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Yang Y, Zheng T, Tang Q, Xiang B, Yang M, Zeng J, Zhou F, Xie X. Developmental dyslexia genes are selectively targeted by diverse environmental pollutants. BMC Psychiatry 2024; 24:509. [PMID: 39020327 PMCID: PMC11256705 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-024-05952-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developmental dyslexia, a complex neurodevelopmental disorder, not only affects children's academic performance but is also associated with increased healthcare costs, lower employment rates, and reduced productivity. The pathogenesis of dyslexia remains unclear and it is generally considered to be caused by the overlap of genetic and environmental factors. Systematically exploring the close relationship between exposure to environmental compounds and susceptibility genes in the development of dyslexia is currently lacking but high necessary. METHODS In this study, we systematically compiled 131 publicly reported susceptibility genes for dyslexia sourced from DisGeNET, OMIM, and GeneCards databases. Comparative Toxicogenomics Database database was used to explore the overlap between susceptibility genes and 95 environmental compounds, including metals, persistent organic pollutants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and pesticides. Chemical bias towards the dyslexia risk genes was taken into account in the observation/expectation ratios > 1 and the corresponding P value obtained by hypergeometric probability test. RESULTS Our study found that the number of dyslexia risk genes targeted by each chemical varied from 1 to 109. A total of 35 chemicals were involved in chemical reactions with dyslexia-associated genes, with significant enrichment values (observed/expected dyslexia risk genes) ranging from 1.147 (Atrazine) to 66.901 (Dibenzo(a, h)pyrene). CONCLUSION The results indicated that dyslexia-associated genes were implicated in certain chemical reactions. However, these findings are exploratory, and further research involving animal or cellular experiments is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Yang
- Research Center for Health Promotion in Women, Youth and Children, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, West Huangjiahu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Tingting Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Qidi Tang
- Research Center for Health Promotion in Women, Youth and Children, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, West Huangjiahu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Bing Xiang
- Research Center for Health Promotion in Women, Youth and Children, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, West Huangjiahu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Research Center for Health Promotion in Women, Youth and Children, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, West Huangjiahu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Jing Zeng
- Research Center for Health Promotion in Women, Youth and Children, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, West Huangjiahu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Feng Zhou
- Research Center for Health Promotion in Women, Youth and Children, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, West Huangjiahu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430065, China
| | - Xinyan Xie
- Research Center for Health Promotion in Women, Youth and Children, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Public Health, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, West Huangjiahu Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan, 430065, China.
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2
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Ciulkinyte A, Mountford HS, Fontanillas P, Bates TC, Martin NG, Fisher SE, Luciano M. Genetic neurodevelopmental clustering and dyslexia. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02649-8. [PMID: 39009701 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02649-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/17/2024]
Abstract
Dyslexia is a learning difficulty with neurodevelopmental origins, manifesting as reduced accuracy and speed in reading and spelling. It is substantially heritable and frequently co-occurs with other neurodevelopmental conditions, particularly attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Here, we investigate the genetic structure underlying dyslexia and a range of psychiatric traits using results from genome-wide association studies of dyslexia, ADHD, autism, anorexia nervosa, anxiety, bipolar disorder, major depressive disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, and Tourette syndrome. Genomic Structural Equation Modelling (GenomicSEM) showed heightened support for a model consisting of five correlated latent genomic factors described as: F1) compulsive disorders (including obsessive-compulsive disorder, anorexia nervosa, Tourette syndrome), F2) psychotic disorders (including bipolar disorder, schizophrenia), F3) internalising disorders (including anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder), F4) neurodevelopmental traits (including autism, ADHD), and F5) attention and learning difficulties (including ADHD, dyslexia). ADHD loaded more strongly on the attention and learning difficulties latent factor (F5) than on the neurodevelopmental traits latent factor (F4). The attention and learning difficulties latent factor (F5) was positively correlated with internalising disorders (.40), neurodevelopmental traits (.25) and psychotic disorders (.17) latent factors, and negatively correlated with the compulsive disorders (-.16) latent factor. These factor correlations are mirrored in genetic correlations observed between the attention and learning difficulties latent factor and other cognitive, psychological and wellbeing traits. We further investigated genetic variants underlying both dyslexia and ADHD, which implicated 49 loci (40 not previously found in GWAS of the individual traits) mapping to 174 genes (121 not found in GWAS of individual traits) as potential pleiotropic variants. Our study confirms the increased genetic relation between dyslexia and ADHD versus other psychiatric traits and uncovers novel pleiotropic variants affecting both traits. In future, analyses including additional co-occurring traits such as dyscalculia and dyspraxia will allow a clearer definition of the attention and learning difficulties latent factor, yielding further insights into factor structure and pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austeja Ciulkinyte
- Translational Neuroscience PhD Programme, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Hayley S Mountford
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Timothy C Bates
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Michelle Luciano
- School of Philosophy, Psychology and Language Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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3
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Calì F, Di Blasi FD, Avola E, Vinci M, Musumeci A, Gloria A, Greco D, Raciti DR, Zagami A, Rizzo B, Città S, Federico C, Vetri L, Saccone S, Buono S. Specific Learning Disorders: Variation Analysis of 15 Candidate Genes in 9 Multiplex Families. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:1503. [PMID: 37629793 PMCID: PMC10456226 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59081503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Specific Learning Disorder (SLD) is a complex neurobiological disorder characterized by a persistent difficult in reading (dyslexia), written expression (dysgraphia), and mathematics (dyscalculia). The hereditary and genetic component is one of the underlying causes of SLD, but the relationship between genes and the environment should be considered. Several genetic studies were performed in different populations to identify causative genes. Materials and Methods: Here, we show the analysis of 9 multiplex families with at least 2 individuals diagnosed with SLD per family, with a total of 37 persons, 21 of whom are young subjects with SLD, by means of Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) to identify possible causative mutations in a panel of 15 candidate genes: CCPG1, CYP19A1, DCDC2, DGKI, DIP2A, DYM, GCFC2, KIAA0319, MC5R, MRPL19, NEDD4L, PCNT, PRMT2, ROBO1, and S100B. Results: We detected, in eight families out nine, SNP variants in the DGKI, DIP2A, KIAA0319, and PCNT genes, even if in silico analysis did not show any causative effect on this behavioral condition. In all cases, the mutation was transmitted by one of the two parents, thus excluding the case of de novo mutation. Moreover, the parent carrying the allelic variant transmitted to the children, in six out of seven families, reports language difficulties. Conclusions: Although the present results cannot be considered conclusive due to the limited sample size, the identification of genetic variants in the above genes can provide input for further research on the same, as well as on other genes/mutations, to better understand the genetic basis of this disorder, and from this perspective, to better understand also the neuropsychological and social aspects connected to this disorder, which affects an increasing number of young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Calì
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.D.B.); (S.B.)
| | | | - Emanuela Avola
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.D.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Mirella Vinci
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.D.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Antonino Musumeci
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.D.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Angelo Gloria
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.D.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Donatella Greco
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.D.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Daniela Rita Raciti
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.D.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Alessandro Zagami
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.D.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Biagio Rizzo
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.D.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Santina Città
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.D.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Concetta Federico
- Department Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Luigi Vetri
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.D.B.); (S.B.)
| | - Salvatore Saccone
- Department Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, 95124 Catania, Italy
| | - Serafino Buono
- Oasi Research Institute—IRCCS, Via Conte Ruggero 73, 94018 Troina, Italy; (F.C.); (F.D.D.B.); (S.B.)
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Cao J, Zhou A, Zhou Z, Liu H, Jia S. The role of GPLD1 in chronic diseases. J Cell Physiol 2023. [PMID: 37393554 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.31041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase D (GPLD1) is a specific enzyme for glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors, thereby exerting its biological functions by cleaving membrane-associated GPI molecules. GPLD1 is abundant in serum, with a concentration of approximately 5-10 µg/mL. Previous studies have demonstrated that GPLD1 plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of numerous chronic diseases including disorders of lipid and glucose metabolism, cancer, and neurological disorders. In the present study, we reviewed the structure, functions, and localization of GPLD1 in chronic diseases, as well as exercise-mediated regulation of GPLD1, thus providing a theoretical support to develop GPLD1 as a new therapeutic target for chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cao
- Graduate School of Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Anni Zhou
- Graduate School of Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhuoyang Zhou
- Graduate School of Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Liu
- School of Physical Education, Jinan University, Jinan, China
| | - Shaohui Jia
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Sport Training and Monitoring, Tianjiu Research and Development Center for Exercise Nutrition and Foods, College of Health Science, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China
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5
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Price KM, Wigg KG, Eising E, Feng Y, Blokland K, Wilkinson M, Kerr EN, Guger SL, Fisher SE, Lovett MW, Strug LJ, Barr CL. Hypothesis-driven genome-wide association studies provide novel insights into genetics of reading disabilities. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:495. [PMID: 36446759 PMCID: PMC9709072 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reading Disability (RD) is often characterized by difficulties in the phonology of the language. While the molecular mechanisms underlying it are largely undetermined, loci are being revealed by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). In a previous GWAS for word reading (Price, 2020), we observed that top single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were located near to or in genes involved in neuronal migration/axon guidance (NM/AG) or loci implicated in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A prominent theory of RD etiology posits that it involves disturbed neuronal migration, while potential links between RD-ASD have not been extensively investigated. To improve power to identify associated loci, we up-weighted variants involved in NM/AG or ASD, separately, and performed a new Hypothesis-Driven (HD)-GWAS. The approach was applied to a Toronto RD sample and a meta-analysis of the GenLang Consortium. For the Toronto sample (n = 624), no SNPs reached significance; however, by gene-set analysis, the joint contribution of ASD-related genes passed the threshold (p~1.45 × 10-2, threshold = 2.5 × 10-2). For the GenLang Cohort (n = 26,558), SNPs in DOCK7 and CDH4 showed significant association for the NM/AG hypothesis (sFDR q = 1.02 × 10-2). To make the GenLang dataset more similar to Toronto, we repeated the analysis restricting to samples selected for reading/language deficits (n = 4152). In this GenLang selected subset, we found significant association for a locus intergenic between BTG3-C21orf91 for both hypotheses (sFDR q < 9.00 × 10-4). This study contributes candidate loci to the genetics of word reading. Data also suggest that, although different variants may be involved, alleles implicated in ASD risk may be found in the same genes as those implicated in word reading. This finding is limited to the Toronto sample suggesting that ascertainment influences genetic associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M Price
- Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen G Wigg
- Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Else Eising
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yu Feng
- Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kirsten Blokland
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margaret Wilkinson
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth N Kerr
- Department of Psychology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharon L Guger
- Department of Psychology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Simon E Fisher
- Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maureen W Lovett
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa J Strug
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Statistical Sciences and Computer Science, Faculty of Arts and Science and Division of Biostatistics, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cathy L Barr
- Division of Experimental and Translational Neuroscience, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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6
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Shiota Y, Hirosawa T, Yoshimura Y, Tanaka S, Hasegawa C, Iwasaki S, Sano M, An K, Yokoyama S, Kikuchi M. Effect of
CNTNAP2
polymorphism on receptive language in children with autism spectrum disorder without language developmental delay. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2022; 42:352-355. [PMID: 35733350 PMCID: PMC9515703 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The receptive language ability of individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) seems to lag behind expressive language ability. Several autism‐related genes may influence this developmental delay. Polymorphism of one such gene, namely, the contactin‐associated protein‐like 2 gene (CNTNAP2), affects receptive language in individuals with language delay. However, the association between CNTNAP2 polymorphism and receptive language in individuals with no language delay remains unclear. Methods We included 59 children with ASD and 57 children with typical development in this study and investigated this association using coarse‐grained exact matching. Results We present the first evidence of an association between CNTNAP2 rs2710102 (A‐allele carrier) and reduced receptive language ability in children with ASD whose language development was not delayed. Similarly, among children with typical development, A‐allele carriers had lower receptive language ability, but the difference was non‐significant. Conclusions It is possible that the effect of rs2710102 on receptive language ability is larger in the presence of autism‐related genes. Consequently, we speculate that the effect of rs2710102 on receptive language ability would be exerted in combination with other genes. These findings provide new insights into the genetic interactions between mutations associated with common language disorders and ASD and identify molecular mechanisms and risk alleles that contribute to receptive vocabulary. These findings also provide practical guidance in terms of providing candidate genetic markers that may provide opportunities for targeted early intervention to stratify risk and improve prognosis for poor receptive language development in children with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Shiota
- United Graduate School of Child Development Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, University of Fukui Kanazawa Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Tokyo Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development Kanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Tetsu Hirosawa
- United Graduate School of Child Development Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, University of Fukui Kanazawa Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development Kanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Yuko Yoshimura
- United Graduate School of Child Development Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, University of Fukui Kanazawa Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development Kanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
- Institute of Human and Social Sciences Kanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Sanae Tanaka
- United Graduate School of Child Development Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, University of Fukui Kanazawa Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development Kanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Chiaki Hasegawa
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Tokyo Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development Kanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
- Department of Cognitive Science Macquarie University Sydney Australia
| | - Sumie Iwasaki
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science Tokyo Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development Kanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Masuhiko Sano
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science Kanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Kyung‐min An
- Research Center for Child Mental Development Kanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Shigeru Yokoyama
- United Graduate School of Child Development Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, University of Fukui Kanazawa Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development Kanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kikuchi
- United Graduate School of Child Development Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University, University of Fukui Kanazawa Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development Kanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science Kanazawa University Kanazawa Japan
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de Souza VS, da Cunha GCR, Versiani BR, de Oliveira CP, Rosa MTAS, de Oliveira SF, Moretti PN, Mazzeu JF, Pic-Taylor A. Characterization of Associated Nonclassical Phenotypes in Patients with Deletion in the WAGR Region Identified by Chromosomal Microarray: New Insights and Literature Review. Mol Syndromol 2022; 13:290-304. [PMID: 36158055 PMCID: PMC9421677 DOI: 10.1159/000518872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
WAGR syndrome (Wilms' tumor, aniridia, genitourinary changes, and intellectual disability) is a contiguous gene deletion syndrome characterized by the joint deletion of PAX6 and WT1 genes, located in the short arm of chromosome 11. However, most deletions include other genes, leading to multiple associated phenotypes. Therefore, understanding how genes deleted together can contribute to other clinical phenotypes is still considered a challenge. In order to establish genotype-phenotype correlation in patients with interstitial deletions of the short arm of chromosome 11, we selected 17 patients with deletions identified by chromosomal microarray analysis: 4 new subjects and 13 subjects previously described in the literature with detailed clinical data. Through the analysis of deleted regions and the phenotypic changes, it was possible to suggest the contribution of specific genes to several nonclassical phenotypes, contributing to the accuracy of clinical characterization of the syndrome and emphasizing the broad phenotypic spectrum found in the patients. This study reports the first patient with a PAX6 partial deletion who does not present any eye anomaly thus opening a new set of questions about the functional activity of PAX6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Sodré de Souza
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Corassa Rodrigues da Cunha
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Beatriz R. Versiani
- Hospital de Apoio de Brasília, Secretária de Estado de Saúde do Distrito Federal, Brasília, Brazil,Hospital Universitário, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Claudiner Pereira de Oliveira
- Hospital de Apoio de Brasília, Secretária de Estado de Saúde do Distrito Federal, Brasília, Brazil,Hospital Universitário, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Maria Teresa Alves Silva Rosa
- Hospital Universitário, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Silviene F. de Oliveira
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil,Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Patricia N. Moretti
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | - Juliana F. Mazzeu
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil,Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil,*Juliana F. Mazzeu,
| | - Aline Pic-Taylor
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Médicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil,Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil,**Aline Pic-Taylor,
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8
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Fu Y, Ren X, Bai W, Yu Q, Sun Y, Yu Y, Zhou N. Association between C-Maf-inducing protein gene rs2287112 polymorphism and schizophrenia. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11907. [PMID: 34484985 PMCID: PMC8381876 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Schizophrenia is a severely multifactorial neuropsychiatric disorder, and the majority of cases are due to genetic variations. In this study, we evaluated the genetic association between the C-Maf-inducing protein (CMIP) gene and schizophrenia in the Han Chinese population. Methods In this case-control study, 761 schizophrenia patients and 775 healthy controls were recruited. Tag single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; rs12925980, rs2287112, rs3751859 and rs77700579) from the CMIP gene were genotyped via matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry. We used logistic regression to estimate the associations between the genotypes/alleles of each SNP and schizophrenia in males and females, respectively. The in-depth link between CMIP and schizophrenia was explored through linkage disequilibrium (LD) and further haplotype analyses. False discovery rate correction was utilized to control for Type I errors caused by multiple comparisons. Results There was a significant difference in rs287112 allele frequencies between female schizophrenia patients and healthy controls after adjusting for multiple comparisons (χ2 = 12.296, Padj = 0.008). Females carrying minor allele G had 4.445 times higher risk of schizophrenia compared with people who carried the T allele (OR = 4.445, 95% CI [1.788–11.046]). Linkage-disequilibrium was not observed in the subjects, and people with haplotype TTGT of rs12925980–rs2287112–rs3751859–rs77700579 had a lower risk of schizophrenia (OR = 0.42, 95% CI [0.19–0.94]) when compared with CTGA haplotypes. However, the association did not survive false discovery rate correction. Conclusion This study identified a potential CMIP variant that may confer schizophrenia risk in the female Han Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Fu
- Division of Clinical Research, First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University, School of Public Health, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xiaojun Ren
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Bai
- Center for Cognition and Brain Sciences, University of Macau, Macao SAR, China
| | - Qiong Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University, School of Public Health, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yaoyao Sun
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University, School of Public Health, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yaqin Yu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Jilin University, School of Public Health, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Na Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macao SAR, China
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9
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Brimo K, Dinkler L, Gillberg C, Lichtenstein P, Lundström S, Åsberg Johnels J. The co-occurrence of neurodevelopmental problems in dyslexia. DYSLEXIA (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2021; 27:277-293. [PMID: 33759268 DOI: 10.1002/dys.1681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The primary aim of this study was to explore the overlaps between dyslexia and a range of neurodevelopmental disorders and problems (NDPs), specifically symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism spectrum disorder, atypical sensory perception and developmental coordination disorder. Capitalizing on a population-based sample of twins, secondary aims included estimating the heritability of dyslexia and reporting on the measurement characteristics of the scale used to assess dyslexia. A telephone interview regarding symptoms of dyslexia and other NDPs was conducted with parents of 1,688 nine-year-old twins. The prevalence and the heritability of dyslexia were estimated at 8 and 52%, respectively. The boy: girl ratio was 1.5:1. Results revealed that there was more than an eight-fold increase in (diagnostic proxy) NDPs prevalence in the dyslexia group as compared to typical readers. Quantitatively measured symptoms of inattention, oral language problems and atypical sensory perception significantly predicted dyslexia status in a multivariate analysis. By contrast, ASD-related inflexibility was inversely associated with dyslexia in the multivariate model. In sum, dyslexia often overlaps with other NDPs. The current study provides new knowledge supporting the position to move beyond isolated diagnostic categories into behavioural profiles of co-occurring problems when trying to understand the pattern of strengths and needs in individuals with dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Brimo
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lisa Dinkler
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christopher Gillberg
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Lichtenstein
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Lundström
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jakob Åsberg Johnels
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Speech and Language Pathology unit, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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10
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The Enigmatic Emerging Role of the C-Maf Inducing Protein in Cancer. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11040666. [PMID: 33917766 PMCID: PMC8068179 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11040666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The C-Maf-Inducing protein (CMIP) was first described as overexpressed in T cell subpopulations of idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) patients. Later, it was found concomitantly upregulated in podocytes. CMIP expression has also been reported in several types of cancer, including blood malignancies and solid tumors, in many cases accompanied by nephrotic syndrome. In addition to these observations, the duality of CMIP overexpression in the kidney and INS lesions, has been extensively reported as one of the adverse effects of anticancer therapy based on anti-receptor tyrosine kinase drugs. As a consequence, a growing body of evidence points at CMIP as playing a role in cancer. This includes its reciprocal regulatory ties with NF-κB and WT1, and the more recent reports showing an involvement in regulatory circuits in cancer cells. The ensemble of the current information justifies to propose CMIP as an important piece of the puzzle of biological systems involved in cancer and other diseases and its potential as a target.
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11
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Thomas T, Perdue MV, Khalaf S, Landi N, Hoeft F, Pugh K, Grigorenko EL. Neuroimaging genetic associations between SEMA6D, brain structure, and reading skills. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol 2021; 43:276-289. [PMID: 33960276 PMCID: PMC8225580 DOI: 10.1080/13803395.2021.1912300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Specific reading disability (SRD) is defined by genetic and neural risk factors that are not fully understood. The current study used imaging genetics methodology to investigate relationships between SEMA6D, brain structure, and reading. SEMA6D, located on SRD risk locus DYX1, is involved in axon guidance, synapse formation, and dendrite development. SEMA6D's associations with brain structure in reading-related regions of interest (ROIs) were investigated in a sample of children with a range of reading performance, from sites in Connecticut, CT (n = 67, 6-13 years, mean age = 9.07) and San Francisco, SF (n = 28, 5-8 years, mean age = 6.5). Multiple regression analyses revealed significant associations between SEMA6D's rs16959669 and cortical thickness in the fusiform gyrus and rs4270119 and gyrification in the supramarginal gyrus in the CT sample, but this was not replicated in the SF sample. Significant clusters were not associated with reading. For white matter volume, combined analyses across both samples revealed associations between reading and the left transverse temporal gyrus, left pars triangularis, left cerebellum, and right cerebellum. White matter volume in the left transverse temporal gyrus was nominally related to rs1817178, rs12050859, and rs1898110 in SEMA6D, and rs1817178 was significantly related to reading. Haplotype analyses revealed significant associations between the whole gene and brain phenotypes. Results suggest SEMA6D likely has an impact on multiple reading-related neural structures, but only white matter volume in the transverse temporal gyrus was significantly related to reading in the current sample. As the sample was young, the transverse temporal gyrus, involved in auditory perception, may be more strongly involved in reading because phonological processing is still being learned. The relationship between SEMA6D and reading may change as different brain regions are involved during reading development. Future research should examine mediating effects, use additional brain measures, and use an older sample to better understand effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Thomas
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Meaghan V. Perdue
- University of Connecticut Dept. of Psychological Sciences, Storrs, CT, USA
- Haskins Laboratories, University of Connecticut, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Shiva Khalaf
- Texas Institute for Measurement, Evaluation, and Statistics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Nicole Landi
- University of Connecticut Dept. of Psychological Sciences, Storrs, CT, USA
- Haskins Laboratories, University of Connecticut, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Fumiko Hoeft
- University of Connecticut Dept. of Psychological Sciences, Storrs, CT, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth Pugh
- University of Connecticut Dept. of Psychological Sciences, Storrs, CT, USA
- Haskins Laboratories, University of Connecticut, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Elena L. Grigorenko
- Department of Psychology, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Institute for Measurement, Evaluation, and Statistics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
- Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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12
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Lin PI, Moni MA, Gau SSF, Eapen V. Identifying Subgroups of Patients With Autism by Gene Expression Profiles Using Machine Learning Algorithms. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:637022. [PMID: 34054599 PMCID: PMC8149626 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.637022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The identification of subgroups of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may partially remedy the problems of clinical heterogeneity to facilitate the improvement of clinical management. The current study aims to use machine learning algorithms to analyze microarray data to identify clusters with relatively homogeneous clinical features. Methods: The whole-genome gene expression microarray data were used to predict communication quotient (SCQ) scores against all probes to select differential expression regions (DERs). Gene set enrichment analysis was performed for DERs with a fold-change >2 to identify hub pathways that play a role in the severity of social communication deficits inherent to ASD. We then used two machine learning methods, random forest classification (RF) and support vector machine (SVM), to identify two clusters using DERs. Finally, we evaluated how accurately the clusters predicted language impairment. Results: A total of 191 DERs were initially identified, and 54 of them with a fold-change >2 were selected for the pathway analysis. Cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolisms pathways appear to act as hubs that connect other trait-associated pathways to influence the severity of social communication deficits inherent to ASD. Both RF and SVM algorithms can yield a classification accuracy level >90% when all 191 DERs were analyzed. The ASD subtypes defined by the presence of language impairment, a strong indicator for prognosis, can be predicted by transcriptomic profiles associated with social communication deficits and cholesterol biosynthesis and metabolism. Conclusion: The results suggest that both RF and SVM are acceptable options for machine learning algorithms to identify AD subgroups characterized by clinical homogeneity related to prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-I Lin
- School of Psychiatry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Mohammad Ali Moni
- School of Psychiatry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Susan Shur-Fen Gau
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Valsamma Eapen
- School of Psychiatry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,South Western Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
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13
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Atypical communication characteristics among clinic-referred youth with and without autism spectrum disorder: Stability and associations with clinical correlates. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 32:1240-1253. [PMID: 32938518 DOI: 10.1017/s095457942000070x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Atypical communication characteristics (ACCs), such as speech delay, odd pitch, and pragmatic difficulties, are common features of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as are the symptoms of a wide range of psychiatric disorders. Using a simple retrospective method, this study aimed to better understand the relation and stability of ACCs with a broad range of psychiatric symptoms among large, well-characterized samples of clinic-referred children and adolescents with and without ASD. Youth with ASD had higher rates and a more variable pattern of developmental change in ACCs than the non-ASD diagnostic group. Latent class analysis yielded three ACC stability subgroups within ASD: Stable ACCs, Mostly Current-Only ACCs, and Little Professors. Subgroups exhibited differences in severity of ASD symptomatology, co-occurring psychiatric symptoms, and other correlates. Our findings provide support for the clinical utility of characterizing caregiver-perceived changes in ACCs in identifying children at risk for co-occurring psychopathology and other clinically relevant variables.
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14
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Price KM, Wigg KG, Feng Y, Blokland K, Wilkinson M, He G, Kerr EN, Carter TC, Guger SL, Lovett MW, Strug LJ, Barr CL. Genome-wide association study of word reading: Overlap with risk genes for neurodevelopmental disorders. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2020; 19:e12648. [PMID: 32108986 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Reading disabilities (RD) are the most common neurocognitive disorder, affecting 5% to 17% of children in North America. These children often have comorbid neurodevelopmental/psychiatric disorders, such as attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The genetics of RD and their overlap with other disorders is incompletely understood. To contribute to this, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for word reading. Then, using summary statistics from neurodevelopmental/psychiatric disorders, we computed polygenic risk scores (PRS) and used them to predict reading ability in our samples. This enabled us to test the shared aetiology between RD and other disorders. The GWAS consisted of 5.3 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and two samples; a family-based sample recruited for reading difficulties in Toronto (n = 624) and a population-based sample recruited in Philadelphia [Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC)] (n = 4430). The Toronto sample SNP-based analysis identified suggestive SNPs (P ~ 5 × 10-7 ) in the ARHGAP23 gene, which is implicated in neuronal migration/axon pathfinding. The PNC gene-based analysis identified significant associations (P < 2.72 × 10-6 ) for LINC00935 and CCNT1, located in the region of the KANSL2/CCNT1/LINC00935/SNORA2B/SNORA34/MIR4701/ADCY6 genes on chromosome 12q, with near significant SNP-based analysis. PRS identified significant overlap between word reading and intelligence (R2 = 0.18, P = 7.25 × 10-181 ), word reading and educational attainment (R2 = 0.07, P = 4.91 × 10-48 ) and word reading and ADHD (R2 = 0.02, P = 8.70 × 10-6 ; threshold for significance = 7.14 × 10-3 ). Overlap was also found between RD and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as top-ranked genes were previously implicated in autism by rare and copy number variant analyses. These findings support shared risk between word reading, cognitive measures, educational outcomes and neurodevelopmental disorders, including ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M Price
- Genetics and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen G Wigg
- Genetics and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yu Feng
- Genetics and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kirsten Blokland
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Margaret Wilkinson
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gengming He
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elizabeth N Kerr
- Department of Psychology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tasha-Cate Carter
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Holland Bloorview Rehabilitation Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sharon L Guger
- Department of Psychology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maureen W Lovett
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lisa J Strug
- Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cathy L Barr
- Genetics and Development Division, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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15
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To better understand the shared basis of language and mental health, this review examines the behavioral and neurobiological features of aberrant language in five major neuropsychiatric conditions. Special attention is paid to genes implicated in both language and neuropsychiatric disorders, as they reveal biological domains likely to underpin the processes controlling both. RECENT FINDINGS Abnormal language and communication are common manifestations of neuropsychiatric conditions, and children with impaired language are more likely to develop psychiatric disorders than their peers. Major themes in the genetics of both language and psychiatry include master transcriptional regulators, like FOXP2; key developmental regulators, like AUTS2; and mediators of neurotransmission, like GRIN2A and CACNA1C.
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16
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Huang M, Liang C, Li S, Zhang J, Guo D, Zhao B, Liu Y, Peng Y, Xu J, Liu W, Guo G, Shi L. Two Autism/Dyslexia Linked Variations of DOCK4 Disrupt the Gene Function on Rac1/Rap1 Activation, Neurite Outgrowth, and Synapse Development. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 13:577. [PMID: 32009906 PMCID: PMC6974517 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2019.00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and dyslexia are both neurodevelopmental disorders with high prevalence in children. Both disorders have strong genetic basis, and share similar social communication deficits co-occurring with impairments of reading or language. However, whether these two disorders share common genetic risks remain elusive. DOCK4 (dedicator for cytokinesis 4), a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for the small GTPase Rac1, is one of few genes that are associated with both ASD and dyslexia. Dock4 is important for neuronal development and social behaviors. Two DOCK4 variations, Exon27-52 deletion (protein product: Dock4-945VS) and a missense mutation at rs2074130 (protein product: Dock4-R853H), are associated with dyslexia and/or ASD with reading difficulties. The present study explores the molecular and cellular functions of these two DOCK4 variants on neuronal development, by comparing them with the wild-type Dock4 protein. Notably, it is revealed that both mutants of Dock4 showed decreased ability to activate not only Rac1, but also another small GTPase Rap1. Consistently, both mutants were dysfunctional for regulation of cell morphology and cytoskeleton. Using Neuro-2a cells and hippocampus neurons as models, we found that both mutants had compromised function in promoting neurite outgrowth and dendritic spine formation. Electrophysiological recordings further showed that R853H partially lost the ability to promote excitatory synaptic transmission, whereas 945VS totally lost the ability. Together, we identified R853 as a previously uncharacterized site for the regulation of the integrity of Dock4 function, and provides insights in understanding the common molecular pathophysiology of ASD and dyslexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaoqi Huang
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chunmei Liang
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Daji Guo
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuyang Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yinghui Peng
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyu Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of the Ministry of Health of China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Neuronal Structural Biology, Biomedical Research Institute, Shenzhen Peking University - The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Medical Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guoqing Guo
- Department of Anatomy, Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Shi
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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17
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Clarke RA, Furlong TM, Eapen V. Tourette Syndrome Risk Genes Regulate Mitochondrial Dynamics, Structure, and Function. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:556803. [PMID: 33776808 PMCID: PMC7987655 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.556803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor and vocal tics with an estimated prevalence of 1% in children and adolescents. GTS has high rates of inheritance with many rare mutations identified. Apart from the role of the neurexin trans-synaptic connexus (NTSC) little has been confirmed regarding the molecular basis of GTS. The NTSC pathway regulates neuronal circuitry development, synaptic connectivity and neurotransmission. In this study we integrate GTS mutations into mitochondrial pathways that also regulate neuronal circuitry development, synaptic connectivity and neurotransmission. Many deleterious mutations in GTS occur in genes with complementary and consecutive roles in mitochondrial dynamics, structure and function (MDSF) pathways. These genes include those involved in mitochondrial transport (NDE1, DISC1, OPA1), mitochondrial fusion (OPA1), fission (ADCY2, DGKB, AMPK/PKA, RCAN1, PKC), mitochondrial metabolic and bio-energetic optimization (IMMP2L, MPV17, MRPL3, MRPL44). This study is the first to develop and describe an integrated mitochondrial pathway in the pathogenesis of GTS. The evidence from this study and our earlier modeling of GTS molecular pathways provides compounding support for a GTS deficit in mitochondrial supply affecting neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond A Clarke
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
| | - Teri M Furlong
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Valsamma Eapen
- School of Psychiatry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Ingham Institute for Applied Medical Research, Liverpool, NSW, Australia.,South West Sydney Local Health District, Liverpool Hospital, Liverpool, NSW, Australia
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18
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Liu J, Tsang T, Jackson L, Ponting C, Jeste SS, Bookheimer SY, Dapretto M. Altered lateralization of dorsal language tracts in 6-week-old infants at risk for autism. Dev Sci 2019; 22:e12768. [PMID: 30372577 PMCID: PMC6470045 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Altered structural connectivity has been identified as a possible biomarker of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) risk in the developing brain. Core features of ASD include impaired social communication and early language delay. Thus, examining white matter tracts associated with language may lend further insight into early signs of ASD risk and the mechanisms that underlie language impairments associated with the disorder. Evidence of altered structural connectivity has previously been detected in 6-month-old infants at high familial risk for developing ASD. However, as language processing begins in utero, differences in structural connectivity between language regions may be present in the early infant brain shortly after birth. Here we investigated key white matter pathways of the dorsal language network in 6-week-old infants at high (HR) and low (LR) risk for ASD to identify atypicalities in structural connectivity that may predict altered developmental trajectories prior to overt language delays and the onset of ASD symptomatology. Compared to HR infants, LR infants showed higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in the left superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF); in contrast, in the right SLF, HR infants showed higher FA than LR infants. Additionally, HR infants showed more rightward lateralization of the SLF. Across both groups, measures of FA and lateralization of these pathways at 6 weeks of age were related to later language development at 18 months of age as well as ASD symptomatology at 36 months of age. These findings indicate that early differences in the structure of language pathways may provide an early predictor of future language development and ASD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janelle Liu
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tawny Tsang
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lisa Jackson
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn Ponting
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shafali S. Jeste
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Susan Y. Bookheimer
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Semel Institute of Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Center for Cognitive Neurosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mirella Dapretto
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Ahmanson-Lovelace Brain Mapping Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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19
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Network-based microsynteny analysis identifies major differences and genomic outliers in mammalian and angiosperm genomes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:2165-2174. [PMID: 30674676 PMCID: PMC6369804 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1801757116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Studying the organization of genes within genomes across broad evolutionary timescales can advance our understanding of the evolution of traits and clades. We have used a network approach to investigate genome dynamics of mammals and angiosperms. In general, genome organization and gene microcollinearity is much more conserved in mammals than in flowering plants. We then identified the genomic outliers or “rebel genes,” within each clade. Genes that have moved are unusual for mammals, whereas highly conserved single-copy genes are exceptional for plants. How conservation and changes in synteny or fundamental differences in genome organization have contributed to the evolution of lineages could be a new scientific frontier. A comprehensive analysis of relative gene order, or microsynteny, can provide valuable information for understanding the evolutionary history of genes and genomes, and ultimately traits and species, across broad phylogenetic groups and divergence times. We have used our network-based phylogenomic synteny analysis pipeline to first analyze the overall patterns and major differences between 87 mammalian and 107 angiosperm genomes. These two important groups have both evolved and radiated over the last ∼170 MYR. Secondly, we identified the genomic outliers or “rebel genes” within each clade. We theorize that rebel genes potentially have influenced trait and lineage evolution. Microsynteny networks use genes as nodes and syntenic relationships between genes as edges. Networks were decomposed into clusters using the Infomap algorithm, followed by phylogenomic copy-number profiling of each cluster. The differences in syntenic properties of all annotated gene families, including BUSCO genes, between the two clades are striking: most genes are single copy and syntenic across mammalian genomes, whereas most genes are multicopy and/or have lineage-specific distributions for angiosperms. We propose microsynteny scores as an alternative and complementary metric to BUSCO for assessing genome assemblies. We further found that the rebel genes are different between the two groups: lineage-specific gene transpositions are unusual in mammals, whereas single-copy highly syntenic genes are rare for flowering plants. We illustrate several examples of mammalian transpositions, such as brain-development genes in primates, and syntenic conservation across angiosperms, such as single-copy genes related to photosynthesis. Future experimental work can test if these are indeed rebels with a cause.
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20
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Zhang L, Qin Y, Gong X, Peng R, Cai C, Zheng Y, Du Y, Wang H. A promoter variant in ZNF804A decreasing its expression increases the risk of autism spectrum disorder in the Han Chinese population. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:31. [PMID: 30670685 PMCID: PMC6342935 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0369-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptic pathology may be one of the cellular substrates underlying autism spectrum disorder (ASD). ZNF804A is a transcription factor that can affect or regulate the expression of many candidate genes involved in ASD. It also localizes at synapses and regulates neuronal and synaptic morphology. So far, few reports have addressed possible associations between ZNF804A polymorphisms and ASD. This study aimed to investigate whether ZNF804A genetic variants contribute to ASD susceptibility and its possible pathological role in the disorder. We analyzed the relationship of two polymorphisms (rs10497655 and rs34714481) in ZNF804A promoter region with ASD in 854 cases versus 926 controls. The functional analyses of rs10497655 were then performed using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, chromatin immunoprecipitation and dual-luciferase assays. The variant rs10497655 was significantly associated with ASD (P = 0.007851), which had a significant effect on ZNF804A expression, with the T risk allele homozygotes related with reduced ZNF804A expression in human fetal brains. HSF2 acted as a suppressor by down-regulating ZNF804A expression and had a stronger binding affinity for the T allele of rs10497655 than for the C allele. This was the first experiment to elucidate the process in which a disease-associated SNP affects the level of ZNF804A expression by binding with the upstream regulation factor HSF2. This result indicates that the rs10497655 allelic expression difference of ZNF804A during the critical period of brain development may have an effect on postnatal phenotypes of ASD. It reveals new roles of ZNF804A polymorphisms in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linna Zhang
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Yue Qin
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xiaohong Gong
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Rui Peng
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Chunquan Cai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Children's Hospital, Tianjin, 300134, China
| | - Yufang Zheng
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yasong Du
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Hongyan Wang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Institute of Reproduction and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China.
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation of NPFPC, Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
- Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, 201102, China.
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21
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Bornstein MH, Hahn CS, Putnick DL, Pearson RM. Stability of core language skill from infancy to adolescence in typical and atypical development. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat7422. [PMID: 30474055 PMCID: PMC6248911 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat7422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Command of language is a fundamental life skill, a cornerstone of cognitive and socioemotional development, and a necessary ingredient for successful functioning in society. We used 15-year prospective longitudinal data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children to evaluate two types of stability of core language skill in 5036 typically developing and 1056 atypically developing (preterm, dyslexic, autistic, and hearing impaired) children in a multiage, multidomain, multimeasure, multireporter framework. A single core language skill was extracted from multiple measures at multiple ages, and this skill proved stable from infancy to adolescence in all groups, even accounting for child nonverbal intelligence and sociability and maternal age and education. Language skill is a highly conserved and robust individual-differences characteristic. Lagging language skills, a risk factor in child development, would profitably be addressed early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc H. Bornstein
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Institute for Fiscal Studies, London, UK
| | - Chun-Shin Hahn
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Diane L. Putnick
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca M. Pearson
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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22
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Guidi LG, Holloway ZG, Arnoult C, Ray PF, Monaco AP, Molnár Z, Velayos-Baeza A. AU040320 deficiency leads to disruption of acrosome biogenesis and infertility in homozygous mutant mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:10379. [PMID: 29991750 PMCID: PMC6039479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28666-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Study of knockout (KO) mice has helped understand the link between many genes/proteins and human diseases. Identification of infertile KO mice provides valuable tools to characterize the molecular mechanisms underlying gamete formation. The KIAA0319L gene has been described to have a putative association with dyslexia; surprisingly, we observed that homozygous KO males for AU040320, KIAA0319L ortholog, are infertile and present a globozoospermia-like phenotype. Mutant spermatozoa are mostly immotile and display a malformed roundish head with no acrosome. In round spermatids, proacrosomal vesicles accumulate close to the acroplaxome but fail to coalesce into a single acrosomal vesicle. In wild-type mice AU040320 localises to the trans-Golgi-Network of germ cells but cannot be detected in mature acrosomes. Our results suggest AU040320 may be necessary for the normal formation of proacrosomal vesicles or the recruitment of cargo proteins required for downstream events leading to acrosomal fusion. Mutations in KIAA0319L could lead to human infertility; we screened for KIAA0319L mutations in a selected cohort of globozoospermia patients in which no genetic abnormalities have been previously identified, but detected no pathogenic changes in this particular cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz G Guidi
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Zoe G Holloway
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Christophe Arnoult
- Genetic Epigenetic and Therapies of Infertility, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Pierre F Ray
- Genetic Epigenetic and Therapies of Infertility, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000, France
- UM GI-DPI, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, F-38000, France
| | - Anthony P Monaco
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK
- Office of the President, Ballou Hall, Tufts University, Medford, MA, 02155, USA
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
| | - Antonio Velayos-Baeza
- Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN, UK.
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QX, UK.
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23
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Hendren RL, Haft SL, Black JM, White NC, Hoeft F. Recognizing Psychiatric Comorbidity With Reading Disorders. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:101. [PMID: 29636707 PMCID: PMC5880915 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Reading disorder (RD), a specific learning disorder (SLD) of reading that includes impairment in word reading, reading fluency, and/or reading comprehension, is common in the general population but often is not comprehensively understood or assessed in mental health settings. In education settings, comorbid mental and associated disorders may be inadequately integrated into intervention plans. Assessment and intervention for RD may be delayed or absent in children with frequently co-occurring mental disorders not fully responding to treatment in both school and mental health settings. To address this oversight, this review summarizes current knowledge regarding RDs and common comorbid or co-occurring disorders that are important for mental health and school settings. We chose to highlight RD because it is the most common SLD, and connections to other often comorbid disorders have been more thoroughly described in the literature. Much of the literature we describe is on decoding-based RD (or developmental dyslexia) as it is the most common form of RD. In addition to risk for academic struggle and social, emotional, and behavioral problems, those with RD often show early evidence of combined or intertwined Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition childhood disorders. These include attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, anxiety and depression, disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders, autism spectrum disorders, and other SLDs. The present review highlights issues and areas of controversy within these comorbidities, as well as directions for future research. An interdisciplinary, integrated approach between mental health professionals and educators can lead to comprehensive and targeted treatments encompassing both academic and mental health interventions. Such targeted treatments may contribute to improved educational and health-related outcomes in vulnerable youth. While there is a growing research literature on this association, more studies are needed of when to intervene and of the early and long-term benefits of comprehensive intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Hendren
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Dyslexia Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Stephanie L Haft
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jessica M Black
- School of Social Work, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Nancy Cushen White
- Dyslexia Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Fumiko Hoeft
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Dyslexia Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,University of California Multi-Campus Precision Learning Center (PrecL), San Francisco, CA, United States.,Haskins Laboratories, New Haven, CT, United States.,Department of Neuropsychiatry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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24
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Reilly J, Gallagher L, Chen JL, Leader G, Shen S. Bio-collections in autism research. Mol Autism 2017; 8:34. [PMID: 28702161 PMCID: PMC5504648 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-017-0154-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of complex neurodevelopmental disorders with diverse clinical manifestations and symptoms. In the last 10 years, there have been significant advances in understanding the genetic basis for ASD, critically supported through the establishment of ASD bio-collections and application in research. Here, we summarise a selection of major ASD bio-collections and their associated findings. Collectively, these include mapping ASD candidate genes, assessing the nature and frequency of gene mutations and their association with ASD clinical subgroups, insights into related molecular pathways such as the synapses, chromatin remodelling, transcription and ASD-related brain regions. We also briefly review emerging studies on the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to potentially model ASD in culture. These provide deeper insight into ASD progression during development and could generate human cell models for drug screening. Finally, we provide perspectives concerning the utilities of ASD bio-collections and limitations, and highlight considerations in setting up a new bio-collection for ASD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Reilly
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, BioMedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
| | - Louise Gallagher
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute and Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St. James Hospital Street, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - June L Chen
- Department of Special Education, Faculty of Education, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
| | - Geraldine Leader
- Irish Centre for Autism and Neurodevelopmental Research (ICAN), Department of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
| | - Sanbing Shen
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, School of Medicine, BioMedical Sciences Building, National University of Ireland (NUI), Galway, Ireland
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25
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Luo M, Fan J, Wenger TL, Harr MH, Racobaldo M, Mulchandani S, Dubbs H, Zackai EH, Spinner NB, Conlin LK. CMIP haploinsufficiency in two patients with autism spectrum disorder and co-occurring gastrointestinal issues. Am J Med Genet A 2017; 173:2101-2107. [PMID: 28504353 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a genetically heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by impairments in social communication and restricted interests. Though some patients with ASD have an identifiable genetic cause, the cause of most ASD remains elusive. Many ASD susceptibility loci have been identified through clinical studies. We report two patients with syndromic ASD and persistent gastrointestinal issues who carry de novo deletions involving the CMIP gene detected by genome-wide SNP microarray and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis. Patient 1 has a 517 kb deletion within 16q23.2q23.3 including the entire CMIP gene. Patient 2 has a 1.59 Mb deletion within 16q23.2q23.3 that includes partial deletion of CMIP in addition to 12 other genes, none of which have a known connection to ASD or other clinical phenotypes. The deletion of CMIP is rare in general population and was not found among a reference cohort of approximately 12,000 patients studied in our laboratory who underwent SNP array analysis for various indications. A 280 kb de novo deletion containing the first 3 exons of CMIP was reported in one patient who also demonstrated ASD and developmental delay. CMIP has previously been identified as a susceptibility locus for specific language impairment (SLI). It is notable that both patients in this study had significant gastrointestinal issues requiring enteral feedings, which is unusual for patients with ASD, in addition to unusually elevated birth length, further supporting a shared causative gene. These findings suggest that CMIP haploinsufficiency is the likely cause of syndromic ASD in our patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjie Luo
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jinbo Fan
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tara L Wenger
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Margaret H Harr
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Melissa Racobaldo
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Genetics and Metabolism, University of South Florida College of Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Surabhi Mulchandani
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Holly Dubbs
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Elaine H Zackai
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nancy B Spinner
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Laura K Conlin
- Division of Genomic Diagnostics, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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26
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Pettigrew KA, Frinton E, Nudel R, Chan MTM, Thompson P, Hayiou-Thomas ME, Talcott JB, Stein J, Monaco AP, Hulme C, Snowling MJ, Newbury DF, Paracchini S. Further evidence for a parent-of-origin effect at the NOP9 locus on language-related phenotypes. J Neurodev Disord 2016; 8:24. [PMID: 27307794 PMCID: PMC4908686 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-016-9157-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specific language impairment (SLI) is a common neurodevelopmental disorder, observed in 5-10 % of children. Family and twin studies suggest a strong genetic component, but relatively few candidate genes have been reported to date. A recent genome-wide association study (GWAS) described the first statistically significant association specifically for a SLI cohort between a missense variant (rs4280164) in the NOP9 gene and language-related phenotypes under a parent-of-origin model. Replications of these findings are particularly challenging because the availability of parental DNA is required. METHODS We used two independent family-based cohorts characterised with reading- and language-related traits: a longitudinal cohort (n = 106 informative families) including children with language and reading difficulties and a nuclear family cohort (n = 264 families) selected for dyslexia. RESULTS We observed association with language-related measures when modelling for parent-of-origin effects at the NOP9 locus in both cohorts: minimum P = 0.001 for phonological awareness with a paternal effect in the first cohort and minimum P = 0.0004 for irregular word reading with a maternal effect in the second cohort. Allelic and parental trends were not consistent when compared to the original study. CONCLUSIONS A parent-of-origin effect at this locus was detected in both cohorts, albeit with different trends. These findings contribute in interpreting the original GWAS report and support further investigations of the NOP9 locus and its role in language-related traits. A systematic evaluation of parent-of-origin effects in genetic association studies has the potential to reveal novel mechanisms underlying complex traits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Frinton
- />School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TF UK
| | - Ron Nudel
- />Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - May T. M. Chan
- />Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
- />Worcester College, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 2HB UK
| | - Paul Thompson
- />Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT UK
| | | | - Joel B. Talcott
- />School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, B4 7ET UK
| | - John Stein
- />Department of Physiology, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT UK
| | - Anthony P. Monaco
- />Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - Charles Hulme
- />Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, WC1 3PG UK
| | - Margaret J. Snowling
- />Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT UK
- />St John’s College, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3JP UK
| | - Dianne F. Newbury
- />Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7BN UK
| | - Silvia Paracchini
- />School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, KY16 9TF UK
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27
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Yamamoto S, Takehara M, Kabashima Y, Fukutomi T, Ushimaru M. Identification of novel inhibitors of human SPCA2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 477:266-70. [PMID: 27297103 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To identify specific inhibitors of the human secretary pathway Ca(2+)-ATPase 2 (hSPCA2), a recombinant hSPCA2 was expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and purified by Co(2+)-chelating chromatography. The isolated hSPCA2 catalyzed ATP hydrolysis in the presence of Ca(2+) ions. The Ca(2+) dissociation constant for ATPase activation was 25 nM. hSPCA2 activity was inhibited by thapsigargin, 2,2'-methylenebis(6-tert-butyl-p-cresol), and 4-octylphenol in the low-micromolar concentration range. Unexpectedly, the organic solvent wash from standard laboratory polypropylene microtubes showed strong inhibitory potency toward hSPCA2 activity. The extract was found to comprise mainly primary fatty acid amides (PFAAs) by NMR analysis. Individual PFAAs, especially oleamide and linoleamide, almost completely inhibited hSPCA2 activity with IC50 values of 7.5 μM and 3.8 μM, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiko Yamamoto
- Department of Chemistry, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan.
| | - Munenori Takehara
- Department of Materials Science, The University of Shiga Prefecture, Hassaka, Hikone 522-8533, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kabashima
- Department of Chemistry, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukutomi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Makoto Ushimaru
- Department of Chemistry, Kyorin University School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
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28
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Wang J, Li L, Shao SS, He Z, Chen YL, Kong R, Zhang XH, Gong JH, Song RR. Association analysis of genetic variant of rs13331 in PSD95 gene with autism spectrum disorders: A case-control study in a Chinese population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 36:285-288. [PMID: 27072977 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-016-1581-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by high heritability. Recently, autism, the most profound form of ASD, has been increasingly attributed to synaptic abnormalities. Postsynaptic density 95 (PSD95), encoding PSD protein-95, was found essential for synaptic formation, maturation and plasticity at a PSD of excitatory synapse. It is possibly a crucial candidate gene for the pathogenesis of ASD. To identify the relationship between the rs13331 of PSD95 gene and ASD, we performed a case-control study in 212 patients and 636 controls in a Chinese population by using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymerase (PCR-RFLP) assay. The results showed that in genetic analysis of the heterozygous model, an association between the T allele of the rs13331 and ASD was found in the dominant model (OR=1.709, 95% CI 1.227-2.382, P=0.002) and the additive model (OR=1.409, 95% CI=1.104-1.800, P=0.006). Our data indicate that the genetic mutation C>T at the rs13331 in the PSD95 gene is strikingly associated with an increased risk of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Wang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Li Li
- Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital of Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518019, China
| | - Shan-Shan Shao
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Zhen He
- Central Hospital of Longhua New District, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Yan-Lin Chen
- Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital of Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518019, China
| | - Rui Kong
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Zhang
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jian-Hua Gong
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
- Maternity and Children Health Care Hospital of Luohu District, Shenzhen, 518019, China.
| | - Ran-Ran Song
- Department of Maternal and Child Health and MOE Key Lab of Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
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29
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Brewer CC, Zalewski CK, King KA, Zobay O, Riley A, Ferguson MA, Bird JE, McCabe MM, Hood LJ, Drayna D, Griffith AJ, Morell RJ, Friedman TB, Moore DR. Heritability of non-speech auditory processing skills. Eur J Hum Genet 2016; 24:1137-44. [PMID: 26883091 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2015.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent insight into the genetic bases for autism spectrum disorder, dyslexia, stuttering, and language disorders suggest that neurogenetic approaches may also reveal at least one etiology of auditory processing disorder (APD). A person with an APD typically has difficulty understanding speech in background noise despite having normal pure-tone hearing sensitivity. The estimated prevalence of APD may be as high as 10% in the pediatric population, yet the causes are unknown and have not been explored by molecular or genetic approaches. The aim of our study was to determine the heritability of frequency and temporal resolution for auditory signals and speech recognition in noise in 96 identical or fraternal twin pairs, aged 6-11 years. Measures of auditory processing (AP) of non-speech sounds included backward masking (temporal resolution), notched noise masking (spectral resolution), pure-tone frequency discrimination (temporal fine structure sensitivity), and nonsense syllable recognition in noise. We provide evidence of significant heritability, ranging from 0.32 to 0.74, for individual measures of these non-speech-based AP skills that are crucial for understanding spoken language. Identification of specific heritable AP traits such as these serve as a basis to pursue the genetic underpinnings of APD by identifying genetic variants associated with common AP disorders in children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen C Brewer
- Otolaryngology Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher K Zalewski
- Otolaryngology Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kelly A King
- Otolaryngology Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Oliver Zobay
- Medical Research Council, Institute of Hearing Research, Nottingham, UK
| | - Alison Riley
- Medical Research Council, Institute of Hearing Research, Nottingham, UK
| | - Melanie A Ferguson
- Medical Research Council, Institute of Hearing Research, Nottingham, UK.,National Institute of Health Research, Nottingham Hearing Biomedical Research Unit, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jonathan E Bird
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Margaret M McCabe
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Linda J Hood
- Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt Bill Wilkerson Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Dennis Drayna
- Laboratory of Communication Disorders, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew J Griffith
- Otolaryngology Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert J Morell
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Genomics and Computational Biology Core, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas B Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David R Moore
- Medical Research Council, Institute of Hearing Research, Nottingham, UK.,Communication Sciences Research Center, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Tager-Flusberg H. Risk Factors Associated With Language in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Clues to Underlying Mechanisms. JOURNAL OF SPEECH, LANGUAGE, AND HEARING RESEARCH : JSLHR 2016; 59:143-54. [PMID: 26502110 PMCID: PMC4867927 DOI: 10.1044/2015_jslhr-l-15-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Identifying risk factors associated with neurodevelopmental disorders is an important line of research, as it will lead to earlier identification of children who could benefit from interventions that support optimal developmental outcomes. The primary goal of this review was to summarize research on risk factors associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). METHOD The review focused on studies of infants who have older siblings with ASD, with particular emphasis on risk factors associated with language impairment that affects the majority of children with ASD. Findings from this body of work were compared to the literature on specific language impairment. RESULTS A wide range of risk factors has been found for ASD, including demographic (e.g., male, family history), behavioral (e.g., gesture, motor) and neural risk markers (e.g., atypical lateralization for speech and reduced functional connectivity). Environmental factors, such as caregiver interaction, have not been found to predict language outcomes. Many of the risk markers for ASD are also found in studies of risk for specific language impairment, including demographic, behavioral, and neural factors. CONCLUSIONS There are significant gaps in the literature and limitations in the current research that preclude direct cross-syndrome comparisons. Future research directions are outlined that could address these limitations.
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He X, Thacker S, Romigh T, Yu Q, Frazier TW, Eng C. Cytoplasm-predominant Pten associates with increased region-specific brain tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine D2 receptors in mouse model with autistic traits. Mol Autism 2015; 6:63. [PMID: 26579216 PMCID: PMC4647625 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-015-0056-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a group of neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by impairment in social communication/interaction and inflexible/repetitive behavior. Several lines of evidence support genetic factors as a predominant cause of ASD. Among those autism susceptibility genes that have been identified, the PTEN tumor suppressor gene, initially identified as predisposing to Cowden heritable cancer syndrome, was found to be mutated in a subset of ASD patients with extreme macrocephaly. However, the ASD-relevant molecular mechanism mediating the effect of PTEN mutations remains elusive. Methods We developed a Pten knock-in murine model to study the effects of Pten germline mutations, specifically altering subcellular localization, in ASD. Proteins were isolated from the hemispheres of the male littermates, and Western blots were performed to determine protein expression levels of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). Immunohistochemical stains were carried out to validate the localization of TH and dopamine D2 receptors (D2R). PC12 cells ectopically expressing either wild-type or missense mutant PTEN were then compared for the differences in TH expression. Results Mice carrying Pten mutations have high TH and D2R in the striatum and prefrontal cortex. They also have increased phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and TH. Mechanistically, PTEN downregulates TH production in PC12 cells via inhibiting the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/CREB signaling pathway, while PTEN reduces TH phosphorylation via suppressing MAPK pathway. Unlike wild-type PTEN but similar to the mouse knock-in mutant Pten, three naturally occurring missense mutations of PTEN that we previously identified in ASD patients, H93R, F241S, and D252G, were not able to suppress TH when overexpressed in PC12 cells. In addition, two other PTEN missense mutations, C124S (pan phosphatase dead) and G129E (lipid phosphatase dead), failed to suppress TH when ectopically expressed in PC12 cells. Conclusions Our data reveal a non-canonical PTEN-TH pathway in the brain that may work as a core regulator of dopamine signaling, which when dysfunctional is pathogenic in ASD. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13229-015-0056-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin He
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Mailstop NE-50, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA ; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Stetson Thacker
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Mailstop NE-50, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA ; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA ; HHMI Graduate Program, Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Todd Romigh
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Mailstop NE-50, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA ; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Qi Yu
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Mailstop NE-50, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA ; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Thomas W Frazier
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Mailstop NE-50, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA ; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA ; HHMI Graduate Program, Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH USA ; Center for Autism, Pediatrics Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA ; Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH USA
| | - Charis Eng
- Genomic Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Mailstop NE-50, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA ; Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA ; HHMI Graduate Program, Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH USA ; Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA ; Stanley Shalom Zielony Institute of Nursing Excellence, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH USA ; Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH USA ; CASE Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH USA
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Baum SH, Stevenson RA, Wallace MT. Behavioral, perceptual, and neural alterations in sensory and multisensory function in autism spectrum disorder. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 134:140-60. [PMID: 26455789 PMCID: PMC4730891 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Although sensory processing challenges have been noted since the first clinical descriptions of autism, it has taken until the release of the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) in 2013 for sensory problems to be included as part of the core symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the diagnostic profile. Because sensory information forms the building blocks for higher-order social and cognitive functions, we argue that sensory processing is not only an additional piece of the puzzle, but rather a critical cornerstone for characterizing and understanding ASD. In this review we discuss what is currently known about sensory processing in ASD, how sensory function fits within contemporary models of ASD, and what is understood about the differences in the underlying neural processing of sensory and social communication observed between individuals with and without ASD. In addition to highlighting the sensory features associated with ASD, we also emphasize the importance of multisensory processing in building perceptual and cognitive representations, and how deficits in multisensory integration may also be a core characteristic of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Baum
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Ryan A Stevenson
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mark T Wallace
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Hearing and Speech Sciences, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Psychology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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