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Cao S, Wu Y, Albert Reece E, Xu C, Shen WB, Kaushal S, Yang P. Functional cargos of exosomes derived from Flk-1 + vascular progenitors enable neurulation and ameliorate embryonic anomalies in diabetic pregnancy. Commun Biol 2022; 5:648. [PMID: 35778435 PMCID: PMC9249756 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03614-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Various types of progenitors initiate individual organ formation and their crosstalk orchestrates morphogenesis for the entire embryo. Here we show that progenitor exosomal communication across embryonic organs occurs in normal development and is altered in embryos of diabetic pregnancy. Endoderm fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) stimulates mesoderm Flk-1+ vascular progenitors to produce exosomes containing the anti-stress protein Survivin. These exosomes act on neural stem cells of the neuroepithelium to facilitate neurulation by inhibiting cellular stress and apoptosis. Maternal diabetes causes Flk-1+ progenitor dysfunction by suppressing FGF2 through DNA hypermethylation. Restoring endoderm FGF2 prevents diabetes-induced survivin reduction in Flk-1+ progenitor exosomes. Transgenic Survivin expression in Flk-1+ progenitors or in utero delivery of survivin-enriched exosomes restores cellular homeostasis and prevents diabetes-induced neural tube defects (NTDs), whereas inhibiting exosome production induces NTDs. Thus, functional inter-organ communication via Flk-1 exosomes is vital for neurulation and its disruption leads to embryonic anomalies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songying Cao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Zhejiang Province, 325035, Wenzhou, China
| | - E Albert Reece
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wei-Bin Shen
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sunjay Kaushal
- Department of Surgery, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Division of Cardiovascular-Thoracic Surgery, Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago, 225 E. Chicago Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Alfian I, Chakraborty A, Yong HEJ, Saini S, Lau RWK, Kalionis B, Dimitriadis E, Alfaidy N, Ricardo SD, Samuel CS, Murthi P. The Placental NLRP3 Inflammasome and Its Downstream Targets, Caspase-1 and Interleukin-6, Are Increased in Human Fetal Growth Restriction: Implications for Aberrant Inflammation-Induced Trophoblast Dysfunction. Cells 2022; 11:1413. [PMID: 35563719 PMCID: PMC9102093 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is commonly associated with placental insufficiency and inflammation. Nonetheless, the role played by inflammasomes in the pathogenesis of FGR is poorly understood. We hypothesised that placental inflammasomes are differentially expressed and contribute to the aberrant trophoblast function. Inflammasome gene expression profiles were characterised by real-time PCR on human placental tissues collected from third trimester FGR and gestation-matched control pregnancies (n = 25/group). The functional significance of a candidate inflammasome was then investigated using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced models of inflammation in human trophoblast organoids, BeWo cells in vitro, and a murine model of FGR in vivo. Placental mRNA expression of NLRP3, caspases 1, 3, and 8, and interleukin 6 increased (>2-fold), while that of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10, decreased (<2-fold) in FGR compared with control pregnancies. LPS treatment increased NLRP3 and caspase-1 expression (>2-fold) in trophoblast organoids and BeWo cell cultures in vitro, and in the spongiotrophoblast and labyrinth in the murine model of FGR. However, the LPS-induced rise in NLRP3 was attenuated by its siRNA-induced down-regulation in BeWo cell cultures, which correlated with reduced activity of the apoptotic markers, caspase-3 and 8, compared to the control siRNA-treated cells. Our findings support the role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the inflammation-induced aberrant trophoblast function, which may contribute to FGR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irvan Alfian
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (I.A.); (A.C.); (S.S.); (R.W.K.L.); (S.D.R.)
- Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia, Jl. Salemba Raya 6, Jakarta Pusat 10160, Indonesia
| | - Amlan Chakraborty
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (I.A.); (A.C.); (S.S.); (R.W.K.L.); (S.D.R.)
| | - Hannah E. J. Yong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 117609, Singapore;
| | - Sheetal Saini
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (I.A.); (A.C.); (S.S.); (R.W.K.L.); (S.D.R.)
| | - Ricky W. K. Lau
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (I.A.); (A.C.); (S.S.); (R.W.K.L.); (S.D.R.)
| | - Bill Kalionis
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia;
| | - Evdokia Dimitriadis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Gynaecology Research Centre, The Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Nadia Alfaidy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1292, Biologie et Biotechnologie pour la Santé, 38043 Grenoble, France;
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Biosciences and Biotechnology Institute of Grenoble, 38054 Grenoble, France
- Service Obstétrique & Gynécologie, Centre Hospitalo-Universitaire Grenoble Alpes, University Grenoble-Alpes, CEDEX 9, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Sharon D. Ricardo
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (I.A.); (A.C.); (S.S.); (R.W.K.L.); (S.D.R.)
| | - Chrishan S. Samuel
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (I.A.); (A.C.); (S.S.); (R.W.K.L.); (S.D.R.)
| | - Padma Murthi
- Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia; (I.A.); (A.C.); (S.S.); (R.W.K.L.); (S.D.R.)
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Medicine Pregnancy Research Centre, The Royal Women’s Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia;
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia;
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Jung JH, Loeken MR. Diabetic Embryopathy Susceptibility in Mice Is Associated with Differential Dependence on Glucosamine and Modulation of High Glucose-Induced Oxidative Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10081156. [PMID: 34439404 PMCID: PMC8388881 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The high KM glucose transporter, GLUT2 (SLC2A2), is expressed by embryos and causes high rates of glucose transport during maternal hyperglycemic episodes in diabetic pregnancies and causes congenital malformations (diabetic embryopathy). GLUT2 is also a low KM transporter of the amino sugar, glucosamine (GlcN), which enters the hexosamine biosynthetic pathway (HBP) and provides substrate for glycosylation reactions. Exogenous GlcN also increases activity of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), which increases production of NADPH reducing equivalents. GLUT2-transported GlcN is inhibited by high glucose concentrations. Not all mouse strains are susceptible to diabetic embryopathy. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that susceptibility to diabetic embryopathy is related to differential dependence on exogenous GlcN for glycosylation or stimulation of the PPP. We tested this using murine embryonic stem cell (ESC) lines that were derived from embryopathy-susceptible FVB/NJ (FVB), and embryopathy-resistant C57Bl/6J (B6), embryos in the presence of low or high glucose, and in the presence or absence of GlcN. There were no significant differences in Glut2 expression, or of glucose or GlcN transport, between FVB and B6 ESC. GlcN effects on growth and incorporation into glycoproteins indicated that FVB ESC are more dependent on exogenous GlcN than are B6 ESC. GlcN stimulated PPP activity in FVB but not in B6 ESC. High glucose induced oxidative stress in FVB ESC but not in B6 ESC. These results indicate that FVB embryos are more dependent on exogenous GlcN for glycosylation, but also for stimulation of the PPP and NADPH production, than are B6 embryos, thereby rendering FVB embryos more susceptible to high glucose to induce oxidative stress.
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Acute exposure to microcystin-LR induces hepatopancreas toxicity in the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:2551-2570. [PMID: 33977345 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03061-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The Chinese mitten crab is an important economic species in the Chinese aquaculture industry due to its rich nutritional value and distinct flavor. The hepatopancreas is a popular edible part of the Chinese mitten crab, and therefore, hepatopancreatic health directly determines its quality. However, a large-scale outbreak of hepatopancreatic necrosis syndrome ("Shuibiezi" disease in Chinese), which is caused by abiotic agents correlated with cyanobacteria bloom outbreaks, adversely affects the Chinese mitten crab breeding industry. Cyanobacterial blooms that occur in high-density farming ponds can produce microcystin-LR (MC-LR), which is hepatotoxic in fish and mammals. Hepatopancreas toxicity of MC-LR (0, 25, 50 and 75 μg/kg) was investigated after 48 h of exposure. The MC-LR can cause hepatopancreatic injury by inducing hepatopancreatic structural damage, subcellular structural changes, and cell apoptosis, followed by enhanced lipid peroxidase, reactive oxygen species, and apoptosis-related enzyme (Caspase 3, 8, and 9) activities. These in turn promote gene and protein expression of apoptosis-associated proteases (Caspase 3, 7, and 8, Bcl-2, and Bax), and alter antioxidant system responses (superoxide dismutase, glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase activities, and glutathione content). The present study is the first report on MC-LR hepatotoxicity in the Chinese mitten crab and confirms hepatopancreas toxicity, providing a theoretical basis for enhancing MCs resistance and developing preventive and curative measures against hepatopancreatic disease in the Chinese mitten crab breeding industry.
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Huang Y, Lin S, Wang C, Pi X, Jin L, Li Z, Wang L, Ren A. Neural Tube Defects and ZIC4 Hypomethylation in Relation to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:582661. [PMID: 33304900 PMCID: PMC7701213 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.582661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Epigenetic dysregulation is one of the postulated underlying mechanisms of neural tube defects (NTDs). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), a group of environmental pollutants that are reported as a risk factor of NTDs, may cause decreased genome-wide DNA methylation. With DNA extracted from neural tissues, this study identified gene(s) whose hypomethylation was related to elevated risk for NTDs and examined whether its hypomethylation is related to PAH exposure. Results Using data profiled by Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array from 10 NTD cases and eight controls, ZIC4, CASP8, RAB32, RARA, and TRAF6 were identified to be the top five genes in NTD-related hypomethylated gene families. Among all identified genes, ZIC4 had the largest number of differently methylated CpG sites (n = 13) in the promoter region and 5′ UTR. Significantly decreased methylation in the ZIC4 promoter region and 5′ UTR was verified in an independent cohort of 80 cases and 32 controls (p < 0.001) utilizing the Sequenom EpiTYPER platform. Hypomethylation of ZIC4 was associated with a higher risk of NTDs [adjusted OR = 1.08; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03, 1.13] in a logistic regression model. Mean methylation levels in the promoter region and 5′ UTR of ZIC4 tended to be inversely associated with levels of high-molecular-weight PAHs in fetal liver among NTD fetuses (β [95% CI]: −0.045 [−0.091, 0.001], p = 0.054). Six and three CpG sites in the ZIC4 promoter region and 5′ UTR were inversely correlated with antioxidant indicators and protein oxidation markers (ρ: −0.45 to −0.75, p < 0.05) in fetal neural tissues, respectively. In a whole-embryo cultured mouse model, hypomethylation of the Zic4 promoter region and 5′ UTR and upregulation of Zic4 were observed, coupled with increased NTD rates after BaP exposure. The antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine normalized the changes observed in the BaP exposure group. Conclusion Hypomethylation of the ZIC4 promoter region and 5′ UTR may increase the risk for NTDs; oxidative stress is likely to play a role in the methylation change of Zic4 in response to PAH exposure in NTD formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Huang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China.,Ministry of Education-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanshan Lin
- Division of Birth Cohort Study, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengrong Wang
- Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Pi
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Education, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Jin
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiwen Li
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Aiguo Ren
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Fetuses of diabetic mothers are at increased risk for congenital malformations. Research in recent decades using animal and embryonic stem cell models has revealed many embryonic developmental processes that are disturbed by maternal diabetes. The aim of this review is to give clinicians a better understanding of the reasons for rigorous glycemic control in early pregnancy, and to provide background to guide future research. RECENT FINDINGS Mouse models of diabetic pregnancy have revealed mechanisms for altered expression of tissue-specific genes that lead to malformations that are more common in diabetic pregnancies, such as neural tube defects (NTDs) and congenital heart defects (CHDs), and how altered gene expression causes apoptosis that leads to malformations. Embryos express the glucose transporter, GLUT2, which confers susceptibility to malformation, due to high rates of glucose uptake during maternal hyperglycemia and subsequent oxidative stress; however, the teleological function of GLUT2 for mammalian embryos may be to transport the amino sugar glucosamine (GlcN) from maternal circulation to be used as substrate for glycosylation reactions and to promote embryo cell growth. Malformations in diabetic pregnancy may be not only due to excess glucose uptake but also due to insufficient GlcN uptake. Avoiding maternal hyperglycemia during early pregnancy should prevent excess glucose uptake via GLUT2 into embryo cells, and also permit sufficient GLUT2-mediated GlcN uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary R Loeken
- Section on Islet Cell and Regenerative Biology, Department of Medicine, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, One Joslin Place, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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Liu JD, Liu WB, Zhang CY, Xu CY, Zheng XC, Zhang DD, Chi C. Dietary glutathione supplementation enhances antioxidant activity and protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced acute hepatopancreatic injury and cell apoptosis in Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 97:440-454. [PMID: 31857224 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Eriocheir sinensis (E. sinensis) is an important aquaculture species in China. However, deteriorating water environments lead to oxidative stress in these crabs, which subsequently reduces their quality and yield. Glutathione (GSH) is an endogenous antioxidant that is used to mitigate oxidative stress. However, whether dietary GSH can enhance the resistance of E. sinensis to oxidative stress remains unclear. Herein, crabs were fed dietary GSH (the basal diet was supplemented with 0, 300, 600, 900, and 1200 mg/kg diet weight of GSH) for up to 3 weeks and, then, challenged with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 400 μg/kg body weight). After 6 h, their hepatopancreas were sampled. Diet supplementation with 600 and 900 mg/kg diet weight GSH not only increased the content of GSH in the hepatopancreas, but also enhanced the activities and mRNA expressions of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) (P < 0.05), compared to that in control crabs challenged with LPS alone. Diet supplementation with 600 or 900 mg/kg GSH also significantly increased the enzyme activities of GSH reductase and γ-glutamyl cysteine synthetase (γ-GCS) in LPS-treated crabs. Haematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, electron microscopy, and flow cytometry were used to examine the structure and subcellular structure of and apoptosis in the hepatopancreas. The histopathology and sub-microstructure analysis results also showed that diet supplementation with 600 or 900 mg/kg GSH significantly alleviated damage in crabs challenged with LPS and decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and cell apoptosis ratios in the hepatopancreas, compared to the LPS-treated crabs. To further understand the effect of dietary GSH on LPS-induced apoptosis, the activities and gene or protein expressions of apoptosis-related factors were evaluated. As a result, diet supplementation with 600 or 900 mg/kg GSH significantly decreased the activities of caspases-3, -8, and -9 and inhibited the relative expression of caspase-3 and -8 but increased the expression of B-cell lymphoma-2 (bcl-2) and B-cell lymphoma-2-associated X inhibitor (bax inhibitor) in crabs challenged with LPS. This treatment further significantly downregulated the relative protein levels of caspase-3, -8, -9 and Bax and upregulated those of Bcl-2 in crabs challenged with LPS. However, treatment with 1200 mg/kg GSH caused the opposite effects. Overall, our results reveal that appropriate diets supplemented with 600 or 900 mg/kg GSH could enhance the antioxidant capacity and anti-apoptotic mechanisms in crabs after LPS injection, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the application of dietary GSH in E. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Dai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Cai-Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen-Yuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ding-Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Chi
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Nutrition and Feed Science of Jiangsu Province, National Experimental Teaching Center for Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, No. 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Proteases drive the life cycle of all proteins, ensuring the transportation and activation of newly minted, would-be proteins into their functional form while recycling spent or unneeded proteins. Far from their image as engines of protein digestion, proteases play fundamental roles in basic physiology and regulation at multiple levels of systems biology. Proteases are intimately associated with disease and modulation of proteolytic activity is the presumed target for successful therapeutics. "Proteases: Pivot Points in Functional Proteomics" examines the crucial roles of proteolysis across a wide range of physiological processes and diseases. The existing and potential impacts of proteolysis-related activity on drug and biomarker development are presented in detail. All told the decisive roles of proteases in four major categories comprising 23 separate subcategories are addressed. Within this construct, 15 sets of subject-specific, tabulated data are presented that include identification of proteases, protease inhibitors, substrates, and their actions. Said data are derived from and confirmed by over 300 references. Cross comparison of datasets indicates that proteases, their inhibitors/promoters and substrates intersect over a range of physiological processes and diseases, both chronic and pathogenic. Indeed, "Proteases: Pivot Points …" closes by dramatizing this very point through association of (pro)Thrombin and Fibrin(ogen) with: hemostasis, innate immunity, cardiovascular and metabolic disease, cancer, neurodegeneration, and bacterial self-defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid M Verhamme
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Sarah E Leonard
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Champaign-Urbana School of Chemical Sciences, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Ray C Perkins
- New Liberty Proteomics Corporation, New Liberty, KY, USA.
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Formation of neurodegenerative aggresome and death-inducing signaling complex in maternal diabetes-induced neural tube defects. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:4489-4494. [PMID: 28396396 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1616119114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus in early pregnancy increases the risk in infants of birth defects, such as neural tube defects (NTDs), known as diabetic embryopathy. NTDs are associated with hyperglycemia-induced protein misfolding and Caspase-8-induced programmed cell death. The present study shows that misfolded proteins are ubiquitinylated, suggesting that ubiquitin-proteasomal degradation is impaired. Misfolded proteins form aggregates containing ubiquitin-binding protein p62, suggesting that autophagic-lysosomal clearance is insufficient. Additionally, these aggregates contain the neurodegenerative disease-associated proteins α-Synuclein, Parkin, and Huntingtin (Htt). Aggregation of Htt may lead to formation of a death-inducing signaling complex of Hip1, Hippi, and Caspase-8. Treatment with chemical chaperones, such as sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (PBA), reduces protein aggregation in neural stem cells in vitro and in embryos in vivo. Furthermore, treatment with PBA in vivo decreases NTD rate in the embryos of diabetic mice, as well as Caspase-8 activation and cell death. Enhancing protein folding could be a potential interventional approach to preventing embryonic malformations in diabetic pregnancies.
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Abstract
Diabetic embryopathy is a theoretical enigma and a clinical challenge. Both type 1 and type 2 diabetic pregnancy carry a significant risk for fetal maldevelopment, and the precise reasons for the diabetes-induced teratogenicity are not clearly identified. The experimental work in this field has revealed a partial, however complex, answer to the teratological question, and we will review some of the latest suggestions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf J. Eriksson
- CONTACT Ulf J. Eriksson Department of Medical Cell Biology, Uppsala University, Biomedical Center, PO Box 571, SE-751 23 Uppsala, Sweden
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11
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Cao L, Tan C, Meng F, Liu P, Reece EA, Zhao Z. Amelioration of intracellular stress and reduction of neural tube defects in embryos of diabetic mice by phytochemical quercetin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21491. [PMID: 26887929 PMCID: PMC4757833 DOI: 10.1038/srep21491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus in early pregnancy causes birth defects, including neural tube defects (NTDs). Hyperglycemia increases production of nitric oxide (NO) through NO synthase 2 (Nos2) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), generating nitrosative and oxidative stress conditions in the embryo. The present study aimed to target nitrosative stress using a naturally occurring Nos2 inhibitor, quercetin, to prevent NTDs in the embryos of diabetic mice. Daily administration of quercetin to diabetic pregnant mice during the hyperglycemia-susceptible period of organogenesis significantly reduced NTDs and cell apoptosis in the embryos, compared with those of vehicle-treated diabetic pregnant mice. Using HPLC-coupled ESI-MS/MS, quercetin metabolites, including methylated and sulfonylated derivatives, were detected in the conceptuses. The methylated metabolite, 3-O-methylquercetin, was shown to reduce ROS level in embryonic stem cells cultured in high glucose. Quercetin treatment decreased the levels of Nos2 expression, protein nitrosylation, and protein nitration, alleviating nitrosative stress. Quercetin increased the expression of superoxide dismutase 1 and 2, and reduced the levels of oxidative stress markers. Expression of genes of redox regulating enzymes and DNA damage repair factors was upregulated. Our study demonstrates that quercetin ameliorates intracellular stresses, regulates gene expression, and reduces embryonic malformations in diabetic pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixue Cao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chengyu Tan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Fantong Meng
- College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Peiyan Liu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - E Albert Reece
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhiyong Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Wang F, Weng H, Quon MJ, Yu J, Wang JY, Hueber AO, Yang P. Dominant negative FADD dissipates the proapoptotic signalosome of the unfolded protein response in diabetic embryopathy. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015; 309:E861-73. [PMID: 26419589 PMCID: PMC4652069 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00215.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and caspase 8-dependent apoptosis are two interlinked causal events in maternal diabetes-induced neural tube defects (NTDs). The inositol-requiring enzyme 1α (IRE1α) signalosome mediates the proapoptotic effect of ER stress. Diabetes increases tumor necrosis factor receptor type 1R-associated death domain (TRADD) expression. Here, we revealed two new unfolded protein response (UPR) regulators, TRADD and Fas-associated protein with death domain (FADD). TRADD interacted with both the IRE1α-TRAF2-ASK1 complex and FADD. In vivo overexpression of a FADD dominant negative (FADD-DN) mutant lacking the death effector domain disrupted diabetes-induced IRE1α signalosome and suppressed ER stress and caspase 8-dependent apoptosis, leading to NTD prevention. FADD-DN abrogated ER stress markers and blocked the JNK1/2-ASK1 pathway. Diabetes-induced mitochondrial translocation of proapoptotic Bcl-2 members mitochondrial dysfunction and caspase cleavage were also alleviated by FADD-DN. In vitro TRADD overexpression triggered UPR and ER stress before manifestation of caspase 3 and caspase 8 cleavage and apoptosis. FADD-DN overexpression repressed high glucose- or TRADD overexpression-induced IRE1α phosphorylation, its downstream proapoptotic kinase activation and endonuclease activities, and apoptosis. FADD-DN also attenuated tunicamycin-induced UPR and ER stress. These findings suggest that TRADD participates in the IRE1α signalosome and induces UPR and ER stress and that the association between TRADD and FADD is essential for diabetes- or high glucose-induced UPR and ER stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences
| | - Hongbo Weng
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences
| | | | - Jingwen Yu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences
| | | | - Anne-Odile Hueber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; and
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Institut de Biologie de Valrose, UMR CNRS 7277, UMR Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale 1091, Université de Nice-Sophia-Antipolis, Nice, France
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Mitanchez D, Yzydorczyk C, Simeoni U. What neonatal complications should the pediatrician be aware of in case of maternal gestational diabetes? World J Diabetes 2015; 6:734-43. [PMID: 26069722 PMCID: PMC4458502 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v6.i5.734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the epidemiologic context of maternal obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D), the incidence of gestational diabetes has significantly increased in the last decades. Infants of diabetic mothers are prone to various neonatal adverse outcomes, including metabolic and hematologic disorders, respiratory distress, cardiac disorders and neurologic impairment due to perinatal asphyxia and birth traumas, among others. Macrosomia is the most constant consequence of diabetes and its severity is mainly influenced by maternal blood glucose level. Neonatal hypoglycemia is the main metabolic disorder that should be prevented as soon as possible after birth. The severity of macrosomia and the maternal health condition have a strong impact on the frequency and the severity of adverse neonatal outcomes. Pregestational T2D and maternal obesity significantly increase the risk of perinatal death and birth defects. The high incidence of maternal hyperglycemia in developing countries, associated with the scarcity of maternal and neonatal care, seriously increase the burden of neonatal complications in these countries.
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Ornoy A, Reece EA, Pavlinkova G, Kappen C, Miller RK. Effect of maternal diabetes on the embryo, fetus, and children: congenital anomalies, genetic and epigenetic changes and developmental outcomes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 105:53-72. [PMID: 25783684 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pregestational and gestational diabetes mellitus (PGDM; GDM) are significant health concerns because they are associated with an increased rate of malformations and maternal health complications. METHODS We reviewed the data that help us to understand the effects of diabetes in pregnancy. RESULTS Diabetic embryopathy can affect any developing organ system, but cardiovascular and neural tube defects are among the most frequent anomalies. Other complications include preeclampsia, preterm delivery, fetal growth abnormalities, and perinatal mortality. Neurodevelopmental studies on offspring of mothers with diabetes demonstrated increased rate of Gross and Fine motor abnormalities, of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, learning difficulties, and possibly also Autism Spectrum Disorder. The mechanisms underlying the effects of maternal hyperglycemia on the developing fetus may involve increased oxidative stress, hypoxia, apoptosis, and epigenetic changes. Evidence for epigenetic changes are the following: not all progeny are affected and not to the same extent; maternal diet may influence pregnancy outcomes; and maternal diabetes alters embryonic transcriptional profiles and increases the variation between transcriptomic profiles as a result of altered gene regulation. Research in animal models has revealed that maternal hyperglycemia is a teratogen, and has helped uncover potential therapeutic targets which, when blocked, can mitigate or ameliorate the negative effects of diabetes on the developing fetus. CONCLUSIONS Tight metabolic control, surveillance, and labor management remain the cornerstone of care for pregnant women with diabetes, but advances in the field indicate that new treatments to protect the mother and baby are not far from becoming clinical realities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asher Ornoy
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Laboratory of Teratology, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Kupsco A, Schlenk D. Oxidative stress, unfolded protein response, and apoptosis in developmental toxicity. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 317:1-66. [PMID: 26008783 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Physiological development requires precise spatiotemporal regulation of cellular and molecular processes. Disruption of these key events can generate developmental toxicity in the form of teratogenesis or mortality. The mechanism behind many developmental toxicants remains unknown. While recent work has focused on the unfolded protein response (UPR), oxidative stress, and apoptosis in the pathogenesis of disease, few studies have addressed their relationship in developmental toxicity. Redox regulation, UPR, and apoptosis are essential for physiological development and can be disturbed by a variety of endogenous and exogenous toxicants to generate lethality and diverse malformations. This review examines the current knowledge of the role of oxidative stress, UPR, and apoptosis in physiological development as well as in developmental toxicity, focusing on studies and advances in vertebrates model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison Kupsco
- Environmental Toxicology Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Environmental Toxicology Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA; Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
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16
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The offspring of the diabetic mother – Short- and long-term implications. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2015; 29:256-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Wilde JJ, Petersen JR, Niswander L. Genetic, epigenetic, and environmental contributions to neural tube closure. Annu Rev Genet 2014; 48:583-611. [PMID: 25292356 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120213-092208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The formation of the embryonic brain and spinal cord begins as the neural plate bends to form the neural folds, which meet and adhere to close the neural tube. The neural ectoderm and surrounding tissues also coordinate proliferation, differentiation, and patterning. This highly orchestrated process is susceptible to disruption, leading to neural tube defects (NTDs), a common birth defect. Here, we highlight genetic and epigenetic contributions to neural tube closure. We describe an online database we created as a resource for researchers, geneticists, and clinicians. Neural tube closure is sensitive to environmental influences, and we discuss disruptive causes, preventative measures, and possible mechanisms. New technologies will move beyond candidate genes in small cohort studies toward unbiased discoveries in sporadic NTD cases. This will uncover the genetic complexity of NTDs and critical gene-gene interactions. Animal models can reveal the causative nature of genetic variants, the genetic interrelationships, and the mechanisms underlying environmental influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan J Wilde
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado 80045;
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Quan H, Ma T, Zhao X, Zhao B, Liu Y, Li H. Vinyl chloride monomer (VCM) induces high occurrence of neural tube defects in embryonic mouse brain during neurulation. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2014; 34:619-30. [PMID: 24664314 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-014-0049-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the direct embryonic teratogenicity of vinyl chloride monomer (VCM), especially the toxic effects on the early development of the nervous system and its underlying mechanisms. Pregnant mice at embryonic day 6.5 (E6.5) were injected with different doses of VCM (200, 400 and 600 mg/kg) and embryos were harvested at E10.5. Our results showed that doses higher than 400 mg/kg of VCM increased the incidence of malformed embryos, especially the neural tube defects (NTDs). In addition, high-dose of VCM decreased mitotic figure counts in the neuroepithelium and enhanced the percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase, while they were reduced in S phase. The more VCM was injected into mice, the fewer positive PCNA cells were seen and the more positive TUNEL cells were observed in the neuroepithelium. Moreover, significant increases in the levels of caspase-3 protein were observed in NTD embryos. Our results demonstrate that during early pregnancy, exposure to doses higher than 400 mg/kg of VCM increases the incidence of malformations and particularly the rate of NTDs. High-dose of VCM inhibits the proliferation of neural cells and induces cell apoptosis, leading to an imbalance in the ratio of proliferation and apoptosis. Meanwhile, the apoptosis of neuroepithelial cells might be accelerated by the activation of the caspase-3 pathway, and it might be a reason for NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyu Quan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan St 30#, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
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Yang P, Li X, Xu C, Eckert RL, Reece EA, Zielke HR, Wang F. Maternal hyperglycemia activates an ASK1-FoxO3a-caspase 8 pathway that leads to embryonic neural tube defects. Sci Signal 2013; 6:ra74. [PMID: 23982205 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Neural tube defects result from failure to completely close neural tubes during development. Maternal diabetes is a substantial risk factor for neural tube defects, and available evidence suggests that the mechanism that links hyperglycemia to neural tube defects involves oxidative stress and apoptosis. We demonstrated that maternal hyperglycemia correlated with activation of the apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) in the developing neural tube, and Ask1 gene deletion was associated with reduced neuroepithelial cell apoptosis and development of neural tube defects. ASK1 activation stimulated the activity of the transcription factor FoxO3a, which increased the abundance of the apoptosis-promoting adaptor protein TRADD, leading to activation of caspase 8. Hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis and the development of neural tube defects were reduced with genetic ablation of either FoxO3a or Casp8 or inhibition of ASK1 by thioredoxin. Examination of human neural tissues affected by neural tube defects revealed increased activation or abundance of ASK1, FoxO3a, TRADD, and caspase 8. Thus, activation of an ASK1-FoxO3a-TRADD-caspase 8 pathway participates in the development of neural tube defects, which could be prevented by inhibiting intermediates in this cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is responsible for nearly 10% of fetal anomalies in diabetic pregnancies. Although aggressive perinatal care and glycemic control are available in developed countries, the birth defect rate in diabetic pregnancies remains higher than that in the general population. Major cellular activities (ie, proliferation and apoptosis) and intracellular metabolic conditions (ie, nitrosative, oxidative, and endoplasmic reticulum stress) have been shown to be associated with diabetic embryopathy using animal models. Translating advances made in animal studies into clinical applications in humans requires collaborative efforts across the basic research, preclinical, and clinical communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Wang G, Zhu X, Hood L, Ao P. From Phage lambda to human cancer: endogenous molecular-cellular network hypothesis. QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s40484-013-0007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Li X, Weng H, Xu C, Reece EA, Yang P. Oxidative stress-induced JNK1/2 activation triggers proapoptotic signaling and apoptosis that leads to diabetic embryopathy. Diabetes 2012; 61:2084-92. [PMID: 22688338 PMCID: PMC3402327 DOI: 10.2337/db11-1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and apoptosis are implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic embryopathy. The proapoptotic c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinases (JNK)1/2 activation is associated with diabetic embryopathy. We sought to determine whether 1) hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress is responsible for the activation of JNK1/2 signaling, 2) JNK1 contributes to the teratogenicity of hyperglycemia, and 3) both JNK1 and JNK2 activation cause activation of downstream transcription factors, caspase activation, and apoptosis, resulting in neural tube defects (NTDs). Wild-type (WT) embryos from nondiabetic WT dams and WT, superoxide dismutase (SOD)1-overexpressing, jnk1(+/-), jnk1(-/-), and jnk2(-/-) embryos exposed to maternal hyperglycemia were used to assess JNK1/2 activation, NTDs, activation of transcription factors downstream of JNK1/2, caspase cascade, and apoptosis. SOD1 overexpression abolished diabetes-induced activation of JNK1/2 and their downstream effectors: phosphorylation of c-Jun, activating transcription factor 2, and E twenty-six-like transcription factor 1 and dephosphorylation of forkhead box class O3a. jnk1(-/-) embryos had significantly lower incidences of NTDs than those of WT or jnk1(+/-) embryos. Either jnk1 or jnk2 gene deletion blocked diabetes-induced activation of JNK1/2 signaling, caspases 3 and 8, and apoptosis in Sox1(+) neural progenitors of the developing neural tube. Our results show that JNK1 and JNK2 are equally involved in diabetic embryopathy and that the oxidative stress-JNK1/2-caspase pathway mediates the proapoptotic signals and the teratogenicity of maternal diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezheng Li
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongbo Weng
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Cheng Xu
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - E. Albert Reece
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Peixin Yang
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Corresponding author: Peixin Yang,
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Weng H, Li X, Reece EA, Yang P. SOD1 suppresses maternal hyperglycemia-increased iNOS expression and consequent nitrosative stress in diabetic embryopathy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2012; 206:448.e1-7. [PMID: 22425406 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2012.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hyperglycemia induces oxidative stress and increases inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression. We hypothesized that oxidative stress is responsible for hyperglycemia-induced iNOS expression. STUDY DESIGN iNOS-luciferase activities, nitrosylated protein, and lipid peroxidation markers 4-hydroxynonenal and malondialdehyde were determined in parietal yolk sac-2 cells exposed to 5 mmol/L glucose or high glucose (25 mmol/L) with or without copper zinc superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) treatment. Levels of iNOS protein and messenger RNA, nitrosylated protein, and cleaved caspase-3 and -8 were assessed in wild-type embryos and SOD1-overexpressing embryos from nondiabetic and diabetic dams. RESULTS SOD1 treatment diminished high glucose-induced oxidative stress, as evidenced by 4-hydroxynonenal and malondialdehyde reductions, and it blocked high glucose-increased iNOS expression, iNOS-luciferase activities, and nitrosylated protein. In vivo SOD1 overexpression suppressed hyperglycemia-increased iNOS expression and nitrosylated protein, and it blocked caspase-3 and -8 cleavage. CONCLUSION We conclude that oxidative stress induces iNOS expression, nitrosative stress, and apoptosis in diabetic embryopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Weng
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Zhao Z, Eckert RL, Reece EA. Reduction in embryonic malformations and alleviation of endoplasmic reticulum stress by nitric oxide synthase inhibition in diabetic embryopathy. Reprod Sci 2012; 19:823-31. [PMID: 22534324 DOI: 10.1177/1933719111434543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Maternal diabetes-induced neural tube defects (NTDs) are associated with increased programmed cell death (apoptosis) in the neuroepithelium, which is related to intracellular nitrosative stress. To alleviate nitrosative stress, diabetic pregnant mice were fed via gavage an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) 2, L-N6-(1-iminoethyl)-lysine (L-NIL; 80 mg/kg), once a day from embryonic (E) day 7.5 to 9.5 during early stages of neurulation. The treatment significantly reduced NTD rate in the embryos, compared with that in vehicle (normal saline)-treated diabetic group. In addition to alleviation of nitrosative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress was also ameliorated, assessed by quantification of associated factors. Apoptosis was reduced, indicated by caspase 8 activation. These results show that nitrosative stress is important in diabetes-induced NTDs via exacerbating ER stress, leading to increased apoptosis. Oral treatment with NOS-2 inhibitor alleviates nitrosative and ER stress, decreases apoptosis, and reduces NTDs in the embryos, providing information for further interventional studies to reduce diabetes-associated birth defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Cao Y, Zhao Z, Eckert RL, Reece EA. The essential role of protein kinase Cδ in diabetes-induced neural tube defects. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 25:2020-4. [PMID: 22463764 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.677963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal diabetes causes neural tube defects (NTDs) in the embryos via activating protein kinase Cs (PKCs), which regulate programmed cell death (apoptosis). The aims of this study are to investigate the role of proapoptotic PKCδ in NTD formation and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS PKCδ heterozygous (pkcδ(+/-)) female mice were diabetic (DM) induced by intravenous injection of streptozotocin. Occurrence of NTDs was evaluated at embryonic day 11.5 and compared between wild type (WT) and PKCδ homozygous (pkcδ(-/-)) embryos. Changes in oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-associated factors and stress-response c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs) were assessed using Western blot assay. RESULTS Compared to DM/WT, the DM/PKCδ(-/-) embryos had significantly lower NTD rate and lower levels of oxidative and ER stress factors and JNK activation. These values were similar to those in the non-diabetic control group. CONCLUSION PKCδ plays a critical role in diabetes-induced NTDs, potentially through increasing oxidative and ER stress and JNK-associated stress-response pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanning Cao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Kruse MS, Barutta J, Vega MC, Coirini H. Down regulation of the proliferation and apoptotic pathways in the embryonic brain of diabetic rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32:1031-7. [PMID: 22410672 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-012-9820-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Compelling evidence shows that the offspring subjected to uncontrolled hyperlycemia during gestation display behavioral, neurochemical, and cellular abnormalities during adulthood. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these defects remain elusive. Previous studies have shown an increased rate of apoptosis and a decreased index of neuronal proliferation associated with diabetic embryopathy. The aim of the present study was to determine whether impairments in apoptotic related proteins also occur in the developing central nervous system from non-malformed embryos exposed to uncontrolled gestational hyperglycemia. Pregnant rats injected with either streptozotocin or vehicle were killed on gestational day 19. Offspring brains were quickly removed to evaluate protein expression by Western blotting. Embryonic brains from diabetic rats exhibited a decrease in the cell survival p-Akt expression (52.83 ± 24.35%) and in the pro-apoptotic protein Bax (56.16 ± 6.47%). Moreover, the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 showed a non-significant increase while there were no changes in Procaspase 3 or cleaved Caspase 3 proteins. The cytoskeleton proteins NF-200 and GFAP were also examined. Neither NF-200 nor GFAP showed differences in embryonic brains from diabetic rats compared to controls. Altogether, these results indicate that both proliferation and apoptotic pathways are decreased in the brain from the developing offspring of diabetic rats. Since selective neuronal apoptosis, as well as selective cell proliferation, are specifically involved in brain organogenesis, it is possible that simultaneous impairments during the perinatal period contribute to the long lasting alterations observed in the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Sol Kruse
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental, Vuelta de Obligado 2490, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abstract
Birth defects are the leading cause of infant mortality in the United States, which has one of the highest infant mortality rates in the developed world. Many of these birth defects can be attributed to pre-existing, or pregestational, diabetes in pregnancy, which significantly increases a mother's risk of having a child with a major birth defect. Strict preconceptional and early pregnancy glucose control, supplementation with multivitamins and fatty acids, and lower glycemic dietary management have been shown to reduce the incidence of birth defects in experimental and epidemiologic studies. However, because more than half of pregnancies are unplanned, these methods are not generalizable across the population. Thus, better interventions are urgently needed. Based on what we know about the molecular pathophysiology of diabetic embryopathy, our laboratory and others are developing interventions against to key molecular targets in this multifactorial disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Albert Reece
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, 655 West Baltimore Street, Room 14-029, Baltimore, MD 21201-1559, USA.
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Xia L, Xue XZ. Immunohistochemical study of NF-κB p65, c-IAP2 and caspase-3 expression in cervical cancer. Oncol Lett 2012; 3:839-844. [PMID: 22741003 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the expression of NF-κB p65, c-IAP2 and caspase-3 in human cervical cancer. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine the levels of NF-κB p65, c-IAP2 and caspase-3 expression in cervical cancer. Our study found overexpression of NF-κB p65 and c-IAP2 and reduced expression of caspase-3 in cervical cancer and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) II-III. The expression of these molecules had no significant differences in the various clinical stages of cervical cancer, but the expression levels of NF-κB p65 and c-IAP2 in poorly differentiated tumors and metastatic lymph nodes were higher than levels in well-differentiated tumors and non-metastatic lymph nodes. By contrast, caspase-3 expression in well-differentiated tumors and non-metastatic lymph nodes was higher than that in poorly differentiated tumors and metastatic lymph nodes. Overexpression of NF-κB p65 and c-IAP2 and reduced expression of caspase-3 in cervical cancer may be important in the tumorigenesis and development of cervical cancer, and they may be useful as biomarkers to estimate progression of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xia
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan Scientific and Technological University, Henan, Luoyang 471003, P.R. China
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Cao Y, Zhao Z, Eckert RL, Reece EA. Protein kinase Cβ2 inhibition reduces hyperglycemia-induced neural tube defects through suppression of a caspase 8-triggered apoptotic pathway. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 204:226.e1-5. [PMID: 21376163 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neural tube defects in diabetic embryopathy are associated with increased protein kinase C (PKC)β2 activity and programmed cell death (apoptosis). The apoptosis is triggered by caspase 8, which activates members of the Bcl-2 and caspase families, such as Bid and caspase 3. Whether PKCβ2 regulates caspase 8-induced apoptosis remains to be addressed. STUDY DESIGN Mouse embryos at embryonic day 8.5 were cultured in a high concentration of glucose (22 mmol/L) and treated with PKCβ2 inhibitor (50 nmol/L) for 48 hours. The levels of apoptosis and activation of apoptotic factors were quantified using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling and Western blot assays, respectively. RESULTS Reduction in the rate of neural tube defect by PKCβ2 inhibition is associated with significant decreases in the levels of apoptosis, and caspase 8, caspase 3, and Bid activation, and cytochrome C release from mitochondria, to the similar levels as in euglycemic controls (8.3 mmol/L; P < .05). CONCLUSION PKCβ2 influences a caspase 8-regulated apoptotic pathway in diabetic embryopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanning Cao
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Singh CK, Kumar A, Hitchcock DB, Fan D, Goodwin R, LaVoie HA, Nagarkatti P, DiPette DJ, Singh US. Resveratrol prevents embryonic oxidative stress and apoptosis associated with diabetic embryopathy and improves glucose and lipid profile of diabetic dam. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 55:1186-96. [PMID: 21254394 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Diabetic embryopathy, a consequence of diabetic pregnancy, is associated with increase in embryonic oxidative stress and apoptosis, which lead to severe embryonic damage at early stage of organogenesis. METHODS AND RESULTS This study investigated if resveratrol, found in red grapes and blue-berries, may prevent diabetes-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in embryos and have beneficial effects in diabetic dams. A rodent model of diabetic embryopathy was used. Diabetes was associated with lowered reduced glutathione levels (26.98%), increased total thiol (100.47%) and lipid peroxidation (124.73%) in embryos, and increased blood sugar (384.03%), cholesterol (98.39%) and triglyceride (1025.35%) in diabetic dams. Increased apoptosis (272.20%) was also observed in the embryos of diabetic dams. Administration of resveratrol (100 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)) during pregnancy prevented both oxidative stress and apoptosis in embryos. Resveratrol reduced embryonic maldevelopment by improving embryo weight (41.23%), crown rump length (16.50%) and somite number (11.22%). It further improved the glucose (33.32%) and lipid (cholesterol 41.74%, triglyceride 60.64%) profile of the diabetic dams, which also represents the protective role of resveratrol in diabetes. CONCLUSION Resveratrol was found to prevent embryonic oxidative stress and apoptosis. It also improved glucose and lipid profile of diabetic dams, indicating the beneficial effects in diabetic pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra K Singh
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Jurczyk A, Roy N, Bajwa R, Gut P, Lipson K, Yang C, Covassin L, Racki WJ, Rossini AA, Phillips N, Stainier DYR, Greiner DL, Brehm MA, Bortell R, diIorio P. Dynamic glucoregulation and mammalian-like responses to metabolic and developmental disruption in zebrafish. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2011; 170:334-45. [PMID: 20965191 PMCID: PMC3014420 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2010.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2010] [Revised: 10/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Zebrafish embryos are emerging as models of glucose metabolism. However, patterns of endogenous glucose levels, and the role of the islet in glucoregulation, are unknown. We measured absolute glucose levels in zebrafish and mouse embryos, and demonstrate similar, dynamic glucose fluctuations in both species. Further, we show that chemical and genetic perturbations elicit mammalian-like glycemic responses in zebrafish embryos. We show that glucose is undetectable in early zebrafish and mouse embryos, but increases in parallel with pancreatic islet formation in both species. In zebrafish, increasing glucose is associated with activation of gluconeogenic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase1 (pck1) transcription. Non-hepatic Pck1 protein is expressed in mouse embryos. We show using RNA in situ hybridization, that zebrafish pck1 mRNA is similarly expressed in multiple cell types prior to hepatogenesis. Further, we demonstrate that the Pck1 inhibitor 3-mercaptopicolinic acid suppresses normal glucose accumulation in early zebrafish embryos. This shows that pre- and extra-hepatic pck1 is functional, and provides glucose locally to rapidly developing tissues. To determine if the primary islet is glucoregulatory in early fish embryos, we injected pdx1-specific morpholinos into transgenic embryos expressing GFP in beta cells. Most morphant islets were hypomorphic, not a genetic, but embryos still exhibited persistent hyperglycemia. We conclude from these data that the early zebrafish islet is functional, and regulates endogenous glucose. In summary, we identify mechanisms of glucoregulation in zebrafish embryos that are conserved with embryonic and adult mammals. These observations justify use of this model in mechanistic studies of human metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Jurczyk
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, 373 Plantation Street, Suite 218, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Nicole Roy
- Sacred Heart University, Department of Biology, 5151 Park Ave, Fairfield, CT 06825 USA
| | - Rabia Bajwa
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, 373 Plantation Street, Suite 218, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Philipp Gut
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, 1550 Fourth St., Room 318A, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324
| | - Kathryn Lipson
- Western New England College, Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, Springfield, MA 01119
| | - Chaoxing Yang
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, 373 Plantation Street, Suite 218, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Laurence Covassin
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, 373 Plantation Street, Suite 218, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Waldemar J. Racki
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, 373 Plantation Street, Suite 218, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Aldo A. Rossini
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, 373 Plantation Street, Suite 218, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Nancy Phillips
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, 373 Plantation Street, Suite 218, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Didier Y. R. Stainier
- University of California, San Francisco, Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, 1550 Fourth St., Room 318A, San Francisco, CA 94158-2324
| | - Dale L. Greiner
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, 373 Plantation Street, Suite 218, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Michael A. Brehm
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, 373 Plantation Street, Suite 218, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Rita Bortell
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, 373 Plantation Street, Suite 218, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
| | - Philip diIorio
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, 373 Plantation Street, Suite 218, Worcester, MA 01605 USA
- Corresponding author. Address: University of Massachusetts Medical School, Program in Molecular Medicine, Diabetes Center of Excellence, Worcester, MA 01605, United States. Fax: 508-856-4093. Phone: 508-856-3679
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Cardiac malformations and alteration of TGFbeta signaling system in diabetic embryopathy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 89:97-105. [PMID: 20127828 DOI: 10.1002/bdrb.20225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular defects are the most common anomalies in diabetic embryopathy. The mechanisms underlying the manifestation of the defects remain to be addressed. METHODS Female mice were administered streptozotocin to induce diabetes. Embryos from euglycemic (control) and hyperglycemic groups were examined for morphological and histological evaluation of malformations. Cell proliferation and programmed cell death (apoptosis) were assessed using mitotic markers (BrdU and Ki67) and TUNEL assay, respectively. Expression of eight four genes in the TGFbeta signaling system was analyzed using real-time RT-PCR. RESULTS Structural abnormalities were observed in the heart and neural tube in diabetic groups, with significantly higher malformation rates than in control groups. Moreover, malformation rates in the heart were higher than those in the neural tube. Cardiac abnormalities including dilated heart tube, smaller ventricles, conotruncal stenosis, and abnormal heart looping were seen during early morphogenesis prior to cardiac septation [embryonic day (E) 9.5-11.5]. Histological examinations showed hypoplastic myocardium and endocardial cushions. After cardiac septation (E15.5), ventricular septal defects were observed, which were manifested in the non-muscular portion of the septum. Significant decreases in cell proliferation with no differences in apoptosis were observed in the myocardium and endocardial cushions in diabetic compared to control groups. Factors in the TGFbeta signaling that regulate heart development were downregulated by maternal diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Maternal diabetes causes malformations in the heart of the embryo. The heart is more susceptible to maternal diabetic insults than the neural tube. Malformations in the heart prior to septation are associated with decreased cell proliferation, but not increased apoptosis. The TGFbeta signaling is involved in cardiac malformations in diabetic embryopathy.
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Yang P, Li H. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate ameliorates hyperglycemia-induced embryonic vasculopathy and malformation by inhibition of Foxo3a activation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2010; 203:75.e1-6. [PMID: 20417490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2009] [Revised: 12/03/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Maternal hyperglycemia increases the risk of congenital malformations. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), a natural antioxidant purified from green tea, inhibits oxidative stress signaling. We propose that EGCG prevents hyperglycemia-induced malformation via inhibition of oxidative stress signaling. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of EGCG on hyperglycemia-induced adverse effects during embryonic development. STUDY DESIGN Day-9 rat conceptuses were cultured under euglycemic (150 mg/dL glucose) and hyperglycemic (300 mg/dL glucose) conditions in the presence or absence of 1 or 10 micromol/L of EGCG. RESULTS Both 1 and 10 micromol/L of EGCG significantly ameliorated hyperglycemia-induced embryonic vasculopathy and malformations. Hyperglycemia inactivated protein kinase B (Akt) by reducing phosphorylated Akt levels. EGCG reversed the inhibitory effect of hyperglycemia on Akt activation. EGCG also prevented hyperglycemia-reduced phosphorylated Forkhead transcription factor 3a levels. CONCLUSION EGCG prevented hyperglycemia-induced embryopathy through inhibition of Forkhead transcription factor 3a activation. This may have been mediated via the activation of Akt. These findings offer the potential for a possible pharmacological prophylaxis for hyperglycemia-induced embryonic malformations.
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