The Lung in Rheumatoid Arthritis

Early detection of interstitial lung disease in rheumatic diseases: A joint statement from the Portuguese Pulmonology Society, the Portuguese Rheumatology Society, and the Portuguese Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Society

INTRODUCTION

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality in connective tissue disease (CTD). Early detection and accurate diagnosis are essential for informing treatment decisions and prognosis in this setting. Clear guidance on CTD-ILD screening, however, is lacking.

OBJECTIVE

To establish recommendations for CTD-ILD screening based on the current evidence.

METHOD

Following an extensive literature research and evaluation of articles selected for their recency and relevance to the characterization, screening, and management of CTD-ILD, an expert panel formed by six pulmonologists from the Portuguese Society of Pulmonology, six rheumatologists from the Portuguese Society of Rheumatology, and six radiologists from the Portuguese Society of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine participated in a multidisciplinary discussion to produce a joint statement on screening recommendations for ILD in CTD.

RESULTS

The expert panel achieved consensus on when and how to screen for ILD in patients with systemic sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, mixed connective tissue disease, Sjögren syndrome, idiopathic inflammatory myopathies and systemic lupus erythematous.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite the lack of data on screening for CTD-ILD, an expert panel of pulmonologists, rheumatologists and radiologists agreed on a series of screening recommendations to support decision-making and enable early diagnosis of ILD to ultimately improve outcomes and prognosis in patients with CTD.

Multimorbidity Patterns and Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease Outcomes: Findings From a Multicenter, Prospective Cohort

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether unique multimorbidity patterns are associated with long-term rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease severity.

METHODS

We conducted a cohort study within the Veterans Affairs Rheumatoid Arthritis registry. We applied previously derived multimorbidity patterns based on the presence of diagnostic codes for relevant conditions prior to enrollment using linked administrative data. Disease activity and functional status were assessed longitudinally up to 5 years after enrollment. The association of multimorbidity patterns with disease activity and functional status were assessed using generalized estimating equations models adjusting for relevant confounders.

RESULTS

We studied 2,956 participants, of which 88.2% were male, 76.9% reported white race, and 79.3% had a smoking history. Mental health and substance abuse (β 0.12 [95% confidence interval {CI} 0.00, 0.23]), cardiovascular (β 0.25 [95% CI 0.12, 0.38]), and chronic pain (β 0.21 [95% CI 0.11, 0.31]) multimorbidity were associated with higher Disease Activity Score in 28 joints (DAS28) scores. Mental health and substance abuse (β 0.09 [0.03, 0.15]), cardiovascular (β 0.11 [95% CI 0.04, 0.17]), and chronic pain multimorbidity (β 0.15 [95% CI 0.10, 0.20]) were also associated with higher Multidimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire (MDHAQ) scores. The metabolic pattern of multimorbidity was not associated with DAS28 or MDHAQ. The number of multimorbidity patterns present was highly associated with DAS28 and MDHAQ (P trend < 0.001), and patients with all four multimorbidity patterns had the highest DAS28 (β 0.59 [95% CI 0.36, 0.83]) and MDHAQ (β 0.27 [95% CI 0.16, 0.39]) scores.

CONCLUSION

Mental health and substance abuse, chronic pain, and cardiovascular multimorbidity patterns are associated with increased RA disease activity and poorer functional status. Identifying and addressing these multimorbidity patterns may facilitate achieving RA treatment targets.

Multifunctional DNA nanomaterials: a new frontier in rheumatoid arthritis diagnosis and treatment

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains a challenging autoimmune disease due to its complex and heterogeneous pathophysiology, which complicates therapeutic and diagnostic efforts. Advances in DNA nanotechnology have introduced DNA nanomaterials as promising tools to overcome these barriers. This review focuses on three primary categories of DNA nanomaterials applied in RA: DNA nanostructures, DNA aptamers, and DNA-modified nanoparticles. DNA nanostructures, such as tetrahedral framework nucleic acids (tFNAs) and DNA origami, demonstrate anti-inflammatory properties and facilitate precise, controlled drug delivery. DNA aptamers, functioning as molecular recognition ligands, surpass traditional antibodies with their high specificity, low immunogenicity, and thermal stability, offering significant potential in biomarker detection and therapeutic interventions. While DNA-modified nanoparticles, which integrate DNA with materials like gold or lipids, have shown significant progress in bioimaging and drug delivery in other fields, their application in RA remains limited and warrants further exploration. Furthermore, advancements in stimulus-responsive systems are being explored to enable controlled drug release, which could significantly improve the specificity and efficiency of DNA nanomaterials in therapeutic applications. Despite their immense potential, challenges such as stability under physiological conditions, safety concerns, and clinical regulatory complexities persist. Overcoming these limitations is essential. This review highlights how DNA nanomaterials, beyond serving as delivery platforms, are poised to redefine RA treatment and diagnosis, opening the door to more personalized and effective approaches.

Lung ultrasound outperforms symptom-based screening to detect interstitial lung disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis

OBJECTIVES

Interstitial lung disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA-ILD) is linked to high mortality. Currently, effective screening tools are lacking. We assessed the role of symptoms and lung ultrasound (LUS) as potential screening tools.

METHODS

116 adult patients with RA presenting to the rheumatology outpatient clinic underwent high-resolution CT (HRCT) scans, pulmonary function tests, LUS (72 zones) and completed a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for cough and modified Medical Research Council dyspnoea scale (mMRC). Kruskal-Wallis (KW) tests evaluated the correlation between clinical-radiological HRCT score (no ILD, non-specific abnormalities, subclinical ILD or ILD) and the B-lines on LUS, diffusion capacity (DLCO%pred), forced vital capacity (FVC%pred), VAS Cough and mMRC. Sensitivity and specificity analyses were performed to assess symptom-based questionnaires and the number of B-lines to detect RA-ILD. Area under the receiver operating characteristics (AUROC) for detecting clinical ILD and subclinical ILD were calculated.

RESULTS

In 11.8% of patients, an ILD was detected on HRCT. Additionally, in 5%, a diagnosis of subclinical interstitial lung changes was made. The number of B-lines was most strongly associated with the clinical-radiological score (KW χ²=41.2, p=<0.001). DLCO%pred was also significantly correlated with the clinical-radiological score (KW χ²=27.4, p=<0.001), but FVC%pred, mMRC and VAS cough were not. Cough and dyspnoea only weakly predicted the ILD score in the sensitivity-specificity analyses, while B-lines showed AUROCs>0.9 for predicting subclinical and clinical ILD.

CONCLUSION

LUS is a promising tool for early detection of RA-ILD, outperforming symptom-based questionnaires or the presence of dyspnoea or cough.

A review on the epidemiology of rheumatoid arthritis: An update and trends from current literature

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic, chronic autoimmune disease affecting mainly the joints, often with extra articular manifestations. This review provides an update on RA epidemiological trends and management. PubMed and EMBASE were searched from 2014 to 2024 using rheumatoid arthritis as keyword, combined with incidence, prevalence, diagnosis, classification, and management. Emphasis was on papers published in the past 5 years. Globally, the age-standardised prevalence and incidence rate (ASPR and ASIR) of RA increased with varying figures. The ASPR increased by 0.37%, 14.1%, and 6.4% from 1990 to 2019, 2020 and 2017 respectively; and 9% from 1980 to 2019. The ASIR increased by 0.3% and 8.2% from 1990 to 2019 and 2017 respectively; the disability-adjusted life years (DALY) figures increased 0.12% and decreased 0.36% in the same period from different authors. Reduction in ASIR were reported while ASPR varies. Disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs (DMARDs) remain the cornerstone of treatment.

Development and validation of predictive factors influencing rheumatoid arthritis associated with interstitial lung disease

OBJECTIVE

This study is aimed at identifying key risk factors associated with the onset of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) and developing and validating a novel risk prediction model for RA-ILD.

METHODS

This is a hospital-based retrospective cohort study. A total of 459 RA patients were selected from Longhua Hospital Affiliated with Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine between 2015 and 2020 as observation subjects. Demographic and clinical data were collected through the hospital's medical record system. The analysis involved evaluating demographic factors, joint clinical characteristics, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) syndrome classification, laboratory indicators, medication history, and their associations with RA-ILD. Subsequently, a machine learning model was applied to create and validate a novel risk prediction model for the onset of RA-ILD.

RESULTS

The overall frequency of RA-ILD was 42.70%. Advanced age, smoking, elevated rheumatoid DAS28 score, higher radiographic joint staging (Phases II and III), strong positive CCP status (above 200), and methotrexate therapy were identified as independent risk factors for RA-ILD. Conversely, hormone therapy was found to be a protective factor against RA-ILD development. The RA-ILD prediction model, formulated based on these risk factors, exhibited superior predictive performance compared to existing models, with an AUC of 0.8914 (95% CI 0.8593-0.9234), a sensitivity of 74.5%, and a specificity of 89.7%.

CONCLUSION

The study results highlighted the risk factors for the onset of RA-ILD and underscored the utility of the established RA-ILD nomogram model for early identification of RA-ILD patients and predicting the future risk of RA-ILD in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis.

Integrated analyses uncover new features of atypical memory B cells and novel targets for intervention

BACKGROUND

Atypical memory B (AMB) is a novel subset of B lymphocytes, but its immune features and pathogenetic roles in systemic rheumatic diseases are still largely elusive. This study aimed to characterize transcriptomic features, immune phenotypes and potential signaling pathways of AMB, and also to confirm its alternations in systemic rheumatic diseases via combined transcriptome analyses.

METHOD

B cell subsets and their transcriptomic signatures were identified via analyses of single cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. Functional characterization of AMB was performed with bioinformatics and CyTOF-based phenotyping. Alternation of AMB in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and Sjögren's syndrome (SjS) was evaluated via bioinformatic approaches.

RESULT

A total of 11 B cell subsets including AMB were identified through scRNA-seq transcriptome analyses. Both transcriptome analyses and CyTOF-based immune phenotyping confirmed that AMB had increased levels of TBX21 (T-bet), ITGAX (CD11c), CD19, CD20 and CXCR3 (P < 0.05), and it had decreased expressions of CD27, CD38, CXCR4, CXCR5 and CD62L (P < 0.05). More than 50 % of T-bet+ B cells did not express CD11c, and more than 30 % expressed CD27. AMB was characterized by activated mTORC1 signaling and increased p-P38 level (P < 0.05). AMB transcriptional signature was significantly enriched in the peripheral blood and disease tissues of patients of SLE, RA and SjS (P < 0.05), suggesting the expanded AMB cells in those patients.

CONCLUSION

This study defines the transcriptomic signature, immune phenotypes and potential signaling pathways of AMB, and also confirms the involvement of AMB in systemic rheumatic diseases including SLE, RA and SjS via transcriptomic approaches. mTORC1 signaling and P38/MAPK signaling are promising therapeutic targets for systemic rheumatic diseases mediated by AMB.

High-titer rheumatologic markers in serum of veterans with severe pulmonary complications 25-30 years after sulfur mustard exposure

Sulfur mustard (SM), known as the "king of toxic agents," continues to pose a potential danger due to its ability to cause widespread damage, including ongoing corrosive effects. We aimed to determine the rheumatologic markers in SM veterans suffering from severe pulmonary manifestations. The serologic markers, including ANA, anti-DNA, rheumatoid factor (RF), and CRP, between SM-exposed veterans (n = 229) with severe problems and not-SM-exposed residents with no pulmonary disease history (n = 63), 25-30 years after SM exposure were compared. Moreover, SM-exposed veterans were divided into subgroups, including bronchiolitis obliterans, chronic bronchitis, and asthma, based on specialists' diagnoses, and all the data were compared among these clinical subgroups. Autoantibodies were assessed by standard indirect immunofluorescence and/or ELISA. The levels of serum hs-CRP were determined using an immunoturbidometry technique in both the patient and control groups. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Patients had significantly elevated ANA (P = 0.000), anti-DNA (P = 0.024), RF (P = 0.000), and CRP (P = 0.000) levels compared to the matched control group. These results indicate a possible autoimmune circumstance in this population and suggest the need to follow up the autoimmunity-related markers in all SM-exposed individuals, since they might be a valuable prognostic biomarker for stratifying patients for the future risk of autoimmunity development.

Evaluation of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease in patients treated with JAK inhibitors: a MAJIK-SFR cohort study

OBJECTIVE

To examine the course of interstitial lung disease associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA-ILD) in France on treatment with Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKis) using the MAJIK-SFR registry.

METHODS

Prospective national multicentre observational study identifying patients with RA-ILD from the MAJIK-SFR registry. Pulmonary assessment data were collected at JAKi initiation and follow-up visits (6 months, 12 months and a median of 21 months postinclusion), including chest high-resolution CT (HRCT), pulmonary function tests (forced vital capacity (FVC) and diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (DLCO)), acute exacerbations of ILD, respiratory infections and lung cancers.

RESULTS

We enrolled 42 patients (26 women, 62%) with RA-ILD with a mean age of 61±13 years and a mean disease duration of 16±10 years. Compared with the 778 RA patients without ILD from the MAJIK registry, RA-ILD patients were older, displayed more severe and active disease and had more prevalent comorbidities. Non-specific interstitial pneumonia and usual interstitial pneumonia accounted for 46% and 43% of the chest HRCT ILD patterns, respectively. No significant changes in FVC and DLCO were observed during the follow-up period. Chest HRCT lesions remained stable in 69% of patients. Progressive ILD was identified in 8 patients (19%). 16 (38%) respiratory tract infections were observed. Only one acute regressive exacerbation of ILD was noted, and no lung cancer was diagnosed. No deaths occurred. JAKi was discontinued in 17 patients including 8 for inefficacy on joint involvement and 5 for intolerance.

CONCLUSION

The analysis indicates stability of RA-ILD in patients treated with JAKi. The tolerance profile of JAKi in this higher risk population did not reveal new safety signal.

Relationship Between Early and Established Rheumatoid Arthritis Vascular Change of the Dorsalis Pedis Artery Observed with Ultrasound Imaging

BACKGROUND

Despite early treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) being well established to prevent erosive joint damage, studies report persistent moderate to high disease activity. Other pathologies, for example, rheumatoid vasculitis (RV) may contribute symptoms that may not be captured by existing clinical assessment.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate ultrasound-observed changes in the proximal dorsalis pedis artery (DPA) between early (≤ 5 y) and established (>5 y) RA and the RA Disease Activity Index-5 (RADAI-5).

METHODS

Participants with early (n = 20) and established RA (n = 20) were recruited. Five parameters of the DPA were examined with a previously established ultrasound method. Independent t-tests and Cohen d statistics assessed differences and effect size between ultrasound parameters and RADAI-5, and the two groups. Pearson correlation assessed associations between ultrasound parameters and RADAI-5.

RESULTS

Majority of participants (98%) demonstrated arterial wall thickening regardless of disease duration. However, lumen diameter (Cohen's d = 0.972, p = 0.004) and artery diameter (Cohen's d = 0.694, p = 0.034) were decreased in established RA compared to early RA. No strong associations were found between RADAI-5 and ultrasound parameters, except for lumen diameter in early RA demonstrating a fair association to RADAI-5 (r = 0.445). The mean RADAI-5 score indicated moderate to high disease activity with no difference between early and established RA (p = 0.283).

CONCLUSION

Arterial wall thickening of the DPA indicating the precursory changes of RV was observed in most RA participants, with reductions in artery and lumen diameter occurring in established disease. However, the long-standing instrument RADAI-5 may not reflect symptoms and clinical impacts related to vascular changes among people with RA.

Development and internal validation of a clinical and genetic risk score for rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease

OBJECTIVE

Although clinical and genetic risk factors have been identified for rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD), there are no current tools allowing for risk stratification. We sought to develop and validate an ILD risk model in a large, multicentre, prospective RA cohort.

METHODS

Participants in the Veterans Affairs RA (VARA) registry were genotyped for 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. ILD was validated through systematic record review. A genetic risk score (GRS) was computed from minor alleles weighted by effect size with ILD, using backward selection. The GRS was combined with clinical risk factors within a logistic regression model. Internal validation was completed using bootstrapping, and model performance was assessed by the area under the receiver operating curve (AUC).

RESULTS

Of 2386 participants (89% male, mean age 69.5 years), 9.4% had ILD. Following backward selection, five SNPs contributed to the GRS. The GRS and clinical factors outperformed clinical factors alone in discriminating ILD (AUC 0.675 vs 0.635, P < 0.001). The shrinkage-corrected performance for combined and clinical-only models was 0.667 (95% CI 0.628, 0.712) and 0.623 (95% CI 0.584, 0.651), respectively. Twenty percent of the cohort had a combined risk score below a cut-point with >90% sensitivity.

CONCLUSION

A clinical and genetic risk model discriminated ILD in a large, multicentre RA cohort better than a clinical-only model, excluding 20% of the cohort from low-yield testing. These results demonstrate the potential utility of a GRS in RA-ILD and support further investigation into individualized risk stratification and screening.

Pulmonary Nodules After Leflunomide Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Case Report

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disorder with both articular and extra-articular manifestations, including rare pulmonary complications. We report a case of a 65-year-old male with long-standing RA who developed multiple cavitary pulmonary nodules following prolonged leflunomide therapy. Diagnostic evaluation excluded infectious, neoplastic, and autoimmune causes. Bronchoscopy and biopsy confirmed an acute suppurative inflammatory process with central necrosis. Discontinuation of leflunomide resulted in the resolution of pulmonary nodules. This case highlights the need for vigilance regarding potential pulmonary toxicity in RA patients receiving leflunomide and underscores the importance of prompt recognition and management of drug-induced complications.

Predicting the risk of pulmonary embolism in patients with tuberculosis using machine learning algorithms

BACKGROUND

This study aimed to develop predictive models with robust generalization capabilities for assessing the risk of pulmonary embolism in patients with tuberculosis using machine learning algorithms.

METHODS

Data were collected from two centers and categorized into development and validation cohorts. Using the development cohort, candidate variables were selected via the Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE) method. Five machine learning algorithms, logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF), extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost), light gradient boosting machine (LightGBM), and support vector machine (SVM), were utilized to construct the predictive models. Model performance was evaluated through nested cross-validation and area under the curve (AUC) metrics, supplemented by interpretations using Shapley Additive explanations (SHAP) and line charts of AUC values. Models were subjected to external validation using an independent validation group, facilitating the early identification and management of pulmonary embolism risks in tuberculosis patients.

RESULTS

Data from 694 patients were used for model development, and 236 patients from the validation group met the enrollment criteria. The optimal subset of variables identified included D-dimer, smoking status, dyspnea, age, sex, diabetes, platelet count, cough, fibrinogen, hemoglobin, hemoptysis, hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and chest pain. The RF model outperformed others, achieving an AUC of 0.839 (95% CI 0.780-0.899) and maintaining the highest average performance in external fivefold cross-validation (AUC: 0.906 ± 0.041).

CONCLUSIONS

The RF model demonstrates high and consistent effectiveness in predicting pulmonary embolism risk in tuberculosis patients.

Impact of systemic inflammation and disease activity on the incidence of interstitial lung disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis - a nested case-control study within the German biologics register RABBIT

BACKGROUND

To investigate the association between the development of incident interstitial lung disease (ILD) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the disease activity of RA with its various components, especially C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR).

METHODS

We analysed data from RA patients, observed in the German biologics register RABBIT between 2001 and 2021. In a nested case-control study, patients with a reported incident ILD diagnosis during follow-up were matched 1:5 to patients without ILD. Matching criteria were sex, age, RA duration, date of enrolment and observation time. Defined by a directed acyclic graph (DAG), we adjusted the conditional logistic regression models for rheumatoid factor, smoking, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and tuberculosis/chronic viral infections to investigate the impact of disease activity/systemic inflammation. Mean and categorized values were analysed within 12 months prior to ILD and during the entire observation time. Additionally, two sensitivity analyses were performed, using validated ILD cases only and considering ILD cases with an observation time of more than 12 months.

RESULTS

We identified 139 RA patients with incident ILD and matched them to 686 controls. In 94 cases the diagnosis could be validated, and 98 cases had a follow-up of > 12 months. The averaged DAS28 composite score (including ESR or CRP) was not associated with developing RA-ILD (odds ratios 1.16 [95% confidence interval: 0.97-1.40] and 1.06 [0.86-1.29], respectively). However, single measures of inflammation, log ESR (1.86 [1.35-2.57]) and log CRP (1.55 [1.21-1.97]), were significantly associated with an increased RA-ILD risk. A higher risk for ILD was also revealed for persistently high inflammation. Other DAS28 components showed no significant associations with RA-ILD. These results were consistent for values over the entire observation time of a patient and within 12 months prior to the ILD. Sensitivity analyses confirmed these findings.

CONCLUSION

Higher levels of systemic inflammation, as indicated by ESR and CRP, but not joint counts or patient's global assessment, were significantly associated with the occurrence of incident ILD in patients with RA. As possible predictor for the development of RA-ILD, systemic inflammation should be monitored closely and independently of joint count results.

Outcomes and predictors of progression in progressive pulmonary fibrosis

BACKGROUND

Progressive pulmonary fibrosis (PPF) is a general term for a class of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) characterized by a progressive fibrosing (PF) phenotype. Patients with PPF have decreased lung function, exercise ability, and quality of life. The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical characteristics, potential associated factors for disease progression, and survival outcomes of patients in the PPF population.

METHODS

This study retrospectively reviewed the data of patients diagnosed with ILD between January 2011 and December 2022 at The First Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University. A PF phenotype was defined based on the criteria that were used in the PPF clinical practice guidelines, which led to the identification of 92 patients with a PF phenotype among the 177 patients with fibrotic ILD. Baseline clinical information and laboratory parameters were collected and analysed in our cohort.

RESULTS

Patients in the PPF group had higher tumour marker levels and lower pulmonary function test results at baseline than did those in the non-PPF group. According to the multivariate logistic regression analysis, age >65 years (OR 2.71, 95% CI 1.26-5.89; p = 0.011), LDH >245 U/L (OR 3.07, 95% CI 1.39-6.78; p = 0.006), CA-153 > 35 U/mL (OR 3.16, 95% CI 1.25-7.97; p = 0.015), FVC <60% predicted (OR 4.82, 95% CI 1.60-14.51; p = 0.005), DLCO <50% predicted (OR 3.21, 95% CI 1.43-7.21; p = 0.005), and the UIP-like pattern on chest HRCT (OR 3.65, 95% CI 1.33-10.07; p = 0.012) were potentially associated with the progression of fibrotic interstitial lung diseases (f-ILDs) to PPF. Furthermore, the PPF group had a poorer survival rate than the non-PPF group (p = 0.0045). According to the multivariate Cox regression analysis, an SPAP ≥ 37 mmHg (HR 2.33, 95% CI 1.09-5.00; p = 0.030) and acute exacerbation (HR 2.88, 95% CI 1.26-6.59; p = 0.012) were identified as significant prognostic factors for mortality in patients with PPFs.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients who were older, had high CA-153 and LDH levels, had poor pulmonary function test results, or had a UIP-like pattern on chest HRCT were more likely to have indications for the progression of f-ILD to PPF. Increased SPAP and AE are independent risk factors for the prognosis of PPF patients, so additional attention should be given to such patients.

Real-World Clinical Effectiveness and Safety of Antifibrotics in Progressive Pulmonary Fibrosis Associated with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Background/Objectives: Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is one of the most severe complications of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Real-world data on antifibrotic treatment are needed. Our objective was to evaluate the real-world effectiveness and tolerability of antifibrotic agents in patients with progressive fibrosing RA-ILD. Methods: A longitudinal, retrospective, observational study was conducted on a cohort of RA-ILD patients treated with either nintedanib or pirfenidone. The data collected included pulmonary function test (PFT) results, adverse events (AEs), tolerability, and drug retention. Results: Twenty-seven patients were included; 25 (92.5%) initiated nintedanib, while two initiated pirfenidone. The median follow-up duration was 25 months (IQR 7-27). The mean decline in %pFVC and %pDLCO from ILD diagnosis to the initiation of antifibrotic therapy were -8.9% and -14.8%, respectively. After 6 months of treatment, most patients achieved stabilization in PFT: a ∆%pFVC of +1.2% (p = 0.611 compared with baseline) and a ∆%pDLCO of +3.9% (p = 0.400). Eighteen patients completed one year of therapy, with a modest improvement in %pFVC (+4.7%; p = 0.023) and stabilization in %pDLCO (-3.8%; p = 0.175). This trend persisted among the nine patients who completed 2 years of treatment (%pFVC +7.7%; p = 0.037 and %pDLCO -2.2%; p = 0.621). During the follow-up period, 15% of patients died, and 4% underwent lung transplantation. Adverse events occurred in 81% of patients, leading to discontinuation in 18.5% of cases. The most frequent adverse events were gastrointestinal events and hepatitis, leading to a permanent dose reduction of 40% for nintedanib and 14% for pirfenidone. A second antifibrotic agent was prescribed for 18.5% of the patients. At the end of the follow-up period, 63% of the total cohort remained on antifibrotic therapy. Conclusions: According to our results, antifibrotic initiation was associated with a modest improvement in the trajectory of %pFVC and stabilization in %pDLCO. The discontinuation rate in our cohort (37%) was higher than that reported in clinical trials but similar to that reported in previously published real-world studies.

Use of a radiology tool for the diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this paper was to perform an exploratory reader study to assess the utility of a web-based application in assisting non-chest radiologist in correctly diagnosing the radiographic pattern of pulmonary fibrosis.

METHODS

Three non-chest radiologists with 5 to 20 years of experience individually reviewed 3 rounds of randomly chosen chest CT scans (round 1: 100 scans, round 2: 50 scans, round 3: 25 scans) from a list of patients with established diagnosis of pulmonary fibrosis. In round 1, radiologists were asked to directly record their diagnosis for the pattern of fibrosis. In round 2 and 3 they were asked to review for features provided in a web-based application and provide diagnosis based on the most likely predicted diagnosis from the application. There was an approximate 1-month interval and relevant tutorials were provided between each round. Diagnosis accuracy is reported by readers at each round.

RESULTS

The overall accuracy increased from 63 % (n = 188/299) in round 1 to 74 % in round 3 (n = 52/70) (p = 0.0265). Difficulty in recognition of mosaic attenuation and homogeneous has led to misdiagnosis. Refining the definition for feature homogeneous increased the diagnosis accuracy of NSIP from 42 % (n = 20/48) in round 2 to 65 % (n = 24/37) in round 3(p = 0.0179). The Fleiss Kappa across readers varied from Round 1 to Round 3 with values 0.36 to 0.42.

CONCLUSIONS

Using the web-based application with refined definition for feature homogeneous helps to improve the non-subspecialty radiologist's accuracy in diagnosing different types of fibrosis.

Prognostic factors for interstitial lung disease progression in rheumatoid arthritis: May methotrexate protect against progression?

OBJECTIVE

Lung computed tomography (CT) is a valid method for the detection and assessment of the progression of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. The objective of this study is to conduct a comparative analysis of the characteristics of individuals with RA-ILD, with and without radiographic progression, determined using lung CT scans.

METHOD

In this retrospective observational study, three radiologists re-evaluated CT scans of RA-ILD patients who had at least one follow-up CT. The lungs were divided into upper, middle, and lower zones, with equal slices. Progression was defined as the involvement of more zones in the vertical extent by the same elementary findings or the emergence of more severe findings in the same zones compared to the previous examination. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess the possible factors identified in univariate analysis.

RESULTS

This study included 104 patients with 215 lung CT scans for analysis. Radiographic progression was seen in 43 patients (41.3%). Male sex, findings compatible with ILD on the last X-ray, age at diagnosis of ILD > 50 years, and presence of ground-glass opacity on CT were more common in the group with progression. In multivariate analysis (adjusted for ILD disease duration), findings consistent with ILD on chest X-ray and male sex were independent risk factors for progression, while taking methotrexate (ever) was an independent protective factor for progression.

CONCLUSION

Our findings indicate a negative association between methotrexate use and ILD progression. These results should be confirmed in further studies.

Metabolomics Reveals Disturbed Amino Acid Metabolism During Different Stages of RA in Collagen-Induced Arthritis Mice

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease featured by chronic synovitis and progressive joint damage. Early treatment before the onset of clinical symptoms (also known as the pre-RA stage) may slow or stop the progression of the disease. We sought to discover the dynamic metabolic changes during the evolution of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) to better characterize the disease stages. Untargeted metabolomics analysis using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that the metabolic profiles of CIA mice gradually differed from that of the control group with the progression of the disease. During the induction phase, the CIA group showed some metabolic alterations in galactose metabolism, arginine biosynthesis, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), pyruvate metabolism, and starch/sucrose metabolism. During the early inflammatory phase, no joint swelling was observed in CIA mice, and metabolites changed mainly involving amino acid metabolism (arginine biosynthesis, arginine/proline metabolism, phenylalanine/tyrosine/tryptophan biosynthesis), and glutathione metabolism. During the peak inflammatory phase, severe arthritis symptoms were observed in CIA mice, and there were more extensive metabolic alterations in valine/leucine/isoleucine biosynthesis, phenylalanine/tyrosine/tryptophan biosynthesis, TCA cycle, galactose metabolism, and arginine biosynthesis. Moreover, the reduction of specific amino acids, such as glycine, serine, and proline, during the early stages may result in an imbalance in macrophage polarization and enhance the inflammatory response in CIA mice. Our study confirmed that specific perturbations in amino acid metabolism have occurred in CIA mice prior to the onset of joint symptoms, which may be related to autoimmune disorders. The findings could provide insights into the metabolic mechanism and the diagnosis of pre-RA.

Janus kinase inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis

OBJECTIVE

The treatment of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) remains challenging due to the scarcity of proven effective therapeutic options. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness and safety of Janus kinase inhibitors (JAKi) in RA-ILD.

METHODS

We systematically reviewed the literature to identify studies evaluating the efficacy and safety of JAK inhibitors in RA-ILD. A meta-analysis was performed using the random-effects model.

RESULTS

The literature search identified seven observational studies assessing the safety and efficacy of JAKi in RA-ILD and three studies analyzing the risk of developing de novo ILD in RA patients treated with JAKi. Among 183 patients with RA-ILD, the pooled analysis demonstrated an increase of 2.07 % in %pFVC (95 % CI: 0.57-3.58; p = 0.007) and 3.12 % in %pDLCO (95 % CI: 2.11-4.12; p < 0.001). Thoracic HRCT scans showed improvement in 11 % of patients (95 % CI: 0.01-0.29). The pooled proportion of patients experiencing worsening of pre-existing ILD was 5 % (95 % CI: 0.01-0.11). Adverse events were reported in 14 % of cases (95 % CI: 0.08-0.21), with the frequency of clinically significant infections ranging from 4.5 % to 25 %. The risk of developing de novo ILD in patients receiving JAKi was low, with an incidence rate of 0.20 per 1000 person-years (95 % CI: 0.14-0.25). Comparisons with abatacept and rituximab suggested similar efficacy and safety profiles.

CONCLUSION

JAKi are well tolerated and might be a viable treatment option for RA-ILD, offering comparable safety and efficacy to abatacept and rituximab.

[Low-dose methotrexate: Indications and side effects, particularly in cases of diffuse interstitial pneumonia]

INTRODUCTION

Methotrexate (MTX) is a folate antagonist used as an immunosuppressant in a number of conditions, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Low-dose MTX (MTX-LD) is associated with a risk of haematological, hepatic, gastrointestinal and pulmonary toxicity, which may up until now have limited its use.

STATE OF THE ART

In RA, data from retrospective cohorts have reported a possible excess risk of methotrexate toxicity in cases of underlying interstitial lung disease (ILD). However, recent prospective and retrospective multicentre studies have found no such increased risk, and have reassuringly concluded that MTX-LD can be prescribed in cases of RA-associated ILD (RA-ILD).

PERSPECTIVES AND CONCLUSIONS

Current recommendations are not to delay the introduction of MTX in patients with RA at risk of developing ILD or in the presence of RA-ILD with mild to moderate respiratory impairment.

Multiple Pulmonary Involvement in the Rapidly Progressive Evolution of Rheumatoid Arthritis

A 66-year-old man, a 40-year smoker, was diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis in 2018. He was treated for one year with methotrexate, and, later in 2020, he was diagnosed with interstitial pulmonary fibrosis. In 2022, treatment with nintedanib was initiated, with clinical improvement being indicated but without showing a functional or imaging benefit. The evolution of the disease was rapidly progressive and unfavorable, with death occurring due to pulmonary thromboembolism. Following the autopsy, triple lesions of the RA at the lung level were confirmed: interstitial, of the NSIP type with a fibrosing character at the level of the lower airways of the bilateral bronchiectasis type, and vascular damage due to pulmonary thromboembolism secondary to chronic inflammation.

A versatile role for lung ultrasound in systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases related pulmonary involvement: a narrative review

Systemic autoimmune rheumatic diseases (SARDs) related pulmonary disease is highly prevalent, with variable clinical presentation and behavior, and thus is associated with poor outcomes and negatively impacts quality of life. Chest high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is still considered a fundamental imaging tool in the screening, diagnosis, and follow-up of pulmonary disease in patients with SARDs. However, radiation exposure, economic burden, as well as lack of point-of-care CT equipment limits its application in some clinical situation. Ultrasound has found a place in numerous aspects of the rheumatic diseases, including the vasculature, skin, muscle, joints, kidneys and in screening for malignancies. Likewise it has found increasing use in the lungs. In the past two decades, lung ultrasound has started to be used for pulmonary parenchymal diseases such as pneumonia, pulmonary edema, lung fibrosis, pneumothorax, and pleural lesions, although the lung parenchymal was once considered off-limits to ultrasound. Lung ultrasound B-lines and irregularities of the pleural line are now regarded two important sonographic artefacts related to diffuse parenchymal lung disease and they could reflect the lesion extent and severity. However, its role in the management of SARDs related pulmonary involvement has not been fully investigated. This review article will focus on the potential applications of lung ultrasound in different pulmonary scenarios related with SARDs, such as interstitial lung disease, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage, diaphragmatic involvement, and pulmonary infection, in order to explore its value in clinical daily practice.

Moving forward in Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease Screening

Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are at increased risk of developing interstitial lung disease compared to the general population, a complication that is associated with significant morbidity and high mortality. Given its frequency and severity, ILD should always be considered during both the initial assessment and follow-up of RA patients. However, there is currently no consensus on which RA patients should be screened for ILD. In recent years, several scientific societies have developed specific screening proposals. According to the recommendations of the Spanish, American, and Austrian rheumatology societies, it is not necessary to screen all individuals with RA, and it should be tailored to each patient based on clinical risk factors. In contrast, the Portuguese Societies of Rheumatology and Pulmonology advocate for systematic screening of all RA patients. Risk factors for the development of ILD in RA patients are well identified, and several screening tools for RA-ILD based on these risk factors have been developed. However, all of these tools still require further validation. To address this issue, the ANCHOR-RA study, a multinational cross-sectional initiative, has been launched to develop a multivariable model for predicting RA-ILD, which could provide valuable guidance for screening practices in clinical settings. In addition to certain biochemical and genetic predictive markers, lung ultrasound appears to be a useful screening tool. When combined with clinical evaluation and risk factor assessment, it can help identify which patients require a thoracic HRCT evaluation, which remains the gold standard for confirming an ILD diagnosis.

Long-term functional course of Sjögren's disease-associated interstitial lung disease

Background

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is common in primary Sjögren's disease (pSD); its functional course is poorly known. Our aim was to characterise the long-term functional course and prognosis in patients with pSD-ILD. We determined the role of baseline demographic and clinical variables in the evolution of lung function and identified risk factors for death or transplantation.

Methods

In a retrospective observational cohort study, patients with pSD and ILD were retrospectively identified from two French ILD centres. Forced vital capacity (FVC) and diffusing capacity of the lungs for carbon monoxide (D LCO) slopes were obtained from joint models. Latent class mixed models identified clusters of FVC and D LCO trajectories.

Results

We included 73 patients (63% women, mean age 63 years), with a median follow-up of 9.3 years. At baseline, mean FVC was 73±21% and D LCO 51±16%. On average, FVC was stable, while there was an annual decline in D LCO of 1% of the predicted value. Male sex, a pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) or indeterminate for UIP on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT), and features of fibrosis on HRCT, were associated with an accelerated decline in FVC and D LCO.

Conclusion

We identified clusters of lung function evolution. 1) Two FVC trajectories: patients with stable FVC (n=56, 78%); patients with FVC decline (n=16, 22%) of 2.4% per year, characterised by a low baseline D LCO (39%) and a higher risk of death or transplantation (HR 52, 95% CI 10-273). 2) Three D LCO trajectories: patients with stable D LCO (n=44, 66%); patients with a slow decline in D LCO (n=12, 18%) of 2.8% per year; patients with a rapid decline in D LCO (n=11, 16%) of 4.8% per year, characterised by a low baseline D LCO (41%) and a higher risk of death or transplantation (HR 156, 95% CI 18-1352).

Associations of upper respiratory mucosa microbiota with Rheumatoid arthritis, autoantibodies, and disease activity

The lung is recognized as a site for initiating the formation of self-antigen and autoimmune responses in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We aimed to investigate the association of upper respiratory microbiota with RA, autoantibody production, and disease activity. Forty-six patients with RA and 17 controls were examined. Nasopharyngeal swab samples were sequenced for microbiome profiling using the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. The microbial diversity and relative abundance were compared between RA patients and controls. Correlation analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship between microbial abundance and clinical markers such as autoantibodies and disease activity. Microbial diversity analysis revealed no major differences between RA patients and healthy controls. However, beta diversity analysis indicated a subtle distinction in microbial composition (unweighted UniFrac distance) between the two groups (P = 0.03), hinting at a minor subset of microbiota associated with disease status. Differential abundance analysis uncovered specific taxa at various taxonomic levels, including Saccharibacteria (TM7) [O-1] (PFDR = 2.53 × 10-2), TM7 [F-1] (PFDR = 5.20 × 10-3), Microbacterium (PFDR = 3.37 × 10-4), and Stenotrophomonas (PFDR = 2.57 × 10-3). The relative abundance of ten genera correlated significantly with anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide (anti-CCP) antibody levels (PFDR < 0.05) and 11 genera were significantly associated with disease activity markers, including ESR, CRP, DAS28-ESR, and DAS-CRP (PFDR < 0.05). In particular, Saccharibacteria TM7 [G-3] and Peptostreptococcaceae [XI] [G-1] were correlated with all disease activity biomarkers. Dysbiosis in the upper respiratory mucosa is associated with RA, anti-CCP antibody levels, and disease activity.

A nomogram model combining computed tomography-based radiomics and Krebs von den Lungen-6 for identifying low-risk rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease

Objectives

Quantitatively assess the severity and predict the mortality of interstitial lung disease (ILD) associated with Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) was a challenge for clinicians. This study aimed to construct a radiomics nomogram based on chest computed tomography (CT) imaging by using the ILD-GAP (gender, age, and pulmonary physiology) index system for clinical management.

Methods

Chest CT images of patients with RA-ILD were retrospectively analyzed and staged using the ILD-GAP index system. The balanced dataset was then divided into training and testing cohorts at a 7:3 ratio. A clinical factor model was created using demographic and serum analysis data, and a radiomics signature was developed from radiomics features extracted from the CT images. Combined with the radiomics signature and independent clinical factors, a nomogram model was established based on the Rad-score and clinical factors. The model capabilities were measured by operating characteristic curves, calibration curves and decision curves analyses.

Results

A total of 177 patients were divided into two groups (Group I, n = 107; Group II, n = 63). Krebs von den Lungen-6, and nineteen radiomics features were used to build the nomogram, which showed favorable calibration and discrimination in the training cohort [AUC, 0.948 (95% CI: 0.910-0.986)] and the testing validation cohort [AUC, 0.923 (95% CI: 0.853-0.993)]. Decision curve analysis demonstrated that the nomogram performed well in terms of clinical usefulness.

Conclusion

The CT-based radiomics nomogram model achieved favorable efficacy in predicting low-risk RA-ILD patients.

Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody is an independent risk factor in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to investigate the clinical relevance of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD).

METHODS

Detailed clinical records of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients who underwent ANCA screening tests were collected. ANCA measurements were determined by indirect immunofluorescence assay (IIF) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Clinical characteristics were compared between ANCA-positive and ANCA-negative groups, and multivariable logistic models were used to evaluate the independent association of ANCA with ILD in RA patients.

RESULTS

The prevalence of ANCA by IIF was significantly higher in RA-ILD patients compared to those with RA without ILD (31.7 % vs. 19.5 %, p < 0.001). RA-ILD patients positive for ANCA exhibited elevated levels of inflammatory markers and greater disease activity, and showed more severe impairment of lung function compared to ANCA-negative RA-ILD patients. Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed an independent association of ANCA, especially pANCA, with RA-ILD. ANCA specificities for BPI, elastase, and cathepsin-G were found in 15.6 % of RA-ILD patients; the specificities for most others remain unknown.

CONCLUSIONS

The findings suggest a potential role for ANCA/pANCA in stratifying the risk of RA and provide supplementary information to the existing clinically available assays. This additional information may be valuable in identifying RA patients who require further investigations for RA-ILD, such as high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT). These results emphasize the potential clinical relevance of ANCA in the context of RA-ILD.

The Burden of Interstitial Lung Involvement in Rheumatoid Arthritis: Could Lung Ultrasound Have a Role in Its Detection? A Literature Review

Lung involvement represents a fearful complication in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), potentially involving all compartments of the pulmonary system. Regarding interstitial lung disease (ILD), the HRCT represents the gold standard technique for its diagnosis; however, the examination is burdened by radiation exposure and high costs. In addition, although some risk factors for ILD are known, no algorithms exist to know which patients to submit to HRCT and when. In this context, lung ultrasound (LUS) showed promising results for at least 10 years, demonstrating correlation with high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings in other rheumatic diseases. Here, LUS may represent a screening test providing additional information to clinical examination and pulmonary function tests. The data deriving from LUS experience in other rheumatic diseases could steer the future towards the use of this technique also in RA patients, and in this review, we report the most relevant literature regarding LUS in RA-ILD.

CT informs detection and treatment options in rheumatoid arthritis complicated by pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease from the FIRST registry

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the early detection of pulmonary non-tuberculous mycobacterial (PNTM) disease by CT before the initiation of molecular-targeted therapeutic drugs in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and the efficacy and safety of combined treatment with antibiotics.

METHODS

Patients with RA underwent chest CT before the introduction of molecular-targeted therapies in the Further Improvement of Rheumatoid arthritis Treatment registry. The primary endpoint was the number of patients who were detected by CT as having PNTM disease, complicating RA.

RESULTS

Of 4447 patients with RA who underwent chest CT, 107 had suspected PNTM disease, and 33 diagnoses were confirmed by culture. In 14 of the 33 patients, plain radiographs showed no abnormalities; PNTM disease was only observed on CT scans. The prevalence of PNTM disease in patients with RA requiring molecular-targeted treatment was six times higher than that in healthy individuals. 31 patients initiated molecular-targeted therapeutic drugs in combination with anti-NTM treatment, and 28 were followed up for 24 months. No significant difference was observed in the retention rate and RA disease activity at 24 months between the PNTM and non-PNTM groups. Coexisting PNTM disease did not affect treatment discontinuation. None of the 28 patients in the PNTM group experienced exacerbation of PNTM disease.

CONCLUSION

CT screening before the initiation of molecular-targeted treatment enabled the detection of asymptomatic PNTM that was undetectable on plain radiographs. This study showed that molecular-targeted therapeutic drugs in combination with anti-NTM treatment could control the disease activity of both PNTM and RA.

The Lung in Rheumatoid Arthritis-Friend or Enemy?

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune condition frequently found in rheumatological patients that sometimes raises diagnosis and management problems. The pathogenesis of the disease is complex and involves the activation of many cells and intracellular signaling pathways, ultimately leading to the activation of the innate and acquired immune system and producing extensive tissue damage. Along with joint involvement, RA can have numerous extra-articular manifestations (EAMs), among which lung damage, especially interstitial lung disease (ILD), negatively influences the evolution and survival of these patients. Although there are more and more RA-ILD cases, the pathogenesis is incompletely understood. In terms of genetic predisposition, external environmental factors act and subsequently determine the activation of immune system cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, B and T lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and dendritic cells. These, in turn, show the ability to secrete molecules with a proinflammatory role (cytokines, chemokines, growth factors) that will produce important visceral injuries, including pulmonary changes. Currently, there is new evidence that supports the initiation of the systemic immune response at the level of pulmonary mucosa where the citrullination process occurs, whereby the autoantibodies subsequently migrate from the lung to the synovial membrane. The aim of this paper is to provide current data regarding the pathogenesis of RA-associated ILD, starting from environmental triggers and reaching the cellular, humoral, and molecular changes involved in the onset of the disease.

Does Rheumatoid Arthritis Increase the Risk of COPD?: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study

BACKGROUND

Most reports of pulmonary manifestations in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have been related to interstitial lung diseases. RA and COPD are both chronic inflammatory systemic diseases.

RESEARCH QUESTION

Does RA increase the risk of developing COPD? Is there a difference between seropositive and seronegative RA in the risk of COPD?

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

Using the Korean National Health Insurance Database, we screened individuals diagnosed with RA between 2010 and 2017. We identified 46,030 patients with RA (32,608 with seropositive RA and 13,422 with seronegative RA) and 230,150 matched control individuals; we monitored them until December 2019. We used multivariate Cox proportional hazard models to estimate the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) of risk factors for the development of COPD.

RESULTS

The incidence of COPD among patients with RA was 5.04 per 1,000 person-years; it was 2.23 per 1,000 person-years in the control group. Patients with RA showed a higher risk of developing COPD (aHR, 2.11; 95% CI, 1.96-2.28) compared with the control group. Although both seropositive RA and seronegative RA were associated with an increased risk of COPD, patients with seropositive RA had a higher risk for the development of COPD (aHR, 1.26; 95% CI, 1.09-1.46) than patients with seronegative RA. In the subgroup analyses, smoking history did not demonstrate significant interactions between RA and COPD development.

INTERPRETATION

RA was shown to be associated with an increased risk of COPD development, augmented by seropositivity. Physicians should monitor respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function carefully in patients with RA.

Multidimensional biomarker approach integrating tumor markers, inflammatory indicators, and disease activity indicators may improve prediction of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease

INTRODUCTION

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) often leads to interstitial lung disease (ILD), significantly affecting patient outcomes. This study explored the diagnostic accuracy of a multi-biomarker approach to offer a more efficient and accessible diagnostic strategy for RA-associated ILD (RA-ILD).

METHODS

Patients diagnosed with RA, with or without ILD, at Beijing Tiantan Hospital from October 2019 to October 2023 were analyzed. A total of 125 RA patients were included, with 76 diagnosed with RA-ILD. The study focused on three categories of indicators: tumor markers, inflammatory indicators, and disease activity measures. The heatmap correlation analysis was employed to analyze the correlation among these indicators. Logistic regression was used to determine odds ratios (OR) for indicators linked to RA-ILD risk. Receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was employed to evaluate the diagnostic potential of these indicators for RA-ILD.

RESULTS

The results of logistic regression analysis showed that tumor markers (carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), carbohydrate antigen 125 (CA125), and cytokeratin 19 fragment (CYFRA21-1)), as well as inflammatory indicators (neutrophil, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet, C-reactive protein (CRP)) and disease activity measures (disease activity score-28-CRP (DAS28-CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF), and anti-cyclic peptide containing citrulline (anti-CCP)), were significantly associated with RA-ILD. The correlation coefficients among these indicators were relatively low. Notably, the combination indicator 4, which integrated the aforementioned three categories of biomarkers, demonstrated improved diagnostic accuracy with an AUC of 0.857.

CONCLUSION

The study demonstrated that combining tumor markers, inflammatory indicators, and disease activity measures significantly enhanced the prediction of RA-ILD. Key Points • Multidimensional strategy: Integrated tumor markers, inflammatory indicators, and disease activity measures to enhance early detection of rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD). • Diagnostic accuracy: Employed heatmap correlation and logistic regression, identifying significant associations and improving diagnostic accuracy with a multidimensional biomarker combination. • Superior performance: The combined multidimensional biomarker strategy demonstrated higher diagnostic precision compared to individual or dual-category indicators. • Clinical relevance: Offers a promising, accessible approach for early detection of RA-ILD in clinical settings, potentially improving patient outcomes.

Lung Clearance Index as a Screening Parameter of Pulmonary Impairment in Patients under Immune Checkpoint Therapy: A Pilot Study

Background: Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has presented a breakthrough in the treatment of malignant tumors and increased the overall survival of patients with various tumor entities. ICB may also cause immune-related adverse events, such as pneumonitis or interstitial lung disease. The lung clearance index (LCI) is a multiple-breath washout technique offering information on lung pathology in addition to conventional spirometry. It measures the degree of pulmonary ventilation inhomogeneity and allows early detection of pulmonary damage, especially that to peripheral airways. Methods: This cross-sectional study compared the lung function of patients with melanoma or metastatic cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma who received programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte-associated Protein 4 (CTLA-4) antibodies, alone or in combination, to age- and sex-matched controls. Lung function was assessed using spirometry, according to American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society standards, the LCI, and a diffusion capacity of carbon monoxide (DLCO) measurement. Results: Sixty-one screened patients and thirty-eight screened controls led to nineteen successfully included pairs. The LCI in the ICB-treated patients was 8.41 ± 1.15 (mean ± SD), which was 0.32 higher compared to 8.07 ± 1.17 in the control group, but the difference was not significant (p = 0.452). The patients receiving their ICB therapy for under five months showed a significantly lower LCI (7.98 ± 0.77) compared to the ICB patients undergoing therapy for over five months (9.63 ± 1.22) at the point of testing (p = 0.014). Spirometric analysis revealed that the forced expiratory volume between 25 and 75% of the forced vital capacity (FEF25-75%) in the ICB-treated patients was significantly reduced (p = 0.047) compared to the control group. DLCO (%predicted and adjusted for hemoglobin) was 94.4 ± 19.7 in the ICB patients and 93.4 ± 21.7 in the control group (p = 0.734). Conclusions: The patients undergoing ICB therapy showed slightly impaired lung function compared to the controls. Longer periods of ICB treatment led to deterioration of the LCI, which may be a sign of a subclinical inflammatory process. The LCI is feasible and may be easily integrated into the clinical daily routine and could contribute to early detection of pulmonary (auto-)inflammation.

Resveratrol attenuates inflammation and fibrosis in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease via the AKT/TMEM175 pathway

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) represents a significant complication of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that lacks effective treatment options. This study aimed to investigate the intrinsic mechanism by which resveratrol attenuates rheumatoid arthritis complicated with interstitial lung disease through the AKT/TMEM175 pathway.

METHODS

We established an arthritis model by combining chicken type II collagen and complete Freund's adjuvant. Resveratrol treatment was administered via tube feeding for 10 days. Pathological changes in both the joints and lungs were evaluated using HE and Masson staining techniques. Protein expression of TGF-β1, AKT, and TMEM175 was examined in lung tissue. MRC-5 cells were stimulated using IL-1β in combination with TGF-β1 as an in vitro model of RA-ILD, and agonists of AKT, metabolic inhibitors, and SiRNA of TMEM175 were used to explore the regulation and mechanism of action of resveratrol RA-ILD.

RESULTS

Resveratrol mitigates fibrosis in rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease and reduces oxidative stress and inflammation in RA-ILD. Furthermore, resveratrol restored cellular autophagy. When combined with the in vitro model, it was further demonstrated that resveratrol could suppress TGF-β1 expression, and reduce AKT metamorphic activation, consequently inhibiting the opening of AKT/MEM175 ion channels. This, in turn, lowers lysosomal pH and enhances the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes, ultimately ameliorating the progression of RA-ILD.

CONCLUSION

In this study, we demonstrated that resveratrol restores autophagic flux through the AKT/MEM175 pathway to attenuate inflammation as well as fibrosis in RA-ILD by combining in vivo and in vitro experiments. It further provides a theoretical basis for the selection of therapeutic targets for RA-ILD.

Impact of DMARD treatment and systemic inflammation on all-cause mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and interstitial lung disease: a cohort study from the German RABBIT register

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the impact of disease activity and treatment with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) on all-cause mortality in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and prevalent interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD).

METHODS

Patients with RA-ILD were selected from the biologics register Rheumatoid Arthritis: Observation of Biologic Therapy (RABBIT). Using time-varying Cox regression, the association between clinical measures and mortality was investigated. The impact of DMARDs was analysed by (1) Cox regression considering cumulative exposure (ie, treatment months divided by total months) and (2) time-varying Cox regression as main approach (treatment exposures at monthly level).

RESULTS

Out of 15 566 participants, 381 were identified as RA-ILD cases with 1258 person-years of observation and 2.6 years median length of follow-up. Ninety-seven patients (25.5%) died and 34 (35.1%) of these were not receiving DMARD therapy at the time of death. Higher inflammatory biomarkers but not swollen and tender joint count were significantly associated with mortality. Compared with tumour necrosis factor inhibitors (TNFi), non-TNFi biologic DMARDs (bDMARDs) exhibited adjusted HRs (aHRs) for mortality below 1, lacking statistical significance. This finding was stable in various sensitivity analyses. Joint aHR for non-TNFi biologics and JAKi versus TNFi was 0.56 (95% CI 0.33 to 0.97). Receiving no DMARD treatment was associated with a twofold higher mortality risk compared with receiving any DMARD treatment, aHR 2.03 (95% CI 1.23 to 3.35).

CONCLUSIONS

Inflammatory biomarkers and absence of DMARD treatment were associated with increased risk of mortality in patients with RA-ILD. Non-TNFi bDMARDs may confer enhanced therapeutic benefits in patients with RA-ILD.

Impact of interstitial lung disease on clinical remission and unfavourable events of rheumatoid arthritis: results from the IORRA cohort

OBJECTIVES

We aimed to examine the impact of concomitant interstitial lung disease (ILD) on achieving clinical remission and the occurrence of unfavourable clinical events in patients with RA.

METHODS

Among the participants in the Institute of Rheumatology, Rheumatoid Arthritis (IORRA) cohort from 2011 to 2012, patients not achieving remission of 28-joint disease activity score (DAS28) at baseline and those with chest CT images were enrolled. Based on the chest CT images, the patients were divided into two groups: the ILD group and non-ILD group. The associations among the presence of ILD with time to achieving DAS28 remission and development of death, hospitalized infection, major adverse cardiac events (MACE), or malignancy within 5 years were evaluated using time-dependent Cox regression models.

RESULTS

We enrolled 287 patients in the ILD group and 1235 in the non-ILD group. DAS28 remission was achieved at least once in 55.7% and 75.0% of the ILD and non-ILD groups within 5 years, respectively. Presence of ILD was significantly associated with failure to achieve DAS28 remission (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.58, 0.89). ILD was also a significant factor associated with death (aHR: 3.24; 95% CI: 2.08, 5.03), hospitalized infection (aHR 2.60; 95% CI: 1.77, 3.83), MACE (aHR: 3.40; 95% CI: 1.76, 6.58), and lung cancer (aHR: 16.0; 95% CI: 3.22, 79.2), but not with malignant lymphoma (aHR: 2.27; 95% CI: 0.59, 8.81).

CONCLUSION

Concomitant ILD was a significant factor associated with failure to achieve clinical remission and the occurrence of the unfavourable clinical events in patients with RA.

Xuetongsu attenuates bone destruction in collagen-induced arthritis mice by inhibiting osteoclast differentiation and promoting osteoclast apoptosis

Tujia ethnomedicine Xuetong (the stems of Kadsura heteroclita) have been widely used in folk for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), which can alleviate rheumatic pain through liquor soaking in folk. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the pharmacological effects and underlying mechanism of Xuetongsu (a key chemical component of Xuetong) on bone destruction. In our previous study, it was found that Xuetong extract can reduce adjuvant arthritic rats paw swelling and inhibit inflammatory factors in serum. Furthermore, Xuetongsu has been demonstrated to inhibit the proliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes, but its potential to inhibit bone destruction has not been explored. To address this, we employed the STRING database to predict protein interactions and utilized Autodock software to simulate the binding of Xuetongsu to target proteins. In this study, administration of Xuetongsu significantly alleviated paw swelling and bone destruction in C57BL/6 mice with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Mechanistic studies have indicated that Xuetongsu promotes apoptosis of mature osteoclasts in joint tissues by activating Caspase-3 and Bax, while inhibiting Bcl-2. Additionally, Xuetongsu inhibits osteoclast differentiation by suppressing RANKL, RANK, P-NF-κB, and NFATc1, and reduces bone resorption activity by inhibiting MMP-9, CTSK, and TRAP. Importantly, Xuetongsu exhibits good biocompatibility in major organs of mice. In summary, Xuetongsu has the potential to treat bone destruction by promoting apoptosis of mature osteoclasts, inhibiting osteoclast differentiation, and reducing bone resorption. This study reveals the pharmacological effects of Xuetongsu and its mechanism of action, which may contribute to the development of novel approaches for treating RA.

Potential Rheumatoid Arthritis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease Treatment and Computational Approach for Future Drug Development

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease characterized by swelling in at least one joint. Owing to an overactive immune response, extra-articular manifestations are observed in certain cases, with interstitial lung disease (ILD) being the most common. Rheumatoid arthritis-associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the interstitial space, which causes fibrosis and the scarring of lung tissue. Controlling inflammation and pulmonary fibrosis in RA-ILD is important because they are associated with high morbidity and mortality. Pirfenidone and nintedanib are specific drugs against idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and showed efficacy against RA-ILD in several clinical trials. Immunosuppressants and disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) with anti-fibrotic effects have also been used to treat RA-ILD. Immunosuppressants moderate the overexpression of cytokines and immune cells to reduce pulmonary damage and slow the progression of fibrosis. DMARDs with mild anti-fibrotic effects target specific fibrotic pathways to regulate fibrogenic cellular activity, extracellular matrix homeostasis, and oxidative stress levels. Therefore, specific medications are required to effectively treat RA-ILD. In this review, the commonly used RA-ILD treatments are discussed based on their molecular mechanisms and clinical trial results. In addition, a computational approach is proposed to develop specific drugs for RA-ILD.

Targeting Progression in Pulmonary Fibrosis: An Overview of Underlying Mechanisms, Molecular Biomarkers, and Therapeutic Intervention

Interstitial lung diseases comprise a heterogenous range of diffuse lung disorders, potentially resulting in pulmonary fibrosis. While idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis has been recognized as the paradigm of a progressive fibrosing interstitial lung disease, other conditions with a progressive fibrosing phenotype characterized by a significant deterioration of the lung function may lead to a burden of significant symptoms, a reduced quality of life, and increased mortality, despite treatment. There is now evidence indicating that some common underlying biological mechanisms can be shared among different chronic fibrosing disorders; therefore, different biomarkers for disease-activity monitoring and prognostic assessment are under evaluation. Thus, understanding the common pathways that induce the progression of pulmonary fibrosis, comprehending the diversity of these diseases, and identifying new molecular markers and potential therapeutic targets remain highly crucial assignments. The purpose of this review is to examine the main pathological mechanisms regulating the progression of fibrosis in interstitial lung diseases and to provide an overview of potential biomarker and therapeutic options for patients with progressive pulmonary fibrosis.

Rheumatoid Arthritis and Risk of Lung Cancer: A Nationwide Cohort Study

INTRODUCTION

There has been an increasing interest in the risk of lung cancer related to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We investigated the association between RA and the risk of lung cancer with consideration of key confounding factors, including RA serostatus and smoking status.

METHODS

Using a nationwide database, we identified 51,899 patients with newly diagnosed RA between 2010 and 2017, which were matched by sex and age at a 1:5 ratio with 259,495 non-RA population. The association of lung cancer and RA was investigated using Cox regression analyses. Stratified analyses by smoking status, sex, age, and comorbidity of interstitial lung disease were conducted using the same Cox modeling.

RESULTS

During 4.5 years of follow-up, the adjusted hazard ratio of lung cancer in the patients with RA was 1.49 (95% confidence interval: 1.34-1.66). Compared with the patients with seronegative RA, an increased risk of lung cancer was not considerable in the patients with seropositive RA. In the stratified analyses, the increased risk of lung cancer was more prominent in current or previous heavy smokers with RA (interaction p value of 0.046) and male patients (interaction p < 0.001), whereas there was no substantial effect associated with age or interstitial lung disease status.

CONCLUSIONS

Patients with RA had an increased risk of lung cancer compared with the non-RA group, and the risk did not differ by RA serostatus. There is a need for increased awareness of smoking cessation and potentially for regular lung cancer screening with proper risk stratification in patients with RA.

Rheumatoid interstitial lung disease in Canterbury, Aotearoa New Zealand - A retrospective cohort study

BACKGROUND

Rheumatoid arthritis associated interstitial lung disease (RA-ILD), is an important extra-articular manifestation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The frequency, risk factors, and prognosis of RA-ILD are incompletely understood.

AIMS

To determine the prevalence and incidence, clinical characteristics and risk factors for development, and outcomes of persons with RA-ILD in the population of the Canterbury District Health Board (CDHB) catchment area.

METHODS

Individuals aged ≥ 18 years with RA, resident in the CDHB catchment area between 1 January 2006 and 31 December 2008 (Period One), and 1 January 2011 to 31 December 2013 (Period Two) were identified by medical record review and followed until 30 June 2019. Individuals with RA-ILD as defined by pre-specified criteria were identified. The association between demographic and clinical characteristics and RA-ILD development and mortality was examined using Cox-proportional hazards models.

RESULTS

The prevalence of RA-ILD per 100,000 was 10.97 (95 % CI 7.53,14.42) for Period One, and 14.74 (95 % CI 10.84,18.63) for Period Two. Among individuals evaluated for risk factors for RA-ILD development, the estimated cumulative incidence of ILD at 10 years was 4.47 % (95 % CI 3.14, 6.14). After adjusting for age, rheumatoid factor positivity (HR 3.73, 95 % CI, 1.32,10.56), extra-articular manifestations other than RA-ILD (HR 4.48, 95 % CI 2.36,8.48), and subcutaneous rheumatoid nodules (HR 4.66, 95 % CI 2.34, 9.26) were associated with increased risk of developing RA-ILD. The standardised mortality ratio for RA-ILD was 3.90 (95 % CI 2.55,5.72) compared to the general population. Extent of ILD on CT chest was associated with mortality (HR for >20% vs. < 20 % 4.47, 95 % CI 1.67,11.96).

CONCLUSIONS

Clinically evident RA-ILD occurred in approximately 5 % of individuals with RA. Mortality was increased almost fourfold compared to the general population. Radiologic extent was the most important prognostic factor.

Usefulness of Lung Ultrasound as a Method for Early Diagnosis of Interstitial Lung Disease in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Purpose

To determine the value of lung ultrasound (LUS) compared to high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) in the early diagnosis of interstitial lung disease (ILD) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Patients and Methods

An observational prospective study was performed. Were included patients with respiratory symptoms or/and, patients with crackles in auscultation during medical consultation. All patients underwent to chest X-rays, LUS, HRCT,and respiratory function tests.

Results

A total of 192 patients with RA were included. Mean disease duration was 16.8 ± 11.1 years. 72% were positive for rheumatoid factor or anti-citrullinated antibodies. Of the total number of subjects, 54.7% had respiratory symptoms. The other patients did not have respiratory symptoms, but they did have had crackles on pulmonary auscultation. B lines > 11.5 on the ROC curve predicted ILD (AUC 0.63; CI 95%: 0.55-0.71; p < 0.003). A DLCO value of <7.13 significantly predicted the presence of ILD (AUC 0.61; 95% CI: 0.52-0.70; p < 0.028).

Conclusion

The findings of this study suggest that LUS is a valuable tool for the early diagnosis of ILD in patients with RA, and together with DLCO, can adequately predict the presence of ILD in this population. LUS also helps to determine which patients with respiratory symptoms and signs suggestive for ILD are undergo to HRCT.

CXCL10 as a biomarker of interstitial lung disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

INTRODUCTION

Pulmonary involvement is a frequent and serious rheumatoid arthritis (RA) manifestation that affects 60%-80% of patients. CXCL10 is an inflammatory chemokine that regulates different biological responses, such as chemotaxis, angiogenesis, and inflammation.

AIM

This study aimed to identify the role of CXCL10 as a peripheral blood marker of RA-ILD and its correlation with disease activity.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

This cross-sectional study included 73 patients with RA (33 with ILD and 40 without ILD). Pulmonary function tests and high-resolution computed tomography were performed. Blood samples were taken for complete blood count and blood chemistry analysis, and human interferon-inducible protein 10 (IP-10/CXCL10) level. Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 22) was used for all statistical calculations.

RESULTS

The serum CXCL10 level and patient age (r=.393, p=.024), disease duration (r=.756, p<0.001), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (r=.516, p=.002), C-reactive protein (r=.539, p=.001), and rheumatoid factor (r=.663, p<.001) revealed a significant positive correlation. Furthermore, the Modified Health Assessment Questionnaire (r=-.418, p=.015) revealed a significant negative correlation. Patients with RA-ILD show significantly higher CXCL10 than those without ILD (p<.001).

CONCLUSION

CXCL10 is a useful RA disease activity biomarker and is an RA-ILD-sensitive biomarker, also CXCL10 is a significant predictor for development of RA-ILD.

The usual Interstitial pneumonia pattern in autoimmune rheumatic diseases

Usual Interstitial Pneumonia (UIP) is characterized by progression of lung parenchyma that may be observed in various autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs), including rheumatoid arthritis and connective tissue diseases. From a diagnostic point of view, a UIP pattern related to ARDs may display imaging and pathological features able to distinguish it from that related to IPF, such as the "straight-edge" sign at HRCT and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates at histologic specimens. Multidisciplinary approach (MDD), involving at least pulmonologist, rheumatologist and radiologist, is fundamental in the differential diagnosis process, but MDD is also required in the evaluation of severity, progression and response to treatment, that is based on the combination of changes in symptoms, pulmonary function trends, and, in selected patients, serial CT evaluation. Differently from IPF, in patients with ARDs both functional evaluation and patient-reported outcomes may be affected by systemic involvement and comorbidities, including musculoskeletal manifestations of disease. Finally, in regards to pharmacological treatment, immunosuppressants have been considered the cornerstone of therapy, despite the lack of solid evidence in most cases; recently, antifibrotic drugs were also proposed for the treatment of progressive fibrosing ILDs other than IPF. In ARD-ILD, the therapeutic choice should balance the need for the control of systemic and lung involvements with the risk of adverse events from multi-morbidities and -therapies. Purpose of this review is to summarize the definition, the radiological and morphological features of the UIP pattern in ARDs, together with risk factors, diagnostic criteria, prognostic evaluation, monitoring and management approaches of the UIP-ARDs.

Promising Therapeutic Effects of Embryonic Stem Cells-Origin Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Experimental Pulmonary Fibrosis Models: Immunomodulatory and Anti-Apoptotic Mechanisms

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) involves persistent inflammation and fibrosis, leading to respiratory failure and even death. Adult tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) show potential in ILD therapeutics but obtaining an adequate quantity of cells for drug application is difficult. Daewoong Pharmaceutical's MSCs (DW-MSCs) derived from embryonic stem cells sustain a high proliferative capacity following long-term culture and expansion. The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic potential of DW-MSCs in experimental mouse models of ILD. DW-MSCs were expanded up to 12 passages for in vivo application in bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis and collagen-induced connective tissue disease-ILD mouse models. We assessed lung inflammation and fibrosis, lung tissue immune cells, fibrosis-related gene/protein expression, apoptosis and mitochondrial function of alveolar epithelial cells, and mitochondrial transfer ability. Intravenous administration of DW-MSCs consistently improved lung fibrosis and reduced inflammatory and fibrotic markers expression in both models across various disease stages. The therapeutic effect of DW-MSCs was comparable to that following daily oral administration of nintedanib or pirfenidone. Mechanistically, DW-MSCs exhibited immunomodulatory effects by reducing the number of B cells during the early phase and increasing the ratio of Tregs to Th17 cells during the late phase of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. Furthermore, DW-MSCs exhibited anti-apoptotic effects, increased cell viability, and improved mitochondrial respiration in alveolar epithelial cells by transferring their mitochondria to alveolar epithelial cells. Our findings indicate the strong potential of DW-MSCs in the treatment of ILD owing to their high efficacy and immunomodulatory and anti-apoptotic effects.

Wnt5a: A promising therapeutic target for inflammation, especially rheumatoid arthritis

BACKGROUND

Wnt5a is a member of the Wnt protein family, which acts on classical or multiple non-classical Wnt signaling pathways by binding to different receptors. The expression regulation and signal transduction of Wnt5a is closely related to the inflammatory response. Abnormal activation of Wnt5a signaling is an important part of inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

OBJECTIVES

This paper mainly focuses on Wnt5a protein and its mediated signaling pathway, summarizes the latest research progress of Wnt5a in the pathological process of inflammation and RA, and looks forward to the main directions of Wnt5a in RA research, aiming to provide a theoretical basis for the prevention and treatment of RA diseases by targeting Wnt5a.

RESULTS

Wnt5a is highly expressed in activated blood vessels, histocytes and synoviocytes in inflammatory diseases such as sepsis, sepsis, atherosclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. It mediates the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, regulates the migration and recruitment of various immune effector cells, and thus participates in the inflammatory response. Wnt5a plays a pathological role in synovial inflammation and bone destruction of RA, and may be an important clinical therapeutic target for RA.

CONCLUSION

Wnt5a is involved in the pathological process of inflammation and interacts with inflammatory factors. Wnt5a may be a new target for regulating the progression of RA disease and intervening therapy because of its multi-modal effects on the etiology of RA, especially as a regulator of osteoclast activity and inflammation.

Plasma LTBP2 as a potential biomarker in differential diagnosis of connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: a pilot study

Few biomarkers distinguish connective tissue disease-associated interstitial lung disease (CTD-ILD) from idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Latent transforming growth factor-β binding protein-2 (LTBP2), a secreted extracellular matrix protein, is involved in pulmonary fibrosis. However, the role of LTBP2 in differentially diagnosing CTD-ILD and IPF is unclear. In this study, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays quantified plasma LTBP2 concentrations in 200 individuals (35 healthy controls, 42 CTD patients without ILD, 89 CTD-ILD patients, and 34 IPF patients). CTD-ILD and IPF were further classified based on chest imaging pattern and pulmonary function test results. Plasma LTBP2 levels were significantly elevated in the IPF group compared with the CTD-ILD group. ROC analysis further suggested the possible value of LTBP2 in differentially diagnosing CTD-ILD and IPF. Additionally, CTD-ILD patients with progressive lung fibrosis had higher plasma LTBP2 concentrations than those who did not. Similarly, patients with IPF developing acute exacerbation showed higher plasma LTBP2 levels than those with stable IPF. This is the first study showing that LTBP2 was closely associated with the usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern in rheumatoid arthritis-associated ILD (RA-ILD). Moreover, the optimal cutoff values of LTBP2 for distinguishing IPF from CTD-UIP/RA-UIP were 33.75 and 38.33 ng/mL with an AUC of 0.682 and 0.681, respectively. Our findings suggest that plasma LTBP2 levels may differentially diagnose CTD-ILD and IPF, and assess their fibrotic activity. Additionally, clinical LTBP2 evaluation may be a great aid to identifying the presence of the UIP pattern in RA-ILD and to discriminating IPF from CTD-UIP, particularly RA-UIP.