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da Silva OA, Duarte GP, Lahlou S. Maternal Hyperglycemia Induces Autonomic Dysfunction and Heart Failure in Older Adult Offspring. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2023; 131:615-623. [PMID: 37758043 DOI: 10.1055/a-2159-6468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Offspring exposed to an adverse fetal environment, such as gestational diabetes, may manifest increased susceptibility to several chronic diseases later in life. In the present study, the cardiovascular function of three different ages of offspring from diabetic rats was evaluated. METHODS AND RESULTS Diabetes mellitus was induced in pregnant rats by a single dose of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg). The offspring from diabetic (OD) and control rats (OC) were evaluated at three different ages: 6, 12 or 18 months. In the corresponding OC groups, fasting glycemia, baseline mean arterial pressure, and sympathetic tonus increased in the OD rats at 12 (OD12) and 18 (OD18) months of age, while cardiac hypertrophy was observed in all OD groups. Cardiac function evaluation in vivo showed low left ventricular systolic pressure and+dP/dt in the OD18 rats, suggesting a systolic dysfunction. OD12 and OD18 groups showed high left ventricle end-diastolic pressure, suggesting a diastolic dysfunction. OD groups showed an age-related impairment of both baroreflex-mediated tachycardia and baroreflex-mediated bradycardia in OD12 and OD18 rats. In isolated hearts from OD18 rats, both inotropic and tachycardiac responses to increasing isoproterenol were significantly reduced compared to the corresponding OC group. CONCLUSION These results suggest that gestational diabetes triggers the onset of hyperglycemia hypertension with impaired baroreflex sensitivity and heart failure in older age of offspring, representing important risk factors for death. Therefore, ensuring optimal glycemic control in diabetic pregnancy is important and serves as a key to preventing cardiovascular disease in the offspring in their older age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odair Alves da Silva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Glória Pinto Duarte
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
| | - Saad Lahlou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
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2
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He J, Xie L, Yu L, Liu L, Xu H, Wang T, Gao Y, Wang X, Duan Y, Liu H, Dai L. Maternal serum CFHR4 protein as a potential non-invasive marker of ventricular septal defects in offspring: evidence from a comparative proteomics study. Clin Proteomics 2022; 19:17. [PMID: 35590261 PMCID: PMC9117979 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-022-09356-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite advances in diagnosis of congenital heart defects, there is no non-invasive biomarker clinically available for the early detection of fetal ventricular septal defects (VSD). Methods This study was to profile differentially expressed proteins (DEP) in the first trimester maternal plasma samples that were collected in the 12th–14th week of gestation and identify potential biomarkers for VSD. Maternal plasma samples of ten case–control pairs of women (who had given birth to an isolated VSD infant or not) were selected from a birth cohort biospecimen bank for identifying DEPs by using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based comparative proteomics. Results There were 35 proteins with significantly different levels between cases and controls, including 9 upregulated and 26 downregulated proteins. With Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment, and protein–protein interaction analyses, most of the DEPs were clustered in pathways related to B cell-mediated immune responses, complement activation, and phagocytosis. Three DEPs were validated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in another set of samples consisting of 31 cases and 33 controls. And CFHR4, a key regulator in complement cascades, was found to be significantly upregulated in cases as compared to controls. Conclusions Subsequent logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic analysis suggested maternal serum CFHR4 as a promising biomarker of fetal VSD. Further studies are warranted to verify the findings. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12014-022-09356-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing He
- Department of Pediatrics, Chengdu Fifth People's Hospital, Chengdu, 610041, China.,The Joint Laboratory for Lung Development and Related Diseases of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Xie
- The Joint Laboratory for Lung Development and Related Diseases of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China.,National Center for Birth Defects Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
| | - Li Yu
- The Joint Laboratory for Lung Development and Related Diseases of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Lijun Liu
- The Joint Laboratory for Lung Development and Related Diseases of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China.,National Center for Birth Defects Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Xu
- The Joint Laboratory for Lung Development and Related Diseases of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China.,National Center for Birth Defects Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuyang Gao
- National Center for Birth Defects Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xuedong Wang
- The Joint Laboratory for Lung Development and Related Diseases of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - You Duan
- The Joint Laboratory for Lung Development and Related Diseases of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China
| | - Hanmin Liu
- Department of Pediatric Pulmonology and Immunology, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China. .,The Joint Laboratory for Lung Development and Related Diseases of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. .,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,National Center for Birth Defects Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China. .,Sichuan Birth Defects Clinical Research Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Li Dai
- The Joint Laboratory for Lung Development and Related Diseases of West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University and School of Life Sciences of Fudan University, West China Institute of Women and Children's Health, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China. .,National Center for Birth Defects Monitoring, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,Med-X Center for Informatics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Chronobiology (Sichuan University), Chengdu, China.
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3
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Moorman CD, Curtis AD, Bastian AG, Elliott SE, Mannie MD. A GMCSF-Neuroantigen Tolerogenic Vaccine Elicits Systemic Lymphocytosis of CD4 + CD25 high FOXP3 + Regulatory T Cells in Myelin-Specific TCR Transgenic Mice Contingent Upon Low-Efficiency T Cell Antigen Receptor Recognition. Front Immunol 2019; 9:3119. [PMID: 30687323 PMCID: PMC6335336 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.03119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that single-chain fusion proteins comprised of GM-CSF and major encephalitogenic peptides of myelin, when injected subcutaneously in saline, were potent tolerogenic vaccines that suppressed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in rats and mice. These tolerogenic vaccines exhibited dominant suppressive activity in inflammatory environments even when emulsified in Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA). The current study provides evidence that the mechanism of tolerance was dependent upon vaccine-induced regulatory CD25+ T cells (Tregs), because treatment of mice with the Treg-depleting anti-CD25 mAb PC61 reversed tolerance. To assess tolerogenic mechanisms, we focused on 2D2-FIG mice, which have a transgenic T cell repertoire that recognizes myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide MOG35-55 as a low-affinity ligand and the neurofilament medium peptide NFM13-37 as a high-affinity ligand. Notably, a single subcutaneous vaccination of GMCSF-MOG in saline elicited a major population of FOXP3+ Tregs that appeared within 3 days, was sustained over several weeks, expressed canonical Treg markers, and was present systemically at high frequencies in the blood, spleen, and lymph nodes. Subcutaneous and intravenous injections of GMCSF-MOG were equally effective for induction of FOXP3+ Tregs. Repeated booster vaccinations with GMCSF-MOG elicited FOXP3 expression in over 40% of all circulating T cells. Covalent linkage of GM-CSF with MOG35-55 was required for Treg induction whereas vaccination with GM-CSF and MOG35-55 as separate molecules lacked Treg-inductive activity. GMCSF-MOG elicited high levels of Tregs even when administered in immunogenic adjuvants such as CFA or Alum. Conversely, incorporation of GM-CSF and MOG35-55 as separate molecules in CFA did not support Treg induction. The ability of the vaccine to induce Tregs was dependent upon the efficiency of T cell antigen recognition, because vaccination of 2D2-FIG or OTII-FIG mice with the high-affinity ligands GMCSF-NFM or GMCSF-OVA (Ovalbumin323-339), respectively, did not elicit Tregs. Comparison of 2D2-FIG and 2D2-FIG-Rag1 -/- strains revealed that GMCSF-MOG may predominantly drive Treg expansion because the kinetics of vaccine-induced Treg emergence was a function of pre-existing Treg levels. In conclusion, these findings indicate that the antigenic domain of the GMCSF-NAg tolerogenic vaccine is critical in setting the balance between regulatory and conventional T cell responses in both quiescent and inflammatory environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody D Moorman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Alan D Curtis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Alexander G Bastian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Sarah E Elliott
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Mark D Mannie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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4
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Ahmed R, Abdel-Latif M, Mahdi EA, El-Nesr KA. Immune stimulation improves endocrine and neural fetal outcomes in a model of maternofetal thyrotoxicosis. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:714-721. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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5
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Ahmed RG, Abdel-Latif M, Ahmed F. Protective effects of GM-CSF in experimental neonatal hypothyroidism. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:538-543. [PMID: 26453507 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Hypothyroidism induced by methimazole (MMI), has a negative impact on the postnatal development. Neonatal Granulocyte Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor [GM-CSF; 50μg/kg, intramuscular injection at postnatal day (PND) 17] had been tested to ameliorate the effects of MMI [0.05%, (weight per volume; w/v), intraperitoneal injection at PND 15]-induced hypothyroidism in Wistar rats. The hypothyroid conditions due to the administration of MMI produced inhibitory effects on neonatal serum thyroxine (T4), 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3), neutrophil count in bone marrow and blood, cerebellar glutathione (GSH) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE), although it induced stimulatory actions on serum thyrotropin (TSH), growth hormone (GH), insulin growth factor-II (IGF-II), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and cerebellar malondialdehyde (MDA) at PND 19. The treatment with GM-CSF could reverse the depressing and stimulating effects of MMI on these markers except for cerebellar AchE where its enhancement was non-significant (P>0.05) at tested PND. Thus, neonatal GM-CSF may be responsible for suppressing autoimmune responses and preventing hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Ahmed
- Division of Anatomy and Embryology, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | - M Abdel-Latif
- Division of Immunity, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - F Ahmed
- Immunity and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Mallela M, Hrubec T. Reduction in valproic acid-induced neural tube defects by maternal immune stimulation: role of apoptosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 95:296-303. [PMID: 22767483 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.21018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Teratogenic deregulation of apoptosis during development is a possible mechanism for birth defects. Administration of valproic acid (VA) during first trimester of pregnancy causes neural tube defects (NTDs). Nonspecific stimulation of the mother's immune system has been shown to reduce various teratogen-induced fetal malformations including NTDs in rodents. This present study investigated the role of reduced apoptosis by maternal immune stimulation in prevention of VA-induced NTDs in CD-1 mice. Prevention of VA-induced NTDs by nonspecific maternal immune stimulation using IFNγ was employed to evaluate the role of reduced apoptosis by IFNγ in this protective mechanism. Apoptosis was quantified using flow cytometry. Terminal Transferase dUTP Nick End Labeling assay was used to localize the apoptosis. Increased apoptosis, suggesting involvement in VA teratogenicity, was observed along the neural tube in both normal and abnormal embryos from VA-exposed dams. Increased apoptosis in normal VA-exposed embryos suggests that VA may alter other cellular processes such as cell proliferation and differentiation in addition to apoptosis. Apoptotic levels in embryos with closed neural tubes from IFNγ + VA dams were similar to controls indicating resistance to VA-induced apoptosis and protection against teratogenicity of VA. In IFNγ + VA exposed embryos with open neural tubes, maternal immune stimulation failed to regulate apoptosis resulting in an NTD. Overall, these results suggest that VA alters several biological processes including apoptosis in the developing embryos to induce fetal malformations. Resistance to VA-induced apoptosis in embryos resulting from maternal immune stimulation may be involved in protective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mural Mallela
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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7
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Gutierrez JC, Bahamonde J, Prater MR, Yefi CP, Holladay SD. Production of a type 2 maternal diabetes rodent model using the combination of high-fat diet and moderate dose of streptozocin. Endocr Res 2010; 35:59-70. [PMID: 20408754 DOI: 10.3109/07435801003641939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pregnancy may be complicated by maternal diabetes. The following experiments were performed in an attempt to produce mouse models of insulin-resistant maternal diabetes. METHODS CD1 females received 200 mg/kg streptozocin (STZ) to model insulin-dependent diabetes (T1 group). Another group of females (T2 group) was put on a HFD 4 weeks before receiving 100 mg/kg STZ. After 4 additional weeks of HFD, hyperglycemic females were separated and bred. In another experiement, CD1 females were fed a HFD for 4 weeks before receiving an intravenous (GDM1 group) or intraperitoneal (GDM2 group) injection of 100 mg/kg STZ. Females from GDM2 group were bred at the same day of the STZ injection. Females from GDM1 group were bred 4 weeks after the STZ injection. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION About 25% of the females from T2 group became hyperglycemic after 4 weeks of the injection of STZ. Fifty percent of the females from GDM1 group reached hyperglycemic levels greater than 250 mg/dl during pregnancy. The combination of HFD and moderate STZ in CD1 mice therefore produced hyperglycemic females; however numbers of these mice were somewhat low.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Claudio Gutierrez
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
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8
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Gutierrez JC, Prater MR, Smith BJ, Freeman LE, Mallela MK, Holladay SD. Late-gestation ventricular myocardial reduction in fetuses of hyperglycemic CD1 mice is associated with increased apoptosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 86:409-15. [PMID: 19851988 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous work in our laboratory showed reduced myocardium and dilated ventricular chambers in gestation day (GD) 17 hearts that were collected from hyperglycemic CD1 mouse dams. Pre-breeding maternal immune stimulation, using Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), diminished the severity of these fetal heart lesions. The following experiments were performed to detect possible changes in fetal heart apoptotic cell death, under hyperglycemic conditions and with or without maternal immune stimulation. METHODS Female CD1 mice were injected with 200 mg/kg of streptozocin (STZ) to induce insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Half of these mice received prior FCA injection. Fetal hearts were collected on GD 17 and myocardial apoptotic cells were quantified using flow cytometry. A panel of apoptosis regulatory genes (Bcl2, p53, Casp3, Casp9, PkCe) was then examined in the fetal myocardium using RT-PCR. RESULTS Early apoptotic cells and late apoptotic/necrotic cells were significantly increased in fetal hearts from STZ or STZ+FCA dams. Pre-treatment with FCA reduced late apoptotic/necrotic cells to control level, suggesting some cell death protection was rendered by FCA. Paradoxically in the face of such increased cell death, the expression of pro-apoptotic genes Casp3 and Casp9 was decreased by diabetes, while the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl2 was increased. CONCLUSIONS Maternal hyperglycemia causes dys-regulated apoptosis of fetal myocardial cells. Such effect may be prevented by maternal immune stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Claudio Gutierrez
- Instituto de Farmacología y Morfofisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Casilla, Chile.
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9
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Murphy SP, Tayade C, Ashkar AA, Hatta K, Zhang J, Croy BA. Interferon gamma in successful pregnancies. Biol Reprod 2009; 80:848-59. [PMID: 19164174 PMCID: PMC2849832 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.108.073353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Interferon gamma (IFNG) is a proinflammatory cytokine secreted in the uterus during early pregnancy. It is abundantly produced by uterine natural killer cells in maternal endometrium but also by trophoblasts in some species. In normal pregnancies of mice, IFNG plays critical roles that include initiation of endometrial vasculature remodeling, angiogenesis at implantation sites, and maintenance of the decidual (maternal) component of the placenta. In livestock and in humans, deviations in these processes are thought to contribute to serious gestational complications, such as fetal loss or preeclampsia. Interferon gamma has broader roles in activation of innate and adaptive immune responses to viruses and tumors, in part through upregulating transcription of genes involved in cell cycle regulation, apoptosis, and antigen processing/presentation. Despite this, rodent and human trophoblast cells show dampened responses to IFNG that reflect the resistance of these cells to IFNG-mediated activation of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II transplantation antigen expression. Lack of MHC class II antigens on trophoblasts is thought to facilitate survival of the semiallogeneic conceptus in the presence of maternal lymphocytes. This review describes the dynamic roles of IFNG in successful pregnancy and briefly summarizes data on IFNG in gestational pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P. Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York
| | - Chandrakant Tayade
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali A. Ashkar
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University Health Sciences Centre, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kota Hatta
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jianhong Zhang
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - B. Anne Croy
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Anatomy and Cell Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Hrubec TC, Toops KA, Holladay SD. Modulation of diabetes-induced palate defects by maternal immune stimulation. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2009; 292:271-6. [PMID: 19089897 DOI: 10.1002/ar.20836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Maternal diabetes can induce a number of developmental abnormalities in both laboratory animals and humans, including deformities of the face and palate. The incidence of birth defects in newborns of women with diabetes is approximately 3 to 5 times higher than among nondiabetics. In mice, nonspecific activation of the maternal immune system can reduce fetal abnormalities caused by various etiologies including hyperglycemia. This study was conducted to determine whether nonspecific maternal immune stimulation could reduce diabetes-induced palate defects and orofacial clefts. Female ICR mice were immune stimulated before induction of hyperglycemia with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), or interferon-gamma (IFNgamma). Streptozocin was used to induce hyperglycemia (26-35 mmol blood glucose) in females before breeding. Fetuses from 12 to 18 litters per treatment group were collected on Day 17 of gestation. Palate width and length were measured, and the incidence of orofacial clefts was determined. Palate length and width were both decreased by maternal hyperglycemia. Maternal immune stimulation with GM-CSF or FCA limited the degree of palate shortening from the hyperglycemia. Each of the three immune stimulants attenuated significant narrowing of the palate. Rates of orofacial clefts were not significantly different between treatment groups. Palatogenesis is a complex process driven by cellular signals, which regulate cell growth and apoptosis. Dysregulation of cellular signals by maternal hyperglycemia can result in fetal malformations. Maternal immune stimulation may prevent dysregulation of these signaling pathways thus reducing fetal malformations and normalizing palate growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry C Hrubec
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, E. Via Virginia College of Osteopathic Medicine, 2265 Kraft Drive, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
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11
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Claudio Gutierrez J, Prater MR, Hrubec TC, Smith BJ, Freeman LE, Holladay SD. Heart changes in 17-day-old fetuses of diabetic ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mothers: improvement with maternal immune stimulation. Congenit Anom (Kyoto) 2009; 49:1-7. [PMID: 19243410 DOI: 10.1111/j.1741-4520.2008.00213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Maternal diabetes mellitus is associated with increased fetal teratogenesis, including cardiovascular defects. Non-specific maternal immune stimulation with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) or interferon gamma (IFNgamma) has been associated with protection against birth malformations. Using a diabetic mouse model, late-gestation fetal heart and great vessel morphology were analyzed. Four groups of mice were used: non-diabetic females as a control group, hyperglycemic females induced by streptozotocin as a diabetic group, and diabetic females injected either with FCA or IFNgamma. At day 17 of gestation, females were euthanized and one fetus was arbitrarily selected per litter for fixation and sectioning. Treatment-induced changes in cardiac development were assessed from digital images of serial sections taken at standardized levels in the thorax. One-way parametric and non-parametric ANOVA and ordinal logistic regression were performed to compare the difference among groups (P<0.05). Maternal hyperglycemia altered morphology of the late-gestation fetal mouse heart by causing ventricular chamber dilation, sectional myocardial reduction, and an increase in transversal aortic area. FCA protected the fetal heart from cavitary dilation in diabetic mothers. FCA and IFNgamma protected the fetal heart against reduction of myocardial area, and ascending thoracic aorta dilation. Consequences of late gestation heart chamber dilation and myocardial reduction are not yet known. Maternal immune stimulation partially protected against these developmental defects by mechanisms that remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Claudio Gutierrez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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12
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Gutierrez JC, Hrubec TC, Prater MR, Smith BJ, Freeman LE, Holladay SD. Aortic and ventricular dilation and myocardial reduction in gestation day 17 ICR mouse fetuses of diabetic mothers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 79:459-64. [PMID: 17335049 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal diabetes mellitus is associated with increased fetal teratogenesis, including cardiovascular defects. Information regarding cardiovascular changes in late-gestation fetal mice, related to maternal hyperglycemia, is not present in the literature. METHODS Late-gestation fetal heart and great vessel morphology were analyzed in fetuses from control and diabetic mice. Female ICR mice were injected with streptozocin (200 mg/kg IP) prior to mating to induce diabetes (n = 8). Nonhyperglycemic females were used as controls (n = 8). At day 17 of gestation, females were euthanized and one fetus was arbitrarily selected per litter to analyze the heart and great vessels. Six additional fetuses from different litters, showing external malformations (spina bifida and/or exencephaly), were also evaluated from the diabetic group. Fetal thoraxes were processed using routine histopathologic techniques, and 7-mum transversal sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin. Digital images of sections were made and analyzed using NIH Image J software to compare regional cardiac development. Student's t tests for means were performed to determine differences between groups (p < .05). RESULTS Maternal hyperglycemia caused a dilation of late-gestation fetal ventricular chambers, a reduction of total ventricular myocardial area, and an increase in transversal ascending thoracic aortic area. Three of six fetuses that displayed external malformations showed an overt cardiac defect, beyond the ventricular and myocardial changes. CONCLUSIONS Maternal hyperglycemia altered morphology of the late-gestation fetal mouse heart. Postnatal persistence or consequences of late-gestation heart chamber dilation and myocardial reduction are not yet known.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/embryology
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/etiology
- Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/complications
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/complications
- Dilatation, Pathologic
- Female
- Gestational Age
- Heart Defects, Congenital/etiology
- Heart Defects, Congenital/pathology
- Heart Rate, Fetal
- Heart Ventricles/embryology
- Heart Ventricles/pathology
- Hyperglycemia/complications
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred ICR
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy in Diabetics
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Affiliation(s)
- J Claudio Gutierrez
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, Virginia, USA.
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13
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Hrubec TC, Prater MR, Toops KA, Holladay SD. Reduction in diabetes-induced craniofacial defects by maternal immune stimulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 77:1-9. [PMID: 16342200 PMCID: PMC5905422 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal diabetes can induce a number of developmental abnormalities in laboratory animals and humans, including facial deformities and defects in neural tube closure. The incidence of birth defects in newborns of diabetic women is approximately 3-5 times higher than among non-diabetics. In mice, non-specific activation of the maternal immune system can reduce fetal abnormalities caused by diverse etiologies, including diabetes induced neural tube defects. This study was conducted to determine whether non-specific maternal immune stimulation could reduce diabetes-induced craniofacial defects as well. METHODS Maternal immune function was stimulated before streptozocin (STZ) treatment by maternal footpad injection with Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA), maternal intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), or maternal i.p. injection with interferon-gamma (IFNgamma). Streptozocin (200 mg/kg i.p.) was used to induce hyperglycemia (26-35 mmol blood glucose) in female ICR mice before breeding. Fetuses from 12-18 litters per treatment group, were collected at Day 17 of gestation. RESULTS Craniofacial defects were observed in fetuses from all hyperglycemic groups. The incidence of defects was significantly decreased in fetuses from dams immune stimulated with IFNgamma or GM-CSF. The most common defects were reduced maxillary and mandibular lengths. Both were prevented by maternal stimulation with GM-CSF. CONCLUSION Maternal immune stimulation reduced the incidence of diabetic craniofacial embryopathy. The mechanisms for these protective effects are unknown but may involve maternal or fetal production of cytokines or growth factors that protect the fetus from the dysregulatory effects of hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry C Hrubec
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Virginia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA.
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14
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Hrubec TC, Yan M, Ye K, Salafia CM, Holladay SD. Valproic acid-induced fetal malformations are reduced by maternal immune stimulation with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor or interferon-gamma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 288:1303-9. [PMID: 17075842 PMCID: PMC2567843 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.20397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Valproic acid, a drug commonly used to treat seizures and other psychiatric disorders, causes neural tube defects (NTDs) in exposed fetuses at a rate 20 times higher than in the general population. Failure of the neural tube to close during development results in exencephaly or anencephaly, as well as spina bifida. In mice, nonspecific activation of the maternal immune system can reduce fetal abnormalities caused by diverse etiologies, including diabetes-induced NTDs. We hypothesized that nonspecific activation of the maternal immune system with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) could reduce valproic acid (VA)-induced defects as well. Female CD-1 mice were given immune stimulant prebreeding: either IFN-gamma or GM-CSF. Approximately half of the control and immune-stimulated pregnant females were then exposed to 500 mg/kg VA on the morning of gestational day 8. The incidence of developmental defects was determined on gestational day 17 from at least eight litters in each of the following treatment groups: control, VA only, IFN-gamma only, IFN-gamma+VA, GM-CSF only, and GM-CSF+VA. The incidence of NTDs was 18% in fetuses exposed to VA alone, compared to 3.7% and 2.9% in fetuses exposed to IFN-gamma+VA, or GM-CSF+VA respectively. Ocular defects were also significantly reduced from 28.0% in VA exposed groups to 9.8% in IFN-gamma+VA and 12.5% in GM-CSF+VA groups. The mechanisms by which maternal immune stimulation prevents birth defects remain unclear, but may involve maternal or fetal production of cytokines or growth factors which protect the fetus from the dysregulatory effects of teratogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry C Hrubec
- Department of Biomedical Science, E. Via Virginia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia 24060, USA.
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15
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Abstract
Maternal diabetes mellitus significantly affects the fetal heart and fetal-placental circulation in both structure and function. The influence of pre-conceptional diabetes begins during embryonic development in the first trimester, with altered cardiac morphogenesis and placental development. It continues to have an influence on the fetal circulation through the second and third trimesters and into the perinatal and neonatal period.
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16
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Renee Prater M, Zimmerman KL, Laudermilch CL, Holladay SD. Prebreeding Maternal Immunostimulation with Freund's Complete Adjuvant Reduces Placental Damage and Distal Limb Defects Caused by Methylnitrosourea. Am J Reprod Immunol 2006; 55:145-55. [PMID: 16433834 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2005.00345.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Immunostimulation reduces murine teratogen-induced birth defects. It is unclear if placental improvement contributes to this outcome. The current study examined murine placental ultrastructure and fetal limb development following maternal methylnitrosourea (MNU) exposure, +/-Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) immunostimulation. METHOD OF STUDY Two murine strains (CD-1, C57BL/6N) were administered MNU on gestation day 9 (GD9), FCA pre-breeding, or FCA + MNU. Fetal limb and placental development were examined on GD14. RESULTS MNU decreased placental weight and reduced placental cellular viability; FCA reversed these effects. MNU shortened fetal limbs and increased digital defects in both strains. Placentas were less damaged in C57BL/6N versus CD-1 mice, and distal limb malformations improved only in CD-1 mice. FCA immunostimulation also increased pregnancy rate. CONCLUSION Improved fetal outcome from immune-stimulated mice may not be dependent on improved placental morphology. However, placental function and morphology in immune-stimulated mice may not directly correlate, thus functional improvements should be examined for possible relationship to reduced birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Renee Prater
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Edward Via Virginia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA.
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17
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Torchinsky A, Gongadze M, Zaslavsky Z, Savion S, Fein A, Toder V. Maternal Immunopotentiation Affects Caspase Activation and NF-kappaB DNA-binding Activity in Embryos Responding to an Embryopathic Stress. Am J Reprod Immunol 2006; 55:36-44. [PMID: 16364010 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2005.00321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Increased embryonic resistance to teratogenic stresses as a result of maternal immunopotentiation is associated with a decrease in the intensity of teratogen-induced apoptosis in target embryonic structures. These findings suggest that this effect of maternal immunopotentiation might be realized through modification of the expression of molecules regulating the teratogen-induced apoptotic process. To examine this possibility, we evaluated caspases 3, 8 and 9 activation as well as nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB DNA-binding activity in the embryos of immunopotentiated mice exposed to cyclophosphamide (CP). METHODS OF STUDY The rate of resorptions and the proportion of malformed fetuses in CP-treated mice were recorded on day 19 of pregnancy. Activity of caspases was tested in cytoplasmic extracts collected from the embryonic brain 24 hr after CP treatment using appropriate fluorometric kits, whereas NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity was evaluated in nuclear extracts using the electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS As in our previous studies, immunopotentiated CP-treated females exhibited a lower rate of resorptions or fetuses with open eyes than their non-immunopotentiated counterparts. In parallel, we observed that maternal immunopotentiation normalized the CP-induced activation of the tested caspases as well as the CP-induced suppression of NF-kappaB DNA-binding activity. CONCLUSIONS As caspases act as inducers of apoptosis, and NF-kappaB acts in CP-treated embryos as an apoptosis suppressor, the above results suggest that maternal immunopotentiation might affect embryonic sensitivity to embryopathic stresses via NF-kappaB- and caspases-associated pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkady Torchinsky
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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18
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Prater MR, Zimmerman KL, Ward DL, Holladay SD. Reduced birth defects caused by maternal immune stimulation in methylnitrosourea-exposed mice: association with placental improvement. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 70:862-9. [PMID: 15526292 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylnitrosourea (MNU) is a potent carcinogen and teratogen that is associated with central nervous system, craniofacial, skeletal, ocular, and appendicular birth defects following transplacental exposure at critical time points during development, and preliminary studies have suggested that nonspecific maternal immunostimulation may offer protection against development of these birth defects. METHODS Our study examined morphologic alterations in fetal limb and digital development and placental integrity following maternal exposure to MNU on GD 9 in CD-1 mice, and characterized the improvement in placental integrity and abrogation of fetal defects following maternal immune stimulation with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) on GD 7. RESULTS Fetal limbs were significantly shortened (p < 0.0001) and incidence of limb and digital defects (syndactyly, polydactyly, oligodactyly, clubbing, and webbing) was dramatically increased following mid-gestational maternal MNU exposure. Maternal immune stimulation with IFN-gamma on GD 7 lessened incidence of fetal limb shortening and maldevelopment on GD 12 and 14. Further, disruption of placental spongiotrophoblast integrity, increased cell death in placental trophoblasts with increased intercellular spaces in the spongiotrophoblast layer and minimal inflammation, and increased loss of fetal labyrinthine endothelial cells from MNU-exposed dams suggested that MNU-induced placental breakdown may contribute to fetal limb and digital maldevelopment. MNU + IFN-gamma was associated with diminished cell death within all layers of the placenta, especially in the labyrinthine layer. CONCLUSIONS These data verify improved distal limb development in MNU-exposed mice as a result of maternal IFN-gamma administration, and suggest a link between placental integrity and proper fetal development.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/embryology
- Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/etiology
- Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/immunology
- Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/prevention & control
- Alkylating Agents/toxicity
- Animals
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Ear, Inner/drug effects
- Ear, Inner/immunology
- Ear, Inner/pathology
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/immunology
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Immune System/drug effects
- Interferon-gamma/pharmacology
- Limb Deformities, Congenital/chemically induced
- Limb Deformities, Congenital/immunology
- Limb Deformities, Congenital/prevention & control
- Male
- Maternal-Fetal Exchange
- Methylnitrosourea/toxicity
- Mice
- Placenta/immunology
- Pregnancy
- Trophoblasts/drug effects
- Trophoblasts/immunology
- Trophoblasts/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Renee Prater
- Edward Via Virginia College of Osteopathic Medicine, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, USA.
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19
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Laudermilch CL, Holladay SD, Sponenberg DP, Saunders GK, Ward DL, Prater MR. Placental improvement and reduced distal limb defects by maternal interferon-γ injection in methylnitrosourea-exposed mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 73:597-604. [PMID: 16080182 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methylnitrosourea (MNU), an alkylating agent derived from creatinine metabolism, is cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic. Mid-gestational exposure to MNU leads to distal limb defects in mice. Previous studies have shown that nonspecific maternal immune stimulation protects against MNU-induced teratogenesis. A role for immune-mediated placental improvement in this effect remains uncertain. METHODS The immune system of timed-pregnant C57BL/6N and CD-1 mice was stimulated by GD 7 intraperitoneal (IP) injection with the cytokine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). A teratogenic dose of MNU was then administered by IP injection on the morning of GD 9 to disrupt distal limb formation. Fetal limb length, body length, digital deformities, and placental integrity were evaluated on GD 14. RESULTS The incidence of syndactyly, polydactyly, and interdigital webbing in MNU-exposed mice was decreased by maternal IFN-gamma treatment. In C57BL/6N mice, these defects were reduced by 47, 100, and 63%, respectively, as compared to previous reports on CD-1 mice, by 39, 71, and 20%, respectively. Administration of IFN-gamma significantly diminished MNU-induced endothelial and trophoblast placental damage in both strains of mice. CONCLUSIONS These findings support a possible link between maternal immunity, placental integrity, and fetal distal limb development. Further, these results suggest that IFN-gamma might act through placental improvement to indirectly protect against MNU-induced fetal limb malformations.
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MESH Headings
- Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/embryology
- Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/etiology
- Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/immunology
- Abnormalities, Drug-Induced/prevention & control
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Endothelial Cells/immunology
- Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Female
- Gestational Age
- Immune System/drug effects
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Interferon-gamma/administration & dosage
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/therapeutic use
- Lower Extremity Deformities, Congenital/chemically induced
- Lower Extremity Deformities, Congenital/immunology
- Lower Extremity Deformities, Congenital/prevention & control
- Maternal-Fetal Exchange
- Methylnitrosourea/toxicity
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Placenta/immunology
- Pregnancy
- Random Allocation
- Teratogens/toxicity
- Time Factors
- Trophoblasts/drug effects
- Trophoblasts/immunology
- Trophoblasts/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Lee Laudermilch
- Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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