1
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Martin C, Evrard B, Percevault F, Ryder K, Darde T, Lardenois A, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Chalmel F, Le Dréan Y, Habauzit D. Transcriptional landscape of human keratinocyte models exposed to 60-GHz millimeter-waves. Toxicol In Vitro 2024; 97:105808. [PMID: 38484921 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2024.105808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The use of millimeter waves (MMW) will exponentially grow in the coming years due to their future utilization in 5G/6G networks. The question of possible biological effects at these frequencies has been raised. In this present study, we aimed to investigate gene expression changes under exposure to MMW using the Bulk RNA Barcoding and sequencing (BRB-seq) technology. To address this issue, three exposure scenarios were performed aiming at: i) comparing the cellular response of two primary culture of keratinocytes (HEK and NHEK) and one keratinocyte derivate cell line (HaCaT) exposed to MMW; ii) exploring the incident power density dose-effect on gene expression in HaCaT cell line; and, iii) studying the exposure duration at the new ICNIRP exposure limit for the general population. With the exception of heat effect induced by high power MMW (over 10 mW/cm2), those exposure scenarios have not enabled us to demonstrate important gene expression changes in the different cell populations studied. Very few differentially genes were observed between MMW exposed samples and heat shock control, and most of them were significantly associated with heat shock response that may reflect small differences in the heat generation. Together these results show that acute exposure to MMW has no effects on the transcriptional landscape of human keratinocyte models under athermal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Martin
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Bertrand Evrard
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Frédéric Percevault
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Kate Ryder
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Thomas Darde
- SciLicium, 10 rue de la Sauvaie, 35200 Rennes, France
| | - Aurélie Lardenois
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du Numérique), UMR 6164, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Électronique et des Technologies du Numérique), UMR 6164, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Frédéric Chalmel
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Denis Habauzit
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000 Rennes, France; ANSES (French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety), Toxicology of Contaminants Unit, Fougères, France.
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2
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Schmid G, Hirtl R, Gronau I, Meyer V, Drees K, Lerchl A. Design and Dosimetric Characterization of a Broadband Exposure Facility for In Vitro Experiments in the Frequency Range 18-40.5 GHz. Bioelectromagnetics 2021; 43:25-39. [PMID: 34622469 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A novel exposure facility for exposing cell monolayers to centimeter and millimeter waves (18-40.5 GHz) used by future 5G mobile communication technology and similar applications has been developed. A detailed dosimetric characterization of the apparatus for frequencies of 27 and 40.5 GHz and 60 mm petri dishes, used in a presently ongoing study on human dermal fibroblasts and keratinocytes, was carried out. The exposure facility enables a well-defined, randomized, and blinded application of sham exposure and exposure with selectable values of incident power flux density, and additionally provides the possibility of continuous monitoring of the sample temperature during exposure while it does not require significant deviations from routine in vitro handling procedures, i.e. petri dishes are not required to be placed inside waveguides or TEM cells. Mean specific absorption rate (SAR) values inside the cell monolayer of 115 W/kg (27 GHz) and 160 W/kg (40.5 GHz) per watt antenna input power and corresponding transmitted power density (St ) values at the bottom of the cell monolayer of 65 W/m2 (27 GHz) and 70 W/m2 (40.5 GHz) per watt antenna input power can be achieved, respectively. For reasonable amounts of harvested cells (80% of petri dish bottom area), the variation (max/min) of SAR and St over the cell monolayer remains below 3.7 dB (27 GHz) and 3.0 dB (40.5 GHz), respectively. © 2021 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rene Hirtl
- Seibersdorf Laboratories, Seibersdorf, Austria
| | - Isabel Gronau
- Department of Life Sciences & Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Vivian Meyer
- Department of Life Sciences & Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Karen Drees
- Department of Life Sciences & Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| | - Alexander Lerchl
- Department of Life Sciences & Chemistry, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
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3
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Effects of Radiofrequency Radiation on Gene Expression: A Study of Gene Expressions of Human Keratinocytes From Different Origins. Bioelectromagnetics 2020; 41:552-557. [DOI: 10.1002/bem.22287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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4
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Orlacchio R, Zhadobov M, Alekseev SI, Nikolayev D, Sauleau R, Le Page Y, Le Dréan Y. Millimeter-Wave Heating in In Vitro Studies: Effect of Convection in Continuous and Pulse-Modulated Regimes. Bioelectromagnetics 2019; 40:553-568. [PMID: 31579965 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Shallow penetration of millimeter waves (MMW) and non-uniform illumination in in vitro experiments result in a non-uniform distribution of the specific absorption rate (SAR). These SAR gradients trigger convective currents in liquids affecting transient and steady-state temperature distributions. We analyzed the effect of convection on temperature dynamics during MMW exposure in continuous-wave (CW) and pulsed-wave (PW) amplitude-modulated regimes using micro-thermocouples. Temperature rise kinetics are characterized by the occurrence of a temperature peak that shifts to shorter times as the SAR of the MMW exposure increases and precedes initiation of convection in bulk. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the liquid volume impacts convection. Increasing the volume results in earlier triggering of convection and in a greater cooling rate after the end of the exposure. In PW regimes, convection strongly depends on the pulse duration that affects the heat pulse amplitude and cooling rate. The latter results in a change of the average temperature in PW regime. Bioelectromagnetics. 2019;40:553-568. © 2019 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Orlacchio
- CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Electronique et de Télécommunication de Rennes)-UMR 6164, University of Rennes, Rennes, France.,CNRS, XLIM, UMR 7252, University of Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Electronique et de Télécommunication de Rennes)-UMR 6164, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Stanislav I Alekseev
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denys Nikolayev
- Microwaves and Antennas Group (MAG), EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Electronique et de Télécommunication de Rennes)-UMR 6164, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Yann Le Page
- Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Inserm, EHESP, IRSET (Institut de Recherche en Santé, Environnement et Travail) UMR_S 1085, University of Rennes, Rennes, France
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5
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Lee YS, Chung JY, Jeon SB, Lee AK, Choi HD. Proposal of 28 GHz In Vitro Exposure System Based on Field Uniformity for Three-Dimensional Cell Culture Experiments. Bioelectromagnetics 2019; 40:445-457. [PMID: 31429952 DOI: 10.1002/bem.22215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This paper proposes a novel in vitro exposure system operating at millimeter-wave (mmWave) 28 GHz, one of the frequency bands under consideration for fifth generation (5G) communication. We employed the field uniformity concept along cross-sectional observation planes at shorter distances from the radiation antenna for better efficiency and a small-size system. A choke-ring antenna was designed for this purpose in consideration of a wider beamwidth (BW) and a symmetric far-field pattern across three principal planes. The permittivity of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium solution was measured to examine the specific absorption rate (SAR) of the skin cell layer inside a Petri dish model for a three-dimensional (3D) cell culture in vitro experiment. The best deployment of Petri dishes, taking into account a geometrical field symmetry, was proposed. Local SAR values within the cell layer among the Petri dishes were determined with different polarization angles. It was determined that this polarization effect should be considered when the actual exposure and deployment were conducted. We finally proposed an in vitro exposure system based on the field uniformity including downward exposure from an antenna for 3D cell culture experiments. A small-size chamber system was obtained, and the size was estimated using the planar near-field chamber design rule. Bioelectromagnetics. 2019;40:445-457. © 2019 Bioelectromagnetics Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Seung Lee
- Radio & Satellite Research Division, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jae-Young Chung
- Department of Electrical & Information Engineering, Seoul National University of Science & Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang Bong Jeon
- Radio & Satellite Research Division, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Ae-Kyoung Lee
- Radio & Satellite Research Division, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyung-Do Choi
- Radio & Satellite Research Division, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute, Daejeon, Korea
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6
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Le Pogam P, Le Page Y, Habauzit D, Doué M, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Le Dréan Y, Rondeau D. Untargeted metabolomics unveil alterations of biomembranes permeability in human HaCaT keratinocytes upon 60 GHz millimeter-wave exposure. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9343. [PMID: 31249327 PMCID: PMC6597695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45662-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A joint metabolomic and lipidomic workflow is used to account for a potential effect of millimeter waves (MMW) around 60 GHz on biological tissues. For this purpose, HaCaT human keratinocytes were exposed at 60.4 GHz with an incident power density of 20 mW/cm², this value corresponding to the upper local exposure limit for general public in the context of a wide scale deployment of MMW technologies and devices. After a 24h-exposure, endo- and extracellular extracts were recovered to be submitted to an integrative UPLC-Q-Exactive metabolomic and lipidomic workflow. R-XCMS data processing and subsequent statistical treatment led to emphasize a limited number of altered features in lipidomic sequences and in intracellular metabolomic analyses, whatever the ionization mode (i.e 0 to 6 dysregulated features). Conversely, important dysregulations could be reported in extracellular metabolomic profiles with 111 and 99 frames being altered upon MMW exposure in positive and negative polarities, respectively. This unexpected extent of modifications can hardly stem from the mild changes that could be reported throughout transcriptomics studies, leading us to hypothesize that MMW might alter the permeability of cell membranes, as reported elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Le Pogam
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Électronique et de Télécommunication de Rennes), UMR 6164, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Yann Le Page
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Denis Habauzit
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Mickael Doué
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Électronique et de Télécommunication de Rennes), UMR 6164, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Électronique et de Télécommunication de Rennes), UMR 6164, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Électronique et de Télécommunication de Rennes), UMR 6164, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Univ Rennes, Inserm, EHESP, Irset (Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail) - UMR_S 1085, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - David Rondeau
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, IETR (Institut d'Électronique et de Télécommunication de Rennes), UMR 6164, F-35000, Rennes, France.
- Département de Chimie, Université de Bretagne Occidentale, 6 avenue Victor Le Gorgeu, 29238, Brest, Cedex, France.
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7
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Aminzadeh R, Thielens A, Li H, Leduc C, Zhadobov M, Torfs G, Bauwelinck J, Martens L, Joseph W. Personal Exposimeter for Radiation Assessment in Real Environments in the 60-GHz Band. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2017; 176:316-321. [PMID: 28338842 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncx012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, a personal exposimeter (PEX) for 60 GHz radiation measurements is presented. The PEX is designed based on numerical simulations and both on-body and on-phantom calibration measurements to determine the antenna aperture and measurement uncertainty of the PEX. The measurement uncertainty of the PEX is quantified in terms of 50 and 95% prediction intervals of its response. A PEX consisting of three nodes (antennas) with VHH (vertical-horizontal-horizontal) polarization results in a 95% prediction interval of 6.6 dB. A 50% prediction interval of 1.3 dB (factor of 1.3) is obtained for measured power densities which is 3.1 dB lower than a single antenna experiment. The uncertainty is 19.7 dB smaller than that of existing commercial exposimeters at lower frequencies (≤6GHz).
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Aminzadeh
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 15, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arno Thielens
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 15, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Haolin Li
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 15, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Carole Leduc
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, University of Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, University of Rennes 1, 35042 Rennes, France
| | - Guy Torfs
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 15, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Johan Bauwelinck
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 15, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Luc Martens
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 15, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Wout Joseph
- Department of Information Technology, Ghent University/imec, Technologiepark-Zwijnaarde 15, B-9052 Ghent, Belgium
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8
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Haas AJ, Le Page Y, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Dréan YL, Saligaut C. Effect of acute millimeter wave exposure on dopamine metabolism of NGF-treated PC12 cells. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2017; 58:439-445. [PMID: 28339776 PMCID: PMC5569975 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrx004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Several forthcoming wireless telecommunication systems will use electromagnetic frequencies at millimeter waves (MMWs), and technologies developed around the 60-GHz band will soon know a widespread distribution. Free nerve endings within the skin have been suggested to be the targets of MMW therapy which has been used in the former Soviet Union. So far, no studies have assessed the impact of MMW exposure on neuronal metabolism. Here, we investigated the effects of a 24-h MMW exposure at 60.4 GHz, with an incident power density (IPD) of 5 mW/cm², on the dopaminergic turnover of NGF-treated PC12 cells. After MMW exposure, both intracellular and extracellular contents of dopamine (DA) and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) were studied using high performance liquid chromatography. Impact of exposure on the dopamine transporter (DAT) expression was also assessed by immunocytochemistry. We analyzed the dopamine turnover by assessing the ratio of DOPAC to DA, and measuring DOPAC accumulation in the medium. Neither dopamine turnover nor DAT protein expression level were impacted by MMW exposure. However, extracellular accumulation of DOPAC was found to be slightly increased, but not significantly. This result was related to the thermal effect, and overall, no evidence of non-thermal effects of MMW exposure were observed on dopamine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J. Haas
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institute for Research on Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), Inserm UMR1085, 9, avenue du Prof. Léon Bernard, 35 000 Rennes, France
- University of Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Yann Le Page
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institute for Research on Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), Inserm UMR1085, 9, avenue du Prof. Léon Bernard, 35 000 Rennes, France
- University of Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- University of Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- University of Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institute for Research on Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), Inserm UMR1085, 9, avenue du Prof. Léon Bernard, 35 000 Rennes, France
- University of Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France
- Corresponding author. Transcription, Environment and Cancer Group, Institute for Research on Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), Inserm UMR1085, 9, avenue du Prof. Léon Bernard, 35 000 Rennes, France. Tel: +33-2-23-23-50-95; Fax: +33-2-23-23-67-94;
| | - Christian Saligaut
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institute for Research on Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), Inserm UMR1085, 9, avenue du Prof. Léon Bernard, 35 000 Rennes, France
- University of Rennes 1, F-35000 Rennes, France
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9
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Alekseev SI, Zhadobov MV, Fesenko EE, Fesenko EE. Millimeter wave dosimetry at exposure of cell monolayers. Biophysics (Nagoya-shi) 2017. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006350917020038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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10
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Zhadobov M, Alekseev SI, Sauleau R, Le Page Y, Le Dréan Y, Fesenko EE. Microscale temperature and SAR measurements in cell monolayer models exposed to millimeter waves. Bioelectromagnetics 2016; 38:11-21. [PMID: 27571392 DOI: 10.1002/bem.21999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Due to shallow penetration of millimeter waves (MMW) and convection in liquid medium surrounding cells, the problem of accurate assessment of local MMW heating in in vitro experiments remains unsolved. Conventional dosimetric MMW techniques, such as infrared imaging or fiber optic (FO) sensors, face several inherent limits. Here we propose a methodology for accurate local temperature measurement and subsequent specific absorption rate (SAR) retrieval using microscale thermocouples (TC). SAR was retrieved by fitting the measured initial temperature rise to the numerical solution of an equivalent thermal model. It was found that the accuracy of temperature measurement depends on thermosensor size, that is, the smaller TC, the more accurate the temperature measurement. SAR determined using TC with lead diameters of 25 and 75 μm demonstrated 98.5% and 80.4% match with computed SAR, respectively. However, both TC provided the same temperature rises in long run (> 10 min). FO probe failed to measure adequately local heating both for short and long exposures due to the relatively large size of the probe sensor (400 μm) and time constant (0.6 s). Calculated SAR in the cell monolayer was almost two times lower than that in the surrounding liquid. It was shown that the impact of the cell monolayer on heating due to its small thickness (5 to 10 μm) can be considered as negligible. Moreover, we demonstrated the possibility of accurate measurement of MMW-induced thermal pulses (up to 10 °C) using 25 μm TC. Bioelectromagnetics. 38:11-21, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Zhadobov
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | | | - Ronan Sauleau
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Yann Le Page
- Institute for Research on Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), INSERM U1085, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Institute for Research on Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), INSERM U1085, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Evgeny E Fesenko
- Institute of Cell Biophysics of Russian Academy of Sciences, Pushchino, Russia
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11
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Soubere Mahamoud Y, Aite M, Martin C, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Le Dréan Y, Habauzit D. Additive Effects of Millimeter Waves and 2-Deoxyglucose Co-Exposure on the Human Keratinocyte Transcriptome. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160810. [PMID: 27529420 PMCID: PMC4986955 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Millimeter Waves (MMW) will be used in the next-generation of high-speed wireless technologies, especially in future Ultra-Broadband small cells in 5G cellular networks. Therefore, their biocompatibilities must be evaluated prior to their massive deployment. Using a microarray-based approach, we analyzed modifications to the whole genome of a human keratinocyte model that was exposed at 60.4 GHz-MMW at an incident power density (IPD) of 20 mW/cm2 for 3 hours in athermic conditions. No keratinocyte transcriptome modifications were observed. We tested the effects of MMWs on cell metabolism by co-treating MMW-exposed cells with a glycolysis inhibitor, 2-deoxyglucose (2dG, 20 mM for 3 hours), and whole genome expression was evaluated along with the ATP content. We found that the 2dG treatment decreased the cellular ATP content and induced a high modification in the transcriptome (632 coding genes). The affected genes were associated with transcriptional repression, cellular communication and endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis. The MMW/2dG co-treatment did not alter the keratinocyte ATP content, but it did slightly alter the transcriptome, which reflected the capacity of MMW to interfere with the bioenergetic stress response. The RT-PCR-based validation confirmed 6 MMW-sensitive genes (SOCS3, SPRY2, TRIB1, FAM46A, CSRNP1 and PPP1R15A) during the 2dG treatment. These 6 genes encoded transcription factors or inhibitors of cytokine pathways, which raised questions regarding the potential impact of long-term or chronic MMW exposure on metabolically stressed cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonis Soubere Mahamoud
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset - Inserm UMR 1085), Transcription, Environment and Cancer group (TREC), Rennes, France.,University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,University of Djibouti, Djibouti City, Djibouti
| | - Meziane Aite
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset - Inserm UMR 1085), Transcription, Environment and Cancer group (TREC), Rennes, France.,University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Catherine Martin
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset - Inserm UMR 1085), Transcription, Environment and Cancer group (TREC), Rennes, France.,University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), UMR CNRS 6164, Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset - Inserm UMR 1085), Transcription, Environment and Cancer group (TREC), Rennes, France.,University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Denis Habauzit
- Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm), Institut de recherche en santé, environnement et travail (Irset - Inserm UMR 1085), Transcription, Environment and Cancer group (TREC), Rennes, France.,University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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Haas AJ, Le Page Y, Zhadobov M, Boriskin A, Sauleau R, Le Dréan Y. Impact of 60-GHz millimeter waves on stress and pain-related protein expression in differentiating neuron-like cells. Bioelectromagnetics 2016; 37:444-54. [PMID: 27483046 DOI: 10.1002/bem.21995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Millimeter waves (MMW) will be increasingly used for future wireless telecommunications. Previous studies on skin keratinocytes showed that MMW could impact the mRNA expression of Transient Receptor Potential cation channel subfamily Vanilloid, member 2 (TRPV2). Here, we investigated the effect of MMW exposure on this marker, as well as on other membrane receptors such as Transient Receptor Potential cation channel subfamily Vanilloid, member 1 (TRPV1) and purinergic receptor P2X, ligand-gated ion channel, 3 (P2 × 3). We exposed the Neuroscreen-1 cell line (a PC12 subclone), in order to evaluate if acute MMW exposures could impact expression of these membrane receptors at the protein level. Proteotoxic stress-related chaperone protein Heat Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) expression level was also assessed. We used an original high-content screening approach, based on fluorescence microscopy, to allow cell-by-cell analysis and to detect any cell sub-population responding to exposure. Immunocytochemistry was done after 24 h MMW exposure of cells at 60.4 GHz, with an incident power density of 10 mW/cm(2) . Our results showed no impact of MMW exposure on protein expressions of HSP70, TRPV1, TRPV2, and P2 × 3. Moreover, no specific cell sub-populations were found to express one of the studied markers at a different level, compared to the rest of the cell populations. However, a slight insignificant increase in HSP70 expression and an increase in protein expression variability within cell population were observed in exposed cells, but controls showed that this was related to thermal effect. Bioelectromagnetics. 37:444-454, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J Haas
- Transcription, Environment Cancer Group, Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health-IRSET, INSERM, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Yann Le Page
- Transcription, Environment Cancer Group, Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health-IRSET, INSERM, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes-IETR, University of Rennes 1, UMR CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Artem Boriskin
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes-IETR, University of Rennes 1, UMR CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes-IETR, University of Rennes 1, UMR CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Transcription, Environment Cancer Group, Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health-IRSET, INSERM, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.
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Haas AJ, Le Page Y, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Le Dréan Y. Effects of 60-GHz millimeter waves on neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells using high-content screening. Neurosci Lett 2016; 618:58-65. [PMID: 26921450 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Technologies for wireless telecommunication systems using millimeter waves (MMW) will be widely deployed in the near future. Forthcoming applications in this band, especially around 60GHz, are mainly developed for high data-rate local and body-centric telecommunications. At those frequencies, electromagnetic radiations have a very shallow penetration into biological tissues, making skin keratinocytes, and free nerve endings of the upper dermis the main targets of MMW. Only a few studies assessed the impact of MMW on neuronal cells, and none of them investigated a possible effect on neuronal differentiation. We used a neuron-like cell line (PC12), which undergoes neuronal differentiation when treated with the neuronal growth factor (NGF). PC12 cells were exposed at 60.4GHz for 24h, at an incident power density averaged over the cell monolayer of 10mW/cm(2). Using a large scale cell-by-cell analysis based on high-content screening microscopy approach, we assessed potential effects of MMW on PC12 neurite outgrowth and cytoskeleton protein expression. No differences were found in protein expression of the neuronal marker β3-tubulin nor in internal expression control β-tubulin. On the other hand, our data showed a slight increase, although insignificant, in neurite outgrowth, induced by MMW exposure. However, experimental controls demonstrated that this increase was related to heating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis J Haas
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer Group, Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), INSERM, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Yann Le Page
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer Group, Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), INSERM, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), University of Rennes 1, UMR CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes (IETR), University of Rennes 1, UMR CNRS, Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer Group, Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health (IRSET), INSERM, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France.
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Zhao J, Lu H, Deng J. Application of the planar-scanning technique to the near-field dosimetry of millimeter-wave radiators. Bioelectromagnetics 2015; 36:108-17. [PMID: 25644219 DOI: 10.1002/bem.21889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The planar-scanning technique was applied to the experimental measurement of the electric field and power flux density (PFD) in the exposure area close to the millimeter-wave (MMW) radiator. In the near-field region, the field and PFD were calculated from the plane-wave spectrum of the field sampled on a scan plane far from the radiator. The measurement resolution was improved by reducing the spatial interval between the field samples to a fraction of half the wavelength and implementing multiple iterations of the fast Fourier transform. With the reference to the results from the numerical calculation, an experimental evaluation of the planar-scanning measurement was made for a 50 GHz radiator. Placing the probe 1 to 3 wavelengths from the aperture of the radiator, the direct measurement gave the near-field data with significant differences from the numerical results. The planar-scanning measurement placed the probe 9 wavelengths away from the aperture and effectively reduced the maximum and averaged differences in the near-field data by 70.6% and 65.5%, respectively. Applied to the dosimetry of an open-ended waveguide and a choke ring antenna for 60 GHz exposure, the technique proved useful to the measurement of the PFD in the near-field exposure area of MMW radiators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxun Zhao
- School of Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, China
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Habauzit D, Le Quément C, Zhadobov M, Martin C, Aubry M, Sauleau R, Le Dréan Y. Transcriptome analysis reveals the contribution of thermal and the specific effects in cellular response to millimeter wave exposure. PLoS One 2014; 9:e109435. [PMID: 25302706 PMCID: PMC4193780 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiofrequency radiations constitute a new form of environmental pollution. Among them, millimeter waves (MMW) will be widely used in the near future for high speed communication systems. This study aimed therefore to evaluate the biocompatibility of MMW at 60 GHz. For this purpose, we used a whole gene expression approach to assess the effect of acute 60 GHz exposure on primary cultures of human keratinocytes. Controls were performed to dissociate the electromagnetic from the thermal effect of MMW. Microarray data were validated by RT-PCR, in order to ensure the reproducibility of the results. MMW exposure at 20 mW/cm2, corresponding to the maximum incident power density authorized for public use (local exposure averaged over 1 cm2), led to an increase of temperature and to a strong modification of keratinocyte gene expression (665 genes differentially expressed). Nevertheless, when temperature is artificially maintained constant, no modification in gene expression was observed after MMW exposure. However, a heat shock control did not mimic exactly the MMW effect, suggesting a slight but specific electromagnetic effect under hyperthermia conditions (34 genes differentially expressed). By RT-PCR, we analyzed the time course of the transcriptomic response and 7 genes have been validated as differentially expressed: ADAMTS6, NOG, IL7R, FADD, JUNB, SNAI2 and HIST1H1A. Our data evidenced a specific electromagnetic effect of MMW, which is associated to the cellular response to hyperthermia. This study raises the question of co-exposures associating radiofrequencies and other environmental sources of cellular stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Habauzit
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer group, IRSET - Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health, INSERM U1085, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Catherine Le Quément
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer group, IRSET - Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health, INSERM U1085, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Maxim Zhadobov
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes - IETR, University of Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6164, Rennes, France
| | - Catherine Martin
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer group, IRSET - Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health, INSERM U1085, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Marc Aubry
- Plate-forme Génomique Santé, Biosit, Université de Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Ronan Sauleau
- Institute of Electronics and Telecommunications of Rennes - IETR, University of Rennes 1, UMR CNRS 6164, Rennes, France
| | - Yves Le Dréan
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer group, IRSET - Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health, INSERM U1085, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- * E-mail:
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Le Quément C, Nicolaz CN, Habauzit D, Zhadobov M, Sauleau R, Le Dréan Y. Impact of 60-GHz millimeter waves and corresponding heat effect on endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor gene expression. Bioelectromagnetics 2014; 35:444-51. [PMID: 25099539 DOI: 10.1002/bem.21864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Emerging high data rate wireless communication systems, currently under development, will operate at millimeter waves (MMW) and specifically in the 60 GHz band for broadband short-range communications. The aim of this study was to investigate potential effects of MMW radiation on the cellular endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Human skin cell lines were exposed at 60.4 GHz, with incident power densities (IPD) ranging between 1 and 20 mW/cm(2) . The upper IPD limits correspond to the ICNIRP local exposure limit for the general public. The expression of ER-stress sensors, namely BIP and ORP150, was then examined by real-time RT-PCR. Our experimental data demonstrated that MMW radiations do not change BIP or ORP150 mRNA basal levels, whatever the cell line, the exposure duration or the IPD level. Co-exposure to the well-known ER-stress inducer thapsigargin (TG) and MMW were then assessed. Our results show that MMW exposure at 20 mW/cm(2) inhibits TG-induced BIP and ORP150 over expression. Experimental controls showed that this inhibition is linked to the thermal effect resulting from the MMW exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Le Quément
- Transcription, Environment and Cancer Group, Institute of Research in Environmental and Occupational Health-IRSET, INSERM, University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
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Di Donato L, Cataldo M, Stano P, Massa R, Ramundo-Orlando A. Permeability Changes of Cationic Liposomes Loaded with Carbonic Anhydrase Induced by Millimeter Waves Radiation. Radiat Res 2012; 178:437-46. [DOI: 10.1667/rr2949.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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