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Gao M, Shi J, Xiao X, Yao Y, Chen X, Wang B, Zhang J. PD-1 regulation in immune homeostasis and immunotherapy. Cancer Lett 2024; 588:216726. [PMID: 38401888 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2024.216726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
Harnessing the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1)/programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) axis is pivotal in autoimmunity and cancer immunotherapy. PD-1 receptors on immune cells engage with one of its ligands, PD-L1 or PD-L2, expressed on antigen-presenting cells or tumor cells, driving T-cell dysfunction and tumor immune escape. Thus, targeting PD-1/PD-L1 revitalizes cytotoxic T cells for cancer elimination. However, a majority of cancer patients don't respond to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade, and the underlying mechanisms remain partially understood. Recent studies have revealed that PD-1 expression levels or modifications impact the effectiveness of anti-PD-1/PD-L1 treatments. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms governing PD-1 expression and modifications is crucial for innovating therapeutic strategies to enhance the efficacy of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibition. This article presents a comprehensive overview of advancements in PD-1 regulation and highlights their potential in modulating immune homeostasis and cancer immunotherapy, aiming to refine clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minling Gao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China; Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jie Shi
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China; Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xiangling Xiao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China; Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yingmeng Yao
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China; Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xu Chen
- Chongqing University Medical School, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology & Chongqing Key Laboratory of Digestive Malignancies, Daping Hospital, Army Medical University (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, 400042, China
| | - Jinfang Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Medical Research Institute, Frontier Science Center of Immunology and Metabolism, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China; Taikang Center for Life and Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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2
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Hemmatzadeh M, Ahangar Parvin E, Mohammadi H, Azizi G, Shomali N, Jadidi-Niaragh F. The role of immune regulatory molecules in rheumatoid arthritis: Implication for etiopathogenesis and prospective for treatment. J Cell Physiol 2022; 237:3541-3553. [PMID: 35938550 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is considered an autoimmune chronic disorder and the most common inflammatory arthropathy. Disease progression in RA begins with asymptomatic autoimmune responses in cases with a genetic or environmental predisposition, that alters to arthralgia phase as autoantibodies reach the joints and subjects begin demonstrating nonspecific musculoskeletal presentations lacking any clinical symptoms of synovial inflammation. After that, patients' symptoms develop to undifferentiated arthritis (UA)/idiopathic arthritis (IA) whenever the subjects progress to clinical synovitis systemic comorbidities affecting the vasculature, metabolism, and bone, and eventually with augmented immune cell infiltration, IA/UA patients progress to clinically classifiable RA. RA is mainly correlated with different immune cells and each of them contributes variously to the pathogenesis of the disease. The pathogenesis of RA is altered by the contribution of both T and B cells in an autoimmune irregularity. Modulation of the immune responses occurs through regulatory and inhibitory molecules that control activation of the adaptive system as well as immune hemostasis. To confine the exorbitant T cell-associated inflammatory reactions, the immune system provides a system of inhibitory feedbacks, collectively named immune checkpoints. In this review, we aimed to discuss about inhibitory members of immune checkpoint molecules, including programmed cell death 1 (PD-1)/PD-L1, cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-antigen-4, lymphocyte activation gene-3, T cell immunoglobulin-3, V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation, B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator, and T cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain and their role in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Hemmatzadeh
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Ahangar Parvin
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Navid Shomali
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Research Center for Integrative Medicine in Aging, Aging Research Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Arleevskaya M, Takha E, Petrov S, Kazarian G, Renaudineau Y, Brooks W, Larionova R, Korovina M, Valeeva A, Shuralev E, Mukminov M, Kravtsova O, Novikov A. Interplay of Environmental, Individual and Genetic Factors in Rheumatoid Arthritis Provocation. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158140. [PMID: 35897715 PMCID: PMC9329780 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we explore systemization of knowledge about the triggering effects of non-genetic factors in pathogenic mechanisms that contribute to the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Possible mechanisms involving environmental and individual factors in RA pathogenesis were analyzed, namely, infections, mental stress, sleep deprivation ecology, age, perinatal and gender factors, eating habits, obesity and smoking. The non-genetic factors modulate basic processes in the body with the impact of these factors being non-specific, but these common challenges may be decisive for advancement of the disease in the predisposed body at risk for RA. The provocation of this particular disease is associated with the presence of congenital loci minoris resistentia. The more frequent non-genetic factors form tangles of interdependent relationships and, thereby, several interdependent external factors hit one vulnerable basic process at once, either provoking or reinforcing each other. Understanding the specific mechanisms by which environmental and individual factors impact an individual under RA risk in the preclinical stages can contribute to early disease diagnosis and, if the factor is modifiable, might be useful for the prevention or delay of its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Arleevskaya
- Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (E.T.); (S.P.); (G.K.); (R.L.); (M.K.); (A.V.); (E.S.); (M.M.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-89172-886-679; Fax: +7-843-238-5413
| | - Elena Takha
- Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (E.T.); (S.P.); (G.K.); (R.L.); (M.K.); (A.V.); (E.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Sergey Petrov
- Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (E.T.); (S.P.); (G.K.); (R.L.); (M.K.); (A.V.); (E.S.); (M.M.)
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Gevorg Kazarian
- Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (E.T.); (S.P.); (G.K.); (R.L.); (M.K.); (A.V.); (E.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Yves Renaudineau
- Department of Immunology, CHU Toulouse, INSERM U1291, CNRS U5051, University Toulouse IIII, 31000 Toulouse, France;
| | - Wesley Brooks
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA;
| | - Regina Larionova
- Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (E.T.); (S.P.); (G.K.); (R.L.); (M.K.); (A.V.); (E.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Marina Korovina
- Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (E.T.); (S.P.); (G.K.); (R.L.); (M.K.); (A.V.); (E.S.); (M.M.)
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Anna Valeeva
- Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (E.T.); (S.P.); (G.K.); (R.L.); (M.K.); (A.V.); (E.S.); (M.M.)
| | - Eduard Shuralev
- Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (E.T.); (S.P.); (G.K.); (R.L.); (M.K.); (A.V.); (E.S.); (M.M.)
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Malik Mukminov
- Central Research Laboratory, Kazan State Medical Academy, 420012 Kazan, Russia; (E.T.); (S.P.); (G.K.); (R.L.); (M.K.); (A.V.); (E.S.); (M.M.)
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
| | - Olga Kravtsova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia;
| | - Andrey Novikov
- Mathematical Center, Sobolev Instiute of Mathematics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia;
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4
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Huang Y, Lin S, Zhan F, Xiao L, Zhan Y, Wang R. OX40-Fc Fusion Protein Alleviates PD-1-Fc-Aggravated Rheumatoid Arthritis by Inhibiting Inflammatory Response. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2022; 2022:6244175. [PMID: 35222687 PMCID: PMC8872694 DOI: 10.1155/2022/6244175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Researches have confirmed that the abnormal signals of OX40 and PD-1 lead to the changes of T cell biological behavior, thus participating the immunopathological process of RA. However, the pathogenesis of RA immunopathological process has not been clarified yet. METHODS 30 DBA/1 mice were randomly divided into 5 groups (6 mice per group): control group, collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) group, PD-1-Fc/CIA group, OX40-Fc/CIA group, and PD-1-Fc + OX40-Fc/CIA group. The pathological changes in mice joints were observed by H&E staining. The proportion of CD4+ T, CD8+ T, CD28+, and CD19+ cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was detected by flow cytometry. Serum inflammatory factors (CRP, IL-2, IL-4, IL-1β, INF-γ) and bone metabolism-related genes (CTX-I, TRACP-5b, BALP) were detected by ELISA assay. Western blotting was applied to measure the NF-κB signaling pathway-related protein (p-IKKβ, p-IκBα, p50) expression in synovial tissue of mice joint. RESULTS Compared with the control group, CIA mice showed significant increases in arthritis score and pathological score. In the CIA group, a marked decrease was identified in the proportion of CD8+ T, CD19+, and CD68+ cells. Additionally, the CIA group was associated with upregulation of secretion of inflammatory factors in serum and expression of bone metabolism-related genes and NF-κB pathway-related proteins. Compared with the CIA group, the same indexes above showed a further aggravation in the PD-1-Fc group while all indexes improved in the OX40-Fc group. Besides, OX40-Fc fusion protein slowed down significantly the further deterioration of CIA mouse pathological process caused by PD-1-Fc fusion protein. CONCLUSION OX40-Fc fusion protein alleviates PD-1-Fc-aggravated RA by inhibiting inflammatory response. This research provides biological markers with clinical significance for diagnosis and prognosis of RA, as well as offers theoretical and experimental foundation to the new targets for immune intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Huang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunity, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
| | - Shudian Lin
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunity, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
| | - Feng Zhan
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunity, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
| | - Lu Xiao
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunity, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
| | - Yuwei Zhan
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunity, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
| | - Ru Wang
- Department of Rheumatism and Immunity, Hainan General Hospital (Hainan Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University), Haikou, Hainan 570311, China
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Liu X, Shi Y, Zhang D, Zhou Q, Liu J, Chen M, Xu Y, Zhao J, Zhong W, Wang M. Risk factors for immune-related adverse events: what have we learned and what lies ahead? Biomark Res 2021; 9:79. [PMID: 34732257 PMCID: PMC8565046 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-021-00314-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have heralded the advent of a new era in oncology by holding the promise of prolonged survival in severe and otherwise treatment-refractory advanced cancers. However, the remarkable antitumor efficacy of these agents is overshadowed by their potential for inducing autoimmune toxic effects, collectively termed immune-related adverse events (irAEs). These autoimmune adverse effects are often difficult to predict, possibly permanent, and occasionally fatal. Hence, the identification of risk factors for irAEs is urgently needed to allow for prompt therapeutic intervention. This review discusses the potential mechanisms through which irAEs arise and summarizes the existing evidence regarding risk factors associated with the occurrence of irAEs. In particular, we examined available data regarding the effect of a series of clinicopathological and demographic factors on the risk of irAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Yuequan Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Dongming Zhang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Minjiang Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Xu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, 100730, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, 100730, Beijing, China.
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No 1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, 100730, Beijing, China.
| | - Mengzhao Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No.1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, 100730, Beijing, China.
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No 1 Shuaifuyuan Wangfujing, Dongcheng District, 100730, Beijing, China.
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Gatselis NK, Azariadis K, Lyberopoulou A, Dalekos GN. Programmed cell death-1 rs11568821 and interleukin-28B rs12979860 polymorphisms in autoimmune hepatitis. J Transl Autoimmun 2021; 4:100126. [PMID: 34632357 PMCID: PMC8488593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a relatively rare chronic liver disease of unknown etiology. The genetic background affects susceptibility, clinical phenotype, and prognosis. The programmed cell death-1 rs11568821 polymorphism (PD1.3) has been associated with susceptibility to autoimmune diseases. The interleukin-28B (IL28B) rs12979860 polymorphism has been associated with steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis in liver diseases. AIM Our aim was to investigate for the first time the incidence and clinical significance of PD1.3 and IL28B rs12979860 in AIH. METHODS Two hundred patients with AIH were evaluated, while 100 healthy subjects were used as controls. Genotyping was performed with in-house allelic discrimination End-Point PCR. RESULTS The SNP PD1.3/A was present in 36/200 (18%) AIH patients compared to 28/100 (28%) healthy controls (p = 0.065). The AA/GA genotypes were not associated with the mode of presentation of AIH, the histological grade or stage, the presence of cirrhosis, risk of disease progression, response to treatment and survival. The IL28B rs12979860 genotype distribution was CC 79/200 (39.5%), TT 36/200 (18%) and CT 85/200 (42.5%), in similar rates with healthy controls (p = 0.878). Inflammatory activity and fibrosis stage did not differ between CC homozygotes and CT/TT carriers. LDL cholesterol was significantly higher in CC than CT/TT patients (P = 0.027), though no differences was found regarding the presence of steatosis or steatohepatitis. On-treatment response to immunosuppressive treatment was not affected by the IL28B rs12979860 polymorphism. However, CC homozygotes AIH patients achieved treatment withdrawal in significantly higher rates (OR 2.3, 95%CI: 1.1-4.7, P = 0.02) irrespective of the presence of steatosis or steatohepatitis. CONCLUSIONS The PD1.3 and IL28B rs12979860 variants are unlikely to contribute to AIH susceptibility, disease presentation and prognosis. The IL28B rs12979860 is not associated with the presence of concurrent steatosis or steatohepatitis. However, although on-treatment response rates to immunosuppression were not affected by the IL28B rs12979860 polymorphism, AIH patients with CC homozygosity were more likely to achieve complete treatment withdrawal. This novel finding needs validation and further clarification from larger multicenter studies.
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Key Words
- AIH, Autoimmune hepatitis.
- ANA, Antinuclear antibodies.
- Anti-LC1, Liver cytosol type-1 antibodies.
- Anti-LKM1, Liver kidney microsomal type-1 antibodies
- Anti-SLA/LP, Soluble liver antigen/liver pancreas antibodies.
- Autoimmune hepatitis
- CR, Complete response.
- HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma.
- HCV, Hepatis C virus.
- HDL, High density lipoprotein.
- HLA, Human leukocyte antigen.
- HWE, Hardy-weinberg equilibrium.
- IL28B, Interleukin 28B.
- INR, International normalized ratio.
- IQR, Interquartile range.
- IgG, Immunoglobulin class G.
- Interleukin-28B
- LDL, Low density lipoprotein
- MetS, Metabolic syndrome.
- NAFLD, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
- PCR, Polymerase chain reaction.
- PD1, Programmed cell death-1.
- Polymorphisms
- Programmed cell death-1
- SD, Standard deviation.
- SLE, Systemic lupus erythematosus.
- SMA, Smooth muscle antibodies.
- SNP, Single nucleotide polymorphism.
- ULN, Upper limit of normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos K. Gatselis
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, National Expertise Center of Greece in Autoimmune Liver Diseases, General University Hospital of Larissa, 41110, Larissa, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Azariadis
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, National Expertise Center of Greece in Autoimmune Liver Diseases, General University Hospital of Larissa, 41110, Larissa, Greece
| | - Aggeliki Lyberopoulou
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, National Expertise Center of Greece in Autoimmune Liver Diseases, General University Hospital of Larissa, 41110, Larissa, Greece
| | - George N. Dalekos
- Department of Medicine and Research Laboratory of Internal Medicine, National Expertise Center of Greece in Autoimmune Liver Diseases, General University Hospital of Larissa, 41110, Larissa, Greece
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Targeting Immune Modulators in Glioma While Avoiding Autoimmune Conditions. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13143524. [PMID: 34298735 PMCID: PMC8306848 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Communication signals and signaling pathways are often studied in different physiological systems. However, it has become abundantly clear that the immune system is not self-regulated, but functions in close association with the nervous system. The neural-immune interface is complex; its balance determines cancer progression, as well as autoimmune disorders. Immunotherapy remains a promising approach in the context of glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). The primary obstacle to finding effective therapies is the potent immunosuppression induced by GBM. Anti-inflammatory cytokines, induction of regulatory T cells, and the expression of immune checkpoint molecules are the key mediators for immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment. Immune checkpoint molecules are ligand-receptor pairs that exert inhibitory or stimulatory effects on immune responses. In the past decade, they have been extensively studied in preclinical and clinical trials in diseases such as cancer or autoimmune diseases in which the immune system has failed to maintain homeostasis. In this review, we will discuss promising immune-modulatory targets that are in the focus of current clinical research in glioblastoma, but are also in the precarious position of potentially becoming starting points for the development of autoimmune diseases like multiple sclerosis.
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8
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Parakh S, Musafer A, Paessler S, Witkowski T, Suen CSNLW, Tutuka CSA, Carlino MS, Menzies AM, Scolyer RA, Cebon J, Dobrovic A, Long GV, Klein O, Behren A. PDCD1 Polymorphisms May Predict Response to Anti-PD-1 Blockade in Patients With Metastatic Melanoma. Front Immunol 2021; 12:672521. [PMID: 34177913 PMCID: PMC8220213 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A significant number of patients (pts) with metastatic melanoma do not respond to anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD1) therapies. Identifying predictive biomarkers therefore remains an urgent need. We retrospectively analyzed plasma DNA of pts with advanced melanoma treated with PD-1 antibodies, nivolumab or pembrolizumab, for five PD-1 genotype single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): PD1.1 (rs36084323, G>A), PD1.3 (rs11568821, G>A), PD1.5 (rs2227981, C>T) PD1.6 (rs10204225, G>A) and PD1.9 (rs2227982, C>T). Clinico-pathological and treatment parameters were collected, and presence of SNPs correlated with response, progression free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). 115 patients were identified with a median follow up of 18.7 months (range 0.26 – 52.0 months). All were Caucasian; 27% BRAF V600 mutation positive. At PD-1 antibody commencement, 36% were treatment-naïve and 52% had prior ipilimumab. The overall response rate was 43%, 19% achieving a complete response. Overall median PFS was 11.0 months (95% CI 5.4 - 17.3) and median OS was 31.1 months (95% CI 23.2 - NA). Patients with the G/G genotype had more complete responses than with A/G genotype (16.5% vs. 2.6% respectively) and the G allele of PD1.3 rs11568821 was significantly associated with a longer median PFS than the AG allele, 14.1 vs. 7.0 months compared to the A allele (p=0.04; 95% CI 0.14 – 0.94). No significant association between the remaining SNPs and responses, PFS or OS were observed. Despite limitations in sample size, this is the first study to demonstrate an association of a germline PD-1 polymorphism and PFS in response to anti-PD-1 therapy in pts with metastatic melanoma. Extrinsic factors like host germline polymorphisms should be considered with tumor intrinsic factors as predictive biomarkers for immune checkpoint regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagun Parakh
- Medical Oncology Unit, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ashan Musafer
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Sabrina Paessler
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tom Witkowski
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Connie S N Li Wai Suen
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Matteo S Carlino
- Department of Medical Oncology, Westmead and Blacktown Hospitals, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, North Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexander M Menzies
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, North Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore and Mater Hospitals, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, North Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and NSW Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan Cebon
- Medical Oncology Unit, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Alexander Dobrovic
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, North Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Medical Oncology, Royal North Shore and Mater Hospitals, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Oliver Klein
- Medical Oncology Unit, Austin Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andreas Behren
- Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,La Trobe University School of Cancer Medicine, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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9
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Hua S, Fan B, Mao W, Xu R, Wang Y, Kuai L, Ding X, Li B, Chen J, Miao X. Association between PDCD1 gene polymorphisms and psoriasis susceptibility in the Chinese population. Int J Dermatol 2021; 60:1411-1417. [PMID: 34057203 PMCID: PMC8596410 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.15665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an immune regulator expressed on the surface of activated T cells, programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1) plays an important role in psoriasis. However, whether PDCD1 genetic polymorphism is associated with psoriasis has yet to be explored. OBJECTIVE To study the association between polymorphisms of the immune-related gene PDCD1 and psoriasis susceptibility in the Chinese population, to illustrate the genetic mechanism of psoriasis and provide new research ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of psoriasis (PS). METHODS Overall, 128 psoriasis patients and 88 healthy controls were included in this study. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-Sanger sequencing analysis, six PDCD1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were sequenced: PD1.1, PD1.3, PD1.4, PD1.5, PD1.6, and PD1.9. RESULTS Among the six tested SNPs, PD1.6 showed a significant association with psoriasis in genotype and allele frequency distribution. The G allele of PD1.6 increased the risk of psoriasis (P = 0.03). In contrast, the other five SNPs failed to show association with psoriasis. Further analysis within the patient group showed that the frequency of the PD1.6 G allele was relatively high in severe psoriasis, but the difference was nonsignificant. CONCLUSION PDCD1 gene polymorphism is associated with psoriasis. The population carrying PD1.6 allele G are at a higher risk of developing psoriasis, though the severity of psoriasis does not correlate with PD1.6 polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyuan Hua
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Fan
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiwei Mao
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Rong Xu
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Kuai
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojie Ding
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Miao
- Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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10
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Managing side effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors in breast cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2021; 162:103354. [PMID: 34029683 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) represent a major development in cancer therapy. The indications for these agents continue to expand across malignancies and disease settings. For years breast cancer (BC) has been considered immunologically quiescent compared with other tumor types. However, recent findings highlighted the immunogenicity of some BCs and paved the way for clinical trials of immunotherapy in BC that led to recent landmark approvals. As a drawback, the safety profile of ICIs is shaped by a specific spectrum of immune-related adverse events (irAEs) that can vary according to ICI class and tumor histology. This review will discuss the epidemiology of these adverse events, their kinetics, risk factors and the most important aspects in their management. A particular focus will be put on BC as the current landscape of immunotherapy for this disease is rapidly increasing the number of people treated with ICIs, thus susceptible to irAEs.
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11
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Impact of PD-1 gene polymorphism and its interaction with tea drinking on susceptibility to tuberculosis. Epidemiol Infect 2021; 149:e29. [PMID: 33436123 PMCID: PMC8057366 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268821000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the impact of polymorphism of PD-1 gene and its interaction with tea drinking on susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB). A total of 503 patients with TB and 494 controls were enrolled in this case–control study. Three single-nucleotide polymorphisms of PD-1 (rs7568402, rs2227982 and rs36084323) were genotyped and unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to identify the association between PD-1 polymorphism and TB, while marginal structural linear odds models were used to estimate the interactions. Genotypes GA (OR 1.434), AA (OR 1.891) and GA + AA (OR 1.493) at rs7568402 were more prevalent in the TB patients than in the controls (P < 0.05). The relative excess risk of interaction (RERI) between rs7568402 of PD-1 genes and tea drinking was −0.3856 (95% confidence interval −0.7920 to −0.0209, P < 0.05), which showed a negative interaction. However, the RERIs between tea drinking and both rs2227982 and rs36084323 of PD-1 genes were not statistically significant. Our data demonstrate that rs7568402 of PD-1 genes was associated with susceptibility to TB, and there was a significant negative interaction between rs7568402 and tea drinking. Therefore, preventive measures through promoting the consumption of tea should be emphasised in the high-risk populations.
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12
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Arvey A, Rowe M, Legutki JB, An G, Gollapudi A, Lei A, Colston B, Putterman C, Smith D, Stiles J, Tarasow T, Ramamoorthy P. Age-associated changes in the circulating human antibody repertoire are upregulated in autoimmunity. IMMUNITY & AGEING 2020; 17:28. [PMID: 33042204 PMCID: PMC7539520 DOI: 10.1186/s12979-020-00193-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Background The immune system undergoes a myriad of changes with age. While it is known that antibody-secreting plasma and long-lived memory B cells change with age, it remains unclear how the binding profile of the circulating antibody repertoire is impacted. Results To understand humoral immunity changes with respect to age, we characterized serum antibody binding to high density peptide microarrays in a diverse cohort of 1675 donors. We discovered thousands of peptides that bind antibodies in age-dependent fashion, many of which contain di-serine motifs. Peptide binding profiles were aggregated into an “immune age” by a machine learning regression model that was highly correlated with chronological age. Applying this regression model to previously-unobserved donors, we found that a donor’s predicted immune age is longitudinally consistent over years, suggesting it could be a robust long-term biomarker of humoral immune ageing. Finally, we assayed serum from donors with autoimmune disease and found a significant association between “accelerated immune ageing” and autoimmune disease activity. Conclusions The circulating antibody repertoire has increased binding to thousands of di-serine peptide containing peptides in older donors, which can be represented as an immune age. Increased immune age is associated with autoimmune disease, acute inflammatory disease severity, and may be a broadly relevant biomarker of immune function in health, disease, and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Arvey
- iCarbonX 2424 Camino Ramon, Suite 125, San Ramon, CA 94583 USA
| | - Michael Rowe
- iCarbonX 2424 Camino Ramon, Suite 125, San Ramon, CA 94583 USA
| | | | - Gang An
- iCarbonX 2424 Camino Ramon, Suite 125, San Ramon, CA 94583 USA
| | | | - Anna Lei
- HealthTell, 145 S. 79th St., Chandler, AZ 85226 USA
| | - Bill Colston
- iCarbonX 2424 Camino Ramon, Suite 125, San Ramon, CA 94583 USA
| | - Chaim Putterman
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Forchheimer 701N, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461 USA.,Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Zefat, Israel.,Research Institute, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya, Israel
| | - David Smith
- HealthTell, 145 S. 79th St., Chandler, AZ 85226 USA
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13
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Zeid OA, Rashed L, Khalifa S, Saleh MA, Ragab N. Serum levels of soluble PD1 in pemphigus vulgaris: A useful marker for disease severity. J Cosmet Dermatol 2020; 20:1298-1302. [PMID: 32920962 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.13719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a life-threatening autoimmune blistering disease targeting the skin and mucous membranes. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) is an immune checkpoint which binds to two ligands, PDL1 and PDL2 resulting in negative regulation of antigen receptor signaling, thus, play a critical role in the immune regulation of autoimmune diseases. AIM In this work we aimed to assess serum levels of soluble PD1 (sPD1) in patients with active PV and in patients in remission in an attempt to evaluate its effect on disease severity. METHODS In this case-control study, 60 pemphigus vulgaris patients (30 clinically active and 30 in a clinical remission) and 30 age matched healthy control subjects were included. Severity of PV was assessed using pemphigus disease area index (PDAI) score. Serum levels of sPD1 were measured by ELISA for both patients and healthy control. RESULTS Serum levels of sPD1 were significantly lower in PV patients than in controls (P < .001) and significantly lower in patients with active disease than in those in remission (P < .001). Serum sPD1 correlated negatively with the severity of the disease (P < .001, r = -0.4). CONCLUSION A defect in PD1 pathway is suggested in PV patients, and this defect plays a substantial role in determining the severity of the disease. Thus, sPD1 could be considered a useful marker for disease severity and targeting PD1 pathway could be a potential aim for future therapies of PV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Abu Zeid
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laila Rashed
- Departments Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Khalifa
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwah Adly Saleh
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nanis Ragab
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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14
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Roberts J, Ennis D, Hudson M, Ye C, Saltman A, Himmel M, Rottapel R, Pope J, Hoa S, Tisseverasinghe A, Fifi-Mah A, Maltez N, Jamal S. Rheumatic immune-related adverse events associated with cancer immunotherapy: A nationwide multi-center cohort. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102595. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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15
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Kasai S, Itonaga H, Niino D, Miyoshi H, Kato T, Imanishi D, Fujioka M, Furumoto T, Sato S, Sawayama Y, Taguchi J, Imaizumi Y, Hata T, Yoshida S, Moriuchi Y, Ohshima K, Miyazaki Y. Programmed death 1 ligand (PD-L1) in solid cancers after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: a retrospective analysis by the Nagasaki Transplant Group. Int J Hematol 2020; 112:524-534. [PMID: 32588395 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-020-02926-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Programmed death 1 ligand (PD-L1) is an immunomodulatory molecule expressed by cancer cells, and it has been widely demonstrated to inhibit host antitumor responses. The aim of the present study was to identify clinicopathological features associated with PD-L1 expression in the secondary solid cancers of patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In this database of 530 patients who received allo-HSCT between 1990 and 2017, 15 developed solid cancers with a median interval of 3487 days after transplantation. Three patients had 2 different solid cancers. Eighteen solid cancer cases were identified. A multivariate analysis showed that chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) was associated with an increased risk of solid cancer. The presence of chronic GVHD was observed in 8 out of 18 cases at the diagnosis of secondary malignancies. PD-L1 expression levels in cancers were significantly higher in patients with active chronic GVHD than in those without chronic GVHD (P = 0.020). Five cases of cancer that developed in the involved organs of chronic GVHD showed 30% or higher PD-L1 positivity. The present results revealed distinct PD-L1 expression in the secondary solid cancers of post-transplant patients with chronic GVHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachie Kasai
- Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Hidehiro Itonaga
- Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki city, Nagasaki, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Niino
- Department of Pathology, Sasebo City General Hospital, Sasebo, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Miyoshi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Takeharu Kato
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | - Daisuke Imanishi
- Department of Hematology, Nagasaki Prefecture Gotochuoh Hospital, Goto, Japan
| | - Machiko Fujioka
- Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Takafumi Furumoto
- Department of Hematology, Sasebo City General Hospital, Sasebo, Japan
| | - Shinya Sato
- Department of Hematology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sawayama
- Department of Hematology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Jun Taguchi
- Department of Hematology, Japanese Red Cross Nagasaki Genbaku Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
| | | | - Tomoko Hata
- Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki city, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Yoshida
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, Omura, Japan
| | | | - Koichi Ohshima
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Kurume University, Kurume, Japan
| | - Yasushi Miyazaki
- Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Atomic Bomb Disease and Hibakusha Medicine Unit, Atomic Bomb Disease Institute, Nagasaki University, 1-12-4, Sakamoto, Nagasaki city, Nagasaki, Japan.,Department of Hematology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Nagasaki, Japan
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16
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Immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced myositis, the earliest and most lethal complication among rheumatic and musculoskeletal toxicities. Autoimmun Rev 2020; 19:102586. [PMID: 32535094 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2020.102586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In addition to restoring anti-tumor immune responses, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) may also induce immune-related adverse events (irAE) that can affect any organ. We aim to determine the spectrum, timing, clinical features, and fatalities of rheumatic and musculoskeletal immune-related adverse events (RMS-irAE) associated with ICI. PATIENTS METHODS We performed an observational, retrospective, pharmacovigilance study using the World Health Organization international pharmacovigilance database, VigiBase, from inception to January 2019. RMS-irAE reporting rate on ICI versus full database was performed using disproportionality analysis with computation of reporting-odds-ratios (ROR) and a Bayesian disproportional estimate (information component, IC). IC025 (lower end of the IC 95% credibility interval) >0 is deemed significant. RESULTS We identified 1288 RMS-irAE significantly associated with ICI: polymyalgia rheumatica (n = 76, ROR = 14.6 [11.6-18.4], IC025 = 3.34), sarcoidosis (n = 94; ROR = 9.6 [7.9-11.9]; IC025 = 2.85), Sjogren's syndrome (n = 49; ROR = 6.9 [5.2-9.2]; IC025 = 2.24), myositis (n = 465; ROR = 4.9 [4.5-5.4]; IC025 = 2.12), arthritis (n = 606; ROR = 1.4 [1.3-1.5]; IC025 = 0.34) and scleroderma (n = 17; ROR = 2.0 [1.2-3.2]; IC025 = 0.17). Arthritis, myositis, and Sjogren's syndrome were over-reported in patients treated with ICI combination versus those treated with ICI monotherapy (ROR = 1.6-2.9, p < .05) and more frequently reported on anti-PD1/PDL1 monotherapy vs. anti-CTLA4 monotherapy (2.1-4.4, p < .05). Median time to onset occurred early for myositis (31 days [19.2-57.8]) and was the most delayed for scleroderma (395 days [323.8-457.2], p < .0001). The fatality rate for RMS-irAE ranged from 24% for myositis (n = 106/441) (up to 56.7% with concurrent myocarditis) to [0-6.7%] for other RMS-irAE (p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS Clinicians should be aware of the spectrum of RMS-irAE. Myositis can be particularly life-threatening, particularly when associated with myocarditis.
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17
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Zhang S, Wang L, Li M, Zhang F, Zeng X. The PD-1/PD-L pathway in rheumatic diseases. J Formos Med Assoc 2020; 120:48-59. [PMID: 32334916 DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE Autoimmune diseases are diseases in which the body produces an abnormal immune response to self-antigens and damages its own tissues. Programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligands (PD-Ls) have been discovered to be important negative regulators of the immune system, playing crucial roles in autoimmunity. METHODS We analyzed the existing scientific literature dealing with this issue. In this review, the PD-1/PD-L pathway in the genetic susceptibility to and pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases is discussed. The PD-1/PD-L pathway might be helpful for diagnosing, evaluating the disease activity of and treating rheumatic diseases. RESULTS PD-1/PD-L gene polymorphisms are associated with a genetic predisposition to rheumatic disorders, which can provide reference information for diagnosis and disease activity. The conclusion of the crucial role of the PD-1/PD-L pathway in the pathogenesis of rheumatic diseases is consistent, but the details remain controversial. In some animal models, manipulating the PD-1/PD-L pathway could decrease disease severity. PD-1/PD-Ls may enable us to develop new therapeutics for patients with rheumatic diseases in the future. CONCLUSION The PD-1/PD-L pathway plays crucial roles in rheumatic disease. More work is needed to provide a better mechanistic understanding of the PD-1/PD-L pathway and to facilitate the precise therapeutic manipulation of this pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Mengtao Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Fengchun Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Xiaofeng Zeng
- Department of Rheumatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100730, China
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18
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Schnell A, Bod L, Madi A, Kuchroo VK. The yin and yang of co-inhibitory receptors: toward anti-tumor immunity without autoimmunity. Cell Res 2020; 30:285-299. [PMID: 31974523 PMCID: PMC7118128 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-020-0277-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-inhibitory receptors are important regulators of T-cell function that define the balance between tolerance and autoimmunity. The immune regulatory function of co-inhibitory receptors, including CTLA-4, PD-1, TIM-3, TIGIT, and LAG-3, was first discovered in the setting of autoimmune disease models, in which their blockade or deficiency resulted in induction or exacerbation of the disease. Later on, co-inhibitory receptors on lymphocytes have also been found to influence outcomes in tumor and chronic viral infection settings. These receptors suppress T-cell function in the tumor microenvironment (TME), thereby making the T cells dysfunctional. Based on this observation, blockade of co-inhibitory receptors (also known as checkpoint molecules) has emerged as a successful treatment option for a number of human cancers. However, severe autoimmune-like side effects limit the use of therapeutics that block individual or combinations of co-inhibitory receptors for cancer treatment. In this review we provide an overview of the role of co-inhibitory receptors in autoimmunity and anti-tumor immunity. We then discuss current approaches and future directions to leverage our knowledge of co-inhibitory receptors to target them in tumor immunity without inducing autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Schnell
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lloyd Bod
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Asaf Madi
- Department of Pathology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv-Yafo, Israel
| | - Vijay K Kuchroo
- Evergrande Center for Immunologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Klarman Cell Observatory, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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19
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Lambert NC. Nonendocrine mechanisms of sex bias in rheumatic diseases. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2019; 15:673-686. [PMID: 31597952 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatic diseases affect a wide range of individuals of all ages, but the most common diseases occur more frequently in women than in men, at ratios of up to ten women to one man. Despite a growing number of studies on sex bias in rheumatic diseases, sex-specific health care is limited and sex specificity is not systematically integrated into treatment regimens. Women and men differ in three major biological points: the number of X chromosomes per cell, the type and quantities of sex hormones present and the ability to be pregnant, all of which have immunological consequences. Could a greater understanding of these differences lead to a new era of personalized sex-specific medicine? This Review focuses on the main genetic and epigenetic mechanisms that have been put forward to explain sex bias in rheumatic diseases, including X chromosome inactivation, sex chromosome aneuploidy and microchimerism. The influence of sex hormones is not discussed in detail in this Review, as it has been well described elsewhere. Understanding the sex-specific factors that contribute to the initiation and progression of rheumatic diseases will enable progress to be made in the diagnosis, treatment and management of all patients with these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie C Lambert
- INSERM UMRs 1097 Arthrites Autoimmunes, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France.
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20
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Rashdan S, Minna JD, Gerber DE. Diagnosis and management of pulmonary toxicity associated with cancer immunotherapy. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2019; 6:472-478. [PMID: 29856320 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(18)30172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary toxicity of cancer immunotherapies has emerged as an important clinical event that requires prompt identification and management. Although often referred to as pneumonitis, pulmonary toxicity associated with immunotherapy covers a broad and overlapping spectrum of pulmonary manifestations, and, once suspected, the range of differential diagnoses of infectious and neoplastic processes might make the diagnostic process challenging for physicians. Optimal care can require multidisciplinary effort by pulmonologists, medical oncologists, and radiologists, and awareness of the possibility of treatment-induced pulmonary toxicity by emergency department and primary care physicians. This Viewpoint gives an overview of the diagnosis and management of pulmonary toxicity arising from cancer immunotherapy, including widely used treatments, such as immune checkpoint inhibitors, and emerging therapies, such as chimeric antigen receptor T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawsan Rashdan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Harold C Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John D Minna
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Harold C Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - David E Gerber
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Harold C Simmons Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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Zarei S, Eggert J, Franqui-Dominguez L, Carl Y, Boria F, Stukova M, Avila A, Rubi C, Chinea A. Comprehensive review of neuromyelitis optica and clinical characteristics of neuromyelitis optica patients in Puerto Rico. Surg Neurol Int 2018; 9:242. [PMID: 30603227 PMCID: PMC6293609 DOI: 10.4103/sni.sni_224_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an immune-mediated inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system. It is characterized by concurrent inflammation and demyelination of the optic nerve (optic neuritis [ON]) and the spinal cord (myelitis). Multiple studies show variations in prevalence, clinical, and demographic features of NMO among different populations. In addition, ethnicity and race are known as important factors on disease phenotype and clinical outcomes. There are little data on information about NMO patients in underserved groups, including Puerto Rico (PR). In this research, we will provide a comprehensive overview of all aspects of NMO, including epidemiology, environmental risk factors, genetic factors, molecular mechanism, symptoms, comorbidities and clinical differentiation, diagnosis, treatment, its management, and prognosis. We will also evaluate the demographic features and clinical phenotype of NMO patients in PR. This will provide a better understanding of NMO and establish a basis of knowledge that can be used to improve care. Furthermore, this type of population-based study can distinguish the clinical features variation among NMO patients and will provide insight into the potential mechanisms that cause these variations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Zarei
- San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - James Eggert
- San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, Puerto Rico, USA
| | | | - Yonatan Carl
- San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Fernando Boria
- San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Marina Stukova
- San Juan Bautista School of Medicine, Caguas, Puerto Rico, USA
| | | | - Cristina Rubi
- Caribbean Neurological Center, Guaynabo, Puerto Rico, USA
| | - Angel Chinea
- Caribbean Neurological Center, Guaynabo, Puerto Rico, USA
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Decreased blood CD4+PD-1+ and CD8+PD-1+ T cells in psoriatic patients with and without arthritis. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2018; 35:344-350. [PMID: 30206445 PMCID: PMC6130132 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2018.75609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Psoriasis with and without arthritis have common immunological mechanisms which among others involve the interactions between cytokines produced by T cells, including Th1, Th17 and Th22. Although quite a lot is known about psoriasis pathogenesis, the cause of chronic immune activation and response in the disease remains unclear. One of the negative regulators of the immune system is programmed death 1 (PD-1). Aim To assess the expression level of PD-1 in the peripheral T cells of psoriatic patients with and without arthritis. Material and methods The study included 23 psoriatic patients with arthritis, 52 psoriatic patients without arthritis and 52 healthy controls. The percentages of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD4+PD-1+ and CD8+PD-1+ T cells were analyzed using flow cytometry. Results The percentages of CD4+PD-1+ as well as CD8+PD-1+ T cells in the psoriatic patients both with and without arthritis were significantly lower than in the control group. The percentages of CD4+PD-1+ as well as CD8+PD-1+T cells were not significantly different between the psoriatic patients with and without arthritis. A significant positive correlation between PD-1 expression on the CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was found in the psoriatic patients without arthritis. Conclusions Impairment of the negative co-stimulation from PD-1 may be another common characteristic of psoriasis both with and without arthritis.
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Tejeda C, Broadaway AK, Ombrello MJ, Brown MR, Ponder LA, Pichavant MR, Wang G, Angeles-Han S, Hersh A, Bohnsack J, Conneely KN, Epstein M, Prahalad S. Case-control Association Study of Autoimmunity Associated Variants in PDCD1 and Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis. Curr Rheumatol Rev 2018; 13:219-223. [PMID: 28056736 PMCID: PMC5759045 DOI: 10.2174/1573397113666170104123113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Variants in the gene encoding Programmed Cell Death-1 (PDCD1) have been associated with susceptibility to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and other autoimmune diseases. Given that clinically distinct autoimmune phenotypes share common genetic susceptibility factors, variants in PDCD-1 were tested for a possible association with Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA). METHODS Four Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPS) in the PDCD1 gene were genotyped and analyzed: rs7421861, rs11568821, rs10204525, and rs7568402 in 834 cases and 855 controls of Northern European ancestry. Each variant was examined for possible associations with JIA and then analyzed for association with JIA categories. RESULTS PDCD1 variants showed no association with JIA in the cohort overall (rs7421861 p=0.63, rs11568821 p=0.13, rs10204525 p=0.31, and rs7568402 p=0.45). Stratification by JIA categories indicated a significant association between systemic JIA and PDCD1 rs7568402 (OR=0.53, p=0.0027), which remained significant after 10,000 permutations, but was not replicated in an independent multi-ethnic systemic JIA cohort. A nominal association between enthesitis-related arthritis and rs115668821 was also observed (OR=0.22, p=0.012). CONCLUSION Unlike other multiple autoimmune disease associated genetic variants, there was no association between PDCD1 variants and JIA or JIA categories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Tejeda
- Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. United States
| | - Alaine K Broadaway
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. United States
| | - Michael J Ombrello
- Translational Genetics and Genomics Unit, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. United States
| | - Milton R Brown
- Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. United States
| | - Lori A Ponder
- Children's Health Care of Atlanta, Atlanta, GA. United States
| | - Mina Rohani Pichavant
- Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. United States
| | - Gabriel Wang
- Department of Pediatrics Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. United States
| | | | - Aimee Hersh
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. United States
| | - John Bohnsack
- Division of Pediatric Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City. United States
| | - Karen N Conneely
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. United States
| | - Michael Epstein
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. United States
| | - Sampath Prahalad
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta. United States
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PD-1 genotype of the donor is associated with acute graft-versus-host disease after HLA-identical sibling donor stem cell transplantation. Ann Hematol 2018; 97:2217-2224. [PMID: 30019128 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-018-3438-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Programmed death 1 (PD-1) activation triggers an immune checkpoint resulting in inhibition of T cells that leads to peripheral tolerance. Some PD-1 polymorphisms have been described and associated with the development of autoimmune diseases or cancer predisposition, but there are few data concerning the relevance of such polymorphisms on the clinical outcome after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant (alloHSCT). We analyzed the distribution of the SNPs PD-1.1G/A (rs36084323) and PD-1.3G/A (rs11568821) genotypes of the donor in a cohort of 1485 alloHSCT from HLA-identical sibling donors. We found an increased risk of grades II to IV graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) in patients receiving grafts from donors homozygous for the G allele at the rs36084323 SNP (P = 0.033; hazard ratio [HR] 2.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1 to 4.8) and also from donors homozygous for the A allele at the rs11568821 position (P < 0.001; HR 4.5, 95%CI 2.0 to 10.1). In contrast, the PD-1 genotype of the donor did not show association with overall survival or relapse incidence. These results suggest that the PD-1 genotype of the donor plays an important role for the development of acute GvHD after alloHSCT from HLA-identical sibling donors.
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Khoja L, Day D, Wei-Wu Chen T, Siu LL, Hansen AR. Tumour- and class-specific patterns of immune-related adverse events of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a systematic review. Ann Oncol 2018; 28:2377-2385. [PMID: 28945858 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 89.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) or its ligand (PD-L1) produce unique toxicity profiles. The objective of this review was to identify patterns and incidence of immune-related adverse events (irAE) based on tumour type and ICI class. Methods Medline, EMBASE and COCHRANE databases were searched to identify prospective monotherapy trials of ICIs from 2003 to November 2015. Paired reviewers selected studies for inclusion and extracted data. Odds ratio (OR), χ2 tests and multivariable regression models were used to analyse for effect size and associations. Results We identified 48 trials (6938 patients), including 26 CTLA-4, 17 PD-1, 2 PD-L1 trials, and 3 studies tested both CTLA-4 and PD-1. Grade 3/4 irAE were more common with CTLA-4 mAbs compared with PD-1 (31% versus 10%). All grades colitis (OR 8.7, 95% CI 5.8-12.9), hypophysitis (OR 6.5, 95% CI 3.0-14.3) and rash (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.8-2.3) were more frequent with CTLA-4 mAbs; whereas pneumonitis (OR 6.4, 95% CI 3.2-12.7), hypothyroidism (OR 4.3, 95% CI 2.9-6.3), arthralgia (OR 3.5, 95% CI 2.6-4.8) and vitiligo (OR 3.5, 95% CI 2.3-5.3) were more common with PD-1 mAbs. Comparison of irAE from the three most studied tumour types in PD-1 mAbs trials [melanoma (n = 2048), non-small-cell lung cancer (n = 1030) and renal cell carcinoma (n = 573)] showed melanoma patients had a higher frequency of gastrointestinal and skin irAE and lower frequency of pneumonitis. Discussion CTLA-4 and PD-1 mAbs have distinct irAE profiles. Different immune microenvironments may drive histology-specific irAE patterns. Other tumour-dependent irAE profiles may be identified as data emerge from ICI trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Khoja
- Clinical Development Unit, Early Clinical Development, AstraZeneca UK plc, Melbourn Science Park, Melbourn, Hertfordshire;; Medical Oncology, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - D Day
- Drug Development Program, Division of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto;; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto;; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research (OICR), Toronto, Canada
| | - T Wei-Wu Chen
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei;; National Taiwan University Cancer Center, Taipei;; Graduate Institute of Oncology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - L L Siu
- Drug Development Program, Division of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto;; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto
| | - A R Hansen
- Drug Development Program, Division of Medical Oncology and Haematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto;; Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto;.
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Zou Y, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Liu D, Xu W. Are programmed cell death 1 gene polymorphisms correlated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis?: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e7805. [PMID: 28858091 PMCID: PMC5585485 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000007805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies investigated the relationship between programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1) gene polymorphisms and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) risk, but the results were controversial. To explore whether PDCD1 gene polymorphisms have an effect on RA risk, we conducted this meta-analysis to investigate the relationships between PDCD1 polymorphisms (rs36084323 [PD-1.1 G/A], rs11568821 [PD-1.3 G/A] and rs2227981 [PD-1.5 C/T]) and RA risk under 4 genetic models. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), and Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBLM) were systematically searched for all eligible case-control studies. The last search was updated on September 10, 2016. Studies were accessed using Newcastle-Ottawa Scale case control study (NOS), and the combined effect size was calculated using STATA software, version 12.0. The pooled odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated to assess the association. Heterogeneity analysis and subgroup analysis were also performed. Sensitivity analysis and publication bias were also performed if necessary. RESULTS This meta-analysis included 6 studies. The result demonstrated null association between rs36084323 (PD-1.1 G/A) polymorphism and RA susceptibility in all 4 genetic models. With regard to rs11568821 (PD-1.3 G/A), statistically significant association with RA risk was observed under allele model in Caucasians (allele model A vs G, OR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.03-1.41). There was no significant association between rs2227981 (PD-1.5 C/T) polymorphism and RA risk. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that mutant A allele in rs11568821 (PD-1.3 G/A) might increase the susceptibility to RA in Caucasians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Zou
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University
| | - Ziteng Zhang
- Department of Health Toxicology, College of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yangang Liu
- Department of Health Toxicology, College of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Denghui Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University
| | - Weidong Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changhai Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University
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Sandigursky S, Silverman GJ, Mor A. Targeting the programmed cell death-1 pathway in rheumatoid arthritis. Autoimmun Rev 2017; 16:767-773. [PMID: 28572054 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2017.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Since the introduction of TNF-α inhibitors and other biologic agents, the clinical outcome for many treated rheumatoid arthritis patients has significantly improved. However, there are still a substantial proportion of patients that are intolerant, or have inadequate responses, with current agents that have become the standards of care. While the majority of these agents are designed to affect the inflammatory features of the disease, there are also agents in the clinic that instead target lymphocyte subsets (e.g., rituximab) or interfere with lymphocyte co-receptor signaling pathways (e.g., abatacept). Due in part to their ability to orchestrate downstream inflammatory responses that lead to joint damage and disease progression, pathogenic expansions of T and B lymphocytes are appreciated to play key roles in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. New insights into immune regulation have suggested novel approaches for the pharmacotherapeutic targeting of lymphocytes. In this review, we discuss deepening insights into human genetics and our understanding of the interface with rheumatoid arthritis pathogenesis providing a strong rationale for exploiting the co-inhibitory receptor programmed cell death-1 signaling pathway as a better approach for the treatment of this chronic, often progressive destructive joint disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabina Sandigursky
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Gregg J Silverman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Adam Mor
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States; Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States.
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28
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Namavar Jahromi F, Samadi M, Mojtahedi Z, Haghshenas MR, Taghipour M, Erfani N. Association of PD-1.5 C/T, but Not PD-1.3 G/A, with Malignant and Benign Brain Tumors in Iranian Patients. Immunol Invest 2017; 46:469-480. [PMID: 28535114 DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2017.1296858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Programmed death-1 (PD-1) negatively regulates the immune response. The aims of this study were to assess the association of two single nucleotide polymorphisms in the PD-1 gene, PD-1.5 (+7785 C/T-rs2227981) and PD-1.3 (+7146 G/A- rs11568821), with benign and malignant brain tumors. Patients with brain tumors (96 patients with benign and 56 with malignant brain tumors) and 150 healthy control individuals were included. PCR-RFLP was performed for genotyping. It was revealed that the genotype and allele frequencies of PD-1.5 C/T polymorphism were significantly different between all brain tumor patients and the control group. The frequencies of the CT genotype and T allele were higher in brain tumor patients. In contrast, the frequency of PD-1.3 G/A genotypes and alleles showed no significant difference between all brain tumor patients and controls. Patients were then divided into malignant and benign groups. The results revealed a significant difference in both patients groups compared with the controls only at PD-1.5 C/T position. Arlequin analysis showed the GC haplotype was the most frequent haplotype in the whole group of patients and controls, and the GT haplotype was significantly different between patient and control groups. In conclusion, we demonstrate that PD-1.5 C/T polymorphism, but not PD-1.3 G/A, is associated with brain tumors in Iranian patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Namavar Jahromi
- a Department of Immunology, International Campus , Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences , Yazd , Iran
| | - Morteza Samadi
- b Recurrent Abortion Research Center, Research and Clinical Center for Infertility , Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences , Yazd , Iran
| | - Zahra Mojtahedi
- c Cancer Immunology Group, Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Haghshenas
- c Cancer Immunology Group, Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Mosa Taghipour
- d Department of Neurosurgery, Shiraz Medical School , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Nasrollah Erfani
- c Cancer Immunology Group, Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
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29
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Haghshenas MR, Dabbaghmanesh MH, Miri A, Ghaderi A, Erfani N. Association of PDCD1 gene markers with susceptibility to thyroid cancer. J Endocrinol Invest 2017; 40:481-486. [PMID: 27943063 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-016-0579-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE PD-1 receptor is a co-signaling molecule with an important role in regulation of T-lymphocyte activity. Correlation between PD-1 gene (PDCD1) polymorphisms and some immune-related diseases has been reported before. In current study, we aimed to investigate the association of PD-1 polymorphisms at positions +7146 G/A (PD-1.3) and +7785 C/T (PD-1.5), as well as the emerged haplotypes with susceptibility to thyroid carcinoma. METHODS One hundred five patients with confirmed thyroid cancer and 160 healthy individuals as control group were enrolled. Genotypes were identified using PCR-RFLP and nested PCR-RFLP methods. Results were analyzed by Arlequin and SPSS software packages. RESULTS Analysis revealed a significant increase in the frequency of PD-1.5 mutant T allele and heterozygous CT genotype in patients with thyroid cancer in comparison with controls [79 (37.7%) vs. 71 (22.2%), and 51 (48.6%) vs. 51 (31.9%), p = 0.0001 and p = 0.009, receptively]. CC genotype at this position observed to be significantly higher among controls than the patients [99 (61.9%) vs. 40 (38.1%), p = 0.0002]. There were no significant differences in the frequencies of genotypes and alleles at locus PD-1.3 between patients and control group. Despite this, GT haplotype emerged from both positions (PD-1.3 G and PD-1.5 T) has also been observed with significant increased frequency between patients and controls [70 (36.8%) vs. 71 (22.2%), p = 0.0005]. CONCLUSION As the first study to investigate two mentioned polymorphisms in thyroid cancer, current study confirmed the association of PD-1.5 C/T polymorphism and a haplotype resulted from both loci, PD-1.3 and PD-1.5, with susceptibility of Iranians to thyroid cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/blood
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Follicular/pathology
- Adenocarcinoma, Papillary/blood
- Adenocarcinoma, Papillary/genetics
- Adenocarcinoma, Papillary/pathology
- Adult
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Case-Control Studies
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Humans
- Male
- Neoplasm Staging
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Polymorphism, Genetic/genetics
- Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length
- Prognosis
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/blood
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/blood
- Thyroid Neoplasms/genetics
- Thyroid Neoplasms/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Haghshenas
- Cancer Immunology Group, Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - M H Dabbaghmanesh
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - A Miri
- Cancer Immunology Group, Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - A Ghaderi
- Cancer Immunology Group, Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - N Erfani
- Cancer Immunology Group, Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Byun DJ, Wolchok JD, Rosenberg LM, Girotra M. Cancer immunotherapy - immune checkpoint blockade and associated endocrinopathies. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2017; 13:195-207. [PMID: 28106152 PMCID: PMC5629093 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2016.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 443] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advances in cancer therapy in the past few years include the development of medications that modulate immune checkpoint proteins. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1) are two co-inhibitory receptors that are expressed on activated T cells against which therapeutic blocking antibodies have reached routine clinical use. Immune checkpoint blockade can induce inflammatory adverse effects, termed immune-related adverse events (IRAEs), which resemble autoimmune disease. In this Review, we describe the current data regarding immune-related endocrinopathies, including hypophysitis, thyroid dysfunction and diabetes mellitus. We discuss the clinical management of these endocrinopathies within the context of our current understanding of the mechanisms of IRAEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Byun
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, 10065 New York, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, 10065 New York, USA
| | - Jedd D Wolchok
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, 10065 New York, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, 10065 New York, USA
| | - Lynne M Rosenberg
- Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, 10065 New York, USA
| | - Monica Girotra
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, 10065 New York, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, 10065 New York, USA
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31
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Wu J, Hong D, Zhang X, Lu X, Miao J. PD-1 inhibitors increase the incidence and risk of pneumonitis in cancer patients in a dose-independent manner: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44173. [PMID: 28272463 PMCID: PMC5341153 DOI: 10.1038/srep44173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies that targeted PD-1 have shown remarkable rates of durable clinical responses in patients with various tumor types. However, the extent and knowledge of pulmonary toxicities associated with PD-1 blockade, mainly manifested as pneumonitis, remains obscure. In this study, a total of 6360 subjects from 16 phase II/III clinical trials were pooled for meta-analysis to evaluate the overall incidence and risk of PD-1 inhibitors-related pneumonitis in cancer patients. The incidence of pneumonitis during anti-PD-1 immunotherapy was 2.92% (95%CI: 2.18–3.90%) for all-grade and 1.53% (95%CI: 1.15–2.04%) for high-grade pneumonitis. Compared with routine chemotherapy, PD-1 inhibitors were associated with a significant increased risk of pneumonitis. Moreover, among the types of tumor treated with PD-1 inhibitors, the melanoma patients have the lowest incidence of pneumonitis, while the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients have the highest. Furthermore, no significant differences were detected in the incidences of all- and high-grade pneumonitis between high-dose and low-dose groups of PD-1 inhibitors. In conclusion, PD-1 inhibitors were probably associated with an increased risk of pneumonitis in a dose-independent manner, compared with routine chemotherapeutic agents. The frequency and severity of treatment-mediated pneumonitis was quite different in patients with various tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dongsheng Hong
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangnan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Miao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Pawlak-Adamska E, Nowak O, Karabon L, Pokryszko-Dragan A, Partyka A, Tomkiewicz A, Ptaszkowski J, Frydecka I, Podemski R, Dybko J, Bilinska M. PD-1 gene polymorphic variation is linked with first symptom of disease and severity of relapsing-remitting form of MS. J Neuroimmunol 2017; 305:115-127. [PMID: 28284331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS), where inflammation, demyelination together with the axonopathy are the cardinal features on pathologic ground, with a combined genetic and environmental background. The associations of PD-1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): PD-1.3 (in intron 4), PD-1.5 and PD-1.9 (both in exon 5) with clinical manifestation of MS in 479 south Polish individuals including 203 MS patients were analyzed. Presence of PD-1.5T allele was linked with the first manifestations of disease: diplopia and pyramidal signs - favored pyramidal signs but protected against of diplopia development. Farther, PD-1.3G/PD-1.5C/PD-1.9C haplotype significantly favored whereas GTC protected against diplopia. Besides, GTT haplotype strongly favored non-severe RRMS outcome and ATC haplotype was specific only for these MS patients. Our population-based case-control study, investigating selected three PD-1 SNPs: PD-1.3, PD-1.5 and PD-1.9, revealed that polymorphic variation may be rather disease-modifying than MS risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Pawlak-Adamska
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigl 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Oskar Nowak
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Anthropology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 61-614 Poznan, Poland
| | - Lidia Karabon
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigl 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Pokryszko-Dragan
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-566 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Partyka
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigl 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Tomkiewicz
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigl 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Ptaszkowski
- Department of Clinical Biomechanics and Physiotherapy in Motor System Disorders, Faculty of Health Science, Wroclaw Medical University, Grunwaldzka 2, 50-355 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Irena Frydecka
- Department of Experimental Therapy, Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, R. Weigl 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Ryszard Podemski
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-566 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Dybko
- Department of Hematology, Blood Neoplastic Diseases, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Medical University, Pasteura 4, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Bilinska
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-566 Wroclaw, Poland
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Wasén C, Turkkila M, Bossios A, Erlandsson M, Andersson KM, Ekerljung L, Malmhäll C, Brisslert M, Töyrä Silfverswärd S, Lundbäck B, Bokarewa MI. Smoking activates cytotoxic CD8 + T cells and causes survivin release in rheumatoid arthritis. J Autoimmun 2017; 78:101-110. [PMID: 28082047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells have an emerging role in RA. Resent research indicates a causal relationship between the non-exhausted state of CD8+ T cells, defined by lost function of PD-1, and development of arthritis. We investigated how smoking contributes to the non-exhausted phenotype of CD8+ T cells and cause survivin release to serum. We compared serum survivin levels between smokers and non-smokers in 252 RA and 168 healthy subjects. Nicotine effects on CD8+ T cells were studied in peripheral blood of smoking women, bone marrow of nicotine treated mice and in sorted CD8 spleen cells in vitro using flow cytometry and quantitative PCR. Smoking increased the frequency of survivin release in serum of healthy women (OR 3.64, p = 0.025) and in RA patients (OR 1.98, p = 0.039). CD8+ T cells of smokers gained a non-exhausted PD-1 deficient phenotype. Expression of the cytotoxic marker CD107 correlated to survivin levels in serum. In the experimental setting, nicotine exposure led to an accumulation of non-exhausted PD-1-IL-7R+ CD8+ T cells in the bone marrow that is abundant with survivin producing cells. The production of the cytolytic protein perforin in bone marrow correlated to serum survivin levels. In vitro stimulation of nicotinic receptors on murine CD8+ T cells induced repressive transcription factors T-bet and Blimp-1 in support of the non-exhausted phenotype. We conclude that nicotine contributes to autoimmunity by supporting the non-exhausted state of CD8+ T cells resulting in the release of survivin. This presents a new mechanism by which smoking may contribute to the pathogenesis of RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Wasén
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, The University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Minna Turkkila
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, The University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Apostolos Bossios
- The Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Malin Erlandsson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, The University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Karin M Andersson
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, The University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Linda Ekerljung
- The Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Carina Malmhäll
- The Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Mikael Brisslert
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, The University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Sofia Töyrä Silfverswärd
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, The University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Bo Lundbäck
- The Krefting Research Centre, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, The University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Maria I Bokarewa
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, The University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Abstract
Immunity developed to defend our bodies from foreign particles, including bacteria and viruses. Although effector cells responsible for acquired immunity, mainly T cells, and B cells, are able to distinguish self from non-self, they sometimes attack the body's tissues because of imperfect central tolerance. Several immune check points developed to limit overactivation of these cells. One of the most important immune checkpoints is programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), which is expressed mainly on activated lymphocytes. As its ligands (PD-Ls) are expressed widely in the body and affect the responses against self and foreign antigens, controlling PD-1/PD-L interactions enables the management of several immune-related diseases such as autoimmune disease, virus infection, and cancers. Currently, the strategy of PD-1/ PD-L1 blockade has already been applied to clinical cancer therapy, providing evidences that PD-1 signal is one of the main factors of cancer immune escape in humans. The dramatic efficacy of PD-1 blockade in cancer immunotherapy, promises the control of other immune diseases by PD-1 signal modulation. In this review, we summarize the history of PD-1, subsequent basic studies, and their application to the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Chamoto
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Muna Al-Habsi
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tasuku Honjo
- Department of Immunology and Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Yoshida Konoe-Cho, Sakyo-Ku, 606-8501, Kyoto, Japan.
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T‐cell exhaustion: understanding the interface of chronic viral and autoinflammatory diseases. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:935-942. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Zamani MR, Aslani S, Salmaninejad A, Javan MR, Rezaei N. PD-1/PD-L and autoimmunity: A growing relationship. Cell Immunol 2016; 310:27-41. [PMID: 27660198 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Programmed death 1 (PD-1) and its ligands, namely PD-L1 and PD-L2, are one of the key factors responsible for inhibitory T cell signaling, mediating the mechanisms of tolerance and providing immune homeostasis. Mounting evidence demonstrates that impaired PD-1:PD-L function plays an important role in a variety of autoimmune diseases such as Type 1 diabetes (T1D), encephalomyelitis, inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), Behcet's disease (BD), myasthenia gravis (MG), autoimmune uveitis (AU), Sjögren's syndrome (SjS), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), systemic sclerosis (SSc), myocarditis, and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). By investigating the candidate genes, genome-wide association studies, and identification of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PD-1 gene in humans, it has been shown that there is a higher risk in relevant genetic associations with developing autoimmune diseases in certain ethnic groups. In this review we have tried to present a comprehensive role of PD-1:PD-L in all recently studied autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Zamani
- Department of Immunology and Biology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Aslani
- Department of Immunology and Biology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Salmaninejad
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Student Research Committee, Medical Genetics Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Javan
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Department of Immunology and Biology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Dmitrieva-Zdorova EV, Gabaeva MV, Seregin YA, Bodoev NV, Voronko OE. PDCD1 PD-1.3 polymorphism and allergic bronchial asthma in Russian and Buryat patients. J Asthma 2016; 54:46-52. [PMID: 27286421 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2016.1196366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The programmed death-1 receptor, PD-1, is a negative regulator of T-cell activation. The PD-1.3 polymorphism of the PD-1 gene (PDCD1) has been previously shown to be associated with several autoimmune and inflammatory disorders including systemic lupus erythematosus and multiple sclerosis. We examined for the first time PD-1.3 association with another inflammatory disease with strong immune component, IgE-mediated bronchial asthma, its severity and its biochemical markers (total serum IgE and IL-4). METHODS PD-1.3 G/A was genotyped by PCR-RFLP analysis using two different populations: Caucasian (492 Russian individuals) and Asian (276 Buryat individuals). RESULTS We found a significant association of the PD-1.3 polymorphism with IgE-mediated bronchial asthma and total serum IgE level in the Russian population. Combined genotype AA+AG was correlated with risk of developing allergic bronchial asthma (OR = 1.78, 95% CI 1.13-2.78, p = 0.011) and lower concentrations of total serum IgE (p = 0.001) compared with the wild-type genotype GG. However, PD-1.3 was not polymorphic in the Buryat population. CONCLUSIONS PD-1.3 polymorphism of the PD-1 gene (PDCD1) may contribute to the development of allergic asthma in the Russians but not in the Buryats. Our results could be helpful for a better understanding of the effect of this polymorphism on the development of diseases with strong immune components.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yuri A Seregin
- a Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC) , Moscow , Russia
| | | | - Olga E Voronko
- a Institute of Biomedical Chemistry (IBMC) , Moscow , Russia
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Lee YH, Bae SC, Kim JH, Song GG. Meta-analysis of genetic polymorphisms in programmed cell death 1. Associations with rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, and type 1 diabetes susceptibility. Z Rheumatol 2016; 74:230-9. [PMID: 24942602 DOI: 10.1007/s00393-014-1415-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine whether genetic polymorphisms in programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1 or PD1) are associated with susceptibility to rheumatoid arthritis (RA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS), and type 1 diabetes (T1D). METHODS We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the association between PDCD1 polymorphisms and RA, AS, and T1D in the overall population and in specific ethnic populations. RESULTS Sixteen studies, comprising 13,210 patients and 17,073 controls, were conducted for the meta-analysis including 4 studies on RA, 4 on AS, and 8 on T1D. The meta-analysis showed an association between RA and the 2 alleles of the PD1.3 polymorphism in the overall population [odds ratio (OR) 1.183, 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) 1.005-1.392, p = 0.043]. However, meta-analysis showed no association between RA and the 2 alleles of the PD1.1 and PD1.5 polymorphisms in the overall population. Meta-analysis identified an association between AS and the 2 alleles of the PD1.5 and PD1.9 polymorphisms in the Asian population (OR 1.251, 95 % CI 1.019-1.535, p = 0.033; OR 1.975, 95 % CI 1.286-3.034, p = 0.002, respectively). The meta-analysis revealed a significant association between T1D and the 2 alleles of the PD1.3 polymorphism in the European population (OR 1.098, 95 % CI 1.029-1.171, p = 0.005). The meta-analysis showed an association between the PD1.5 polymorphism and T1D in Asians (OR 1.332, 95 % CI 1.067-1.663, p = 0.011) and between the PD1.9 polymorphism and T1D in the Asian population (OR 1.363, 95 % CI 1.107-1.679, p = 0.004). CONCLUSION The meta-analysis suggests an association between the PD1.3 polymorphism and RA in the overall population and an association between the PD1.5 and PD1.9 polymorphisms, and AS in the Asian population. Furthermore, the PD1.3 , 5, and 9 polymorphisms were associated with T1D susceptibility in Europeans, or Asians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y H Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 126-1, Anam-dong 5 ga, Seongbuk-gu, 136-705, Seoul, Korea,
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do Canto LM, Farias TDJ, Medeiros MD, Coêlho CC, Sereia AFR, de Carlos Back LKF, de Mello FM, Zimmermann AF, Pereira IA, de Souza IR. Association of PDCD1 polymorphism to systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis susceptibility. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2015; 56:483-489. [PMID: 27914594 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbre.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to analyze the relationship of programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1) gene polymorphism (PD1.3G/A - rs11568821) with features of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a Southern Brazilian population. METHODS Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was performed in 95 SLE and 87 RA patients and 128 control group individuals from Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) test, and odds ratio (OR) were analyzed, considering CI 95% and p≤0.05. RESULTS The PD1.3A allele frequencies were 0.095 (SLE), 0.115 (RA) and 0.078 (controls). The genotypes of the control group were in HWE, while those of SLE and RA patients were not. However, we found no association between PD1.3 polymorphism and the SLE or RA susceptibility, nor clinical or epidemiological data. CONCLUSION There was no significant association between PD1.3 polymorphism and SLE or RA susceptibility in this Southern Brazilian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Matos do Canto
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ticiana Della Justina Farias
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Mayara Delagnelo Medeiros
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Cíntia Callegari Coêlho
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | | | | | - Filipe Martins de Mello
- Universidade do Estado de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina, Serviço de Reumatologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana Fontes Zimmermann
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Hospital Universitário, Divisão de Reumatologia, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ivânio Alves Pereira
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Hospital Universitário, Divisão de Reumatologia, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Ilíada Rainha de Souza
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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Canto LMD, Farias TDJ, Medeiros MD, Coêlho CC, Sereia AFR, Back LKFDC, Mello FMD, Zimmermann AF, Pereira IA, Souza IRD. Association of PDCD1 polymorphism to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Rheumatoid Arthritis susceptibility. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE REUMATOLOGIA 2015; 56:S0482-5004(15)00071-6. [PMID: 26298525 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbr.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to analyze the relationship of programmed cell death 1 (PDCD1) gene polymorphism (PD1.3G/A - rs11568821) with features of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in a Southern Brazilian population. METHODS Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was performed in 95 SLE and 87 RA patients and 128 control group individuals from Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil. The Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) test, and odds ratio (OR) were analyzed, considering CI 95% and p≤0.05. RESULTS The PD1.3A allele frequencies were 0.095 (SLE), 0.115 (RA) and 0.078 (controls). The genotypes of the control group were in HWE, while those of SLE and RA patients were not. However, we found no association between PD1.3 polymorphism and the SLE or RA susceptibility, nor clinical or epidemiological data. CONCLUSION There was no significant association between PD1.3 polymorphism and SLE or RA susceptibility in this Southern Brazilian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Matos do Canto
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Ticiana Della Justina Farias
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Mayara Delagnelo Medeiros
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Cíntia Callegari Coêlho
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | | | | | - Filipe Martins de Mello
- Serviço de Reumatologia, Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Estado de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Adriana Fontes Zimmermann
- Divisão de Reumatologia, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Ivânio Alves Pereira
- Divisão de Reumatologia, Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil
| | - Ilíada Rainha de Souza
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brasil.
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Mahmoudi M, Rezaiemanesh A, Salmaninejad A, Harsini S, Poursani S, Bahrami T, Tahghighi F, Ziaee V, Rezaei N. PDCD1single nucleotide genes polymorphisms confer susceptibility to juvenile-onset systemic lupus erythematosus. Autoimmunity 2015; 48:488-93. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2015.1058370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Upregulated PD-1 Expression Is Associated with the Development of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, but Not the PD-1.1 Allele of the PDCD1 Gene. Int J Genomics 2014; 2014:950903. [PMID: 24860805 PMCID: PMC4016872 DOI: 10.1155/2014/950903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a multisystem autoimmune disease with complicated genetic inheritance. Programmed death 1 (PD-1), a negative T cell regulator to maintain peripheral tolerance, induces negative signals to T cells during interaction with its ligands and is therefore a candidate gene in the development of SLE. In order to examine whether expression levels of PD-1 contribute to the pathogenesis of SLE, 30 patients with SLE and 30 controls were recruited and their PD-1 expression levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were measured via flow cytometry and quantitative real-time-reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Also, whether PD-1 expression levels are associated with the variant of the SNP rs36084323 and the SLE Disease Activity Index (SLEDAI) was studied in this work. The PD-1 expression levels of SLE patients were significantly increased compared with those of the healthy controls. The upregulated PD-1 expression levels in SLE patients were greatly associated with SLEDAI scores. No significant difference was found between PD-1 expression levels and SNP rs36084323. The results suggest that increased expression of PD-1 may correlate with the pathogenesis of SLE, upregulated PD-1 expression may be a biomarker for SLE diagnosis, and PD-1 inhibitor may be useful to SLE treatment.
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A Promoter Region Polymorphism in PDCD-1 Gene Is Associated with Risk of Rheumatoid Arthritis in the Han Chinese Population of Southeastern China. Int J Genomics 2014; 2014:247637. [PMID: 24804191 PMCID: PMC3996357 DOI: 10.1155/2014/247637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) induces negative signals to T cells during interaction with its ligands and is therefore a candidate gene in the development of autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Herein, we investigate the association of PDCD-1 polymorphisms with the risk of RA among Chinese patients and healthy controls. Methods. Using the PCR-direct sequencing analysis, 4 PDCD-1 SNPs (rs36084323, rs11568821, rs2227982, and rs2227981) were genotyped in 320 RA patients and 309 matched healthy controls. Expression of PD-1 was determined in peripheral blood lymphocytes by flow cytometry and quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. Results. We observed that the GG genotype of rs36084323 was associated with a increased risk for developing RA (OR 1.70, 95% 1.11–2.61, P = 0.049). Patients carrying G/G genotype displayed an increased mRNA level of PD-1 (P = 0.04) compared with A/A genotype and healthy controls. Meanwhile, patients homozygous for rs36084323 had induced basal PD-1 expression on activated CD4+ T cells. Conclusion. The PDCD-1 polymorphism rs36084323 was significantly associated with RA risk in Han Chinese population. This SNP, which effectively influenced the expression of PD-1, may be a biomarker of early diagnosis of RA and a suitable indicator of utilizing PD-1 inhibitor for treatment of RA.
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From single nucleotide polymorphisms to constant immunosuppression: mesenchymal stem cell therapy for autoimmune diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:929842. [PMID: 24350294 PMCID: PMC3852726 DOI: 10.1155/2013/929842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The regenerative abilities and the immunosuppressive properties of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) make them potentially the ideal cellular product of choice for treatment of autoimmune and other immune mediated disorders. Although the usefulness of MSCs for therapeutic applications is in early phases, their potential clinical use remains of great interest. Current clinical evidence of use of MSCs from both autologous and allogeneic sources to treat autoimmune disorders confers conflicting clinical benefit outcomes. These varied results may possibly be due to MSC use across wide range of autoimmune disorders with clinical heterogeneity or due to variability of the cellular product. In the light of recent genome wide association studies (GWAS), linking predisposition of autoimmune diseases to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the susceptible genetic loci, the clinical relevance of MSCs possessing SNPs in the critical effector molecules of immunosuppression is largely undiscussed. It is of further interest in the allogeneic setting, where SNPs in the target pathway of MSC's intervention may also modulate clinical outcome. In the present review, we have discussed the known critical SNPs predisposing to disease susceptibility in various autoimmune diseases and their significance in the immunomodulatory properties of MSCs.
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Programmed cell death 1 inhibits inflammatory helper T-cell development through controlling the innate immune response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:16073-8. [PMID: 24043779 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1315828110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) is an inhibitory coreceptor on immune cells and is essential for self-tolerance because mice genetically lacking PD-1 (PD-1(-/-)) develop spontaneous autoimmune diseases. PD-1(-/-) mice are also susceptible to severe experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), characterized by a massive production of effector/memory T cells against myelin autoantigen, the mechanism of which is not fully understood. We found that an increased primary response of PD-1(-/-) mice to heat-killed mycobacteria (HKMTB), an adjuvant for EAE, contributed to the enhanced production of T-helper 17 (Th17) cells. Splenocytes from HKMTB-immunized, lymphocyte-deficient PD-1(-/-) recombination activating gene (RAG)2(-/-) mice were found to drive antigen-specific Th17 cell differentiation more efficiently than splenocytes from HKMTB-immunized PD-1(+/+) RAG2(-/-) mice. This result suggested PD-1's involvement in the regulation of innate immune responses. Mice reconstituted with PD-1(-/-) RAG2(-/-) bone marrow and PD-1(+/+) CD4(+) T cells developed more severe EAE compared with the ones reconstituted with PD-1(+/+) RAG2(-/-) bone marrow and PD-1(+/+) CD4(+) T cells. We found that upon recognition of HKMTB, CD11b(+) macrophages from PD-1(-/-) mice produced very high levels of IL-6, which helped promote naive CD4(+) T-cell differentiation into IL-17-producing cells. We propose a model in which PD-1 negatively regulates antimycobacterial responses by suppressing innate immune cells, which in turn prevents autoreactive T-cell priming and differentiation to inflammatory effector T cells.
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Expression of Programmed Death-1 (PD-1) on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in Rheumatoid Arthritis. Inflammation 2013; 37:116-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9718-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Abstract
Why exactly some individuals develop autoimmune disorders remains unclear. The broadly accepted paradigm is that genetic susceptibility results in some break in immunological tolerance, may enhance the availability of autoantigens, and may enhance inflammatory responses. Some environmental insults that occur on this background of susceptibility may then contribute to autoimmunity. In this review we discuss some aspects related to inhibitory signaling and rare genetic variants, as well as additional factors that might contribute to autoimmunity including the possible role of clonal somatic mutations, the role of epigenetic events and the contribution of the intestinal microbiome. Genetic susceptibility alleles generally contribute to the loss of immunological tolerance, the increased availability of autoantigens, or an increase in inflammation. Apart from common genetic variants, rare loss-of-function genetic variants may also contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. Studies of an inhibitory signaling pathway in B cells helped identify a negative regulatory enzyme called sialic acid acetyl esterase. The study of rare genetic variants of this enzyme provides an illustrative example showing the importance of detailed functional analyses of variant alleles and the need to exclude functionally normal common or rare genetic variants from analysis. It has also become clear that pathways that are functionally impacted by either common or rare defective variants can also be more significantly compromised by gene expression changes that may result from epigenetic alterations. Another important and evolving area that has been discussed relates to the role of the intestinal microbiome in influencing helper T cell polarization and the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiv Pillai
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Center for Cancer Research, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02129, USA.
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Gianchecchi E, Delfino DV, Fierabracci A. Recent insights into the role of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in immunological tolerance and autoimmunity. Autoimmun Rev 2013; 12:1091-100. [PMID: 23792703 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases represent a heterogeneous group of conditions whose incidence is increasing worldwide. This has stimulated studies on their etiopathogenesis, derived from a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors, in order to improve prevention and treatment of these disorders. The relevance of T regulatory cells and of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in controlling immune responses has been highlighted. Recent studies have in particular elucidated the putative role of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in regulating T cell responses and its effects on immunological tolerance and immune-mediated tissue damage. The role of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in autoimmunity has been already investigated in vivo in several experimental animal models including insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, systemic lupus erythematosus, myocarditis, encephalomyelitis, rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel diseases. With the advent of candidate gene and genome-wide association studies, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PD-1 gene in humans have demonstrated relevant associations with a higher risk of developing autoimmune diseases in certain ethnic groups. In this review we present recent insights into the role of the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway in regulating lymphocyte activation, promotion of T regulatory cell development and function, breakdown of tolerance and development of autoimmunity. We finally speculate on the possible development of novel therapeutic treatments in human autoimmunity by modulating the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Gianchecchi
- Autoimmunity Laboratory, Immunology Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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Spoerl D, Duroux-Richard I, Louis-Plence P, Jorgensen C. The role of miR-155 in regulatory T cells and rheumatoid arthritis. Clin Immunol 2013; 148:56-65. [PMID: 23649045 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently, various micro(mi)RNAs have been found deregulated in the setting of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but their role in the pathogenesis of this disease remains a matter of debate. In the meanwhile, increasing evidence indicates a defective function of regulatory T cells (Tregs) in RA. This review discusses relevant studies addressing the function of Tregs and Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 in RA, provides recent data on the role of miRNAs for Tregs homeostasis, and focuses on the role of miR-155 in Tregs. In a final perspective section we discuss the potential impact of therapeutic miR-155 modulation in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Spoerl
- Inserm U844, CHU Saint Eloi, INM, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34295 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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50
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The immune response involves the activation of heterogeneous populations of T cells and B cells that show different degrees of affinity and specificity for target antigens. Although several techniques have been developed to study the molecular pathways that control immunity, there is a need for high-throughput assays to monitor the specificity of the immune response. CONTENT Antigen microarrays provide a new tool to study the immune response. We reviewed the literature on antigen microarrays and their advantages and limitations, and we evaluated their use for the study of autoimmune diseases. Antigen arrays have been successfully used for several purposes in the investigation of autoimmune disorders: for disease diagnosis, to monitor disease progression and response to therapy, to discover mechanisms of pathogenesis, and to tailor antigen-specific therapies to the autoimmune response of individual patients. In this review we discuss the use of antigen microarrays for the study of 4 common autoimmune diseases and their animal models: type 1 diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis. CONCLUSIONS Antigen microarrays constitute a new tool for the investigation of the immune response in autoimmune disorders and also in other conditions such as tumors and allergies. Once current limitations are overcome, antigen microarrays have the potential to revolutionize the investigation and management of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Yeste
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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