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Zhou R, Fu W, Vasylyev D, Waxman SG, Liu CJ. Ion channels in osteoarthritis: emerging roles and potential targets. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2024; 20:545-564. [PMID: 39122910 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-024-01146-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a highly prevalent joint disease that causes substantial disability, yet effective approaches to disease prevention or to the delay of OA progression are lacking. Emerging evidence has pinpointed ion channels as pivotal mediators in OA pathogenesis and as promising targets for disease-modifying treatments. Preclinical studies have assessed the potential of a variety of ion channel modulators to modify disease pathways involved in cartilage degeneration, synovial inflammation, bone hyperplasia and pain, and to provide symptomatic relief in models of OA. Some of these modulators are currently being evaluated in clinical trials. This review explores the structures and functions of ion channels, including transient receptor potential channels, Piezo channels, voltage-gated sodium channels, voltage-dependent calcium channels, potassium channels, acid-sensing ion channels, chloride channels and the ATP-dependent P2XR channels in the osteoarthritic joint. The discussion spans channel-targeting drug discovery and potential clinical applications, emphasizing opportunities for further research, and underscoring the growing clinical impact of ion channel biology in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renpeng Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Wenyu Fu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dmytro Vasylyev
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Stephen G Waxman
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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2
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Huang G, Jian J, Liu CJ. Progranulinopathy: A diverse realm of disorders linked to progranulin imbalances. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2024; 76:142-159. [PMID: 37981505 PMCID: PMC10978308 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2023.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN), encoded by the GRN gene in humans, was originally isolated as a secreted growth factor that implicates in a multitude of processes ranging from regulation of tumorigenesis, inflammation to neural proliferation. Compelling evidence indicating that GRN mutation can lead to various common neuronal degenerative diseases and rare lysosomal storage diseases. These findings have unveiled a critical role for PGRN as a lysosomal protein in maintaining lysosomal function. The phenotypic spectrum of PGRN imbalance has expanded to encompass a broad spectrum of diseases, including autoimmune diseases, metabolic, musculoskeletal and cardiovascular diseases. These diseases collectively referred to as Progranulinopathy- a term encompasses the wide spectrum of disorders influenced by PGRN imbalance. Unlike its known extracellular function as a growth factor-like molecule associated with multiple membrane receptors, PGRN also serves as an intracellular co-chaperone engaged in the folding and traffic of its associated proteins, particularly the lysosomal hydrolases. This chaperone activity is required for PGRN to exert its diverse functions across a broad range of diseases, encompassing both the central nervous system and peripheral systems. In this comprehensive review, we present an update of the emerging role of PGRN in Progranulinopathy, with special focus on elucidating the intricate interplay between PGRN and a diverse array of proteins at various levels, ranging from extracellular fluids and intracellular components, as well as various pathophysiological processes involved. This review seeks to offer a comprehensive grasp of PGRN's diverse functions, aiming to unveil intricate mechanisms behind Progranulinopathy and open doors for future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiwu Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinlong Jian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Kong X, Liu C. How do small quantities of cartilage sodium channels play a significant role in osteoarthritis? Clin Transl Med 2024; 14:e1634. [PMID: 38530147 PMCID: PMC10964914 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Kong
- Department of Orthopaedics and RehabilitationYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
| | - Chuan‐Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and RehabilitationYale University School of MedicineNew HavenConnecticutUSA
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4
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Huang H, Lin Y, Jiang Y, Yao Q, Chen R, Zhao YZ, Kou L. Recombinant protein drugs-based intra articular drug delivery systems for osteoarthritis therapy. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2023; 183:33-46. [PMID: 36563886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2022.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent chronic degenerative joint disease. It weakens the motor function of patients and imposes a significant economic burden on society. The current medications commonly used in clinical practice do not meet the need for the treatment of OA. Recombinant protein drugs (RPDs) can treat OA by inhibiting inflammatory pathways, regulating catabolism/anabolism, and promoting cartilage repair, thereby showing promise as disease-modifying OA drugs (DMOADs). However, the rapid clearance and short half-life of them in the articular cavity limit their clinical translation. Therefore, the reliable drug delivery systems for extending drug treatment are necessary for the further development. This review introduces RPDs with therapeutic potential for OA, and summarizes their research progress on related drug delivery systems, and make proper discussion on the certain keys for optimal development of this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huirong Huang
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Yujie Lin
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yiling Jiang
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Qing Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Ruijie Chen
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Ying-Zheng Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China.
| | - Longfa Kou
- Wenzhou Municipal Key Laboratory of Pediatric Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; The Second School of Medicine, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China; Key Laboratory of Structural Malformations in Children of Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou 325027, China; Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Basic Science and Translational Research of Radiation Oncology, Wenzhou 325027, China.
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5
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Chen Q, Wu Z, Xie L. Progranulin is essential for bone homeostasis and immunology. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2022; 1518:58-68. [PMID: 36177883 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular communication or crosstalk between immune and skeletal cells is considered a crucial element in bone homeostasis modulation. Progranulin (PGRN) is an autocrine growth factor that is structured as beads-on-a-string and participates in multiple pathophysiological processes, including atherosclerosis, arthritis, neurodegenerative pathologies, cancer, and wound repair. PGRN functions as a competitor that binds to tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), thereby blocking the TNF-α pathway. PGRN is regarded as an agonist of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis, delaying the progression of inflammation through the TNFR2 pathway. The exploitation of PGRN may bring benefits for inflammatory bone diseases and the stabilization of bone homeostasis. The PGRN-modified analog Atsttrin possesses three TNFR-binding fragments and thereby exerts superior therapeutic effects on multiple preclinical animal models compared to PGRN. In this review, we highlight the emerging roles of PGRN in bone formation, as well as in physiological and TNF-α-mediated inflammatory conditions revealed in recent discoveries. We address potential therapies for the treatment of inflammatory bone conditions, such as periodontitis, by the use of PGRN and its derivative Atsttrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - ZuPing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China.,The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Liang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, P. R. China
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6
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Evangelatos G, Bamias G, Kitas GD, Kollias G, Sfikakis PP. The second decade of anti-TNF-a therapy in clinical practice: new lessons and future directions in the COVID-19 era. Rheumatol Int 2022; 42:1493-1511. [PMID: 35503130 PMCID: PMC9063259 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-022-05136-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since the late 1990s, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors (anti-TNFs) have revolutionized the therapy of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases (IMIDs) affecting the gut, joints, skin and eyes. Although the therapeutic armamentarium in IMIDs is being constantly expanded, anti-TNFs remain the cornerstone of their treatment. During the second decade of their application in clinical practice, a large body of additional knowledge has accumulated regarding various aspects of anti-TNF-α therapy, whereas new indications have been added. Recent experimental studies have shown that anti-TNFs exert their beneficial effects not only by restoring aberrant TNF-mediated immune mechanisms, but also by de-activating pathogenic fibroblast-like mesenchymal cells. Real-world data on millions of patients further confirmed the remarkable efficacy of anti-TNFs. It is now clear that anti-TNFs alter the physical course of inflammatory arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, leading to inhibition of local and systemic bone loss and to a decline in the number of surgeries for disease-related complications, while anti-TNFs improve morbidity and mortality, acting beneficially also on cardiovascular comorbidities. On the other hand, no new safety signals emerged, whereas anti-TNF-α safety in pregnancy and amid the COVID-19 pandemic was confirmed. The use of biosimilars was associated with cost reductions making anti-TNFs more widely available. Moreover, the current implementation of the "treat-to-target" approach and treatment de-escalation strategies of IMIDs were based on anti-TNFs. An intensive search to discover biomarkers to optimize response to anti-TNF-α treatment is currently ongoing. Finally, selective targeting of TNF-α receptors, new forms of anti-TNFs and combinations with other agents, are being tested in clinical trials and will probably expand the spectrum of TNF-α inhibition as a therapeutic strategy for IMIDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerasimos Evangelatos
- Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Giorgos Bamias
- Gastrointestinal Unit, Third Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George D Kitas
- Department of Rheumatology, Russells Hall Hospital, Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust, Dudley, UK
- Arthritis Research UK Centre for Epidemiology, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - George Kollias
- Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- Institute for Bioinnovation, Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Petros P Sfikakis
- Joint Academic Rheumatology Program, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- First Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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7
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Katyal P, Hettinghouse A, Meleties M, Hasan S, Chen C, Cui M, Sun G, Menon R, Lin B, Regatte R, Montclare JK, Liu CJ. Injectable recombinant block polymer gel for sustained delivery of therapeutic protein in post traumatic osteoarthritis. Biomaterials 2022; 281:121370. [PMID: 35032910 PMCID: PMC9055922 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2022.121370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protein-based biomaterials offer several advantages over synthetic materials, owing to their unique stimuli-responsive properties, biocompatibility and modular nature. Here, we demonstrate that E5C, a recombinant protein block polymer, consisting of five repeats of elastin like polypeptide (E) and a coiled-coil domain of cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (C), is capable of forming a porous networked gel at physiological temperature, making it an excellent candidate for injectable biomaterials. Combination of E5C with Atsttrin, a chondroprotective engineered derivative of anti-inflammatory growth factor progranulin, provides a unique biochemical and biomechanical environment to protect against post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA) onset and progression. E5C gel was demonstrated to provide prolonged release of Atsttrin and inhibit chondrocyte catabolism while facilitating anabolic signaling in vitro. We also provide in vivo evidence that prophylactic and therapeutic application of Atsttrin-loaded E5C gels protected against PTOA onset and progression in a rabbit anterior cruciate ligament transection model. Collectively, we have developed a unique protein-based gel capable of minimally invasive, sustained delivery of prospective therapeutics, particularly the progranulin-derivative Atsttrin, for therapeutic application in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Katyal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Michael Meleties
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Sadaf Hasan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Changhong Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Min Cui
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Guodong Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States
| | - Rajiv Menon
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Bonnie Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States
| | - Ravinder Regatte
- Bernard and Irene Schwartz Center for Biomedical Imaging, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, United States
| | - Jin Kim Montclare
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, New York University Tandon School of Engineering, Brooklyn, NY 11201, United States; Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York 10003, United States; Department of Radiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York 10016, United States; Department of Biomaterials, NYU College of Dentistry, New York, NY, 10010, United States.
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10003, United States; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, United States.
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8
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Fu W, Hu W, Yi YS, Hettinghouse A, Sun G, Bi Y, He W, Zhang L, Gao G, Liu J, Toyo-Oka K, Xiao G, Solit DB, Loke P, Liu CJ. TNFR2/14-3-3ε signaling complex instructs macrophage plasticity in inflammation and autoimmunity. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e144016. [PMID: 34185706 DOI: 10.1172/jci144016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
TNFR1 and TNFR2 have received prominent attention because of their dominance in the pathogenesis of inflammation and autoimmunity. TNFR1 has been extensively studied and primarily mediates inflammation. TNFR2 remains far less studied, although emerging evidence demonstrates that TNFR2 plays an antiinflammatory and immunoregulatory role in various conditions and diseases. Herein, we report that TNFR2 regulates macrophage polarization, a highly dynamic process controlled by largely unidentified intracellular regulators. Using biochemical copurification and mass spectrometry approaches, we isolated the signaling molecule 14-3-3ε as a component of TNFR2 complexes in response to progranulin stimulation in macrophages. In addition, 14-3-3ε was essential for TNFR2 signaling-mediated regulation of macrophage polarization and switch. Both global and myeloid-specific deletion of 14-3-3ε resulted in exacerbated inflammatory arthritis and counteracted the protective effects of progranulin-mediated TNFR2 activation against inflammation and autoimmunity. TNFR2/14-3-3ε signaled through PI3K/Akt/mTOR to restrict NF-κB activation while simultaneously stimulating C/EBPβ activation, thereby instructing macrophage plasticity. Collectively, this study identifies 14-3-3ε as a previously unrecognized vital component of the TNFR2 receptor complex and provides new insights into the TNFR2 signaling, particularly its role in macrophage polarization with therapeutic implications for various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases with activation of the TNFR2/14-3-3ε antiinflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Fu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wenhuo Hu
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Young-Su Yi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Guodong Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Yufei Bi
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wenjun He
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Guanmin Gao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jody Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kazuhito Toyo-Oka
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Guozhi Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment and Disease Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - David B Solit
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program and Marie-Josée and Henry R. Kravis Center for Molecular Oncology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA.,Genitourinary Oncology Service, Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Png Loke
- Department of Microbiology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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9
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Fu W, Hettinghouse A, Liu CJ. In Vitro Physical and Functional Interaction Assays to Examine the Binding of Progranulin Derivative Atsttrin to TNFR2 and Its Anti-TNFα Activity. Methods Mol Biol 2021; 2248:109-119. [PMID: 33185871 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1130-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
Abstract
TNFα/TNFR signaling plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases, and anti-TNFα therapies have been accepted as the effective approaches for treating several autoimmune diseases. Progranulin (PGRN), a multi-faced growth factor-like molecule, directly binds to TNFR1 and TNFR2, particularly to the latter with higher affinity than TNFα. PGRN derivative Atsttrin is composed of three TNFR-binding domain of PGRN and exhibits even better therapeutic effects than PGRN in several inflammatory disease models, including collagen-induced arthritis. Herein we describe the detailed methodology of using (1) ELISA-based solid phase protein-protein interaction assay to demonstrate the direct binding of Atsttrin to TNFR2 and its inhibition of TNFα/TNFR2 interaction; and (2) tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining of in vitro osteoclastogenesis to reveal the cell-based anti-TNFα activity of Atsttrin. Using the protocol described here, the investigators should be able to reproducibly detect the physical inhibition of TNFα binding to TNFR and the functional inhibition of TNFα activity by Atsttrin and various kinds of TNF inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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10
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Petreski T, Piko N, Ekart R, Hojs R, Bevc S. Review on Inflammation Markers in Chronic Kidney Disease. Biomedicines 2021; 9:182. [PMID: 33670423 PMCID: PMC7917900 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is one of the major health problems of the modern age. It represents an important public health challenge with an ever-lasting rising prevalence, which reached almost 700 million by the year 2017. Therefore, it is very important to identify patients at risk for CKD development and discover risk factors that cause the progression of the disease. Several studies have tackled this conundrum in recent years, novel markers have been identified, and new insights into the pathogenesis of CKD have been gained. This review summarizes the evidence on markers of inflammation and their role in the development and progression of CKD. It will focus primarily on cytokines, chemokines, and cell adhesion molecules. Nevertheless, further large, multicenter studies are needed to establish the role of these markers and confirm possible treatment options in everyday clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadej Petreski
- Department of Nephrology, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska Ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (T.P.); (N.P.); (R.H.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Piko
- Department of Nephrology, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska Ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (T.P.); (N.P.); (R.H.)
- Department of Dialysis, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska Ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Robert Ekart
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
- Department of Dialysis, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska Ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia;
| | - Radovan Hojs
- Department of Nephrology, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska Ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (T.P.); (N.P.); (R.H.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Sebastjan Bevc
- Department of Nephrology, Clinic for Internal Medicine, University Medical Centre Maribor, Ljubljanska Ulica 5, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (T.P.); (N.P.); (R.H.)
- Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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11
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Ding Y, Wei J, Hettinghouse A, Li G, Li X, Einhorn TA, Liu CJ. Progranulin promotes bone fracture healing via TNFR pathways in mice with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2021; 1490:77-89. [PMID: 33543485 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) significantly increases bone fragility and fracture risk. Progranulin (PGRN) promotes bone fracture healing in both physiological and type 1 diabetic conditions. The present study aimed to investigate the role of PGRN in T2DM bone fracture healing. MKR mice (with an FVB/N genetic background) were used as the T2DM model. Drill-hole and Bonnarens and Einhorn models were used to investigate the role of PGRN in T2DM fracture healing in vivo. Primary bone marrow cells were isolated for molecular and signaling studies, and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemical staining, and western blotting were performed to assess PGRN effects in vitro. PGRN mRNA and protein expression were upregulated in the T2DM model. Local administration of recombinant PGRN effectively promoted T2DM bone fracture healing in vivo. Additionally, PGRN could induce anabolic metabolism during endochondral ossification through the TNFR2-Akt and Erk1/2 pathways. Furthermore, PGRN showed anti-inflammatory activity in the T2DM bone regeneration process. These findings suggest that local administration of exogenous PGRN may be an alternative strategy to support bone regeneration in patients with T2DM. Additionally, PGRN might hold therapeutic potential for other TNFR-related metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanjing Ding
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jianlu Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Guangfei Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Xin Li
- College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Thomas A Einhorn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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12
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Ling C, Cai R, Gong Y, Ding X. DR3 and its ligands take roles in periodontium remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement. J Dent Sci 2020; 16:356-364. [PMID: 33384820 PMCID: PMC7770259 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Based on ‘pressure-tension theory’, the application of orthodontic force to the tooth site affects the remodeling of periodontal tissue, specifically, mechanical stress induces the release of cytokines. The purpose of this research paper is to examine death receptor 3/TNF-like protein 1A/progranulin (DR3/TL1A/PGRN) expression levels in periodontium tissue during orthodontic tooth movement in rats. Materials and methods Thirty-six ten-week-old male SD rats were used in this study. A total of 20 cN of orthodontic force was exerted by coil springs onto the upper right first molars in order for mesialization purposes. All rat members of their corresponding groups were euthanized based on the following time intervals: 0 day for the control group, 1 day (group two), 3 days (group three), 5 days (group four), 7 days (group five), and lastly 14 days for group six. The effects of DR3/TL1A/PGRN were observed through the use of immunohistochemical staining techniques. One-way analysis of variance followed by a LSD t-test was performed by SPSS 20 to compare the differences of the level of DR3/TL1A/PGRN amongst each specified time interval. Results The expression levels of DR3/PGRN increased significantly on day 14 compared to that of the control group, thus indicating a wide range of statistical differences. The expression levels of TL1A soared upwards on day 1, then plunged to an all-time low on day 7 before finally bouncing back to its initial value on day14. Conclusion DR3 and its two ligands—PGRN and TL1A play indispensable roles in regulating periodontal ligament remodeling during orthodontic tooth movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanliang Ling
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruolin Cai
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiming Gong
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaojun Ding
- Department of Stomatology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Zhu Y, Pang Y, Li Q. Molecular evolution of the tnfr gene family and expression profiles in response to pathogens in lamprey(Lethenteron reissneri). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 96:336-349. [PMID: 31759079 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamilies (TNFRSF) are one of essential cytokines and can trigger inflammation, apoptosis, participating lymphocyte homeostasis and tissue development in vertebrates. To gain insights into the evolution and characterization of tnfr genes in lamprey, a jawless vertebrate, we performed a genome-wide and transcriptome survey and identified 7 tnfr genes in the lamprey (Lethenteron reissneri) database. Based on the molecular phylogenetic analysis, 7 L-tnfr genes are divided into three different clusters, and multiple members of tnfr genes family have appeared in lamprey. Meanwhile, protein domains and motifs analysis reveals that TNFRSF are conserved and have typical cysteine-rich domains (CRDs). Synteny results indicates that the L-tnfr neighborhood genes have taken place great changes compared to jawed vertebrates. Real-time quantitative results demonstrate that tnfr gene family plays an important role in the immune defense. This study has a new understanding for origin and evolution of the tnfr gene family in different vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yigao Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China
| | - Yue Pang
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China.
| | - Qingwei Li
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Seafood Deep Processing, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian, 116081, China
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14
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Qamar H, Waqas M, Li A, Iqbal M, Mehmood K, Li J. Plastrum Testudinis Extract Mitigates Thiram Toxicity in Broilers via Regulating PI3K/AKT Signaling. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9120784. [PMID: 31779199 PMCID: PMC6995622 DOI: 10.3390/biom9120784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) negatively affects broilers all over the world, in which the accretion of the growth plate (GP) develops into tibial proximal metaphysis. Plastrum testudinis extract (PTE) is renowned as a powerful antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and bone healing agent. The current study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of PTE for the treatment of thiram-induced TD chickens. Broilers (day old; n = 300) were raised for 3 days with normal feed. On the 4th day, three groups (n = 100 each) were sorted, namely, the control (normal diet), TD, and PTE groups (normal diet+ thiram 50 mg/kg). On the 7th day, thiram was stopped in the TD and PTE group, and the PTE group received a normal diet and PTE (30 mg/kg/day). Plastrum testudinis extract significantly restored (p < 0.05) the liver antioxidant enzymes, inflammatory cytokines, serum biochemicals, GP width, and tibia weight as compared to the TD group. The PTE administration significantly increased (p < 0.05) growth performance, vascularization, AKT (serine/threonine-protein kinase), and PI3K expressions and the number of hepatocytes and chondrocytes with intact nuclei were enhanced. In conclusion, PTE has the potential to heal TD lesions and act as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory drug in chickens exposed to thiram via the upregulation of AKT and PI3K expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hammad Qamar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.Q.); (M.W.); (M.I.); (K.M.)
| | - Muhammad Waqas
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.Q.); (M.W.); (M.I.); (K.M.)
- Faculty of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, University of the Poonch, Rawalakot, District Poonch 12350, Azad Jammu & Kashmir, Pakistan
| | - Aoyun Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.Q.); (M.W.); (M.I.); (K.M.)
| | - Mudassar Iqbal
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.Q.); (M.W.); (M.I.); (K.M.)
- University College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.Q.); (M.W.); (M.I.); (K.M.)
- University College of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Jiakui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (H.Q.); (M.W.); (M.I.); (K.M.)
- College of Animals Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Tibet Agricultural and Animal Husbandry University, Linzhi, Tibet 860000, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-027-87286251
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15
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Klemm P, Assmann G, Preuss KD, Fadle N, Regitz E, Martin T, Pfreundschuh M, Thurner L. Progranulin autoantibodies in systemic sclerosis and autoimmune connective tissue disorders: A preliminary study. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2019; 7:271-275. [PMID: 31502765 PMCID: PMC6842819 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to investigate progranulin autoantibodies in systemic sclerosis and autoimmune connective tissue disorders. Progranulin is a physiologic tumor necrosis factor (TNF) antagonist. Progranulin antibodies decrease progranulin levels. METHODS Serum samples of 123 patients with systemic sclerosis and various autoimmune connective tissue disorders (Sjoegren's syndrome [SjS], mixed connective tissue disorder, polymyositis [PM] and dermatomyositis [DM], antiphospholipid syndrome [APLS], and undifferentiated connective tissue disease [UCTD]) were tested for progranulin antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Progranulin antibodies were found in 34 of 123 (27.6%) patients at least once during their disease. In detail, 2 of 8 (25%) patients with limited cutaneous systemic sclerosis, 10 of 31 (32.3%) patients with diffuse cutaneous systemic sclerosis, 9 of 22 (40.9%) patients with SjS, 1 of 3 (33.33%) patients with mixed connective tissue disease, 4 of 33 (12.1%) patients with DM or PM, 6 of 15 (40%) patients with APLS, and 2 of 11 (18.2%) patients with UCTD were positive for progranulin antibodies during the course of disease. CONCLUSIONS Progranulin antibodies are frequently present in patients with systemic sclerosis and other autoimmune connective tissue disorders. Despite the lack of specificity for a given autoimmune disease, progranulin antibodies might not only indicate a potential subtype but also play a pathogenic role in patients with autoimmune connective disorders. Given the important role of TNF-α in inflammatory processes in autoimmune connective tissue disorders, progranulin antibodies might support the proinflammatory environment by neutralizing the TNF blocker progranulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Klemm
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy and Internal Medicine I, Homburg/Saar, Germany.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Justus Liebig University Gießen, Campus Kerckhoff, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Gunter Assmann
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy and Internal Medicine I, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Klaus-Dieter Preuss
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy and Internal Medicine I, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Natalie Fadle
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy and Internal Medicine I, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Evi Regitz
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy and Internal Medicine I, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Thierry Martin
- CNRS, UPR3572, IBMC, Hopitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michael Pfreundschuh
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy and Internal Medicine I, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Lorenz Thurner
- Saarland University Medical School, José Carreras Center for Immuno- and Gene Therapy and Internal Medicine I, Homburg/Saar, Germany
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16
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Wei J, Zhang L, Ding Y, Liu R, Guo Y, Hettinghouse A, Buza J, De La Croix J, Li X, Einhorn TA, Liu CJ. Progranulin promotes diabetic fracture healing in mice with type 1 diabetes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2019; 1460:43-56. [PMID: 31423598 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease characterized by insulin deficiency, and patients with diabetes have an increased risk of bone fracture and significantly impaired fracture healing. Proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha is significantly upregulated in diabetic fractures and is believed to underlie delayed fracture healing commonly observed in diabetes. Our previous genetic screen for the binding partners of progranulin (PGRN), a growth factor-like molecule that induces chondrogenesis, led to the identification of tumor necrosis factor receptors (TNFRs) as the PGRN-binding receptors. In this study, we employed several in vivo models to ascertain whether PGRN has therapeutic effects in diabetic fracture healing. Here, we report that deletion of PGRN significantly delayed bone fracture healing and aggravated inflammation in the fracture models of mice with T1DM. In contrast, recombinant PGRN effectively promoted diabetic fracture healing by inhibiting inflammation and enhancing chondrogenesis. In addition, both TNFR1 proinflammatory and TNFR2 anti-inflammatory signaling pathways are involved in PGRN-stimulated diabetic fracture healing. Collectively, these findings illuminate a novel understanding concerning the role of PGRN in diabetic fracture healing and may have an application in the development of novel therapeutic intervention strategies for diabetic and other types of impaired fracture healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlu Wei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Orthopaedics, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yuanjing Ding
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Ronghan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Yuqi Guo
- College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - John Buza
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jean De La Croix
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Xin Li
- College of Dentistry, New York University, New York, New York
| | - Thomas A Einhorn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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17
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Cui Y, Hettinghouse A, Liu CJ. Progranulin: A conductor of receptors orchestra, a chaperone of lysosomal enzymes and a therapeutic target for multiple diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 45:53-64. [PMID: 30733059 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN), a widely expressed glycoprotein with pleiotropic function, has been linked to a host of physiological processes and diverse pathological states. A series of contemporary preclinical disease models and clinical trials have evaluated various therapeutic strategies targeting PGRN, highlighting PGRN as a promising therapeutic target. Herein we summarize available knowledge of PGRN targeting in various kinds of diseases, including common neurological diseases, inflammatory autoimmune diseases, cancer, tissue repair, and rare lysosomal storage diseases, with a focus on the functional domain-oriented drug development strategies. In particular, we emphasize the role of extracellular PGRN as a non-conventional, extracellular matrix bound, growth factor-like conductor orchestrating multiple membrane receptors and intracellular PGRN as a chaperone/co-chaperone that mediates the folding and traffic of its various binding partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yazhou Cui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA; Shandong Medical Biotechnological Center, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, 250062, China
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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18
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Chen Y, Jian J, Hettinghouse A, Zhao X, Setchell KDR, Sun Y, Liu CJ. Progranulin associates with hexosaminidase A and ameliorates GM2 ganglioside accumulation and lysosomal storage in Tay-Sachs disease. J Mol Med (Berl) 2018; 96:1359-1373. [PMID: 30341570 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-018-1703-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) is a lethal lysosomal storage disease (LSD) caused by mutations in the HexA gene, which can lead to deficiency of β-hexosaminidase A (HexA) activity and consequent accumulation of its substrate, GM2 ganglioside. Recent reports that progranulin (PGRN) functions as a chaperone of lysosomal enzymes and its deficiency is associated with LSDs, including Gaucher disease and neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis, prompted us to screen the effects of recombinant PGRN on lysosomal storage in fibroblasts from 11 patients affected by various LSDs, which led to the isolation of TSD in which PGRN demonstrated the best effects in reducing lysosomal storage. Subsequent in vivo studies revealed significant GM2 accumulation and the existence of typical TSD cells containing zebra bodies in both aged and ovalbumin-challenged adult PGRN-deficient mice. In addition, HexA, but not HexB, was aggregated in PGRN-deficient cells. Furthermore, recombinant PGRN significantly reduced GM2 accumulation and lysosomal storage in these animal models. Mechanistic studies indicated that PGRN bound to HexA through granulins G and E domain and increased the enzymatic activity and lysosomal delivery of HexA. More importantly, Pcgin, an engineered PGRN derivative bearing the granulin E domain, also effectively bound to HexA and reduced the GM2 accumulation. Collectively, these studies not only provide new insights into the pathogenesis of TSD but may also have implications for developing PGRN-based therapy for this life-threatening disorder. KEY MESSAGES: GM2 accumulation and the existence of typical TSD cells containing zebra bodies are detected in both aged and ovalbumin-challenged adult PGRN deficient mice. Recombinant PGRN significantly reduces GM2 accumulation and lysosomal storage both in vivo and in vitro, which works through increasing the expression and lysosomal delivery of HexA. Pcgin, an engineered PGRN derivative bearing the granulin E domain, also effectively binds to to HexA and reduces GM2 accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA.,Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jinlong Jian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Xueheng Zhao
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Kenneth D R Setchell
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Ying Sun
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, 301 East 17th Street, New York, NY, 10003, USA. .,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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19
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Lata M, Hettinghouse AS, Liu CJ. Targeting tumor necrosis factor receptors in ankylosing spondylitis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018; 1442:5-16. [PMID: 30008173 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, considerable advances in our understanding of inflammatory and immune pathways have allowed for the growing use of targeted biologic therapy. Most notably, the introduction of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors has dramatically changed the management of autoimmune inflammatory disorders, including ankylosing spondylitis (AS). Despite the efficacy of TNF inhibitors documented in multiple clinical trials, anti-TNF therapy in AS is far from foolproof; it is associated with serious adverse effects and limited response to therapy in some patients. Moreover, specific questions regarding the role of TNF as a mediator of AS remain unanswered. Therefore, additional efforts are needed in order to better understand the role of TNF in the pathogenesis of AS and to develop safer and more effective treatment strategies. The purpose of this review is to better the understanding of the physiologic and pathogenic roles of TNF signaling in the course of AS. Relevant TNF biology and novel approaches to TNF blockade in AS are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Lata
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York
| | - Aubryanna S Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York.,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York
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20
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Chen Y, Sud N, Hettinghouse A, Liu CJ. Molecular regulations and therapeutic targets of Gaucher disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2018; 41:65-74. [PMID: 29699937 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is the most common lysosomal storage disease caused by deficiency of beta-glucocerebrosidase (GCase) resulting in lysosomal accumulation of its glycolipid substrate glucosylceramide. The activity of GCase depends on many factors such as proper folding and lysosomal localization, which are influenced by mutations in GCase encoding gene, and regulated by various GCase-binding partners including Saposin C, progranulin and heat shock proteins. In addition, proinflammatory molecules also contribute to pathogenicity of GD. In this review, we summarize the molecules that are known to be important for the pathogenesis of GD, particularly those modulating GCase lysosomal appearance and activity. In addition, small molecules that inhibit inflammatory mediators, calcium ion channels and other factors associated with GD are also described. Discovery and characterization of novel molecules that impact GD are not only important for deciphering the pathogenic mechanisms of the disease, but they also provide new targets for drug development to treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuehong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Neetu Sud
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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21
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Han Y, Si M, Zhao Y, Liu Y, Cheng K, Zhang Y, Jia J, Li J, Nie L. Progranulin Protects Against Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head by Activating ERK1/2 Pathway. Inflammation 2018; 40:946-955. [PMID: 28247166 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-017-0539-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate progranulin (PGRN) expression and its effect in cartilage degradation and in the pathogenesis of osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). Cartilage specimens were obtained from ONFH and FNF patients and PGRN expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry, western blot analysis, and RT-PCR. Peripheral blood PGRN level was detected by ELISA. Additionally, primary chondrocytes were cultured and treated with PGRN. Next, the expression of aggrecan and collagen II and the activation of ERK1/2 were detected. We observed that the expression of PGRN was significantly upregulated in ONFH patients' articular cartilage, and recombinant PGRN could promote expression of aggrecan and collagen II and the activation of ERK1/2. Collectively, PGRN can improve chondrocyte anabolism and perform a therapeutic role in the pathogenesis of ONFH. This study helps to elucidate the pathogenesis of ONFH and presents PGRN as a potential target for the treatment of ONFH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingguang Han
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, No. 107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Si
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, No. 107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunpeng Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, No. 107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, No. 107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaiyuan Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, No. 107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuedong Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Taian Central Hospital, Taian, Shandong, 271000, China
| | - Jialin Jia
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, No. 107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingkun Li
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, No. 16766, Jingshi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250014, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lin Nie
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, No. 107, Wen Hua Xi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, People's Republic of China.
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22
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Jian J, Chen Y, Liberti R, Fu W, Hu W, Saunders-Pullman R, Pastores GM, Chen Y, Sun Y, Grabowski GA, Liu CJ. Chitinase-3-like Protein 1: A Progranulin Downstream Molecule and Potential Biomarker for Gaucher Disease. EBioMedicine 2018; 28:251-260. [PMID: 29396296 PMCID: PMC5835567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2018.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We recently reported that progranulin (PGRN) is a novel regulator of glucocerebrosidase and its deficiency associates with Gaucher Diseases (GD) (Jian et al., 2016a; Jian et al., 2018). To isolate the relevant downstream molecules, we performed a whole genome microarray and mass spectrometry analysis, which led to the isolation of Chitinase-3-like-1 (CHI3L1) as one of the up-regulated genes in PGRN null mice. Elevated levels of CHI3L1 were confirmed by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. In contrast, treatment with recombinant Pcgin, a derivative of PGRN, as well as imigluerase, significantly reduced the expressions of CHI3L1 in both PGRN null GD model and the fibroblasts from GD patients. Serum levels of CHIT1, a clinical biomarker for GD, were significantly higher in GD patients than healthy controls (51.16±2.824ng/ml vs 35.07±2.099ng/ml, p<0.001). Similar to CHIT1, serum CHI3L1 was also significantly increased in GD patients compared with healthy controls (1736±152.1pg/ml vs 684.7±68.20pg/ml, p<0.001). Whereas the PGRN level is significantly reduced in GD patients as compared to the healthy control (91.56±3.986ng/ml vs 150.6±4.501, p<0.001). Collectively, these results indicate that CHI3L1 may be a previously unrecognized biomarker for diagnosing GD and for evaluating the therapeutic effects of new GD drug(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Jian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Yuehong Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Rossella Liberti
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Wenyu Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Wenhuo Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | | | - Gregory M Pastores
- Department of Neurology, New York University School of Medicine, 550 First Ave, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Depression Evaluation Service, New York State Psychiatric Institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ying Sun
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Gregory A Grabowski
- The Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10003, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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23
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Progranulin derivative Atsttrin protects against early osteoarthritis in mouse and rat models. Arthritis Res Ther 2017; 19:280. [PMID: 29258611 PMCID: PMC5735869 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-017-1485-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atsttrin, an engineered protein composed of three tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)-binding fragments of progranulin (PGRN), shows therapeutic effect in multiple murine models of inflammatory arthritis . Additionally, intra-articular delivery of PGRN protects against osteoarthritis (OA) progression. The purpose of this study is to determine whether Atsttrin also has therapeutic effects in OA and the molecular mechanisms involved. METHODS Surgically induced and noninvasive rupture OA models were established in mouse and rat, respectively. Cartilage degradation and OA were evaluated using Safranin O staining, immunohistochemistry, and ELISA. Additionally, expressions of pain-related markers, degenerative factors, and anabolic and catabolic markers known to be involved in OA were analyzed. Furthermore, the anabolic and anti-catabolic effects and underlying mechanisms of Atsttrin were determined using in-vitro assays with primary chondrocytes. RESULTS Herein, we found Atsttrin effectively prevented the accelerated OA phenotype associated with PGRN deficiency. Additionally, Atsttrin exhibited a preventative effect in OA by protecting articular cartilage and reducing OA-associated pain in both nonsurgically induced rat and surgically induced murine OA models. Mechanistic studies revealed that Atsttrin stimulated TNFR2-Akt-Erk1/2-dependent chondrocyte anabolism, while inhibiting TNFα/TNFR1-mediated inflammatory catabolism. CONCLUSIONS These findings not only provide new insights into the role of PGRN and its derived engineered protein Atsttrin in cartilage homeostasis as well as OA in vivo, but may also lead to new therapeutic alternatives for OA as well as other relative degenerative joint diseases.
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24
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Abella V, Pino J, Scotece M, Conde J, Lago F, Gonzalez-Gay MA, Mera A, Gómez R, Mobasheri A, Gualillo O. Progranulin as a biomarker and potential therapeutic agent. Drug Discov Today 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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25
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Abstract
The protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) gene family is a protein family classically characterized by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) localization and isomerase and redox activity. ERp57, a prominent multifunctional member of the PDI family, is detected at various levels in multiple cellular localizations outside of the ER. ERp57 has been functionally linked to a host of physiological processes and numerous studies have demonstrated altered expression and aberrant functionality of ERp57 in association with diverse pathological states. Here, we summarize available knowledge of ERp57's functions in subcellular compartments and the roles of dysregulated ERp57 in various diseases toward an emphasis on the potential utility of therapeutic development of ERp57.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubryanna Hettinghouse
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Ronghan Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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26
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Fu W, Hu W, Shi L, Mundra JJ, Xiao G, Dustin ML, Liu CJ. Foxo4- and Stat3-dependent IL-10 production by progranulin in regulatory T cells restrains inflammatory arthritis. FASEB J 2016; 31:1354-1367. [PMID: 28011648 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601134r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Progranulin (PGRN) restrains inflammation and is therapeutic against inflammatory arthritis; however, the underlying immunological mechanism remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was a critical mediator for PGRN-mediated anti-inflammation in collagen-induced arthritis by using PGRN and IL-10 genetically modified mouse models. IL-10 green fluorescent protein reporter mice revealed that regulatory T (Treg) cells were the predominant source of IL-10 in response to PGRN. In addition, PGRN-mediated expansion and activation of Treg cells, as well as IL-10 production, depends on JNK signaling, but not on known PGRN-activated ERK and PI3K pathways. Furthermore, microarray and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing screens led to the discovery of forkhead box protein O4 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 as the transcription factors required for PGRN induction of IL-10 in Treg cells. These findings define a previously unrecognized signaling pathway that underlies IL-10 production by PGRN in Treg cells and present new insights into the mechanisms by which PGRN resolves inflammation in inflammatory conditions and autoimmune diseases, particularly inflammatory arthritis.-Fu, W., Hu, W., Shi, L., Mundra, J. J. Xiao, G., Dustin, M. L., Liu, C. Foxo4- and Stat3-dependent IL-10 production by progranulin in regulatory T cells restrains inflammatory arthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Fu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Wenhuo Hu
- Memorial Hospital Research Laboratories, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jyoti Joshi Mundra
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - GuoZhi Xiao
- Department of Biology and Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cell Microenvironment, South University of Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen, China.,Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael L Dustin
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery New York University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA; .,Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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27
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Kim MK, Shin H, Park KS, Kim H, Park J, Kim K, Nam J, Choo H, Chong Y. Benzimidazole Derivatives as Potent JAK1-Selective Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7596-602. [PMID: 26351728 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The Janus kinase (JAK) family comprises four members (JAK1, JAK2, JAK3, and Tyk2) that play a key role in mediating cytokine receptor signaling. JAK inhibition thus modulates cytokine-mediated effects. In particular, selective inhibition of JAK1 or JAK3 may provide an efficient therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, with minimized side effects. In this study, as part of our continued efforts to develop a selective JAK1 inhibitor, a series of 1,2-disubstituted benzimidazole-5-carboxamide derivatives was prepared and their inhibitory activities against all four JAK isozymes were evaluated. A clear structure-activity relationship was observed with respect to JAK1 selectivity; this highlighted the importance of hydrogen bond donors at both N(1) and R2 positions located within a specific distance from the benzimidazole core. One of the synthesized compounds, 1-(2-aminoethyl)-2-(piperidin-4-yl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazole-5-carboxamide (5c), showed remarkable JAK1 selectivity (63-fold vs JAK2, 25-fold vs JAK3, and 74-fold vs Tyk2). Molecular docking revealed that the 2-aminoethyl and piperidin-4-yl substituents of 5c function as probes to differentiate the ATP-binding site of JAK1 from that of JAK2, resulting in preferential JAK1 binding. A kinase panel assay confirmed the JAK1 selectivity of 5c, which showed no appreciable inhibitory activity against 26 other protein kinases at 10 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Kyoung Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University , 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Heerim Shin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University , 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Kwang-su Park
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University , 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hyungmi Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University , 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jiseon Park
- R&D Center, Jeil Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 7 Cheongganggachangro, Baegam-myun, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-City, Kyunggi-Do 17172, Korea
| | - Kangjeon Kim
- R&D Center, Jeil Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 7 Cheongganggachangro, Baegam-myun, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-City, Kyunggi-Do 17172, Korea
| | - Joonwoo Nam
- R&D Center, Jeil Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 7 Cheongganggachangro, Baegam-myun, Cheoin-gu, Yongin-City, Kyunggi-Do 17172, Korea
| | - Hyunah Choo
- Center for Neuro-Medicine, Korea Institute of Science and Technology , 5, Hwarang-ro 14-gil, Seoungbuk-gu, Seoul 02792, Korea.,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Science and Technology , 217 Gajeong-ro, Youseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Korea
| | - Youhoon Chong
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Konkuk University , 1 Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
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