrocyte phenotype and chondrocyte extracellular matrix expression. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37268. [PMID: 27853300 PMCID: PMC5112533 DOI: 10.1038/srep37268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical factors play a key role in regulating the development of cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis. This study aimed to identify the influence of mechanical stress in cartilage and chondrocytes. To explore the effects of mechanical stress on cartilage morphology, we observed cartilages in different regions by histological and microscopic examination. Nanoindentation was performed to assess cartilage biomechanics. To investigate the effects of mechanical stress on chondrocytes, cyclic tensile strain (CTS, 0.5 Hz, 10%) was applied to monolayer cultures of human articular chondrocytes by using Flexcell-5000. We quantified the mechanical properties of chondrocytes by atomic force microscopy. Chondrocytes were stained with Toluidine blue and Alcian blue after exposure to CTS. The expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules was detected by qPCR and immunofluorescence analyses in chondrocytes after CTS. Our results demonstrated distinct morphologies and mechanical properties in different cartilage regions. In conclusion, mechanical stress can affect the chondrocyte phenotype, thereby altering the expression of chondrocyte ECM.
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43
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Liu Q, Hu X, Zhang X, Dai L, Duan X, Zhou C, Ao Y. The TMSB4 Pseudogene LncRNA Functions as a Competing Endogenous RNA to Promote Cartilage Degradation in Human Osteoarthritis. Mol Ther 2016; 24:1726-1733. [PMID: 27469625 PMCID: PMC5112043 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2016.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanical stress plays a key role in the development of cartilage degradation in osteoarthritis (OA). Nevertheless, the role of long noncoding RNAs in mechanical stress-induced regulation of chondrocytes remains unclear. The aim of this study was to explore the function of mechanical stress-related long noncoding RNAs in cartilage. Tissue samples were collected from 50 patients and chondrocytes were exposed to cyclic tensile strain (CTS). A total of 107 lncRNAs were differentially expressed in damaged cartilage versus intact cartilage. Of these lncRNAs, 51 were upregulated and 56 were downregulated in the damaged tissue. The TMSB4 pseudogene, lncRNA-MSR, was upregulated in the damaged cartilage and was activated in chondrocytes in response to mechanical stress. Furthermore, lncRNA-MSR regulated the expression of TMSB4 by competing with miRNA-152 in chondrocytes. Our results demonstrated that upregulation of lncRNA-MSR initiates pathological changes that lead to cartilage degradation, and the inhibition of lncRNA-MSR could represent a potential therapeutic target for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqing Hu
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Linghui Dai
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoning Duan
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chunyan Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Peking University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yingfang Ao
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
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44
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Vernon LL, Vance DD, Wang L, Rampersaud E, Vance JM, Pericak-Vance M, Huang CYC, Kaplan LD. Regional Differential Genetic Response of Human Articular Cartilage to Impact Injury. Cartilage 2016; 7:163-73. [PMID: 27047639 PMCID: PMC4797239 DOI: 10.1177/1947603515618483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Normal physiological movement creates different weightbearing zones within a human knee: the medial condyle bearing the highest and the trochlea bearing the lowest weight. Adaptation to different physiological loading conditions results in different tissue and cellular properties within a knee. The objective of this study was to use microarray analysis to examine gene expression differences among three anatomical regions of human knee articular cartilage at baseline and following induction of an acute impact injury. DESIGN Cartilage explants were harvested from 7 cadaveric knees (12 plugs per knee). A drop tower was utilized to introduce injury. Plugs were examined 24 hours after impact for gene expression using microarray. The primary analysis is the comparison of baseline versus impacted samples within each region separately. In addition, pairwise comparisons among the three regions were performed at baseline and after impact. False discovery rate (FDR) was used to evaluate significance of differential gene expression. RESULTS In the comparison of before and after injury, the trochlear had 130 differentially expressed genes (FDR ≤ 0.05) while the condyles had none. In the comparison among regions, smaller sets of differentially expressed genes (n ≤ 21) were found, with trochlea being more different than the condyles. Most of more frequently expressed genes in trochlea are developmental genes. CONCLUSIONS Within the experimental setup of this study, only the trochlea was displaying an acute genetic response on injury. Our data demonstrated the regional-specific response to injury in human articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L. Vernon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA,Division of Sports Medicine, UHealth Sports Performance and Wellness Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Danica D. Vance
- Division of Sports Medicine, UHealth Sports Performance and Wellness Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA,John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Liyong Wang
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Evadnie Rampersaud
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Jeffery M. Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Margaret Pericak-Vance
- John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - C.-Y. Charles Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
| | - Lee D. Kaplan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA,Division of Sports Medicine, UHealth Sports Performance and Wellness Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA,Lee D. Kaplan, Division of Sports Medicine, UHealth Sports Performance and Wellness Institute, University of Miami, 1400 NW 12th Avenue, First Floor Sports Medicine Clinic, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
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45
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Roach BL, Kelmendi-Doko A, Balutis EC, Marra KG, Ateshian GA, Hung CT. Dexamethasone Release from Within Engineered Cartilage as a Chondroprotective Strategy Against Interleukin-1α. Tissue Eng Part A 2016; 22:621-32. [PMID: 26956216 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While significant progress has been made toward engineering functional cartilage constructs with mechanical properties suitable for in vivo loading, the impact on these grafts of inflammatory cytokines, chemical factors that are elevated with trauma or osteoarthritis, is poorly understood. Previous work has shown dexamethasone to be a critical compound for cultivating cartilage with functional properties, while also providing chondroprotection from proinflammatory cytokines. This study tested the hypothesis that the incorporation of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) (75:25) microspheres that release dexamethasone from within chondrocyte-seeded agarose hydrogel constructs would promote development of constructs with functional properties and protect constructs from the deleterious effects of interleukin-1α (IL-1α). After 28 days of growth culture, experimental groups were treated with IL-1α (10 ng/mL) for 7 days. Reaching native equilibrium moduli and proteoglycan levels, dexamethasone-loaded microsphere constructs exhibited tissue properties similar to microsphere-free control constructs cultured in dexamethasone-supplemented culture media and were insensitive to IL-1α exposure. These findings are in stark contrast to constructs containing dexamethasone-free microspheres or no microspheres, cultured without dexamethasone, where IL-1α exposure led to significant tissue degradation. These results support the use of dexamethasone delivery from within engineered cartilage, through biodegradable microspheres, as a strategy to produce mechanically functional tissues that can also combat the deleterious effects of local proinflammatory cytokine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan L Roach
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Arta Kelmendi-Doko
- 2 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Elaine C Balutis
- 3 Department of Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Mount Sinai Health System , New York, New York
| | - Kacey G Marra
- 2 Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,4 McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,5 Department of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Gerard A Ateshian
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York.,6 Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
| | - Clark T Hung
- 1 Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University , New York, New York
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Papathanasiou I, Michalitsis S, Hantes ME, Vlychou M, Anastasopoulou L, Malizos KN, Tsezou A. Molecular changes indicative of cartilage degeneration and osteoarthritis development in patients with anterior cruciate ligament injury. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2016; 17:21. [PMID: 26762166 PMCID: PMC4712525 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-016-0871-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear is considered a risk factor for osteoarthritis development. The purpose of our study was to investigate the expression levels of the apoptotic enzyme caspase 3, pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and degrading enzyme matrix metalloproteinase 13 (MMP-13), all indicative of cartilage degeneration and osteoarthritis development in patients' chondrocytes after ACL rupture. METHODS We investigated the correlation between grade of cartilage degradation and time from injury or patients' age. IL-1β, IL-6 and MMP-13 mRNA expression levels were investigated in normal (n = 4) and chondrocytes from patients with ACL rupture (n = 33) using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Moreover, MMP-13 and caspase-3 protein expression levels were evaluated by western blot analysis. Trend analysis and correlation coefficient were performed to derive the relations between gene expression (MMP13, IL-6, IL-1β) and grading of cartilage defects and between gene expression (MMP13, IL-6, IL-1β) and patients' age, respectively. RESULTS Correlations were established between grade of cartilage degradation and time from injury. MMP-13, IL-6, IL-1β and caspase 3 expression levels were significantly upregulated in chondrocytes from ACL-deficient knee compared to normal. Among the patients with ACL-deficient knees, a significant upregulation of MMP-13 was observed in patients with ACL-rupture > 18 months from the time of injury to arthroscopy compared to patients with ACL-injury up to 18 months, whereas IL-6 and IL-1β expression was higher in chondrocytes from patients with more than 10 months ACL injury compared to those that underwent surgery within the first 10 months after injury. Νο association was observed between IL-1β, IL-6 and MMP-13 expression levels and cartilage defects or patients' age. CONCLUSION Our results showed that increased levels of apoptotic, inflammatory and catabolic factors in chondrocytes are associated with time from injury and could contribute to cartilage degradation and osteoarthritis development after ACL rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Papathanasiou
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, University of Thessaly, Faculty of Medicine, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Sotirios Michalitsis
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Thessaly, Faculty of Medicine, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Michael E Hantes
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Thessaly, Faculty of Medicine, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Marianna Vlychou
- Department of Radiology, University of Thessaly, Faculty of Medicine, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Lydia Anastasopoulou
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, University of Thessaly, Faculty of Medicine, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos N Malizos
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Thessaly, Faculty of Medicine, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece.
| | - Aspasia Tsezou
- Laboratory of Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics, University of Thessaly, Faculty of Medicine, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece. .,Department of Biology, University of Thessaly, Faculty of Medicine, Biopolis, 41500, Larissa, Greece.
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47
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Joos H, Leucht F, Riegger J, Hogrefe C, Fiedler J, Dürselen L, Reichel H, Ignatius A, Brenner RE. Differential Interactive Effects of Cartilage Traumatization and Blood Exposure In Vitro and In Vivo. Am J Sports Med 2015; 43:2822-32. [PMID: 26362437 DOI: 10.1177/0363546515602248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sport injuries of the knee often lead to posttraumatic arthritis. In addition to direct damage of the cartilage, trauma-associated intra-articular bleeding may cause hemarthrosis. Both blood exposure and trauma are known to induce cell death and inflammation and to enhance proteoglycan release in cartilage. HYPOTHESIS Blood exposure increases chondrocyte death as well as inflammatory and degenerative processes in traumatized cartilage. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Human macroscopically intact osteoarthritic (OA) cartilage explants were impacted by a drop-tower system (0.59 J) and cultivated with or without 10% blood. Interactive effects were studied concerning cell survival, gene expression, and the release of mediators over 24 hours and 96 hours. To evaluate the effects of trauma and hemarthrosis in vivo, a newly established blunt cartilage trauma model in the rabbit was used. Treatment of the knee joints of mature New Zealand White rabbits consisted of the following groups: control (C), arthrotomy (A), arthrotomy with cartilage trauma (AT; 1.0 J), and arthrotomy with cartilage trauma and blood injection (ATH). After 1 and 12 weeks, inflammatory mediators in the synovial fluid and histological changes of the cartilage were determined, and immunohistological staining was performed. RESULTS The in vitro studies revealed a significant additional or synergistic effect of blood exposure on trauma-induced chondrocyte death, interleukin (IL)-1β and prostaglandin-E2 (PGE2) release, and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)/pro-MMP level. Singular arthrotomy in vivo induced a temporary inflammation. Histologically, cartilage trauma caused significant OA changes that were not aggravated by an additional hemarthrosis. Trauma led to a persistent deposition of terminal complement complex (TCC), being enhanced by hemarthrosis. However, trauma-induced formation of osteophytes and arthrotomy-induced elevation of tumor necrosis factor-α release were reduced by hemarthrosis. CONCLUSION While blood exposure clearly aggravated trauma-induced OA processes in the in vitro model, a singular blood injection revealed heterogeneous effects in vivo, enhancing TCC deposition but reducing trauma-induced osteophyte formation while the histological score of traumatized cartilage was not further impaired. CLINICAL RELEVANCE The results of this study indicate that a singular, limited bleeding event might not exacerbate early trauma-induced cartilage degeneration in joint injuries. An early removal of intra-articular blood may not prevent the final resulting cartilage damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helga Joos
- Division for Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, Department of Orthopedics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Frank Leucht
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jana Riegger
- Division for Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, Department of Orthopedics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Cathrin Hogrefe
- Division for Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, Department of Orthopedics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Jörg Fiedler
- Division for Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, Department of Orthopedics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Lutz Dürselen
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Heiko Reichel
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anita Ignatius
- Institute of Orthopedic Research and Biomechanics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Rolf E Brenner
- Division for Biochemistry of Joint and Connective Tissue Diseases, Department of Orthopedics, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
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48
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Xie X, Ulici V, Alexander PG, Jiang Y, Zhang C, Tuan RS. Platelet-Rich Plasma Inhibits Mechanically Induced Injury in Chondrocytes. Arthroscopy 2015; 31:1142-50. [PMID: 25769480 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Revised: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of platelet-rich plasma (PRP) on mechanically injured chondrocytes. METHODS PRP from bovine whole blood was activated to prepare platelet-rich plasma releasate (PRPr). Bovine articular chondrocytes were subjected to 16%, 0.5-Hz biaxial cyclic tensile strain (CTS) for 48 hours and cultured for another 24 hours without cell stretching as an in vitro model of mechanically injured chondrocytes. Culture medium in the 3 PRP- and CTS-treated groups was supplemented with 10% PRPr at the start of CTS, after 24 hours of CTS, and after 48 hours of CTS, respectively. Gene expression levels of type II collagen, aggrecan, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-3, MMP-13, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase 2 were quantitatively evaluated. Changes in the content of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), MMP-3, and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 in the culture medium were also measured. RESULTS PRPr increased type II collagen and aggrecan messenger RNA expression; diminished CTS-dependent up-regulation of MMP-3, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and cyclooxygenase 2 gene expression; and reduced CTS-induced overproduction of NO and PGE2 when PRPr was applied early at the start of CTS. The addition of PRPr after 24 hours of CTS only inhibited MMP-3 gene up-regulation and the increase of NO and PGE2 induced by CTS. These changes were not observed when PRPr was supplemented after 48 hours of CTS. PRPr mitigated the increased MMP-3 production and decreased tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 secretion resulting from CTS in a time-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS PRP treatment ameliorated multiple CTS-mediated catabolic and inflammatory responses in chondrocytes. More beneficial effects were observed with early PRP application. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Intra-articular PRP injections at the beginning of strenuous exercises may be used to protect chondrocytes from mechanical injury, thus preventing joints from increased wear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuetao Xie
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A.; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Veronica Ulici
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Peter G Alexander
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Yangzi Jiang
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Changqing Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Rocky S Tuan
- Center for Cellular and Molecular Engineering, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.A..
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49
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Abstract
Articular cartilage injuries and degenerative joint diseases are responsible for progressive pain and disability in millions of people worldwide, yet there is currently no treatment available to restore full joint functionality. As the tissue functions under mechanical load, an understanding of the physiologic or pathologic effects of biomechanical factors on cartilage physiology is of particular interest. Here, we highlight studies that have measured cartilage deformation at scales ranging from the macroscale to the microscale, as well as the responses of the resident cartilage cells, chondrocytes, to mechanical loading using in vitro and in vivo approaches. From these studies, it is clear that there exists a complex interplay among mechanical, inflammatory, and biochemical factors that can either support or inhibit cartilage matrix homeostasis under normal or pathologic conditions. Understanding these interactions is an important step toward developing tissue engineering approaches and therapeutic interventions for cartilage pathologies, such as osteoarthritis.
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50
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Correro-Shahgaldian MR, Ghayor C, Spencer ND, Weber FE, Gallo LM. A Model System of the Dynamic Loading Occurring in Synovial Joints: The Biological Effect of Plowing on Pristine Cartilage. Cells Tissues Organs 2015; 199:364-72. [DOI: 10.1159/000375294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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