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Chen J, Liao S, Pang W, Guo F, Yang L, Liu HF, Pan Q. Life factors acting on systemic lupus erythematosus. Front Immunol 2022; 13:986239. [PMID: 36189303 PMCID: PMC9521426 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.986239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a highly heterogeneous autoimmune disease that primarily affects women. Currently, in the search for the mechanisms of SLE pathogenesis, the association of lifestyle factors such as diet, cigarette smoking, ultraviolet radiation exposure, alcohol and caffeine-rich beverage consumption with SLE susceptibility has been systematically investigated. The cellular and molecular mechanisms mediating lifestyle effects on SLE occurrence, including interactions between genetic risk loci and environment, epigenetic changes, immune dysfunction, hyper-inflammatory response, and cytotoxicity, have been proposed. In the present review of the reports published in reputable peer-reviewed journals and government websites, we consider the current knowledge about the relationships between lifestyle factors and SLE incidence and outline directions of future research in this area. Formulation of practical measures with regard to the lifestyle in the future will benefit SLE patients and may provide potential therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qingjun Pan
- *Correspondence: Hua-feng Liu, ; Qingjun Pan,
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2
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Nutrition and cellular senescence in obesity-related disorders. J Nutr Biochem 2021; 99:108861. [PMID: 34517097 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2021.108861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adequate nutrition is vital for immune homeostasis. However, the incidence of obesity is increasing worldwide due to the adoption of the Western diet and a sedentary lifestyle. Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation which alters the function of adipose tissue, liver, pancreas, and the nervous system. Inflammation is related to cellular senescence, distinguished by irreversible cell cycle arrest. Senescent cells secrete the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) which contains pro-inflammatory factors. Targeting processes in senescence might have a salutary approach to obesity. The present review highlights the impact of an unhealthy diet on tissues affected by obesity, and the mechanisms that promote the consequent inflammation and senescence.
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Plewes MR, Burns PD. Effect of fish oil on agonist-induced receptor internalization of the PG F 2α receptor and cell signaling in bovine luteal cells in vitro. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2018; 63:38-47. [PMID: 29306078 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Many receptors span the plasma membrane allowing for signal transduction, converting extracellular signals into intracellular signals. Following ligand-induced activation, membrane-bound receptors are taken into endocytic vesicles, where they are targeted for degradation or recycled back to the plasma membrane. The objectives of the present study were to determine the influence of fish oil on (1) PGF2α-induced receptor internalization and trafficking of the PGF2α (FP) receptor, (2) cytoskeletal structural integrity, and (3) PGF2α-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling in bovine luteal cells. Bovine ovaries were obtained from a local abattoir and corpora lutea (CL; n = 4-6) were digested using collagenase. For all experiments, cells were incubated in either BSA or fish oil-supplemented media for 72 h to allow incorporation of omega-3 fatty acids into biological membranes. Confocal microscopy was used to determine the influence of fish oil on PGF2α-induced receptor internalization and trafficking of the FP receptor and cytoskeletal structural integrity. In addition, Western blotting was used to determine the effects of fish oil on PGF2α-induced MAPK signaling in bovine luteal cells. Results from the present study demonstrate that fish oil disrupts the colocalization of Gαq with both caveola microdomains and FP receptor as well as PGF2α-induced MAPK signaling. This disruption of the FP receptor with the G-protein alpha subunit may be one mechanism by which a MAPK signaling is diminished following the addition of PGF2α. Furthermore, fish oil disrupts FP receptor internalization and endosomal protein trafficking without detectable changes in the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Plewes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA.
| | - P D Burns
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO 80639, USA
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Bates MA, Brandenberger C, Langohr II, Kumagai K, Lock AL, Harkema JR, Holian A, Pestka JJ. Silica-Triggered Autoimmunity in Lupus-Prone Mice Blocked by Docosahexaenoic Acid Consumption. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160622. [PMID: 27513935 PMCID: PMC4981380 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Occupational exposure to respirable crystalline silica (cSiO2, quartz) is etiologically linked to systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus) and other human autoimmune diseases (ADs). In the female NZBWF1 mouse, a widely used animal model that is genetically prone to lupus, short-term repeated intranasal exposure to cSiO2 triggers premature initiation of autoimmune responses in the lungs and kidneys. In contrast to cSiO2's triggering action, consumption of the ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) prevents spontaneous onset of autoimmunity in this mouse strain. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that consumption of DHA will prevent cSiO2-triggered autoimmunity in the female NZBWF1 mouse. Mice (6 wk old) were fed isocaloric AIN-93G diets containing 0.0, 0.4, 1.2 or 2.4% DHA. Two wk after initiating feeding, mice were intranasally instilled with 1 mg cSiO2 once per wk for 4 wk and maintained on experimental diets for an additional 12 wk. Mice were then sacrificed and the lung, blood and kidney assessed for markers of inflammation and autoimmunity. DHA was incorporated into lung, red blood cells and kidney from diet in a concentration-dependent fashion. Dietary DHA dose-dependently suppressed cSiO2-triggered perivascular leukocyte infiltration and ectopic lymphoid tissue neogenesis in the lung. DHA consumption concurrently inhibited cSiO2-driven elevation of proinflammatory cytokines, B-cell proliferation factors, IgG and anti-dsDNA Ig in both bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and plasma. DHA's prophylactic effects were further mirrored in reduced proteinuria and glomerulonephritis in cSiO2-treated mice. Taken together, these results reveal that DHA consumption suppresses cSiO2 triggering of autoimmunity in female NZBWF1 mice as manifested in the lung, blood and kidney. Our findings provide novel insight into how dietary modulation of the lipidome might be used to prevent or delay triggering of AD by cSiO2. Such knowledge opens the possibility of developing practical, low-cost preventative strategies to reduce the risk of initiating AD and subsequent flaring in cSiO2-exposed individuals. Additional research in this model is required to establish the mechanisms by which DHA suppresses cSiO2-induced autoimmunity and to ascertain unique lipidome signatures predictive of susceptibility to cSiO2-triggered AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Bates
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States of America
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States of America
| | - Christina Brandenberger
- Institute of Functional and Applied Anatomy, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, 30625, Germany
| | - Ingeborg I. Langohr
- Department of Pathobiological Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, United States of America
| | - Kazuyoshi Kumagai
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States of America
| | - Adam L. Lock
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States of America
| | - Jack R. Harkema
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiology and Diagnostic Investigation, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States of America
| | - Andrij Holian
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, United States of America
| | - James J. Pestka
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States of America
- Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, United States of America
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de Magalhães JP, Müller M, Rainger GE, Steegenga W. Fish oil supplements, longevity and aging. Aging (Albany NY) 2016; 8:1578-1582. [PMID: 27564420 PMCID: PMC5032683 DOI: 10.18632/aging.101021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fish oil supplementation is of great medical and public interest with epidemiological evidence of health benefits in humans, in particular by conferring protection against heart diseases. Its anti-inflammatory properties have also been reported. Initial results from short-lived mouse strains showed that fish oil can increase lifespan, affecting pathways like inflammation and oxidation thought to be involved in the regulation of aging. Could fish oil and its omega-3 fatty acids act as geroprotectors? Probably not. A new study by Strong et al. challenges the role for fish oil supplementation in aging. Using a large cohort of genetically heterogeneous mice in three sites, part of the Interventions Testing Program of the NIA, Strong et al. show that fish oil supplementation at either low or high dosages has no effect on the lifespan of male or female mice. Although it is still possible that fish oil supplementation has health benefits for specific age-related diseases, it does not appear to slow aging or have longevity benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro de Magalhães
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing Group, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Müller
- Norwich Research Park Food and Health Alliance, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - G. Ed. Rainger
- Centre for Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, The Medical School, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Wilma Steegenga
- Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Gose T, Nakanishi T, Kamo S, Shimada H, Otake K, Tamai I. Prostaglandin transporter (OATP2A1/SLCO2A1) contributes to local disposition of eicosapentaenoic acid-derived PGE3. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 122:10-7. [PMID: 26692285 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)-derived prostaglandin E3 (PGE3) possesses an anti-inflammatory effect; however, information for transporters that regulate its peri-cellular concentration is limited. The present study, therefore, aimed to clarify transporters involved in local disposition of PGE3. PGE3 uptake was assessed in HEK293 cells transfected with OATP2A1/SLCO2A1, OATP1B1/SLCO1B1, OATP2B1/SLCO2B1, OAT1/SLC22A6, OCT1/SLC22A1 or OCT2/SLC22A2 genes, compared with HEK293 cells transfected with plasmid vector alone (Mock). PGE3 uptake by OATP2A1-expressing HEK293 cells (HEK/2A1) was the highest and followed by HEK/1B1, while no significantly higher uptake of PGE3 than Mock cells was detected by other transporters. Saturation kinetics in PGE3 uptake by HEK/2A1 estimated the Km as 7.202 ± 0.595 μM, which was 22 times higher than that of PGE2 (Km=0.331 ± 0.131 μM). Furthermore, tissue disposition of PGE3 was examined in wild-type (WT) and Slco2a1-deficient (Slco2a1(-/-)) mice after oral administration of EPA ethyl ester (EPA-E) when they underwent intraperitoneal injection of endotoxin (e.g., lipopolysaccharide). PGE3 concentration was significantly higher in the lung, and tended to increase in the colon, stomach, and kidney of Slco2a1(-/-), compared to WT mice. Ratio of PGE2 metabolite 15-keto PGE2 over PGE2 concentration was significantly lower in the lung and colon of Slco2a1(-/-) than that of WT mice, suggesting that PGE3 metabolism is downregulated in Slco2a1(-/-) mice. In conclusion, PGE3 was found to be a substrate of OATP2A1, and local disposition of PGE3 could be regulated by OATP2A1 at least in the lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoka Gose
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takeo Nakanishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kamo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimada
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Katsumasa Otake
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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7
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Mu Q, Zhang H, Luo XM. SLE: Another Autoimmune Disorder Influenced by Microbes and Diet? Front Immunol 2015; 6:608. [PMID: 26648937 PMCID: PMC4663251 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multi-system autoimmune disease. Despite years of study, the etiology of SLE is still unclear. Both genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in the disease mechanisms. In the past decade, a growing body of evidence has indicated an important role of gut microbes in the development of autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. However, such knowledge on SLE is little, though we have already known that environmental factors can trigger the development of lupus. Several recent studies have suggested that alterations of the gut microbial composition may be correlated with SLE disease manifestations, while the exact roles of either symbiotic or pathogenic microbes in this disease remain to be explored. Elucidation of the roles of gut microbes - as well as the roles of diet that can modulate the composition of gut microbes - in SLE will shed light on how this autoimmune disorder develops, and provide opportunities for improved biomarkers of the disease and the potential to probe new therapies. In this review, we aim to compile the available evidence on the contributions of diet and gut microbes to SLE occurrence and pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghui Mu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA , USA
| | - Husen Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA , USA
| | - Xin M Luo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Tech , Blacksburg, VA , USA
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8
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Pestka JJ, Vines LL, Bates MA, He K, Langohr I. Comparative effects of n-3, n-6 and n-9 unsaturated fatty acid-rich diet consumption on lupus nephritis, autoantibody production and CD4+ T cell-related gene responses in the autoimmune NZBWF1 mouse. PLoS One 2014; 9:e100255. [PMID: 24945254 PMCID: PMC4063768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0100255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mortality from systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a prototypical autoimmune disease, correlates with the onset and severity of kidney glomerulonephritis. There are both preclinical and clinical evidence that SLE patients may benefit from consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) found in fish oil, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Here we employed the NZBWF1 SLE mouse model to compare the effects of dietary lipids on the onset and severity of autoimmune glomerulonephritis after consuming: 1) n-3 PUFA-rich diet containing docosahexaenoic acid-enriched fish oil (DFO), 2) n-6 PUFA-rich Western-type diet containing corn oil (CRN) or 3) n-9 monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)-rich Mediterranean-type diet containing high oleic safflower oil (HOS). Elevated plasma autoantibodies, proteinuria and glomerulonephritis were evident in mice fed either the n-6 PUFA or n-9 MUFA diets, however, all three endpoints were markedly attenuated in mice that consumed the n-3 PUFA diet until 34 wk of age. A focused PCR array was used to relate these findings to the expression of 84 genes associated with CD4+ T cell function in the spleen and kidney both prior to and after the onset of the autoimmune nephritis. n-3 PUFA suppression of autoimmunity in NZBWF1 mice was found to co-occur with a generalized downregulation of CD4+ T cell-related genes in kidney and/or spleen at wk 34. These genes were associated with the inflammatory response, antigen presentation, T cell activation, B cell activation/differentiation and leukocyte recruitment. Quantitative RT-PCR of representative affected genes confirmed that n-3 PUFA consumption was associated with reduced expression of CD80, CTLA-4, IL-10, IL-18, CCL-5, CXCR3, IL-6, TNF-α and osteopontin mRNAs in kidney and/or spleens as compared to mice fed n-6 PUFA or n-9 MUFA diets. Remarkably, many of the genes identified in this study are currently under consideration as biomarkers and/or biotherapeutic targets for SLE and other autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J. Pestka
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Laura L. Vines
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Melissa A. Bates
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Kaiyu He
- Center for Integrative Toxicology, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ingeborg Langohr
- Division of Anatomic Pathology, Diagnostic Center for Population and Animal Health, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States of America
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Kelton D, Lysecki C, Aukema H, Anderson B, Kang JX, Ma DWL. Endogenous synthesis of n-3 PUFA modifies fatty acid composition of kidney phospholipids and eicosanoid levels in the fat-1 mouse. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2013; 89:169-77. [PMID: 23994161 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to determine whether endogenous synthesis of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the fat-1 mouse is comparable to fish oil feeding with respect to kidney n-3 PUFA composition and eicosanoid levels. Wild-type and heterozygous fat-1 mice, capable of synthesizing n-3 PUFA endogenously, were given diets enriched in either n-3 or n-6 PUFA in a 2×2 factorial design and terminated after 12 weeks. Kidney phospholipid fatty acids were analysed by gas chromatography. Kidney eicosanoids were analysed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Relative to control mice fed n-6 PUFA, n-3 PUFA fed and fat-1 mice had higher levels of kidney phospholipid n-3 PUFA, and lower levels of n-6 PUFA and eicosanoids. However, mice fed n-3 PUFA mice had higher levels of n-3 PUFA and lower levels of eicosanoids as compared to fat-1 mice. In conclusion, diet feeding had a greater impact on kidney fatty acid composition and eicosanoid levels than the genetic effect of the fat-1 gene. However, the fat-1 mouse remains a close approximation that can be used as a complementary model to study the role of n-3 PUFA in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kelton
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Z Williams
- Department of Surgery, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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Hamaguchi M, Kawahito Y, Omoto A, Tsubouchi Y, Kohno M, Seno T, Kadoya M, Yamamoto A, Ishino H, Matsuyama M, Yoshimura R, Yoshikawa T. Eicosapentaenoic Acid suppresses the proliferation of synoviocytes from rheumatoid arthritis. J Clin Biochem Nutr 2011; 43:126-8. [PMID: 18818751 PMCID: PMC2533717 DOI: 10.3164/jcbn.2008057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is essential for normal cell growth, and may play an important role in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders including rheumatoid arthritis. We investigate that EPA could suppress the proliferation of fibroblast like synoviocytes in vitro. We treated synoviocytes with 1 to 50 µM EPA and measured cell viabilities by the modified MTT assay. We sorted the number of them in sub G1 stage by fluorescence-activated cell sorting caliber. And we stained them by light green or Hoechst 33258, and investigate microscopic appearance. The cell viabilities were decreased at 30 µM, 40 µM, and 50 µM of EPA comparing to 0 µM of EPA. The half maximal concentration of synoviocytes inhibition was approximately 25 µM. At day 1 and day 3, cell number was also decreased at 50 µM EPA comparing to control. FACS caliber indicated the number of synoviocytes in sub G1 stage did not increase in each concentration of EPA. Hoechst staining indicated normal chromatin pattern and no change in a nuclear morphology both in EPA treated synoviocytes and in untreated synoviocytes. These findings suggest that EPA could suppress the proliferation of synoviocytes in vivo dose dependently and time dependently, however, the mechanism is not due to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahide Hamaguchi
- Inflammation and Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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Fassett RG, Gobe GC, Peake JM, Coombes JS. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis 2010; 56:728-42. [PMID: 20493605 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2010.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
After more than 25 years of published investigation, including randomized controlled trials, the role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the treatment of kidney disease remains unclear. In vitro and in vivo experimental studies support the efficacy of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on inflammatory pathways involved with the progression of kidney disease. Clinical investigations have focused predominantly on immunoglobulin A (IgA) nephropathy. More recently, lupus nephritis, polycystic kidney disease, and other glomerular diseases have been investigated. Clinical trials have shown conflicting results for the efficacy of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in IgA nephropathy, which may relate to varying doses, proportions of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, duration of therapy, and sample size of the study populations. Meta-analyses of clinical trials using omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in IgA nephropathy have been limited by the quality of available studies. However, guidelines suggest that omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids should be considered in progressive IgA nephropathy. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids decrease blood pressure, a known accelerant of kidney disease progression. Well-designed, adequately powered, randomized, controlled clinical trials are required to further investigate the potential benefits of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the progression of kidney disease and patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Fassett
- Renal Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Abstract
Consumption of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) found in fish oil suppresses inflammatory processes making these fatty acids attractive candidates for both the prevention and amelioration of several organ-specific and systemic autoimmune diseases. Both pre-clinical and clinical studies have been conducted to determine whether fish oils containing the n-3 PUFAs docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) can be used in the prevention and treatment of immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN) and lupus nephritis. In a toxin-induced mouse model that mimics the early stages of IgAN, n-3 PUFA consumption suppresses aberrant interleukin (IL)-6-driven IgA production and mesangial IgA immune complex deposition by impairing phosphorylation of upstream kinases and activation of transcription factors essential for IL-6 gene transcription. n-3 PUFAs can also suppress production of anti-double-stranded DNA IgG antibodies and the resultant development of lupus nephritis in the NZBW F1 mouse and related models. These effects have been linked in part to impaired expression of proinflammatory cytokines and adhesion molecules as well as increases in antioxidant enzymes in kidney and immune organs. Several recent clinical trials have provided compelling evidence that n-3 PUFA supplementation could be useful in treatment of human IgAN and lupus nephritis, although some other studies suggest such supplementation might be without benefit. Future investigations employing genomics/proteomics and novel genetically altered mice should provide further insight into how n-3 PUFAs modulate these diseases as well help to identify clinically relevant biomarkers. The latter could be employed in future well-designed, long-term clinical studies that will resolve current controversies on n-3 PUFA efficacy in autoimmune-mediated glomerulonephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Pestka
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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Zhang P, Kim W, Zhou L, Wang N, Ly LH, McMurray DN, Chapkin RS. Dietary fish oil inhibits antigen-specific murine Th1 cell development by suppression of clonal expansion. J Nutr 2006; 136:2391-8. [PMID: 16920860 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.9.2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the mechanisms by which dietary fish oil (FO) affects antigen-stimulated Th1 cell development, DO11.10 Rag 2(-/-) T cell receptor transgenic mice were fed a control diet (5% corn oil (CO) or a FO diet (1% CO + 4% FO, (n-3) PUFA) for 2 wk. CD4(+) T cells were cultured under neutral or Th1 polarizing conditions. FO feeding suppressed (P < 0.05) ovalbumin peptide-induced proliferation of nonpolarized CD4(+) T cells. Differentiation in vitro to Th1 cells was not affected by dietary FO, as evidenced by similar percentages of KJ1-26(+), IFN-gamma(+), IL-4(-) Th1 cells in cultures from CO-fed (99%) and FO-fed (97%) mice. However, the absolute number of viable Th1 cells in polarized cultures from FO-fed mice was less than half that observed in CO-fed mice (P < 0.05), indicating that FO inhibits in vitro Th1 clonal expansion. The reduced number of Th1 cells in FO cultures was not a result of increased apoptosis, because similar percentages of apoptotic Th1 cells were observed in cultures from FO- and CO-fed mice. IL-2-induced cell proliferation was significantly decreased in polarized Th1 cells from the FO group; however, the suppressed proliferation was not linked to reduced CD25 surface expression on antigen-stimulated CD4(+) T cells. Adoptively transferred CFSE-labeled DO11.10 CD4(+) cells into immunized mice (Th1 polarizing agents) showed that dietary FO reduced (P < 0.05) the number of cell divisions in vivo. These studies suggest that the attenuated inflammatory response which accompanies FO feeding may be explained, at least in part, by suppression of Th1 clonal expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Pathogenesis, Texas A&M University System Health Science Center, College Station, TX, USA
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15
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Abstract
The relationship between nutrition and wound healing--after injury or surgical intervention--has been recognized for centuries. There is no doubt that adequate carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake is required for healing to take place, but research in the laboratory has suggested that other specific nutritional interventions can have significant beneficial effects on wound healing. Successful translation into the clinical arena, however, has been rare. A review of normal metabolism as it relates to wound healing in normoglycemic and diabetic individuals is presented. This is followed by an assessment of the current literature and the data that support and refute the use of specialized nutritional support in postoperative and wounded patients. The experimental evidence for the use of arginine, glutamine, vitamins, and micronutrient supplementation is described. Most of the experimental evidence in the field supporting the use of specialized nutritional support has not been borne out by clinical investigation. A summary of the clinical implications of the data is presented, with the acknowledgment that each patient's plan of care must be individualized to optimize the relationship between nutrition and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Arnold
- Department of Surgery, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore, and the Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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Bhattacharya A, Rahman M, Banu J, Lawrence RA, McGuff HS, Garrett IR, Fischbach M, Fernandes G. Inhibition of osteoporosis in autoimmune disease prone MRL/Mpj-Fas(lpr) mice by N-3 fatty acids. J Am Coll Nutr 2005; 24:200-9. [PMID: 15930486 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2005.10719466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune inflammatory disease involving the breakdown of cartilage and juxta-articular bone, which is often accompanied by decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and increased risk of fracture. Anti-inflammatory omega-3 fatty acids may prevent arthritis and bone loss in MRL/lpr mice model of arthritis and in humans. METHODS In this study, the effect of long term feeding of 10% dietary n-3 (fish oil (FO)) and n-6 (corn oil (CO)) fatty acids begun at 6 weeks of age on bone mineral density (BMD) in different bone regions in an MRL/lpr female mouse model of RA was measured at 6, 9, and 12 months of age by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). After sacrificing the mice at 12 months of age, antioxidant enzyme activities were measured in spleen, mRNA for receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) and osteoprotegerin (OPG) was measured by RT-PCR in lymph nodes, and synovitis was measured in leg joints. RESULTS At 6, 9 and 12 months of age, BMD was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in distal femur, proximal tibia, and lumbar spine of FO fed mice than those of CO fed mice. Spleen catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities were also significantly higher (p < 0.01) in FO fed mice than in CO fed mice. Histology of knee joints revealed mild synovitis in CO fed mice, which was not present in FO fed mice. RT-PCR analysis of lymph nodes revealed decreased RANKL mRNA (p < 0.001) expression and enhanced OPG mRNA expression (p < 0.01) in FO fed mice compared to CO fed mice. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest beneficial effects of long-term FO feeding in maintaining higher BMD and lower synovitis in this mouse model. These beneficial effects may be due, in part, to increased activity of antioxidant enzymes, decreased expression of RANKL, and increased expression of OPG in FO fed mice thereby altering the RANKL/OPG ratio. These significant beneficial effects on BMD suggest that FO may serve as an effective dietary supplement to prevent BMD loss in patients with RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunabh Bhattacharya
- Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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17
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Williams JZ, Park JE, Barbul A. Nutrition and Wound Healing. Clin Nutr 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7216-0379-7.50019-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Abstract
Beneficial effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) have been reported in recent epidemiologic studies and randomized clinical trials in a variety of cardiovascular and autoimmune diseases. Fish and marine oils are the most abundant and convenient sources of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), the two major n-3 fatty acids that serve as substrates for cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase pathways leading to less potent inflammatory mediators than those produced through the n-6 PUFA substrate, arachidonic acid. N-3 PUFA can also suppress inflammatory and/or immunologic responses through eicosanoid-independent mechanisms. Although the pathophysiology of IgA nephropathy is incompletely understood, it is likely that n-3 PUFA prevents renal disease progression by interfering with a number of effector pathways triggered by mesangial immune-complex deposition. In addition, potential targets of n-3 PUFA relevant to renal disease progression could be similar to those involved in preventing the development and progression of cardiovascular disease by lowering blood pressure, reducing serum lipid levels, decreasing vascular resistance, or preventing thrombosis. In IgA nephropathy, efficacy of n-3 PUFA contained in fish oil supplements has been tested with varying results. The largest randomized clinical trial performed by our collaborative group provided strong evidence that treatment for 2 years with a daily dose of 1.8 g of EPA and 1.2 g of DHA slowed the progression of renal disease in high-risk patients. These benefits persisted after 6.4 years of follow up. With safety, composition, and dosing convenience in mind, we can recommend two products that are available as pharmaceutical-grade fish-oil concentrates, Omacor (Pronova Biocare, Oslo, Norway) and Coromega (European Reference Botanical Laboratories, Carlsbad, CA).
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Affiliation(s)
- James V Donadio
- Division of Nephrology, the Department of Medicine, and the Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic & Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN, USA.
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19
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Bhattacharya A, Lawrence RA, Krishnan A, Zaman K, Sun D, Fernandes G. Effect of dietary n-3 and n-6 oils with and without food restriction on activity of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation in livers of cyclophosphamide treated autoimmune-prone NZB/W female mice. J Am Coll Nutr 2004; 22:388-99. [PMID: 14559931 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2003.10719322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cyclophosphamide (CTX), an alkylating agent, is extensively used in the treatment of lupus nephritis, but its administration has been associated with free radical mediated oxidative stress. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of dietary corn oil (CO), fish oil (FO) and food restriction (FR) on the activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes, fatty acid composition and lipid peroxidation following CTX administration in autoimmune-prone NZB/W female mice. METHODS Autoimmune-prone NZB/W female mice were fed either ad libitum (AL) or food restricted (60% of AL intake), semipurified diets containing 5% CO or 5% FO supplemented with equal levels of antioxidants and injected with either phosphate buffered saline (PBS), or CTX (50 mg/kg body weight) every 10 days. Proteinuria was measured biweekly. The treatment was stopped at 10 months and diets were continued until the mice were killed at 12 months. Fatty acid composition, activity of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation were analyzed in liver homogenates, and anti-DNA antibodies were analyzed in the serum. RESULTS Mice in the FO/AL dietary group exhibited significantly higher liver catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities compared to the CO/AL dietary group. CTX significantly decreased SOD and GSH-Px activity in the FO/AL group and CAT and GSH-Px in the CO/AL group. In AL fed mice given CTX, activities of CAT, GSH-Px and GST were significantly higher in mice fed FO diets than in mice fed CO diets. FR increased the activity of enzymes in both the CO and FO diet groups. In FR mice, CTX decreased CAT and GSH-Px activity in both the CO and FO dietary groups, but glutathione S-transferase (GST) only in the CO group. The decrease in SOD activity was not significant in either of the restricted groups. CTX significantly increased generation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in both AL groups. FR significantly decreased lipid peroxidation in both the CO and FO groups, with or without CTX. CTX decreased serum anti-DNA antibody levels in both the CO and FO dietary groups. FR also decreased antibody titer in both the CO and FO dietary groups, and it was decreased further with CTX treatment. FO fed animals had higher levels of n-3 fatty acids, whereas CO fed animals had high levels of n-6 fatty acids. CTX significantly increased 20:4 and decreased 18:1 in CO/AL fed animals, whereas it increased 18:1 and decreased 22:6 in FO/AL fed animals. CONCLUSIONS Results obtained in the present study suggests that FO and, more significantly, FO combined with FR can have a beneficial effect in hepatic tissues subjected to CTX induced oxidative stress by regulating the activity of antioxidant enzymes. In addition, the study also indicates that n-3 and n-6 dietary lipids are susceptible to lipid peroxidation, particularly in the presence of a prooxidant like CTX, and that FR is beneficial in decreasing lipid peroxidation. The study also suggests that FO and CTX can have additive effects in preventing kidney disease in NZB/W mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunabh Bhattacharya
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA
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20
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Abstract
The relationship between host nutrition and wound healing has been the subject of study and experimentation for centuries. Despite the many years of study and a substantial knowledge base of the specific processes and factors involved, wound healing remains enigmatic. There is still much to learn about the wound-specific nutritional interventions that are available to improve wound healing. Nutrition profoundly influences the process of wound healing. Nutritional depletion exerts an inhibitory effect, and nutritional supplementation with such positive effectors as arginine can stimulate wound healing. Within this paradigm, the physician should be able to recognize patients who may be expected to have wound healing difficulties and offer early intervention to avoid wound failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Z Williams
- Department of Surgery, Sinai Hospital of Baltimore. 2435 West Belvedere Avenue, Suite 40, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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21
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Abstract
Among the fatty acids, it is the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) which possess the most potent immunomodulatory activities, and among the omega-3 PUFA, those from fish oil-eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)--are more biologically potent than alpha-linolenic acid (ALA). Some of the effects of omega-3 PUFA are brought about by modulation of the amount and types of eicosanoids made, and other effects are elicited by eicosanoid-independent mechanisms, including actions upon intracellular signaling pathways, transcription factor activity and gene expression. Animal experiments and clinical intervention studies indicate that omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties and, therefore, might be useful in the management of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Coronary heart disease, major depression, aging and cancer are characterized by an increased level of interleukin 1 (IL-1), a proinflammatory cytokine. Similarly, arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis and lupus erythematosis are autoimmune diseases characterized by a high level of IL-1 and the proinflammatory leukotriene LTB(4) produced by omega-6 fatty acids. There have been a number of clinical trials assessing the benefits of dietary supplementation with fish oils in several inflammatory and autoimmune diseases in humans, including rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, psoriasis, lupus erythematosus, multiple sclerosis and migraine headaches. Many of the placebo-controlled trials of fish oil in chronic inflammatory diseases reveal significant benefit, including decreased disease activity and a lowered use of anti-inflammatory drugs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents/administration & dosage
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/diet therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/metabolism
- Asthma/diet therapy
- Asthma/immunology
- Asthma/metabolism
- Autoimmune Diseases/diet therapy
- Autoimmune Diseases/metabolism
- Cardiovascular Diseases/immunology
- Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Depressive Disorder, Major/diet therapy
- Depressive Disorder, Major/immunology
- Depressive Disorder, Major/metabolism
- Docosahexaenoic Acids/metabolism
- Eicosapentaenoic Acid/metabolism
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/metabolism
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/physiology
- Fatty Acids, Omega-6
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/metabolism
- Fish Oils/administration & dosage
- Fish Oils/chemistry
- Humans
- Inflammation/diet therapy
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/diet therapy
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/immunology
- Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/metabolism
- Prostaglandins/metabolism
- Psoriasis/immunology
- Psoriasis/metabolism
- Psoriasis/therapy
- alpha-Linolenic Acid/metabolism
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22
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Blok WL, Rabinovitch M, Zilberfarb V, Netea MG, Buurman WA, van der Meer JW. THE INFLUENCE OF DIETARY FISH-OIL SUPPLEMENTATION ON CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIA AMAZONENSIS INFECTION IN MICE. Cytokine 2002. [DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2002.1054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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23
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Abstract
The fatty acid composition of inflammatory and immune cells is sensitive to change according to the fatty acid composition of the diet. In particular, the proportion of different types of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in these cells is readily changed, and this provides a link between dietary PUFA intake, inflammation, and immunity. The n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA) is the precursor of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and related compounds, which have important roles in inflammation and in the regulation of immunity. Fish oil contains the n-3 PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Feeding fish oil results in partial replacement of AA in cell membranes by EPA. This leads to decreased production of AA-derived mediators. In addition, EPA is a substrate for cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase and gives rise to mediators that often have different biological actions or potencies than those formed from AA. Animal studies have shown that dietary fish oil results in altered lymphocyte function and in suppressed production of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages. Supplementation of the diet of healthy human volunteers with fish oil-derived n-3 PUFA results in decreased monocyte and neutrophil chemotaxis and decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines. Fish oil feeding has been shown to ameliorate the symptoms of some animal models of autoimmune disease. Clinical studies have reported that fish oil supplementation has beneficial effects in rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and among some asthmatics, supporting the idea that the n-3 PUFA in fish oil are anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Calder
- Institute of Human Nutrition, University of Southampton, Southampton 5016 7PX, United Kingdom.
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24
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Abstract
The effect of dietary modifications has been extensively studied in lupus animal models. Calorie, protein, and especially fat restriction, caused a significant reduction in immune-complex deposition in the kidney, reduced proteinuria and prolongation of the mice's life span. The addition of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as fish oil or linseed oil, was also related to decreased mice morbidity and mortality in animal models of lupus and of antiphospholipid syndrome. PUFAs such as eicosapetaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) competitively inhibit arachidonic acid with a resultant decrease in inflammatory eicosanoids and cytokines. Human studies support the effect of a PUFAs-enriched diet, both scrologically and clinically. Large scale clinical studies are needed to confirm the primary results.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Leiba
- Research Unit of Autoimmune Diseases, Department of Medicine B Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
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25
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Clark WF, Kortas C, Heidenheim AP, Garland J, Spanner E, Parbtani A. Flaxseed in Lupus Nephritis: A Two-Year Nonplacebo-Controlled Crossover Study. J Am Coll Nutr 2001; 20:143-8. [PMID: 11349937 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2001.10719026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the renoprotective effects of ground flaxseed in patients with lupus nephritis. METHODS Forty patients with lupus nephritis were asked to participate in a randomized crossover trial of flaxseed. Twenty-three agreed and were randomized to receive 30 grams of ground flaxseed daily or control (no placebo) for one year, followed by a twelve-week washout period and the reverse treatment for one year. At baseline and six month intervals, serum phospholipids, flaxseed sachet counts, serum creatinine, 12-hour urine albumin excretion and urine albumin to creatinine ratios, serum viscosity and plasma lipids were measured. RESULTS There were eight drop-outs and of the 15 remaining subjects flaxseed sachet count and serum phospholipid levels indicated only nine were adherent to the flaxseed diet. Plasma lipids and serum viscosity were unaltered by the flaxseed supplementation whereas serum creatinine in the compliant patients during flaxseed administration declined from a mean of 0.97+/-0.31 mg/dL to a mean of 0.94+/-0.30 mg/dL and rose in the control phase to a mean of 1.03+/-0.28 mg/dL [p value <0.08]. Of the fifteen patients who completed the study, similar changes were noted [p value <0.1]. The nine compliant patients had lower serum creatinines at the end of the two-year study than the 17 patients who refused to participate [p<0.05]. Microalbumin at baseline declined in both control and flaxseed time periods, but there was a trend for a greater decline during flaxseed administration [p<0.2]. CONCLUSIONS Flaxseed appears to be renoprotective in lupus nephritis, but this interpretation is affected by under powering due to poor adherence and potential Hawthorne effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Clark
- London Health Sciences Centre, The University of Western Ontario, Canada.
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26
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Arrington JL, McMurray DN, Switzer KC, Fan YY, Chapkin RS. Docosahexaenoic acid suppresses function of the CD28 costimulatory membrane receptor in primary murine and Jurkat T cells. J Nutr 2001; 131:1147-53. [PMID: 11285317 DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.4.1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
(n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) have been widely documented to reduce inflammation in diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. This study sought to elucidate the mechanism whereby (n-3) PUFA downregulate T-cell proliferation. We hypothesized that membrane incorporation of dietary PUFA would alter membrane structure and consequently membrane receptor function. Female C57BL/6 mice were fed for 14 d one of three diets containing arachidonic acid (AA), fish oil or docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) that varied in lipid composition only. Spleens were harvested and T cells ( approximately 90% purity) were activated with agonists that stimulated proliferation at the receptor level [anti-CD3 (alphaCD3)/anti-CD28 (alphaCD28)], intracellularly [phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA)/ionomycin] or with a combined receptor/intracellular agonist (alphaCD3/PMA). Although there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in proliferative response across dietary groups within each agonist set, interleukin (IL)-2 secretion was significantly reduced (P = 0.05) in cells from DHA-fed mice stimulated with alphaCD3/alphaCD28. In parallel in vitro experiments, Jurkat T cells were incubated with 50 micromol/L linoleic acid, AA, or DHA. Similar agonists sets were employed, and cells incubated with DHA and AA had a significantly reduced (P < 0.05) IL-2 secretion in three of the agonist sets. However, only when the CD28 receptor was stimulated was there a significant difference (P < 0.05) between DHA and AA. The results of this study suggest the involvement of the CD28 receptor in reducing IL-2 secretion in DHA-fed mice and DHA-incubated Jurkat cells and that purified T cells from DHA-fed mice require accessory cells to modulate proliferative suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Arrington
- Faculty of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
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27
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Clark WF, Muir AD, Westcott ND, Parbtani A. A novel treatment for lupus nephritis: lignan precursor derived from flax. Lupus 2001; 9:429-36. [PMID: 10981647 DOI: 10.1191/096120300678828622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Flaxseed has renoprotective effects in animal and human lupus nephritis. We have recently extracted the lignan precursor (secoisolariresinol diglucoside) (SDG) to determine if this more palatable derivative of flaxseed would exert renoprotection similar to the whole flaxseed in the aggressive MRL/lpr lupus mouse model. METHODS 131 MRL/lpr mice were randomly assigned to saline gavage, 600, 1,200 and 4,800 microg lignan gavage groups. At 7 weeks, 6 animals underwent platelet aggregating factor (PAF) lethal challenge and 40 were studied with urine collection to determine the levels of secoisolariresinol, enterodiol and enterolactone in the gavaged animals. A baseline study of 10 saline gavaged animals took place at 6 weeks. 25 animals in the saline gavage, 600 and 1200 microg lignan groups were studied at 14 and 22 weeks for GFR, spleen lymphocyte S-phase and organ weight studies. RESULTS Metabolic studies indicated that secoisolariresinol is the major metabolite absorbed and the lowest lignan dose provides a lengthening in survival for the PAF lethal challenge. Body weight, fluid and water intake studies demonstrated that the lignan was well tolerated. Changes in proteinuria, GFR and renal size showed a time- and dose-dependent protection for the lignan precursor. Cervical lymph node size and spleen lymphocyte cells in the S-phase demonstrated modest dose-dependent reductions in the lignan gavaged groups. CONCLUSION SDG was converted in the gut to secoisolariresinol, which was absorbed and well tolerated by the MRL/lpr mice. Renoprotection was evidenced, in a dose-dependent fashion, by a significant delay in the onset of proteinuria with preservation in GFR and renal size. This study suggests that SDG may have a therapeutic role in lupus nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Clark
- Department of Medicine, London Health Sciences Centre and The University of Western Ontario, Canada.
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28
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Abstract
N-6 and n-3 PUFAs from the diet are absorbed and reach the cell where they interact with fatty acid binding proteins within cell membranes and cytoplasm. They are processed in the endoplasmic reticulum (desaturation-elongation reactions, lipid synthesis, eicosanoid and epoxide production) and in peroxisomes (beta-oxidation, synthesis, oxidation products). They interact with receptors, ion channels, and nuclear elements; the result is modulation of gene expression. PUFA-induced alterations result in modulation of local and systemic inflammation and inflammatory disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- G P Zaloga
- Suburban Hospital, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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29
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Brown SA, Brown CA, Crowell WA, Barsanti JA, Kang CW, Allen T, Cowell C, Finco DR. Effects of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in early renal insufficiency in dogs. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 2000; 135:275-86. [PMID: 10711867 DOI: 10.1067/mlc.2000.105178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) alters the course of experimental kidney disease in dogs. In particular, supplementation with omega-6 PUFAs hastens the decline of kidney function, and omega-3 PUFAs are renoprotective. We investigated the early stages of renal insufficiency to determine whether PUFA supplementation altered the magnitude of hypercholesterolemia or glomerular hemodynamics. Two months after 11/12 nephrectomy, dogs were randomly divided into three groups of 6 animals each. Each group of dogs was then fed a low-fat basal diet supplemented with one of three sources of lipid to achieve a final concentration of 15% added fat. Fat sources were rich in omega-3 PUFAs (menhaden fish oil, group FO), omega-6 PUFAs (safflower oil, group SO), or saturated fatty acids (beef tallow, group C). Early in renal insufficiency, before significant kidney damage, group FO had a lower (P<.05) serum cholesterol concentration and tended to have a lower urinary prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and thromboxane A2 (TxA2) excretion than group C. In contrast, group SO had a higher mean glomerular capillary pressure (P<.05) and more glomerular enlargement (P<.05) and tended to have higher eicosanoid excretion rates than group C. These differences in lipid metabolism, glomerular hypertension and hypertrophy, and urinary eicosanoid metabolism could explain, in part, the beneficial effects of omega-3 PUFAs and the detrimental effects of omega-6 PUFAs when administered on a long-term basis in this model of renal insufficiency.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cholesterol/blood
- Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/administration & dosage
- Dietary Fats, Unsaturated/toxicity
- Dinoprostone/urine
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dogs
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Omega-6
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/administration & dosage
- Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/toxicity
- Female
- Hypercholesterolemia/diet therapy
- Hypercholesterolemia/etiology
- Kidney/pathology
- Kidney/physiopathology
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/diet therapy
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/etiology
- Kidney Failure, Chronic/physiopathology
- Male
- Renal Circulation
- Thromboxane A2/urine
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Brown
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA
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30
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Brown SA, Brown CA, Crowell WA, Barsanti JA, Allen T, Cowell C, Finco DR. Beneficial effects of chronic administration of dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in dogs with renal insufficiency. THE JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE 1998; 131:447-55. [PMID: 9605110 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2143(98)90146-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) alters the course of experimental renal disease in rats. However, chronic renal disease in other laboratory animals and in human beings frequently responds differently to experimental manipulations. We investigated the effects of variations in dietary PUFA composition on the chronic course of induced renal disease in dogs. Two months after 15/16 nephrectomy, dogs were randomly divided into three groups of seven animals each. For the next 20 months, each group of dogs was fed a low-fat basal diet supplemented with one of three sources of lipid to achieve a final concentration of 15% added fat. Fat sources provided omega-3 PUFA (menhaden fish oil, group FO), omega-6 PUFA (safflower oil, group SO), or saturated fatty acids (beef tallow, group BT). Throughout the dietary trial, the magnitude of proteinuria and the plasma concentrations of creatinine, cholesterol, and triglyceride were lower in group FO. The mean overall glomerular filtration rate was 0.89+/-0.18 ml/min per kilogram of body weight in group SO, a value that was significantly less (p < 0.05) than the corresponding values for groups BT and FO (1.21+/-0.18 and 1.43+/-0.20 ml/min/kg, respectively). Renal interstitial fibrosis also was significantly elevated in group SO. The extents of mesangial matrix expansion, glomerulosclerosis, and renal interstitial cellular infiltrate were similar in groups BT and SO, but lower (p < 0.05) in group FO. We conclude that supplementation with omega-6 PUFA enhanced renal injury; supplementation with omega-3 PUFA was renoprotective.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Brown
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA
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Anamnart S, Tolstorukov I, Kaneko Y, Harashima S. Fatty acid desaturation in methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha strain CBS 1976 and unsaturated fatty acid auxotrophic mutants. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0922-338x(98)80065-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Calder
- Division of Human Nutrition, School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, United Kingdom
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Calder PC. N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and immune cell function. ADVANCES IN ENZYME REGULATION 1997; 37:197-237. [PMID: 9381972 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2571(96)00004-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The amount and type of eicosanoids made can be affected by the type of fat consumed in the diet. It is now apparent that both eicosanoids and n-3 PUFAs are potent modulators of lymphocyte and M phi functions in vitro. Inclusion in the diet of high levels of certain lipids containing n-3 PUFAs markedly affects the functions of cells of the immune system subsequently tested in vitro. Cellular components of both natural and acquired immunity are affected. In vivo tests are perhaps the most appropriate approach for determining the effect of different dietary n-3 PUFAs upon immune function. Several studies indicate that diets rich in n-3 PUFAs are anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive in vivo, although there have been relatively few studies in man. Although some of the effects of n-3 PUFAs may be brought about by modulation of the amount and types of eicosanoids made, it is clear that these fatty acids can also elicit their effects by eicosanoid-independent mechanisms (Fig. 12). Such n-3 PUFA-induced effects may be of use as a therapy for acute and chronic inflammation, for disorders which involve an inappropriately-activated immune response and for the enhancement of graft survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Calder
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, U.K
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Calder PC. Sir David Cuthbertson Medal Lecture. Immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Proc Nutr Soc 1996; 55:737-74. [PMID: 8884962 DOI: 10.1079/pns19960069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P C Calder
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford
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36
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Meydani SN. Effect of (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acidson cytokine production and their biologic function. Nutrition 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0899-9007(96)80004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Tate GA, Zurier RB. Suppression of monosodium urate crystal-induced inflammation by black currant seed oil. AGENTS AND ACTIONS 1994; 43:35-8. [PMID: 7741038 DOI: 10.1007/bf02005761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The subcutaneous air pouch formed in Sprague-Dawley rats was used to study the effect of diets enriched in black currant seed oil (BCSO) on acute inflammation induced by monosodium urate crystals. The BCSO enriched diet suppressed significantly both the cellular and fluid phases of inflammation (polymorphonuclear leucocyte and exudate accumulation). In contrast, administration of normal chow or of a diet enriched in safflower oil (polyunsaturated fatty acid control) did not influence monosodium urate crystal-induced inflammation in this model. The findings indicate that a diet which provides both n-6 (gammalinolenic acid) and n-3 (alpha-linolenic acid) fatty acids as substrates alternative to arachidonatic acid for oxidative metabolism, modifies monosodium urate crystal-induced acute inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Tate
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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38
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Spurney RF, Ruiz P, Albrightson CR, Pisetsky DS, Coffman TM. Fish oil feeding modulates leukotriene production in murine lupus nephritis. PROSTAGLANDINS 1994; 48:331-48. [PMID: 7855311 DOI: 10.1016/0090-6980(94)90032-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Diets enriched with fish oil (FO) ameliorate kidney disease in the MRL-lpr/lpr murine model of lupus nephritis. Although the mechanisms of this effect are not known, FO is rich in the polyunsaturated fatty acid eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) which may have profound effects on eicosanoid metabolism. In MRL-lpr/lpr mice, FO feeding reduces renal production of cyclooxygenase metabolites. However, EPA may also affect the metabolism of arachidonate by the 5-lipoxygenase (5-LO) pathway and enhanced production of 5-LO metabolites has been implicated in the pathogenesis of kidney disease in MRL-lpr/lpr mice. We therefore investigated the effects of FO feeding on production of 5-LO metabolites in 20 week old MRL-lpr/lpr mice. After 8 weeks of dietary supplementation with FO, both renal hemodynamic function and glomerular histology were improved compared to safflower oil (SO) controls. Amelioration of kidney disease was associated with alterations in the pattern of leukotriene production by macrophages and kidneys from FO fed mice. There was a significant decrease in the production of leukotriene B4 (LTB4) and tetraene peptidoleukotrienes by peritoneal macrophages isolated from mice given FO compared to control animals. Similarly, dietary supplementation with FO decreased renal production of LTB4. Reduced production of tetraene leukotrienes was accompanied by a modest increase in the production of pentaene leukotrienes by macrophages from FO fed mice. We speculate that this modulation of leukotriene production by FO feeding may have beneficial effects on renal disease in autoimmune nephritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Spurney
- Department of Medicine, Duke University and Durham VA Medical Centers, Durham, N.C. 27710
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Abstract
There are numerous biologic rationales for the use of n-3 fatty acids in renal diseases, including a possible increase in the renal vasodilatory capacity by a rearrangement of renal prostanoid production, a reduction in the production of proinflammatory leukotrienes, a reduction in the transcapillary escape rate of albumin, and actions limiting cyclosporine-related nephrotoxicity. Studies of animal models of renal disease, mostly of immune-renal disease, support the idea of the possible usefulness of these compounds. The most promising areas of clinical investigation include the reduction of proteinuria in some chronic glomerular diseases, the treatment of immunoglobulin A nephropathy, and the prevention of cyclosporine-induced nephrotoxicity. However, the results of larger clinical studies, some of which are ongoing, are necessary to support the use of n-3 fatty acids in human renal diseases.
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Abstract
A role for nutrition therapy in the regulation of wound healing has been predicated on two concepts. The first is that malnutrition increases the risk of wound-related complications. The second is that dietary intervention, either in the form of complete nutrition support or as single nutrient supplementation, can improve or accelerate the wound-healing response. Although frequently stated and extensively discussed, these two concepts are not supported by objective data.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Albina
- Department of Surgery, Brown University School of Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence 02903
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Clark WF, Parbtani A. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in clinical and experimental lupus nephritis. Am J Kidney Dis 1994; 23:644-7. [PMID: 8172205 DOI: 10.1016/s0272-6386(12)70273-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Nutrients rich in omega-3 fatty acids (fish oil and flaxseed) have the potential to abrogate inflammatory and atherosclerotic mechanisms known to be involved in the pathogenesis of vascular damage of systemic lupus erythematosus nephritis. Fish oil dietary supplementation decreases proteinuria and preserves renal morphology in the NZB/NZW, BXSB, and MRL/lpr mouse models of lupus nephritis and decreases mortality in the NZB/NZW and BXSB models. The anti-inflammatory and anti-atherosclerotic potential, coupled with the animal experimental data, encouraged us to carry out a dosing study of low (6 g) and higher (18 g) doses of fish oil (MaxEPA) therapy in human lupus nephritis. At the lower dose, the fish oil inhibited inflammatory mechanisms; at the higher dose, it altered both the inflammatory and atherosclerotic mechanisms. This led to a double-blind cross-over study of fish oil therapy in 26 patients with lupus nephritis followed for 2 years 10 weeks. The fish oil dietary supplementation had no significant effect on proteinuria, isotope glomerular filration rate, disease activity index, or steroid consumption. However, it did have a significant effect on lipid levels. The cross-over design suffered carryover effects (even with a 10-week wash-out period) and placebo effects of the olive oil, which created a risk of type II error. Our interest in omega-3 fatty acids led us to assess the effects of dietary supplementation with flaxseed. Not only is the flaxseed a major source of alpha-linolenic acid but it is also the richest natural source of lignan, a natural platelet-activating factor receptor antagonist.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Clark
- Division of Nephrology, Victoria Hospital, London, Ontario, Canada
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Albina JE, Gladden P, Walsh WR. Detrimental effects of an omega-3 fatty acid-enriched diet on wound healing. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1993; 17:519-21. [PMID: 8301804 DOI: 10.1177/0148607193017006519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The omega-3 fatty acids contained in fish oils have anti-inflammatory effects with potential beneficial clinical applications. However, these same effects may alter wound healing, a process dependent upon an adequate inflammatory response. The hypothesis that a diet enriched with omega-3 fatty acids could be detrimental to wound healing was tested in male rats fed complete diets differing only in their fat composition (17% menhaden oil + 3% corn oil vs 20% corn oil by weight) for 21 days before wounding and for 10 or 30 days after wounding (n = 16 per group). The wounding protocol included a dorsal 5-cm skin incision used for mechanical testing and a 2-cm incision used for subcutaneous polyvinyl alcohol sponge implantation. At 10 or 30 days postinjury, the 5-cm skin wounds were harvested and mechanically tested. The sponges were removed at 30 days and analyzed for collagen content. Food consumption and weight gain were the same in the two dietary groups. No differences in the mechanical properties of the wounds were detectable 10 days after injury. At 30 days, however, wounds harvested from rats fed the menhaden oil diet were significantly weaker than those from corn oil-fed animals. This difference in tensile strength was not explained by differential collagen accumulation, inasmuch as the collagen content of the sponges at 30 days was the same in both groups. Dietary consumption of a diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids may conspire against the quality of wounds by altering the fibroplastic or maturational phases of the healing response.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Albina
- Department of Surgery, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence 02903
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Modification of spleen phospholipid fatty acid composition by dietary fish oil and by n-3 fatty acid ethyl esters. J Lipid Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)36971-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Robinson DR, Xu LL, Tateno S, Guo M, Colvin RB. Suppression of autoimmune disease by dietary n-3 fatty acids. J Lipid Res 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0022-2275(20)36972-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Clark WF, Parbtani A, Naylor CD, Levinton CM, Muirhead N, Spanner E, Huff MW, Philbrick DJ, Holub BJ. Fish oil in lupus nephritis: clinical findings and methodological implications. Kidney Int 1993; 44:75-86. [PMID: 8355469 DOI: 10.1038/ki.1993.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Our objective was to determine the effects of fish oil on renal function, symptoms, and serum lipids in patients with lupus nephritis. A double-blind, randomized crossover trial of fish oil versus placebo (olive oil) was done on 26 patients with confirmed systemic lupus; 21 completed the study. Intervention was fish oil or placebo, 15 g/day, for one year followed by a 10 week wash-out period, and then the reverse treatment for one year. At baseline and six month intervals, we measured platelet membrane fatty acids, indices of renal function, a disease activity index, serum lipid levels, blood pressure, serum viscosity and red cell flexibility. We found that platelet membrane phospholipids were uniformly affected by fish oil supplementation (P < 0.001) but with significant carry-over effects despite a 10 week wash-out period. Glomerular filtration rate and serum creatinine were not affected. A non-significant reduction in mean (SE) 24-hour proteinuria occurred, from 1424.1 mg (442.7) on placebo to 896.7 mg (352.2) on fish oil (P = 0.21). Fish oil lowered serum triglycerides from 1.89 (0.25) mmol/liter to 1.02 (0.11) mmol/liter (P = 0.004). VLDL cholesterol decreased markedly whether patients initially received fish oil or placebo (P = 0.004). The size of the reduction was affected by the order of treatment (P = 0.03), but parallel comparisons were significant before the crossover (P = 0.0006). With the possible exception of bleeding time, no other treatment effects were shown with fish oil. However, treatment order effects were seen in urinary IgG excretion (P = 0.03), whole blood viscosity (P < 0.0001), red cell flexibility (P = 0.004), and bleeding time (P = 0.06). In conclusion, one year of dietary supplementation with fish oil in patients with stable lupus nephritis did not improve renal function or reduce disease activity, but did alter some lipid parameters. Hitherto unreported carry-over effects and treatment order effects caused by the olive oil created a risk of type II error, and bear methodologic consideration in the design of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Clark
- Department of Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
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Meydani SN, Dinarello CA. Influence of dietary fatty acids on cytokine production and its clinical implications. Nutr Clin Pract 1993; 8:65-72. [PMID: 8326925 DOI: 10.1177/011542659300800265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and eicosanoids are important biologic mediators with tightly regulated production. Overproduction contributes to pathogenesis of chronic and acute inflammatory, autoimmune, atherosclerotic, and neoplastic diseases. Animal and human studies have shown that production of cytokines and eicosanoids can be reduced by certain dietary fatty acids, specifically those containing long-chain (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). This in turn results in reduction of the severity of certain autoimmune, inflammatory, and atherosclerotic diseases. Because these cytokines are also involved in control of the host defense, substantial reduction in their production could also result in the impairment of normal immune response. Increased intake of (n-3) PUFAs without adequate antioxidant protection could result in increased free radical formation and lipid peroxidation. Thus, when (n-3) PUFAs are used to reduce the pathogenesis of these diseases, its possible adverse effects should be considered and prevented.
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Hinds A, Sanders TA. The effect of increasing levels of dietary fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids on lymphocyte phospholipid fatty acid composition and cell-mediated immunity in the mouse. Br J Nutr 1993; 69:423-9. [PMID: 8489998 DOI: 10.1079/bjn19930044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The influence of increasing intakes of fish oil on spleen leucocyte phospholipid fatty acid composition and cell-mediated immunity was studied in the mouse using a popliteal lymph node assay technique. The immune response was suppressed by 160 g fish oil/kg diet, but not by lower doses. The proportion of 20:5n-3 in spleen leucocyte phospholipid increased from 0.14 in the controls to 3.8, 7.2, 8.5 and 9.4% in the animals fed on 25, 50, 100 and 160 g fish oil/kg diet; the proportion of 22:6n-3 increased from 5.1 in the controls to 12.1, 12.2, 12.8 and 12.9% respectively. It is concluded that moderate intakes of fish oil are not immunosuppressive.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hinds
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, King's College London
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Washio M, Nanishi F, Onoyama K, Okuda S, Fujishima M. Effects of fish oil rich in eicosapentaenoic acid on focal glomerulosclerosis of adriamycin-induced nephropathy in rats. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0011-393x(05)80153-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Affiliation(s)
- D Y Porges
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021
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Abstract
The manipulation of dietary fat intake can affect the response to disease, injury, and infection. These effects include enhancement or inhibition of immune function, altered susceptibility to cardiovascular disease, promotion or maintenance of gut integrity, and prevention of total parenteral nutrition-induced hepatic dysfunction. These effects may occur as a result of changes in the fatty acid composition of biomembranes or changes in concentrations of lipid moieties such as prostaglandins or leukotrienes. Those fats that have been shown to affect physiologic function include long-chain, medium-chain, and short-chain fatty acids and omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids. Currently available enteral and parenteral products used for nutrition support contain widely varied amounts of these different fatty acids. Therefore, the selection of the most appropriate product or nutrition support regimen for an individual patient requires an understanding of the metabolism of these different fat substrates, their therapeutic indications, and the contraindications and controversies that surround their use. This article reviews these issues and also focuses on several alternate lipid sources such as short-chain fatty acids, medium-chain fatty acids, omega-3 fatty acids, and blended and structured lipids.
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