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Castano-Sanz V, Gomez-Mestre I, Rodriguez-Exposito E, Garcia-Gonzalez F. Pesticide exposure triggers sex-specific inter- and transgenerational effects conditioned by past sexual selection. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20241037. [PMID: 39014998 PMCID: PMC11252676 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2024.1037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental variation often induces plastic responses in organisms that can trigger changes in subsequent generations through non-genetic inheritance mechanisms. Such transgenerational plasticity thus consists of environmentally induced non-random phenotypic modifications that are transmitted through generations. Transgenerational effects may vary according to the sex of the organism experiencing the environmental perturbation, the sex of their descendants or both, but whether they are affected by past sexual selection is unknown. Here, we use experimental evolution on an insect model system to conduct a first test of the involvement of sexual selection history in shaping transgenerational plasticity in the face of rapid environmental change (exposure to pesticide). We manipulated evolutionary history in terms of the intensity of sexual selection for over 80 generations before exposing individuals to the toxicant. We found that sexual selection history constrained adaptation under rapid environmental change. We also detected inter- and transgenerational effects of pesticide exposure in the form of increased fitness and longevity. These cross-generational influences of toxicants were sex dependent (they affected only male descendants), and intergenerational, but not transgenerational, plasticity was modulated by sexual selection history. Our results highlight the complexity of intra-, inter- and transgenerational influences of past selection and environmental stress on phenotypic expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Castano-Sanz
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Doñana Biological Station (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Ivan Gomez-Mestre
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Doñana Biological Station (CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Garcia-Gonzalez
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, Doñana Biological Station (CSIC), Seville, Spain
- Centre for Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
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2
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Huang Y, Li H, Liang R, Chen J, Tang Q. The influence of sex-specific factors on biological transformations and health outcomes in aging processes. Biogerontology 2024:10.1007/s10522-024-10121-x. [PMID: 39001953 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-024-10121-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
The aging process demonstrates notable differences between males and females, which are key factors in disease susceptibility and lifespan. The differences in sex chromosomes are fundamental to the presence of sex bias in organisms. Moreover, sex-specific epigenetic modifications and changes in sex hormone levels impact the development of immunity differently during embryonic development and beyond. Mitochondria, telomeres, homeodynamic space, and intestinal flora are intricately connected to sex differences in aging. These elements can have diverse effects on men and women, resulting in unique biological transformations and health outcomes as they grow older. This review explores how sex interacts with these elements and shapes the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyin Huang
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Hongyu Li
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Runyu Liang
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jia Chen
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Qiang Tang
- Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, Heilongjiang, China.
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3
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Kanuri B, Biswas P, Dahdah A, Murphy AJ, Nagareddy PR. Impact of age and sex on myelopoiesis and inflammation during myocardial infarction. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2024; 187:80-89. [PMID: 38163742 PMCID: PMC10922716 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2023.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Of all the different risk factors known to cause cardiovascular disease (CVD), age and sex are considered to play a crucial role. Aging follows a continuum from birth to death, and therefore it inevitably acts as a risk for CVD. Along with age, sex differences have also been shown to demonstrate variations in immune system responses to pathological insults. It has been widely perceived that females are protected against myocardial infarction (MI) and the protection is quite apparent in young vs. old women. Acute MI leads to changes in the population of myeloid and lymphoid cells at the injury site with myeloid bias being observed in the initial inflammation and the lymphoid in the late-resolution phases of the pathology. Multiple evidence demonstrates that aging enhances damage to various cellular processes through inflamm-aging, an inflammatory process identified to increase pro-inflammatory markers in circulation and tissues. Following MI, marked changes were observed in different sub-sets of major myeloid cell types viz., neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. There is a paucity of information regarding the tissue and site-specific functions of these sub-sets. In this review, we highlight the importance of age and sex as crucial risk factors by discussing their role during MI-induced myelopoiesis while emphasizing the current status of myeloid cell sub-sets. We further put forth the need for designing and executing age and sex interaction studies aimed to determine the appropriate age and sex to develop personalized therapeutic strategies post-MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babunageswararao Kanuri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Priosmita Biswas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Albert Dahdah
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Andrew J Murphy
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Division of Immunometabolism, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Prabhakara R Nagareddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center (OUHSC), Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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4
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Hitchcock TJ, Gardner A. Sexual antagonism in sequential hermaphrodites. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20232222. [PMID: 37989243 PMCID: PMC10688264 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Females and males may have distinct phenotypic optima, but share essentially the same complement of genes, potentially leading to trade-offs between attaining high fitness through female versus male reproductive success. Such sexual antagonism may be particularly acute in hermaphrodites, where both reproductive strategies are housed within a single individual. While previous models have focused on simultaneous hermaphroditism, we lack theory for how sexual antagonism may play out under sequential hermaphroditism, which has the additional complexities of age-structure. Here, we develop a formal theory of sexual antagonism in sequential hermaphrodites. First, we construct a general theoretical overview of the problem, then consider different types of sexually antagonistic and life-history trade-offs, under different modes of genetic inheritance (autosomal or cytoplasmic), and different forms of sequential hermaphroditism (protogynous, protoandrous or bidirectional). Finally, we provide a concrete illustration of these general patterns by developing a two-stage two-sex model, which yields conditions for both invasion of sexually antagonistic alleles and maintenance of sexually antagonistic polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Hitchcock
- RIKEN Interdisciplinary Theoretical and Mathematical Sciences (iTHEMS), RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH, UK
| | - Andy Gardner
- School of Biology, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, Fife KY16 9TH, UK
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5
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Avila P, Lehmann L. Life history and deleterious mutation rate coevolution. J Theor Biol 2023; 573:111598. [PMID: 37598761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2023.111598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The cost of germline maintenance gives rise to a trade-off between lowering the deleterious mutation rate and investing in life history functions. Therefore, life history and the mutation rate coevolve, but this coevolution is not well understood. We develop a mathematical model to analyse the evolution of resource allocation traits, which simultaneously affect life history and the deleterious mutation rate. First, we show that the invasion fitness of such resource allocation traits can be approximated by the basic reproductive number of the least-loaded class; the expected lifetime production of offspring without deleterious mutations born to individuals without deleterious mutations. Second, we apply the model to investigate (i) the coevolution of reproductive effort and germline maintenance and (ii) the coevolution of age-at-maturity and germline maintenance. This analysis provides two resource allocation predictions when exposure to environmental mutagens is higher. First, selection favours higher allocation to germline maintenance, even if it comes at the expense of life history functions, and leads to a shift in allocation towards reproduction rather than survival. Second, life histories tend to be faster, characterised by individuals with shorter lifespans and smaller body sizes at maturity. Our results suggest that mutation accumulation via the cost of germline maintenance can be a major force shaping life-history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piret Avila
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Laurent Lehmann
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Biophore, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Culberson JW, Kopel J, Sehar U, Reddy PH. Urgent needs of caregiving in ageing populations with Alzheimer's disease and other chronic conditions: Support our loved ones. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 90:102001. [PMID: 37414157 PMCID: PMC10756323 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The ageing process begins at birth. It is a life-long process, and its exact origins are still unknown. Several hypotheses attempt to describe the normal ageing process, including hormonal imbalance, formation of reactive oxygen species, DNA methylation & DNA damage accumulation, loss of proteostasis, epigenetic alterations, mitochondrial dysfunction, senescence, inflammation, and stem cell depletion. With increased lifespan in elderly individuals, the prevalence of age-related diseases including, cancer, diabetes, obesity, hypertension, Alzheimer's, Alzheimer's disease and related dementias, Parkinson's, and other mental illnesses are increased. These increased age-related illnesses, put tremendous pressure & burden on caregivers, family members, and friends who are living with patients with age-related diseases. As medical needs evolve, the caregiver is expected to experience an increase in duties and challenges, which may result in stress on themselves, and impact their own family life. In the current article, we assess the biological mechanisms of ageing and its effect on body systems, exploring lifestyle and ageing, with a specific focus on age-related disorders. We also discussed the history of caregiving and specific challenges faced by caregivers in the presence of multiple comorbidities. We also assessed innovative approaches to funding caregiving, and efforts to improve the medical system to better organize chronic care efforts, while improving the skill and efficiency of both informal and formal caregivers. We also discussed the role of caregiving in end-of-life care. Our critical analysis strongly suggests that there is an urgent need for caregiving in aged populations and support from local, state, and federal agencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Culberson
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Kopel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Ujala Sehar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA; Nutritional Sciences Department, College of Human Sciences, Texas Tech University, 1301 Akron Ave, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA; Neurology, Departments of School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Public Health Department of Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, School Health Professions, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX 79430, USA.
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7
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Lin YC, Zhang M, Chang YJ, Kuo TH. Comparisons of lifespan and stress resistance between sexes in Drosophila melanogaster. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18178. [PMID: 37576293 PMCID: PMC10415617 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals exhibit different extents of sexual dimorphism in a variety of phenotypes. Sex differences in longevity, one of the most complex life history traits, have also been reported. Although lifespan regulation has been studied extensively in the fruit fly, Drosophila melanogaster, the sex differences in lifespan have not been consistent in previous studies. To explore this issue, we revisited this question by examining the lifespan and stress resistance of both sexes among 15 inbred strains. We first found positive correlations between males and females from the same strain in terms of lifespan and resistance to starvation and desiccation stress. Although the lifespan difference between male and female flies varied greatly depending on the strain, males across all strains collectively had a longer lifespan. In contrast, females showed better resistance to starvation and desiccation stress. We also observed greater variation in lifespan and resistance to starvation and desiccation stress in females. Unexpectedly, there was no notable correlation observed between lifespan and the three types of stress resistance in either males or females. Overall, our study provides new data regarding sexual dimorphism in fly lifespan and stress resistance; this information may promote the investigation of mechanisms underlying longevity in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chiao Lin
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - MingYang Zhang
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | | | - Tsung-Han Kuo
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Life Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
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8
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McEntee MHF, Foroughirad V, Krzyszczyk E, Mann J. Sex bias in mortality risk changes over the lifespan of bottlenose dolphins. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20230675. [PMID: 37491966 PMCID: PMC10369037 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.0675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Research on sex biases in longevity in mammals often assumes that male investment in competition results in a female survival advantage that is constant throughout life. We use 35 years of longitudinal data on 1003 wild bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus) to examine age-specific mortality, demonstrating a time-varying effect of sex on mortality hazard over the five-decade lifespan of a social mammal. Males are at higher risk of mortality than females during the juvenile period, but the gap between male and female mortality hazard closes in the mid-teens, coincident with the onset of female reproduction. Female mortality hazard is non-significantly higher than male mortality hazard in adulthood, resulting in a moderate male bias in the oldest age class. Bottlenose dolphins have an intensely male-competitive mating system, and juvenile male mortality has been linked to social competition. Contrary to predictions from sexual selection theory, however, male-male competition does not result in sustained male-biased mortality. As female dolphins experience high costs of sexual coercion in addition to long and energetically expensive periods of gestation and lactation, this suggests that substantial female investment in reproduction can elevate female mortality risk and impact sex biases in lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ewa Krzyszczyk
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales LL57 2DG, UK
| | - Janet Mann
- Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
- Department of Psychology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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9
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Strijker BN, Iwińska K, van der Zalm B, Zub K, Boratyński JS. Is personality and its association with energetics sex-specific in yellow-necked mice Apodemus flavicollis? Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10233. [PMID: 37408630 PMCID: PMC10318423 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
For the last two decades, behavioral physiologists aimed to explain a plausible covariation between energetics and personality, predicted by the "pace-of-life syndrome" (POLS) hypothesis. However, the results of these attempts are mixed with no definitive answer as to which of the two most acknowledged models "performance" or "allocation" predicts covariation between consistent among-individual variation in metabolism and repeatable behavior (animal personality). The general conclusion is that the association between personality and energetics is rather context-dependent. Life-history, behavior, and physiology as well as its plausible covariation can be considered a part of sexual dimorphism. However, up to now, only a few studies demonstrated a sex-specific correlation between metabolism and personality. Therefore, we tested the relationships between physiological and personality traits in a single population of yellow-necked mice Apodemus flavicollis in the context of a plausible between-sexes difference in this covariation. We hypothesized that the performance model will explain proactive behavior in males and the allocation model will apply to females. Behavioral traits were determined using the latency of risk-taking and the open field tests, whereas the basal metabolic rates (BMR) was measured using indirect calorimetry. We have found a positive correlation between body mass-adjusted BMR and repeatable proactive behavior in male mice, which can support the performance model. However, the females were rather consistent mainly in avoidance of risk-taking that did not correlate with BMR, suggesting essential differences in personality between sexes. Most likely, the lack of convincing association between energetics and personality traits at the population level is caused by a different selection acting on the life histories of males and females. This may only result in weak support for the predictions of the POLS hypothesis when assuming that only a single model explaining the link between physiology and behavior operates in males and females. Thus, there is a need to consider the differences between sexes in behavioral studies to evaluate this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beau N. Strijker
- Van Hall LarensteinUniversity of Applied SciencesLeeuwardenThe Netherlands
| | - Karolina Iwińska
- University of Białystok Doctoral School in Exact and Natural SciencesBiałystokPoland
- Mammal Research InstitutePolish Academy of SciencesBiałowieżaPoland
| | - Bram van der Zalm
- Van Hall LarensteinUniversity of Applied SciencesLeeuwardenThe Netherlands
| | - Karol Zub
- Mammal Research InstitutePolish Academy of SciencesBiałowieżaPoland
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10
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Dong Y, Peng X, Hussain R, Niu T, Zhang H, Wang H, Xing LX, Wang R. Elevated expression of immune and DNA repair genes in mated queens and kings of the Reticulitermes chinensis termites. Exp Gerontol 2023; 178:112228. [PMID: 37271408 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2023.112228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Studies have identified that mating induces a series of physiological changes in animals. In this period, males tending to invest more energy, immune peptides, and other substances to reduce the cost of living for females. This results in lower survival rates in later life than females. Meanwhile, both males and females shorten lifespans due to reproduction. However, the reasons why termites' queens and kings are both extremely long-lived and highly fecund are unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of mating on the expression of immune and DNA repair genes for lifespan extension in termite queens and kings. Here, we reported that mated queens show relatively higher expression of immune genes (phenoloxidase, denfensin, termicin, transferrin), antioxidant genes (CAT, SOD), detoxification genes (GST, CYP450) than virgin queens in the Reticulitermes chinensis. In addition, mated kings also highly expressed these genes, except for termicin, transferrin, GST, and CYP450. After mating, both queens and kings significantly upregulated the expression of DNA repair genes (MLH1, BRCA1, XRCC3, RAD54-like). Mismatch repair genes (MMR) MSH2, MSH4, MSH6 were considerably increased in mated queens, while MSH4, MSH5, MSH6 were upregulated in mated kings. Our results suggest that mating increases the expression of immune and DNA repair genes in the termite queens and kings, and thus possibly improving their survival during reproductive span due to the omnipresent pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Dong
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Riaz Hussain
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Tong Niu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450008, China
| | - Huan Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Lian-Xi Xing
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China.
| | - Ruiwu Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China.
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11
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Cayuela H, Gaillard JM, Vieira C, Ronget V, Gippet JMW, Garcia TC, Marais GAB, Lemaître JF. Sex differences in adult lifespan and aging rate across mammals: a test of the 'Mother Curse hypothesis'. Mech Ageing Dev 2023; 212:111799. [PMID: 36948470 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2023.111799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/24/2023]
Abstract
In many animal species, including humans, males have shorter lifespan and show faster survival aging than females. This differential increase in mortality between sexes could result from the accumulation of deleterious mutations in the mitochondrial genome of males due to the maternal mode of mtDNA inheritance. To date, empirical evidence supporting the existence of this mechanism - called the Mother Curse hypothesis - remains largely limited to a few study cases in humans and Drosophila. In this study, we tested whether the Mother Curse hypothesis accounts for sex differences in lifespan and aging rate across 128 populations of mammals (60 and 68 populations studied in wild and captive conditions, respectively) encompassing 104 species. We found that adult lifespan decreases with increasing mtDNA neutral substitution rate in both sexes in a similar way in the wild - but not in captivity. Moreover, the aging rate marginally increased with neutral substitution rate in males and females in the wild. Overall, these results indicate that the Mother Curse hypothesis is not supported across mammals. We further discuss the implication of these findings for our understanding of the evolution of sex differences in mortality and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Cayuela
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, F-769622, Villeurbanne, France.
| | - Jean-Michel Gaillard
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, F-769622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Cristina Vieira
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, F-769622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Victor Ronget
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, F-769622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jérôme M W Gippet
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thamar Conde Garcia
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, F-769622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Gabriel A B Marais
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal; Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal
| | - Jean-François Lemaître
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, F-769622, Villeurbanne, France
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12
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Bennett-Keki S, Fowler EK, Folkes L, Moxon S, Chapman T. Sex-biased gene expression in nutrient-sensing pathways. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20222086. [PMID: 36883280 PMCID: PMC9993052 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.2086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Differences in lifespan between males and females are found across many taxa and may be determined, at least in part, by differential responses to diet. Here we tested the hypothesis that the higher dietary sensitivity of female lifespan is mediated by higher and more dynamic expression in nutrient-sensing pathways in females. We first reanalysed existing RNA-seq data, focusing on 17 nutrient-sensing genes with reported lifespan effects. This revealed, consistent with the hypothesis, a dominant pattern of female-biased gene expression, and among sex-biased genes there tended to be a loss of female-bias after mating. We then tested directly the expression of these 17 nutrient-sensing genes in wild-type third instar larvae, once-mated 5- and 16-day-old adults. This confirmed sex-biased gene expression and showed that it was generally absent in larvae, but frequent and stable in adults. Overall, the findings suggest a proximate explanation for the sensitivity of female lifespan to dietary manipulations. We suggest that the contrasting selective pressures to which males and females are subject create differing nutritional demands and requirements, resulting in sex differences in lifespan. This underscores the potential importance of the health impacts of sex-specific dietary responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Bennett-Keki
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Emily K. Fowler
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Leighton Folkes
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Simon Moxon
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Tracey Chapman
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK
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13
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Sultanova Z, Downing PA, Carazo P. Genetic sex determination, sex chromosome size and sex-specific lifespans across tetrapods. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:480-494. [PMID: 36537352 PMCID: PMC10107984 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in lifespan are ubiquitous across the tree of life and exhibit broad taxonomic patterns that remain a puzzle, such as males living longer than females in birds and vice versa in mammals. The prevailing unguarded X hypothesis explains sex differences in lifespan by differential expression of recessive mutations on the X or Z chromosome of the heterogametic sex, but has only received indirect support to date. An alternative hypothesis is that the accumulation of deleterious mutations and repetitive elements on the Y or W chromosome might lower the survival of the heterogametic sex ('toxic Y' hypothesis). Here, we use a new database to report lower survival of the heterogametic relative to the homogametic sex across 136 species of birds, mammals, reptiles and amphibians, as expected if sex chromosomes shape sex-specific lifespans, and consistent with previous findings. We also found that the relative sizes of both the X and the Y chromosomes in mammals (but not the Z or the W chromosomes in birds) are associated with sex differences in lifespan, as predicted by the unguarded X and the 'toxic Y'. Furthermore, we report that the relative size of the Y is negatively associated with male lifespan in mammals, so that small Y size correlates with increased male lifespan. In theory, toxic Y effects are expected to be particularly strong in mammals, and we did not find similar effects in birds. Our results confirm the role of sex chromosomes in explaining sex differences in lifespan across tetrapods and further suggest that, at least in mammals, 'toxic Y' effects may play an important part in this role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahida Sultanova
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Philip A Downing
- Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pau Carazo
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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14
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Noh SG, Jung HJ, Kim S, Arulkumar R, Chung KW, Park D, Choi YJ, Chung HY. Sex-Mediated Differences in TNF Signaling- and ECM-Related Gene Expression in Aged Rat Kidney. Biol Pharm Bull 2023; 46:552-562. [PMID: 37005299 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Aging leads to the functional decline of an organism, which is associated with age and sex. To understand the functional change of kidneys depending on age and sex, we carried out a transcriptome analysis using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) data from rat kidneys. Four differentially expressed gene (DEG) sets were generated according to age and sex, and Gene Ontology analysis and overlapping analysis of Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways were performed for the DEG sets. Through the analysis, we revealed that inflammation- and extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes and pathways were upregulated in both males and females during aging, which was more prominent in old males than in old females. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR analysis confirmed that the expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) signaling-related genes, Birc3, Socs3, and Tnfrsf1b, and ECM-related genes, Cd44, Col3a1, and Col5a2, which showed that the genes were markedly upregulated in males and not females during aging. Also, hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining for histological analysis showed that renal damage was highly shown in old males rather than old females. In conclusion, in the rat kidney, the genes involved in TNF signaling and ECM accumulation are upregulated in males more than in females during aging. These results suggest that the upregulation of the genes may have a higher contribution to age-related kidney inflammation and fibrosis in males than in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Gyun Noh
- Interdisciplinary Research Program of Bioinformatics and Longevity Science, Pusan National University
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University
| | - Hee Jin Jung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University
| | - Seungwoo Kim
- Interdisciplinary Research Program of Bioinformatics and Longevity Science, Pusan National University
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University
| | - Radha Arulkumar
- Interdisciplinary Research Program of Bioinformatics and Longevity Science, Pusan National University
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University
| | - Ki Wung Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University
| | - Daeui Park
- Department of Predictive Toxicology, Korea Institute of Toxicology
| | - Yeon Ja Choi
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Dongguk University
| | - Hae Young Chung
- Interdisciplinary Research Program of Bioinformatics and Longevity Science, Pusan National University
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University
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15
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Immonen E, Sayadi A, Stojković B, Savković U, Đorđević M, Liljestrand-Rönn J, Wiberg RAW, Arnqvist G. Experimental Life History Evolution Results in Sex-specific Evolution of Gene Expression in Seed Beetles. Genome Biol Evol 2022; 15:6948356. [PMID: 36542472 PMCID: PMC9830990 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evac177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The patterns of reproductive timing and senescence vary within and across species owing to differences in reproductive strategies, but our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of such variation is incomplete. This is perhaps particularly true for sex differences. We investigated the evolution of sex-specific gene expression associated with life history divergence in replicated populations of the seed beetle Acanthoscelides obtectus, experimentally evolving under (E)arly or (L)ate life reproduction for >200 generations which has resulted in strongly divergent life histories. We detected 1,646 genes that were differentially expressed in E and L lines, consistent with a highly polygenic basis of life history evolution. Only 30% of differentially expressed genes were similarly affected in males and females. The evolution of long life was associated with significantly reduced sex differences in expression, especially in non-reproductive tissues. The expression differences were overall more pronounced in females, in accordance with their greater phenotypic divergence in lifespan. Functional enrichment analysis revealed differences between E and L beetles in gene categories previously implicated in aging, such as mitochondrial function and defense response. The results show that divergent life history evolution can be associated with profound changes in gene expression that alter the transcriptome in a sex-specific way, highlighting the importance of understanding the mechanisms of aging in each sex.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmed Sayadi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Biljana Stojković
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia,Faculty of Biology, Institute of Zoology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Uroš Savković
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Mirko Đorđević
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - R Axel W Wiberg
- Evolutionary Biology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Göran Arnqvist
- Animal Ecology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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16
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van Lieshout SHJ, Badás EP, Bright Ross JG, Bretman A, Newman C, Buesching CD, Burke T, Macdonald DW, Dugdale HL. Early-life seasonal, weather and social effects on telomere length in a wild mammal. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:5993-6007. [PMID: 34101279 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Early-life environmental conditions can provide a source of individual variation in life-history strategies and senescence patterns. Conditions experienced in early life can be quantified by measuring telomere length, which can act as a biomarker of survival probability in some species. Here, we investigate whether seasonal changes, weather conditions and group size are associated with early-life and/or early-adulthood telomere length in a wild population of European badgers (Meles meles). We found substantial intra-annual changes in telomere length during the first 3 years of life, where within-individual effects showed shorter telomere lengths in the winter following the first spring and a trend for longer telomere lengths in the second spring compared to the first winter. In terms of weather conditions, cubs born in warmer, wetter springs with low rainfall variability had longer early-life (3-12 months old) telomeres. Additionally, cubs born in groups with more cubs had marginally longer early-life telomeres, providing no evidence of resource constraint from cub competition. We also found that the positive association between early-life telomere length and cub survival probability remained when social and weather variables were included. Finally, after sexual maturity, in early adulthood (i.e., 12-36 months) we found no significant association between same-sex adult group size and telomere length (i.e., no effect of intrasexual competition). Overall, we show that controlling for seasonal effects, which are linked to food availability, is important in telomere length analyses, and that variation in telomere length in badgers reflects early-life conditions and also predicts first year cub survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sil H J van Lieshout
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,NERC Environmental Omics Visitor Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Elisa P Badás
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Julius G Bright Ross
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Abingdon, UK
| | - Amanda Bretman
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Chris Newman
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Abingdon, UK
| | - Christina D Buesching
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Abingdon, UK.,Department of Biology, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Terry Burke
- NERC Environmental Omics Visitor Facility, Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - David W Macdonald
- Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, Department of Zoology, The Recanati-Kaplan Centre, University of Oxford, Abingdon, UK
| | - Hannah L Dugdale
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.,Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Deconinck A, Willett CS. Hypoxia tolerance, but not low pH tolerance, is associated with a latitudinal cline across populations of Tigriopus californicus. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276635. [PMID: 36301968 PMCID: PMC9612455 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Intertidal organisms must tolerate daily fluctuations in environmental parameters, and repeated exposure to co-occurring conditions may result in tolerance to multiple stressors correlating. The intertidal copepod Tigriopus californicus experiences diurnal variation in dissolved oxygen levels and pH as the opposing processes of photosynthesis and cellular respiration lead to coordinated highs during the day and lows at night. While environmental parameters with overlapping spatial gradients frequently result in correlated traits, less attention has been given to exploring temporally correlated stressors. We investigated whether hypoxia tolerance correlates with low pH tolerance by separately testing the hypoxia and low pH stress tolerance separately of 6 genetically differentiated populations of T. californicus. We independently checked for similarities in tolerance for each of the two stressors by latitude, sex, size, and time since collection as predictors. We found that although hypoxia tolerance correlated with latitude, low pH tolerance did not, and no predictor was significant for both stressors. We concluded that temporally coordinated exposure to low pH and low oxygen did not result in populations developing equivalent tolerance for both. Although climate change alters several environmental variables simultaneously, organisms' abilities to tolerate these changes may not be similarly coupled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aimee Deconinck
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Christopher S. Willett
- Biology Department, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
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18
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Concerted evolution of metabolic rate, economics of mating, ecology, and pace of life across seed beetles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2205564119. [PMID: 35943983 PMCID: PMC9388118 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2205564119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coevolution between females and males has led to remarkable differences between the sexes but has taken very different routes, even in closely related animal species, for reasons that are not well understood. We studied the physiological processes that convert resources into offspring (metabolism) in males and females of several related beetle species. We found that ecological factors dictate metabolic rate, which, in turn, have predictable direct and indirect effects on male–female coevolution. Our findings suggest that a complete understanding of differences between the sexes requires an understanding of how ecology affects metabolic processes and how these differ in the sexes. Male–female coevolution has taken different paths among closely related species, but our understanding of the factors that govern its direction is limited. While it is clear that ecological factors, life history, and the economics of reproduction are connected, the divergent links are often obscure. We propose that a complete understanding requires the conceptual integration of metabolic phenotypes. Metabolic rate, a nexus of life history evolution, is constrained by ecological factors and may exert important direct and indirect effects on the evolution of sexual dimorphism. We performed standardized experiments in 12 seed beetle species to gain a rich set of sex-specific measures of metabolic phenotypes, life history traits, and the economics of mating and analyzed our multivariate data using phylogenetic comparative methods. Resting metabolic rate (RMR) showed extensive evolution and evolved more rapidly in males than in females. The evolution of RMR was tightly coupled with a suite of life history traits, describing a pace-of-life syndrome (POLS), with indirect effects on the economics of mating. As predicted, high resource competition was associated with a low RMR and a slow POLS. The cost of mating showed sexually antagonistic coevolution, a hallmark of sexual conflict. The sex-specific costs and benefits of mating were predictably related to ecology, primarily through the evolution of male ejaculate size. Overall, our results support the tenet that resource competition affects metabolic processes that, in turn, have predictable effects on both life history evolution and reproduction, such that ecology shows both direct and indirect effects on male–female coevolution.
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19
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Archer CR, Paniw M, Vega-Trejo R, Sepil I. A sex skew in life-history research: the problem of missing males. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20221117. [PMID: 35892214 PMCID: PMC9332873 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2022.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Life-history strategies are diverse. While understanding this diversity is a fundamental aim of evolutionary biology and biodemography, life-history data for some traits-in particular, age-dependent reproductive investment-are biased towards females. While other authors have highlighted this sex skew, the general scale of this bias has not been quantified and its impact on our understanding of evolutionary ecology has not been discussed. This review summarizes why the sexes can evolve different life-history strategies. The scale of the sex skew is then discussed and its magnitude compared between taxonomic groups, laboratory and field studies, and through time. We discuss the consequences of this sex skew for evolutionary and ecological research. In particular, this sex bias means that we cannot test some core evolutionary theory. Additionally, this skew could obscure or drive trends in data and hinder our ability to develop effective conservation strategies. We finally highlight some ways through which this skew could be addressed to help us better understand broad patterns in life-history strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Ruth Archer
- Institute of Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, University of Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Maria Paniw
- Department of Conservation Biology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville 41001, Spain,Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Irem Sepil
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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20
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Connallon T, Beasley IJ, MDonough Y, Ruzicka F. How much does the unguarded X contribute to sex differences in life span? Evol Lett 2022; 6:319-329. [PMID: 35937469 PMCID: PMC9346086 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Females and males often have markedly different mortality rates and life spans, but it is unclear why these forms of sexual dimorphism evolve. The unguarded X hypothesis contends that dimorphic life spans arise from sex differences in X or Z chromosome copy number (i.e., one copy in the “heterogametic” sex; two copies in the “homogametic” sex), which leads to a disproportionate expression of deleterious mutations by the heterogametic sex (e.g., mammalian males; avian females). Although data on adult sex ratios and sex‐specific longevity are consistent with predictions of the unguarded X hypothesis, direct experimental evidence remains scant, and alternative explanations are difficult to rule out. Using a simple population genetic model, we show that the unguarded X effect on sex differential mortality is a function of several reasonably well‐studied evolutionary parameters, including the proportion of the genome that is sex linked, the genomic deleterious mutation rate, the mean dominance of deleterious mutations, the relative rates of mutation and strengths of selection in each sex, and the average effect of mutations on survival and longevity relative to their effects on fitness. We review published estimates of these parameters, parameterize our model with them, and show that unguarded X effects are too small to explain observed sex differences in life span across species. For example, sex differences in mean life span are known to often exceed 20% (e.g., in mammals), whereas our parameterized models predict unguarded X effects of a few percent (e.g., 1–3% in Drosophila and mammals). Indeed, these predicted unguarded X effects fall below statistical thresholds of detectability in most experiments, potentially explaining why direct tests of the hypothesis have generated little support for it. Our results suggest that evolution of sexually dimorphic life spans is predominantly attributable to other mechanisms, potentially including “toxic Y” effects and sexual dimorphism for optimal investment in survival versus reproduction. Females and males are dimorphic for a wide range of traits, including the average lengths of their life spans. Sex differences in life span are both conspicuous and variable among species. For example, in mammals, females live ∼20% longer than males (on average), whereas in birds, males live ∼10% longer than females. One leading explanation for these patterns—the unguarded X hypothesis—argues that sex differences in life span emerge from the distinct sex chromosomes that females and males inherit. For many species, one sex (e.g., female mammals; male birds) carries two copies of each X‐linked gene, whereas the other carries one. Because harmful mutations are partially recessive, the sex with only one copy of the X is more prone to expressing them, and that sex should therefore have a shorter average life span. This prediction of the unguarded X hypothesis is qualitatively consistent with observations of sex‐ratio bias in adults and sexual dimorphism for longevity (e.g., mammalian males have one copy of the X and have shorter lives than females). However, there are other possible explanations for these patterns, making it unclear how much the unguarded X explains species diversity for sex‐specific longevity. We developed a mathematical model for the contribution of unguarded X effects to sex differences in survival and life span, and used data on mutation rates and their effects on survival and fitness to quantify the importance of the unguarded X across species. The model, when combined with current data, suggests that the unguarded X hypothesis cannot explain the conspicuous sex differences in life span that are commonly reported in animal species, particularly vertebrates. Our results suggest that the unguarded X is an unlikely general explanation for the evolution of sexually dimorphic life spans, which gives weight to alternative mechanisms, including “toxic Y” effects and sex differential selection via trade‐offs between survival and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Connallon
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Isobel J. Beasley
- School of BioSciences The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
- Melbourne Integrative Genomics The University of Melbourne Parkville VIC 3010 Australia
- St. Vincent's Institute of Medical Research Fitzroy VIC 3065 Australia
| | - Yasmine MDonough
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Filip Ruzicka
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton VIC 3800 Australia
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21
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Yu Y, Chen M, Lu ZY, Liu Y, Li B, Gao ZX, Shen ZG. High-temperature stress will put the thermo-sensitive teleost yellow catfish (Tachysurus fulvidraco) in danger through reducing reproductivity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 239:113638. [PMID: 35597142 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Recently, concerns for species that sex differentiation is influenced by temperature in the context of global warming have increased because disrupted operational sex ratios could threaten population maintenance. In contrast, little attention has been given to the reproductive ability of populations that experienced elevated temperatures. In this study, we demonstrated that high temperature (HT) would decrease population size via three different aspects of reproductive ability for the first time. We show that, in a thermo-sensitive teleost yellow catfish, a short period of HT (+3 °C) exposure during the critical period of sex differentiation leads to a different percentage of masculinization of XX genotypic females (1-23%) in wet-lab and natural water bodies. Combining the results of gonadal appearance, histology, sperm parameters, and fertilization rate, we found that XX pseudo-males induced by HT display significantly discounted fertility and reproductive performance compared to XY normal males. We demonstrate that the survival of the XY genotype is lower than XX genotype under environmental stress, including HT, hypoxia, and parasite infection, and the differential survival seems unrelated to male-biased sexual size dimorphism. The mathematical model predicts that the phenotypic female percent will be stabilized at 50% and the population will be sustainably maintained when masculinizing force is less than 0.5, while HT will put the population in danger when the masculinizing force exceeds 0.5. However, when we combine the real-world data of reproductive ability and mathematic model, our results suggest the population size decreases and the long-term survival of the studied species are threatened under the projected pace of increasing temperature. These findings will be useful for understanding the long-term effects of increasing temperature on sex ratio, reproduction and population maintenance in teleost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Yu
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Min Chen
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zi-Yi Lu
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ya Liu
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Bo Li
- Institute of Fisheries, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Ze-Xia Gao
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Zhi-Gang Shen
- College of Fisheries, Engineering Research Center of Green development for Conventional Aquatic Biological Industry in the Yangtze River Economic Belt, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Freshwater Animal Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture, Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, PR China.
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22
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Determination of lipid requirements in black soldier fly through semi-purified diets. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10922. [PMID: 35764680 PMCID: PMC9239991 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14290-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The insect market is still far from an effective upscale and, to achieve this goal, it is necessary to know the BSF dietary requirements for the production maximization. Worldwide, given the waste variability, is not always easy to identify the optimal waste-based mixture that can allow to reach the best production, in terms of quantity and quality. Due this reason, nutritional need ranges are the basic knowledge, affordable for everyone, to increase the profitability of the insect farming. The study aims to evaluate the effects of 6 semi-purified, isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets (SPII) with increasing lipid levels (1%, L1; 1.5%, L1.5; 2.5%, L2.5; 3.5% L3.5; 4.5%, L4.5) on BSF life history traits (6 replicates/treatment and 100 larvae/replicate). The Gainesville diet was used as environmental control. Considering the whole larval stage, 4.5% lipid level guarantees better performance when compared to content lower than 2.5%. The L4.5 10-day-old larvae yielded greater when compared to the other dietary treatments. At 14 and 18 days of age, the larvae of the groups above 2.5% performed better than L1, while the L1.5 showed intermediate results. Lipid levels below 1.5% on DM, when compared to 4.5%, resulted in a smaller prepupa and pupa size. The results obtained on the adult stage do not allow the identification of a lipid levels ideal range, as in the larval stage. In conclusion, in the whole larval stage and in prepupae/pupae phases, lipid percentage lower than (or equal to) 1% have a negative effect on growth. Other research will be needed in order to evaluate lipid levels above 4.5% on DM.
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23
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Evolution of reduced mate harming tendency of males in Drosophila melanogaster populations selected for faster life history. Behav Ecol Sociobiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00265-022-03187-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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24
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Marais GAB, Lemaître JF. Sex chromosomes, sex ratios and sex gaps in longevity in plants. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2022; 377:20210219. [PMID: 35306888 PMCID: PMC8935291 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2021.0219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In animals, males and females can display markedly different longevity (also called sex gaps in longevity, SGL). Sex chromosomes contribute to establishing these SGLs. X-hemizygosity and toxicity of the Y chromosomes are two mechanisms that have been suggested to reduce male longevity (Z-hemizygosity and W toxicity in females in ZW systems). In plants, SGLs are known to exist, but the role of sex chromosomes remains to be established. Here, by using adult sex ratio as a proxy for measuring SGLs, we explored the relationship between sex chromosomes and SGLs across 43 plant species. Based on the knowledge accumulated in animals, we specifically asked whether: (i) species with XY systems tend to have female-biased sex ratios (reduced male longevity) and species with ZW ones tend to have male-biased sex ratios (reduced female longevity); and (ii) this pattern was stronger in heteromorphic systems compared to homomorphic ones. Our results tend to support these predictions although we lack statistical power because of a small number of ZW systems and the absence of any heteromorphic ZW system in the dataset. We discuss the implications of these findings, which we hope will stimulate further research on sex differences in lifespan and ageing across plants. This article is part of the theme issue 'Sex determination and sex chromosome evolution in land plants'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel A B Marais
- CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.,Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, 4099-002 Porto, Portugal.,BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661 Vairão, Portugal.,LBBE, CNRS/Univ. Lyon 1, Campus de la Doua, Villeurbanne, France
| | - J-F Lemaître
- LBBE, CNRS/Univ. Lyon 1, Campus de la Doua, Villeurbanne, France
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25
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Lalande LD, Lummaa V, Aung HH, Htut W, Nyein UK, Berger V, Briga M. Sex-specific body mass ageing trajectories in adult Asian elephants. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:752-762. [PMID: 35470907 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In species with marked sexual dimorphism, the classic prediction is that the sex which undergoes stronger intrasexual competition ages earlier or quicker. However, more recently, alternative hypotheses have been put forward, showing that this association can be disrupted. Here, we utilize a unique, longitudinal data set of a semi-captive population of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), a species with marked male-biased intrasexual competition, with males being larger and having shorter lifespans, and investigate whether males show earlier and/or faster body mass ageing than females. We found evidence of sex-specific body mass ageing trajectories: adult males gained weight up to the age of 48 years old, followed by a decrease in body mass until natural death. In contrast, adult females gained body mass with age until a body mass decline in the last year of life. Our study shows sex-specific ageing patterns, with an earlier onset of body mass declines in males than females, which is consistent with the predictions of the classical theory of ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas D Lalande
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France.,Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, Villeurbanne CEDEX, France
| | - Virpi Lummaa
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Htoo H Aung
- Myanma Timber Enterprise, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, West Gyogone Forest Compound, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Win Htut
- Myanma Timber Enterprise, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, West Gyogone Forest Compound, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - U Kyaw Nyein
- Myanma Timber Enterprise, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, West Gyogone Forest Compound, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Vérane Berger
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Michael Briga
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Infectious Disease Epidemiology Group, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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26
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Narayan VP, Wilson AJ, Chenoweth SF. Genetic and social contributions to sex differences in lifespan in Drosophila serrata. J Evol Biol 2022; 35:657-663. [PMID: 35290690 PMCID: PMC9314142 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in lifespan remain an intriguing puzzle in evolutionary biology. While explanations range from sex differences in selection to sex differences in the expression of recessive lifespan‐altering mutations (via X‐linkage), little consensus has been reached. One unresolved issue is the extent to which genetic influences on lifespan dimorphism are modulated by the environment. For example, studies have shown that sex differences in lifespan can either increase or decrease depending upon the social environment. Here, we took an experimental approach, manipulating multiple axes of the social environment across inbred long‐ and short‐lived genotypes and their reciprocal F1s in the fly Drosophila serrata. Our results reveal strong genetic effects and subtle yet significant genotype‐by‐environment interactions for male and female lifespan, specifically due to both population density and mating status. Further, our data do not support the idea that unconditional expression of deleterious X‐linked recessive alleles in heterogametic males accounts for lower male lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram P Narayan
- The School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia.,College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Alastair J Wilson
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Stephen F Chenoweth
- The School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, Australia
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27
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Bronikowski AM, Meisel RP, Biga PR, Walters J, Mank JE, Larschan E, Wilkinson GS, Valenzuela N, Conard AM, de Magalhães JP, Duan J, Elias AE, Gamble T, Graze R, Gribble KE, Kreiling JA, Riddle NC. Sex-specific aging in animals: Perspective and future directions. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13542. [PMID: 35072344 PMCID: PMC8844111 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in aging occur in many animal species, and they include sex differences in lifespan, in the onset and progression of age-associated decline, and in physiological and molecular markers of aging. Sex differences in aging vary greatly across the animal kingdom. For example, there are species with longer-lived females, species where males live longer, and species lacking sex differences in lifespan. The underlying causes of sex differences in aging remain mostly unknown. Currently, we do not understand the molecular drivers of sex differences in aging, or whether they are related to the accepted hallmarks or pillars of aging or linked to other well-characterized processes. In particular, understanding the role of sex-determination mechanisms and sex differences in aging is relatively understudied. Here, we take a comparative, interdisciplinary approach to explore various hypotheses about how sex differences in aging arise. We discuss genomic, morphological, and environmental differences between the sexes and how these relate to sex differences in aging. Finally, we present some suggestions for future research in this area and provide recommendations for promising experimental designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne M. Bronikowski
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Richard P. Meisel
- Department of Biology and BiochemistryUniversity of HoustonHoustonTexasUSA
| | - Peggy R. Biga
- Department of BiologyThe University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
| | - James R. Walters
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyThe University of KansasLawrenceKansasUSA
| | - Judith E. Mank
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
- Department of BioscienceUniversity of ExeterPenrynUK
| | - Erica Larschan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and BiochemistryBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | | | - Nicole Valenzuela
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal BiologyIowa State UniversityAmesIowaUSA
| | - Ashley Mae Conard
- Department of Computer ScienceCenter for Computational and Molecular BiologyBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - João Pedro de Magalhães
- Integrative Genomics of Ageing GroupInstitute of Ageing and Chronic DiseaseUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | | | - Amy E. Elias
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and BiochemistryBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Tony Gamble
- Department of Biological SciencesMarquette UniversityMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Milwaukee Public MuseumMilwaukeeWisconsinUSA
- Bell Museum of Natural HistoryUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Rita M. Graze
- Department of Biological SciencesAuburn UniversityAuburnAlabamaUSA
| | - Kristin E. Gribble
- Josephine Bay Paul Center for Comparative Molecular Biology and EvolutionMarine Biological LaboratoryWoods HoleMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jill A. Kreiling
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and BiochemistryBrown UniversityProvidenceRhode IslandUSA
| | - Nicole C. Riddle
- Department of BiologyThe University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAlabamaUSA
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28
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Erić P, Patenković A, Erić K, Tanasković M, Davidović S, Rakić M, Savić Veselinović M, Stamenković-Radak M, Jelić M. Temperature-Specific and Sex-Specific Fitness Effects of Sympatric Mitochondrial and Mito-Nuclear Variation in Drosophila obscura. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13020139. [PMID: 35206713 PMCID: PMC8880146 DOI: 10.3390/insects13020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Does variation in the mitochondrial DNA sequence influence the survival and reproduction of an individual? What is the purpose of genetic variation of the mitochondrial DNA between individuals from the same population? As a simple laboratory model, Drosophila species can give us the answer to this question. Creating experimental lines with different combinations of mitochondrial and nuclear genomic DNA and testing how successful these lines were in surviving in different experimental set-ups enables us to deduce the effect that both genomes have on fitness. This study on D. obscura experimentally validates theoretical models that explain the persistence of mitochondrial DNA variation within populations. Our results shed light on the various mechanisms that maintain this type of variation. Finally, by conducting the experiments on two experimental temperatures, we have shown that environmental variations can support mitochondrial DNA variation within populations. Abstract The adaptive significance of sympatric mitochondrial (mtDNA) variation and the role of selective mechanisms that maintain it are debated to this day. Isofemale lines of Drosophila obscura collected from four populations were backcrossed within populations to construct experimental lines, with all combinations of mtDNA Cyt b haplotypes and nuclear genetic backgrounds (nuDNA). Individuals of both sexes from these lines were then subjected to four fitness assays (desiccation resistance, developmental time, egg-to-adult viability and sex ratio) on two experimental temperatures to examine the role of temperature fluctuations and sex-specific selection, as well as the part that interactions between the two genomes play in shaping mtDNA variation. The results varied across populations and fitness components. In the majority of comparisons, they show that sympatric mitochondrial variants affect fitness. However, their effect should be examined in light of interactions with nuDNA, as mito-nuclear genotype was even more influential on fitness across all components. We found both sex-specific and temperature-specific differences in mitochondrial and mito-nuclear genotype ranks in all fitness components. The effect of temperature-specific selection was found to be more prominent, especially in desiccation resistance. From the results of different components tested, we can also infer that temperature-specific mito-nuclear interactions rather than sex-specific selection on mito-nuclear genotypes have a more substantial role in preserving mtDNA variation in this model species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavle Erić
- Department of Genetics of Populations and Ecogenotoxicology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”–National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.P.); (K.E.); (M.T.); (S.D.); (M.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +381-112-078-334
| | - Aleksandra Patenković
- Department of Genetics of Populations and Ecogenotoxicology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”–National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.P.); (K.E.); (M.T.); (S.D.); (M.R.)
| | - Katarina Erić
- Department of Genetics of Populations and Ecogenotoxicology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”–National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.P.); (K.E.); (M.T.); (S.D.); (M.R.)
| | - Marija Tanasković
- Department of Genetics of Populations and Ecogenotoxicology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”–National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.P.); (K.E.); (M.T.); (S.D.); (M.R.)
| | - Slobodan Davidović
- Department of Genetics of Populations and Ecogenotoxicology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”–National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.P.); (K.E.); (M.T.); (S.D.); (M.R.)
| | - Mina Rakić
- Department of Genetics of Populations and Ecogenotoxicology, Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”–National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar Despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (A.P.); (K.E.); (M.T.); (S.D.); (M.R.)
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.S.V.); (M.S.-R.); (M.J.)
| | - Marija Savić Veselinović
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.S.V.); (M.S.-R.); (M.J.)
| | - Marina Stamenković-Radak
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.S.V.); (M.S.-R.); (M.J.)
| | - Mihailo Jelić
- Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.S.V.); (M.S.-R.); (M.J.)
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29
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Wilbur SM, Deane CE, Breed GA, Buck CL, Williams C, Barnes BM. Survival estimates of free-living arctic ground squirrels: effects of sex and biologging. CAN J ZOOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1139/cjz-2021-0156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hibernation is associated with long lifespan: on average, hibernating mammals live 15% longer than non-hibernators of equivalent mass. We investigated how survival varies with sex, season, and the deployment of biologgers in arctic ground squirrels [Urocitellus parryii (Richardson, 1825)], a widely-distributed northern hibernator. The duration of hibernation in arctic ground squirrels differs markedly by sex: females hibernate 30% longer each year than males, a behavioural trait that could positively affect female survival. Additionally, males engage in aggressive territorial and food cache defense in spring and fall, which may decrease survival in this sex. From 13 years of mark-recapture data, we estimated apparent survival of arctic ground squirrels in Arctic Alaska using Cormack-Jolly-Seber models in Program MARK. We found that females had higher annual survival ["φ" ̂Fannual = 0.753 (0.469; 0.913 C.I.)] than males ["φ" ̂Mannual = 0.546 (0.416; 0.670)], with a maximum observed lifespan (10 years) that exceeded that of males (six years). We also show that biologger use and implantation did not significantly impact survival. Quantifying basic arctic ground squirrel demographics from this well-studied population illustrates how sex-specific hibernation parameters may influence lifespan differences in male and female arctic ground squirrels and provides support for the safety of biologging devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M. Wilbur
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, 11414, Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
- Translational Genomics Research Institute Flagstaff, 525768, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States
| | - Cody E. Deane
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, 11414, Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
| | - Greg A Breed
- University of Alaska Fairbanks Department of Biology and Wildlife, 124480, Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
| | - C. Loren Buck
- Northern Arizona University, 3356, Biological Sciences, Flagstaff, Arizona, United States
| | - Cory Williams
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, 11414, Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
| | - Brian M. Barnes
- University of Alaska Fairbanks, 11414, Institute of Arctic Biology, Fairbanks, Alaska, United States
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30
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Hawkes M, Lane SM, Rapkin J, Jensen K, House C, Sakaluk SK, Hunt J. Intralocus sexual conflict over optimal nutrient intake and the evolution of sex differences in life span and reproduction. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hawkes
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Sarah M. Lane
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences Animal Behaviour Research Group University of Plymouth Plymouth UK
| | - James Rapkin
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK
| | - Kim Jensen
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK
- Department of Bioscience Aarhus University Silkeborg Denmark
| | - Clarissa M. House
- School of Science Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
| | - Scott K. Sakaluk
- Behavior, Ecology, Evolution and Systematics Section School of Biological Sciences Illinois State University Normal IL USA
| | - John Hunt
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation College of Life and Environmental Sciences University of Exeter Penryn UK
- School of Science Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith NSW Australia
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31
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Kwon E, Valcu M, Cragnolini M, Bulla M, Lyon B, Kempenaers B. OUP accepted manuscript. Behav Ecol 2022; 33:592-605. [PMID: 35592879 PMCID: PMC9113309 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-bias in breeding dispersal is considered the norm in many taxa, and the magnitude and direction of such sex-bias is expected to correlate with the social mating system. We used local return rates in shorebirds as an index of breeding site fidelity, and hence as an estimate of the propensity for breeding dispersal, and tested whether variation in site fidelity and in sex-bias in site fidelity relates to the mating system. Among 111 populations of 49 species, annual return rates to a breeding site varied between 0% and 100%. After controlling for body size (linked to survival) and other confounding factors, monogamous species showed higher breeding site fidelity compared with polyandrous and polygynous species. Overall, there was a strong male bias in return rates, but the sex-bias in return rate was independent of the mating system and did not covary with the extent of sexual size dimorphism. Our results bolster earlier findings that the sex-biased dispersal is weakly linked to the mating system in birds. Instead, our results show that return rates are strongly correlated with the mating system in shorebirds regardless of sex. This suggests that breeding site fidelity may be linked to mate fidelity, which is only important in the monogamous, biparentally incubating species, or that the same drivers influence both the mating system and site fidelity. The strong connection between site fidelity and the mating system suggests that variation in site fidelity may have played a role in the coevolution of the mating system, parental care, and migration strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunbi Kwon
- Department of Behavioural Ecology & Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Str. 8, D-82319 Seewiesen, Germany
- Address correspondence to E. Kwon. E-mail:
| | - Mihai Valcu
- Department of Behavioural Ecology & Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Str. 8, D-82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Margherita Cragnolini
- Department of Behavioural Ecology & Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Str. 8, D-82319 Seewiesen, Germany
| | - Martin Bulla
- Department of Behavioural Ecology & Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Str. 8, D-82319 Seewiesen, Germany
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Bruce Lyon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, 130 McAllister Way, Santa Cruz, CA 95060, USA
| | - Bart Kempenaers
- Department of Behavioural Ecology & Evolutionary Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, Eberhard-Gwinner-Str. 8, D-82319 Seewiesen, Germany
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32
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Markov AV, Markov MA. Coevolution of Brain, Culture, and Lifespan: Insights from Computer Simulations. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2021; 86:1503-1525. [PMID: 34937531 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297921120014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Humans possess a number of traits that are rare or absent in other primates, including large brain size, culture, language, extended lifespan (LS), and long post-reproductive period. Here, we use a computer model, TribeSim, originally designed to explore the autocatalytic coevolution of the hominin brain and culture within the framework of the "cultural drive" theory, to find out how culture and brain could coevolve with LS (or aging rate). We show that in the absence of culture, the evolution of LS depends on the intensity of the between-group competition (BGC): strong BGC results in shorter LS. Culture, however, favors genetic evolution of longer LS even if the BGC is strong. Extended LS, in turn, enhances cultural development, thus creating positive feedback. Cultural evolution of LS (accumulation of survival-enhancing or survival-impairing knowledge) differs from the genetic evolution of the same trait, partially because "memes" (ideas, skills, and behaviors) that reduce the risk of death tend to spread in the meme pool even if it is not beneficial to genes. Consequently, cultural evolution of aging tends to result in longer LS than genetic evolution of the same trait. If LS evolves both genetically and culturally, the typical result is a society in which young individuals, due to their genetic predisposition, lead a riskier lifestyle in exchange for a chance to gain additional resources, but accumulate survival-enhancing knowledge with age. Simulations also showed that cultural evolution of adaptive behaviors can contribute to the genetic evolution of a long post-reproductive period, e.g., if the presence of knowledgeable long-livers increases the competitiveness of the group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander V Markov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, 119991, Russia. .,Paleontological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 117997, Russia
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33
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Mishra A, Tung S, Sruti VS, Shreenidhi P, Dey S. Desiccation stress acts as cause as well as cost of dispersal in Drosophila melanogaster. Am Nat 2021; 199:E111-E123. [DOI: 10.1086/718641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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34
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Sheshadri D, Onkar A, Ganesh S. Alterations in brain glycogen levels influence life-history traits and reduce the lifespan in female Drosophila melanogaster. Biol Open 2021; 10:273730. [PMID: 34817590 PMCID: PMC8689487 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism in lifespan, wherein females outlive males, is evident across all animal taxa. The longevity difference between sexes is controlled by multiple physiological processes with complex relationships to one another. In recent years, glycogen, the storage form of glucose, has been shown to cause rapid aging upon forced synthesis in healthy neurons. Glycogen in the form of corpora amylacea in the aging brain is also widely reported. While these studies did suggest a novel role for glycogen in aging, most of them have focused on pooled samples, and have not looked at sex-specific effects, if any. Given the widespread occurrence of sex-biased expression of genes and the underlying physiology, it is important to look at the sex-specific effects of metabolic processes. In the present study, using transgenic fly lines for the human glycogen synthase, we investigated the sex-specific effects of glycogen on stress resistance, fitness, and survival. We demonstrate that Drosophila melanogaster females with altered levels of glycogen in the brain display a shortened lifespan, increased resistance to starvation, and higher oxidative stress than male flies. The present study thus provides a novel insight into the sex-specific effect of glycogen in survival and aging and how differences in metabolic processes could contribute to sex-specific traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepashree Sheshadri
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Akanksha Onkar
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Subramaniam Ganesh
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
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35
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Cayuela H, Lemaître JF, Léna JP, Ronget V, Martínez-Solano I, Muths E, Pilliod DS, Schmidt BR, Sánchez-Montes G, Gutiérrez-Rodríguez J, Pyke G, Grossenbacher K, Lenzi O, Bosch J, Beard KH, Woolbright LL, Lambert BA, Green DM, Jreidini N, Garwood JM, Fisher RN, Matthews K, Dudgeon D, Lau A, Speybroeck J, Homan R, Jehle R, Başkale E, Mori E, Arntzen JW, Joly P, Stiles RM, Lannoo MJ, Maerz JC, Lowe WH, Valenzuela-Sánchez A, Christiansen DG, Angelini C, Thirion JM, Merilä J, Colli GR, Vasconcellos MM, Boas TCV, Arantes ÍDC, Levionnois P, Reinke BA, Vieira C, Marais GAB, Gaillard JM, Miller DAW. Sex-related differences in aging rate are associated with sex chromosome system in amphibians. Evolution 2021; 76:346-356. [PMID: 34878663 PMCID: PMC9304222 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Sex‐related differences in mortality are widespread in the animal kingdom. Although studies have shown that sex determination systems might drive lifespan evolution, sex chromosome influence on aging rates have not been investigated so far, likely due to an apparent lack of demographic data from clades including both XY (with heterogametic males) and ZW (heterogametic females) systems. Taking advantage of a unique collection of capture–recapture datasets in amphibians, a vertebrate group where XY and ZW systems have repeatedly evolved over the past 200 million years, we examined whether sex heterogamy can predict sex differences in aging rates and lifespans. We showed that the strength and direction of sex differences in aging rates (and not lifespan) differ between XY and ZW systems. Sex‐specific variation in aging rates was moderate within each system, but aging rates tended to be consistently higher in the heterogametic sex. This led to small but detectable effects of sex chromosome system on sex differences in aging rates in our models. Although preliminary, our results suggest that exposed recessive deleterious mutations on the X/Z chromosome (the “unguarded X/Z effect”) or repeat‐rich Y/W chromosome (the “toxic Y/W effect”) could accelerate aging in the heterogametic sex in some vertebrate clades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Cayuela
- Department of Ecology and Evolution, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Lemaître
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne, F-769622, France
| | - Jean-Paul Léna
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Victor Ronget
- Unité Eco-anthropologie (EA), Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, CNRS, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, F-75016, France
| | - Iñigo Martínez-Solano
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Erin Muths
- U.S. Geological Survey, Fort Collins Science Center, Fort Collins, CO, 80526, USA
| | - David S Pilliod
- U.S. Geological Survey, Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center, 970 Lusk Street, Boise, ID, 83706, USA
| | - Benedikt R Schmidt
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, 8057, Switzerland.,Info fauna karch, Neuchâtel, 2000, Switzerland
| | - Gregorio Sánchez-Montes
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Jorge Gutiérrez-Rodríguez
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, Madrid, 28006, Spain.,Department of Integrative Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain
| | - Graham Pyke
- Key Laboratory for Plant Diversity and Biogeography of East Asia, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, PR China.,Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Ryde, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Kurt Grossenbacher
- Abteilung Wirbeltiere, Naturhistorisches Museum, Bernastrasse 15, Bern, 3005, Switzerland
| | - Omar Lenzi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Jaime Bosch
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, c/ José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, Madrid, 28006, Spain.,UMIB-Research Unit of Biodiversity (CSIC, UO, PA), Universidad de Oviedo, Campus de Mieres, Mieres, 33600, Spain.,Centro de Investigación, Seguimiento y Evaluación, Sierra de Guadarrama National Park, Cta. M-604, Km 27.6, Rascafría, 28740, Spain
| | - Karen H Beard
- Department of Wildland Resources and the Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
| | - Lawrence L Woolbright
- Biology Department, Siena College, 515 Loudon Road, Loudonville, New York, 12211, USA
| | - Brad A Lambert
- Colorado Natural Heritage Program, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 80523-1475, USA
| | - David M Green
- Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montreal, QC, H3A 0C4, Canada
| | | | - Justin M Garwood
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, 5341 Ericson Way, Arcata, CA, 95521, USA
| | - Robert N Fisher
- Western Ecological Research Center, U.S. Geological Survey, San Diego, CA, 92101, USA
| | - Kathleen Matthews
- USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Research Station, Albany, California, USA
| | - David Dudgeon
- Division of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Anthony Lau
- Science Unit, Lingnan University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jeroen Speybroeck
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Havenlaan 88 bus 73, Brussel, 1000, Belgium
| | - Rebecca Homan
- Biology Department, Denison University, Granville, Ohio, USA
| | - Robert Jehle
- School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, Salford, UK
| | - Eyup Başkale
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Arts, Pamukkale University, Denizli, Turkey
| | - Emiliano Mori
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Ricerca sugli Ecosistemi Terrestri, Via Madonna del Piano 10, Sesto Fiorentino, 50019, Italy
| | - Jan W Arntzen
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Pierre Joly
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Rochelle M Stiles
- San Francisco Zoological Society, 1 Zoo Road, San Francisco, California, 94132, USA
| | - Michael J Lannoo
- Indiana University School of Medicine-TH, 620 Chestnut Street, Terre Haute, Indiana, 47809, USA
| | - John C Maerz
- Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Winsor H Lowe
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, 59812, USA
| | - Andrés Valenzuela-Sánchez
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, 5090000, Chile.,ONG Ranita de Darwin, Valdivia, 5112144, Chile
| | - Ditte G Christiansen
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zürich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Angelini
- Salamandrina Sezzese Search Society, via G. Marconi 30, Sezze, 04018, Italy
| | - Jean-Marc Thirion
- Objectifs Biodiversité, 22 rue du Dr. Gilbert, Pont-l'Abbé-d'Arnoult, 17250, France
| | - Juha Merilä
- Division of Ecology and Biodiversity, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR.,Ecological Genetics Research Unit, Research Programme in Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Guarino R Colli
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Mariana M Vasconcellos
- Department of Biology, City College of New York, The City University of New York, New York, NY, 10031, USA
| | - Taissa C V Boas
- Departamento de Zoologia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Ísis da C Arantes
- Department of Biology, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, 38677, USA
| | - Pauline Levionnois
- Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR5023 LEHNA, Villeurbanne, F-69622, France
| | - Beth A Reinke
- Department of Biology, Northeastern Illinois University, 5500 North St. Louis Avenue, Chicago, IL, 60625, USA
| | - Cristina Vieira
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne, F-769622, France
| | - Gabriel A B Marais
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne, F-769622, France.,LEAF- Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, Universidade de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jean-Michel Gaillard
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, Villeurbanne, F-769622, France
| | - David A W Miller
- Department of Ecosystem Sciences and Management, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
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36
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Reichert S, Berger V, Dos Santos DJF, Lahdenperä M, Nyein UK, Htut W, Lummaa V. Age related variation of health markers in Asian elephants. Exp Gerontol 2021; 157:111629. [PMID: 34800624 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2021.111629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Although senescence is often observed in the wild, its underlying mechanistic causes can rarely be studied alongside its consequences, because data on health, molecular and physiological measures of senescence are rare. Documenting how different age-related changes in health accelerate ageing at a mechanistic level is key if we are to better understand the ageing process. Nevertheless, very few studies, particularly on natural populations of long-lived animals, have investigated age-related variation in biological markers of health and sex differences therein. Using blood samples collected from semi-captive Asian elephants, we show that pronounced differences in haematology, blood chemistry, immune, and liver functions among age classes are also evident under natural conditions in this extremely long-lived mammal. We provide strong support that overall health declined with age, with progressive declines in immune and liver functions similarly in both males and females. These changes parallel those mainly observed to-date in humans and laboratory mammals, and suggest a certain ubiquity in the ageing patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Reichert
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Vérane Berger
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
| | | | - Mirkka Lahdenperä
- Department of Public Health, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20014 Turku, Finland; Centre for Population Health Research, University of Turku and Turku University Hospital, 20014 Turku, Finland
| | - U Kyaw Nyein
- Myanma Timber Enterprise, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Win Htut
- Myanma Timber Enterprise, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Virpi Lummaa
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
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37
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Flanagan BA, Li N, Edmands S. Mitonuclear interactions alter sex-specific longevity in a species without sex chromosomes. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211813. [PMID: 34727715 PMCID: PMC8564613 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired mitochondrial function can lead to senescence and the ageing phenotype. Theory predicts degenerative ageing phenotypes and mitochondrial pathologies may occur more frequently in males due to the matrilineal inheritance pattern of mitochondrial DNA observed in most eukaryotes. Here, we estimated the sex-specific longevity for parental and reciprocal F1 hybrid crosses for inbred lines derived from two allopatric Tigriopus californicus populations with over 20% mitochondrial DNA divergence. T. californicus lacks sex chromosomes allowing for more direct testing of mitochondrial function in sex-specific ageing. To better understand the ageing mechanism, we estimated two age-related phenotypes (mtDNA content and 8-hydroxy-20-deoxyguanosine (8-OH-dG) DNA damage) at two time points in the lifespan. Sex differences in lifespan depended on the mitochondrial and nuclear backgrounds, including differences between reciprocal F1 crosses which have different mitochondrial haplotypes on a 50 : 50 nuclear background, with nuclear contributions coming from alternative parents. Young females showed the highest mtDNA content which decreased with age, while DNA damage in males increased with age and exceed that of females 56 days after hatching. The adult sex ratio was male-biased and was attributed to complex mitonuclear interactions. Results thus demonstrate that sex differences in ageing depend on mitonuclear interactions in the absence of sex chromosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A. Flanagan
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 130, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 130, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Suzanne Edmands
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, 3616 Trousdale Parkway, AHF 130, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
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38
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Ruzicka F, Connallon T, Reuter M. Sex differences in deleterious mutational effects in Drosophila melanogaster: combining quantitative and population genetic insights. Genetics 2021; 219:6362879. [PMID: 34740242 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fitness effects of deleterious mutations can differ between females and males due to: (i) sex differences in the strength of purifying selection; and (ii) sex differences in ploidy. Although sex differences in fitness effects have important broader implications (e.g., for the evolution of sex and lifespan), few studies have quantified their scope. Those that have belong to one of two distinct empirical traditions: (i) quantitative genetics, which focusses on multi-locus genetic variances in each sex, but is largely agnostic about their genetic basis; and (ii) molecular population genetics, which focusses on comparing autosomal and X-linked polymorphism, but is poorly suited for inferring contemporary sex differences. Here, we combine both traditions to present a comprehensive analysis of female and male adult reproductive fitness among 202 outbred, laboratory-adapted, hemiclonal genomes of Drosophila melanogaster. While we find no clear evidence for sex differences in the strength of purifying selection, sex differences in ploidy generate multiple signals of enhanced purifying selection for X-linked loci. These signals are present in quantitative genetic metrics-i.e., a disproportionate contribution of the X to male (but not female) fitness variation-and population genetic metrics-i.e., steeper regressions of an allele's average fitness effect on its frequency, and proportionally less nonsynonymous polymorphism on the X than autosomes. Fitting our data to models for both sets of metrics, we infer that deleterious alleles are partially recessive. Given the often-large gap between quantitative and population genetic estimates of evolutionary parameters, our study showcases the benefits of combining genomic and fitness data when estimating such parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Ruzicka
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia.,Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tim Connallon
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Geometric Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, VIC, Australia
| | - Max Reuter
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.,Centre for Life's Origins and Evolution, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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39
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Navarro-Pardo E, Suay F, Murphy M. Ageing: Not only an age-related issue. Mech Ageing Dev 2021; 199:111568. [PMID: 34536447 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2021.111568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Developments in the last century have led to an unprecedented increase in life expectancy. These changes open opportunities for humans to grow and develop in healthy and adaptive ways, adding life to years as well as years to life. There are also challenges, however - as we live longer, a greater number of people will experience chronic illness and disability, often linked to lifestyle factors. The current paper advances an argument that there are fundamental biological sex differences which, sometimes directly and sometime mediated by lifestyle factors, underpin the marked differences in morbidity and mortality that we find between the sexes. Furthermore, we argue that it is necessary to consider sex as a key factor in research on healthy ageing, allowing for the possibility that different patterns exist between males and females, and that therefore different approaches and interventions are required to optimise healthy ageing in both sexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Navarro-Pardo
- Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, Universitat de València, Av. Blasco Ibañez, 21, 46008, València, Spain
| | - Ferran Suay
- Department of Biopsychology, Universitat de València, Av. Blasco Ibañez, 21, 46008, València, Spain
| | - Mike Murphy
- School of Applied Psychology, University College Cork, North Mall Campus, Cork, Ireland.
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40
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Peona V, Palacios-Gimenez OM, Blommaert J, Liu J, Haryoko T, Jønsson KA, Irestedt M, Zhou Q, Jern P, Suh A. The avian W chromosome is a refugium for endogenous retroviruses with likely effects on female-biased mutational load and genetic incompatibilities. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20200186. [PMID: 34304594 PMCID: PMC8310711 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2020.0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is a broadly observed pattern that the non-recombining regions of sex-limited chromosomes (Y and W) accumulate more repeats than the rest of the genome, even in species like birds with a low genome-wide repeat content. Here, we show that in birds with highly heteromorphic sex chromosomes, the W chromosome has a transposable element (TE) density of greater than 55% compared to the genome-wide density of less than 10%, and contains over half of all full-length (thus potentially active) endogenous retroviruses (ERVs) of the entire genome. Using RNA-seq and protein mass spectrometry data, we were able to detect signatures of female-specific ERV expression. We hypothesize that the avian W chromosome acts as a refugium for active ERVs, probably leading to female-biased mutational load that may influence female physiology similar to the 'toxic-Y' effect in Drosophila males. Furthermore, Haldane's rule predicts that the heterogametic sex has reduced fertility in hybrids. We propose that the excess of W-linked active ERVs over the rest of the genome may be an additional explanatory variable for Haldane's rule, with consequences for genetic incompatibilities between species through TE/repressor mismatches in hybrids. Together, our results suggest that the sequence content of female-specific W chromosomes can have effects far beyond sex determination and gene dosage. This article is part of the theme issue 'Challenging the paradigm in sex chromosome evolution: empirical and theoretical insights with a focus on vertebrates (Part II)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Peona
- Department of Organismal Biology—Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Julie Blommaert
- Department of Organismal Biology—Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jing Liu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Neuroscience and Development, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tri Haryoko
- Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense, Research Centre for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Cibinong, Indonesia
| | - Knud A. Jønsson
- Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin Irestedt
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genetics, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qi Zhou
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis and Protection, Life Sciences Institute, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Department of Neuroscience and Development, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, The 2nd Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310052, People's Republic of China
| | - Patric Jern
- Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Alexander Suh
- Department of Organismal Biology—Systematic Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- School of Biological Sciences—Organisms and the Environment, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
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41
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Barros PR, Costa TJ, Akamine EH, Tostes RC. Vascular Aging in Rodent Models: Contrasting Mechanisms Driving the Female and Male Vascular Senescence. FRONTIERS IN AGING 2021; 2:727604. [PMID: 35821995 PMCID: PMC9261394 DOI: 10.3389/fragi.2021.727604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Increasing scientific interest has been directed to sex as a biological and decisive factor on several diseases. Several different mechanisms orchestrate vascular function, as well as vascular dysfunction in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases in males and females. Certain vascular sex differences are present throughout life, while others are more evident before the menopause, suggesting two important and correlated drivers: genetic and hormonal factors. With the increasing life expectancy and aging population, studies on aging-related diseases and aging-related physiological changes have steeply grown and, with them, the use of aging animal models. Mouse and rat models of aging, the most studied laboratory animals in aging research, exhibit sex differences in many systems and physiological functions, as well as sex differences in the aging process and aging-associated cardiovascular changes. In the present review, we introduce the most common aging and senescence-accelerated animal models and emphasize that sex is a biological variable that should be considered in aging studies. Sex differences in the cardiovascular system, with a focus on sex differences in aging-associated vascular alterations (endothelial dysfunction, remodeling and oxidative and inflammatory processes) in these animal models are reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula R. Barros
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Tiago J. Costa
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Eliana H. Akamine
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Rita C. Tostes, ; Eliana H. Akamine,
| | - Rita C. Tostes
- Department of Pharmacology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Rita C. Tostes, ; Eliana H. Akamine,
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42
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Croft DP, Weiss MN, Nielsen MLK, Grimes C, Cant MA, Ellis S, Franks DW, Johnstone RA. Kinship dynamics: patterns and consequences of changes in local relatedness. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211129. [PMID: 34403632 PMCID: PMC8370800 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that patterns of local relatedness can change over time in predictable ways, a process termed kinship dynamics. Kinship dynamics may occur at the level of the population or social group, where the mean relatedness across all members of the population or group changes over time, or at the level of the individual, where an individual's relatedness to its local group changes with age. Kinship dynamics are likely to have fundamental consequences for the evolution of social behaviour and life history because they alter the inclusive fitness payoffs to actions taken at different points in time. For instance, growing evidence suggests that individual kinship dynamics have shaped the evolution of menopause and age-specific patterns of helping and harming. To date, however, the consequences of kinship dynamics for social evolution have not been widely explored. Here we review the patterns of kinship dynamics that can occur in natural populations and highlight how taking a kinship dynamics approach has yielded new insights into behaviour and life-history evolution. We discuss areas where analysing kinship dynamics could provide new insight into social evolution, and we outline some of the challenges in predicting and quantifying kinship dynamics in natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren P. Croft
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Michael N. Weiss
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Center for Whale Research, Friday Harbour, WA, USA
| | - Mia L. K. Nielsen
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Charli Grimes
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Michael A. Cant
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Cornwall, UK
| | - Samuel Ellis
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Daniel W. Franks
- Department of Biology, University of York, York, UK
- Department of Computer Science, University of York, York, UK
| | - Rufus A. Johnstone
- Behaviour and Evolution Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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43
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Hägg S, Jylhävä J. Sex differences in biological aging with a focus on human studies. eLife 2021; 10:e63425. [PMID: 33982659 PMCID: PMC8118651 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex biological process characterized by hallmark features accumulating over the life course, shaping the individual's aging trajectory and subsequent disease risks. There is substantial individual variability in the aging process between men and women. In general, women live longer than men, consistent with lower biological ages as assessed by molecular biomarkers, but there is a paradox. Women are frailer and have worse health at the end of life, while men still perform better in physical function examinations. Moreover, many age-related diseases show sex-specific patterns. In this review, we aim to summarize the current knowledge on sexual dimorphism in human studies, with support from animal research, on biological aging and illnesses. We also attempt to place it in the context of the theories of aging, as well as discuss the explanations for the sex differences, for example, the sex-chromosome linked mechanisms and hormonally driven differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hägg
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Juulia Jylhävä
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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44
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Nguyen AH, Bachtrog D. Toxic Y chromosome: Increased repeat expression and age-associated heterochromatin loss in male Drosophila with a young Y chromosome. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009438. [PMID: 33886541 PMCID: PMC8061872 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex-specific differences in lifespan are prevalent across the tree of life and influenced by heteromorphic sex chromosomes. In species with XY sex chromosomes, females often outlive males. Males and females can differ in their overall repeat content due to the repetitive Y chromosome, and repeats on the Y might lower survival of the heterogametic sex (toxic Y effect). Here, we take advantage of the well-assembled young Y chromosome of Drosophila miranda to study the sex-specific dynamics of chromatin structure and repeat expression during aging in male and female flies. Male D. miranda have about twice as much repetitive DNA compared to females, and live shorter than females. Heterochromatin is crucial for silencing of repetitive elements, yet old D. miranda flies lose H3K9me3 modifications in their pericentromere, with heterochromatin loss being more severe during aging in males than females. Satellite DNA becomes de-repressed more rapidly in old vs. young male flies relative to females. In contrast to what is observed in D. melanogaster, we find that transposable elements (TEs) are expressed at higher levels in male D. miranda throughout their life. We show that epigenetic silencing via heterochromatin formation is ineffective on the TE-rich neo-Y chromosome, presumably due to active transcription of a large number of neo-Y linked genes, resulting in up-regulation of Y-linked TEs already in young males. This is consistent with an interaction between the evolutionary age of the Y chromosome and the genomic effects of aging. Our data support growing evidence that "toxic Y chromosomes" can diminish male fitness and a reduction in heterochromatin can contribute to sex-specific aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison H. Nguyen
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
| | - Doris Bachtrog
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California, United States of America
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45
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Downing PA, Griffin AS, Cornwallis CK. Hard-working helpers contribute to long breeder lifespans in cooperative birds. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2021; 376:20190742. [PMID: 33678023 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In many species that raise young in cooperative groups, breeders live an exceptionally long time despite high investment in offspring production. How is this possible given the expected trade-off between survival and reproduction? One possibility is that breeders extend their lifespans by outsourcing parental care to non-reproductive group members. Having help lightens breeder workloads and the energy that is saved can be allocated to survival instead. We tested this hypothesis using phylogenetic meta-analysis across 23 cooperatively breeding bird species. We found that breeders with helpers had higher rates of annual survival than those without helpers (8% on average). Increased breeder survival was correlated with reduced investment in feeding offspring, which in turn depended on the proportion of feeding provided by helpers. Helpers had similar effects on female and male breeder survival. Our results indicate that one of the secrets to a long life is reduced investment in parental care. This appears to be a unique feature of cooperative societies with hard-working helpers. This article is part of the theme issue 'Ageing and sociality: why, when and how does sociality change ageing patterns?'
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46
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Qu T, Calabrese P, Singhavi P, Tower J. Incorporating antagonistic pleiotropy into models for molecular replicators. Biosystems 2020; 201:104333. [PMID: 33359635 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2020.104333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In modern cells, chromosomal genes composed of DNA encode multi-subunit protein/RNA complexes that catalyze the replication of the chromosome and cell. One prevailing theory for the origin of life posits an early stage involving self-replicating macromolecules called replicators, which can be considered genes capable of self-replication. One prevailing theory for the genetics of aging in humans and other organisms is antagonistic pleiotropy, which posits that a gene can be beneficial in one context, and detrimental in another context. We previously reported that the conceptual simplicity of molecular replicators facilitates the generation of two simple models involving antagonistic pleiotropy. Here a third model is proposed, and each of the three models is presented with improved definition of the time variable. Computer simulations were used to calculate the proliferation of a hypothetical two-subunit replicator (AB), when one of the two subunits (B) exhibits antagonistic pleiotropy, leading to an advantage for B to be unstable. In model 1, instability of B yields free A subunits, which in turn stimulate the activity of other AB replicators. In model 2, B is lost and sometimes replaced by a more active mutant form, B'. In model 3, B becomes damaged and loses activity, and its instability allows it to be replaced by a new B. For each model, conditions were identified where instability of B was detrimental, and where instability of B was beneficial. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that antagonistic pleiotropy can promote molecular instability and system complexity, and provide further support for a model linking aging and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Qu
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Peter Calabrese
- Quantitative and Computational Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Pratik Singhavi
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - John Tower
- Molecular and Computational Biology Section, Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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47
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Harris SM, Descamps S, Sneddon LU, Cairo M, Bertrand P, Patrick SC. Personality-specific carry-over effects on breeding. Proc Biol Sci 2020; 287:20202381. [PMID: 33290675 PMCID: PMC7739942 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2020.2381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Carry-over effects describe the phenomenon whereby an animal's previous conditions influence its subsequent performance. Carry-over effects are unlikely to affect individuals uniformly, but the factors modulating their strength are poorly known. Variation in the strength of carry-over effects may reflect individual differences in pace-of-life: slow-paced, shyly behaved individuals are thought to favour an allocation to self-maintenance over current reproduction, compared to their fast-paced, boldly behaved conspecifics (the pace-of-life syndrome hypothesis). Therefore, detectable carry-over effects on breeding should be weaker in bolder individuals, as they should maintain an allocation to reproduction irrespective of previous conditions, while shy individuals should experience stronger carry-over effects. We tested this prediction in black-legged kittiwakes breeding in Svalbard. Using miniature biologging devices, we measured non-breeding activity of kittiwakes and monitored their subsequent breeding performance. We report a number of negative carry-over effects of non-breeding activity on breeding, which were generally stronger in shyer individuals: more active winters were followed by later breeding phenology and poorer breeding performance in shy birds, but these effects were weaker or undetected in bolder individuals. Our study quantifies individual variability in the strength of carry-over effects on breeding and provides a mechanism explaining widespread differences in individual reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Harris
- Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Cornell University, 159 Sapsucker Woods Road, Ithaca, USA
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Lynne U. Sneddon
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Milena Cairo
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Philip Bertrand
- Norwegian Polar Institute, Fram Centre, Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Biology and Centre for Northern Studies, Université du Québec à Rimouski, Canada
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48
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Valdebenito JO, Liker A, Halimubieke N, Figuerola J, Székely T. Mortality cost of sex-specific parasitism in wild bird populations. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20983. [PMID: 33268803 PMCID: PMC7710712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77410-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-specific mortality is frequent in animals although the causes of different male versus female mortalities remain poorly understood. Parasitism is ubiquitous in nature with widespread detrimental effects to hosts, making parasitism a likely cause of sex-specific mortalities. Using sex-specific blood and gastrointestinal parasite prevalence from 96 and 54 avian host species, respectively, we test the implications of parasites for annual mortality in wild bird populations using phylogenetic comparative methods. First, we show that parasite prevalence is not different between adult males and females, although Nematodes showed a statistically significant but small male-biased parasite prevalence. Second, we found no correlation between sex-biased host mortalities and sex-biased parasite prevalence. These results were consistent in both blood and gastrointestinal parasites. Taken together, our results show little evidence for sex-dependent parasite prevalence in adults in wild bird populations, and suggest that parasite prevalence is an unlikely predictor of sex difference in adult mortalities, not withstanding sampling limitations. We propose that to understand causes of sex-biased mortalities, more complex analyses are needed that incorporate various ecological and life history components of animals life that may include sex differences in exposure to predators, immune capacity and cost of reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- José O Valdebenito
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - András Liker
- MTA-PE Evolutionary Ecology Research Group, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary.,Behavioural Ecology Research Group, Center for Natural Sciences, University of Pannonia, Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Naerhulan Halimubieke
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Jordi Figuerola
- Department of Wetland Ecology, Estación Biológica de Doñana (EBD-CSIC), Seville, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Seville, Spain
| | - Tamás Székely
- Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK. .,Department of Evolutionary Zoology and Human Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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49
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Campos FA, Villavicencio F, Archie EA, Colchero F, Alberts SC. Social bonds, social status and survival in wild baboons: a tale of two sexes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190621. [PMID: 32951552 PMCID: PMC7540948 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
People who are more socially integrated or have higher socio-economic status live longer. Recent studies in non-human primates show striking convergences with this human pattern: female primates with more social partners, stronger social bonds or higher dominance rank all lead longer lives. However, it remains unclear whether social environments also predict survival in male non-human primates, as it does in men. This gap persists because, in most primates, males disperse among social groups, resulting in many males who disappear with unknown fate and have unknown dates of birth. We present a Bayesian model to estimate the effects of time-varying social covariates on age-specific adult mortality in both sexes of wild baboons. We compare how the survival trajectories of both sexes are linked to social bonds and social status over the life. We find that, parallel to females, male baboons who are more strongly bonded to females have longer lifespans. However, males with higher dominance rank for their age appear to have shorter lifespans. This finding brings new understanding to the adaptive significance of heterosexual social bonds for male baboons: in addition to protecting the male's offspring from infanticide, these bonds may have direct benefits to males themselves. This article is part of the theme issue 'Evolution of the primate ageing process'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando A. Campos
- Department of Anthropology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Francisco Villavicencio
- Department of International Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Interdisciplinary Center on Population Dynamics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Elizabeth A. Archie
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
- Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fernando Colchero
- Interdisciplinary Center on Population Dynamics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Susan C. Alberts
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
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50
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Garratt M. Why do sexes differ in lifespan extension? Sex-specific pathways of aging and underlying mechanisms for dimorphic responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.3233/nha-190067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Males and females typically have different lifespans and frequently differ in their responses to anti-aging interventions. These sex-specific responses are documented in mice and Drosophila species, in addition to other organisms where interventions have been tested. While the prevalence of sex-specific responses to anti-aging interventions is now recognised, the underlying causes remain poorly understood. This review first summarises the main pathways and interventions that lead to sex-specific lifespan responses, including the growth-hormone/insulin-like growth factor 1 (GH-IGF1) axis, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling, and nutritional and pharmacological interventions. After summarising current evidence, several different potential causes for sex-specific responses are discussed. These include sex-differences in xenobiotic metabolism, differing disease susceptibility, sex-specific hormone production and chromosomes, and the relative importance of different signalling pathways in the control of male and female life-history. Understanding why sex-differences in lifespan-extension occur should provide a greater understanding of the mechanisms that regulate the aging process in each sex, and will be crucial for understanding the full implications of these treatments if they are translated to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Garratt
- Department of Anatomy, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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