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Robinson KE, Moniz HA, Stokes AN, Feldman CR. Where Does All the Poison Go? Investigating Toxicokinetics of Newt (Taricha) Tetrodotoxin (TTX) in Garter Snakes (Thamnophis). J Chem Ecol 2024:10.1007/s10886-024-01517-7. [PMID: 38842636 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-024-01517-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Animals that consume toxic diets provide models for understanding the molecular and physiological adaptations to ecological challenges. Garter snakes (Thamnophis) in western North America prey on Pacific newts (Taricha), which employ tetrodotoxin (TTX) as an antipredator defense. These snakes possess mutations in voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav), the molecular targets of TTX, that decrease the binding ability of TTX to sodium channels (target-site resistance). However, genetic variation at these loci that cannot explain all the phenotypic variation in TTX resistance in Thamnophis. We explored a separate means of resistance, toxin metabolism, to determine if TTX-resistant snakes either rapidly remove TTX or sequester TTX. We examined the metabolism and distribution of TTX in the body (toxicokinetics), to determine differences between TTX-resistant and TTX-sensitive snakes in the rates at which TTX is eliminated from organs and the whole body (using TTX half-life as our metric). We assayed TTX half-life in snakes from TTX-resistant and TTX-sensitive populations of three garter snake species with a coevolutionary history with newts (T. atratus, T. couchii, T. sirtalis), as well as two non-resistant "outgroup" species (T. elegans, Pituophis catenifer) that seldom (if ever) engage newts. We found TTX half-life varied across species, populations, and tissues. Interestingly, TTX half-life was shortest in T. elegans and P. catenifer compared to all other snakes. Furthermore, TTX-resistant populations of T. couchii and T. sirtalis eliminated TTX faster (shorter TTX half-life) than their TTX-sensitive counterparts, while populations of TTX-resistant and TTX-sensitive T. atratus showed no difference rates of TTX removal (same TTX half-life). The ability to rapidly eliminate TTX may have permitted increased prey consumption, which may have promoted the evolution of additional resistance mechanisms. Finally, snakes still retain substantial amounts of TTX, and we projected that snakes could be dangerous to their own predators days to weeks following the ingestion of a single newt. Thus, aspects of toxin metabolism may have been key in driving predator-prey relationships, and important in determining other ecological interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Robinson
- Department of Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA.
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA.
| | - Haley A Moniz
- Department of Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA, USA
| | - Amber N Stokes
- Department of Biology, California State University Bakersfield, Bakersfield, CA, USA
| | - Chris R Feldman
- Department of Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV, USA
- Program in Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV, USA
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2
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Chen D, Xu X, Yang Y, Meng H, Xu M, Dong L, Ma G, Zhang X. Discovery of Cadinane-Type Sesquiterpenoids from the Infected Stems of Hibiscus tiliaceus as Potential Agrochemical Fungicides. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:4089-4099. [PMID: 38353561 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c08508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Ten new cadinane-type sesquiterpenoids, named hibisceusins I-R (1-10), along with 14 known sesquiterpenoids (11-24), were acquired from the tainted stems of Hibiscus tiliaceus. Their structures were identified via spectroscopic analysis, one-dimensional (1D) and two-dimensional (2D) NMR, and computer-assisted structure elucidation techniques, including infrared (IR) and mass spectrometry (MS) data. Additionally, subsequent DP4/DP4+ probability methods were used to resolve 3's relative configurations by comparing their experimental values to the predicted NMR data. The absolute configurations of compounds 1-4 were measured through electronic circular dichroism (ECD) spectra. The ability of all isolates to inhibit the growth of five phytopathogenic fungi (Rhizopus stolonifer, Verticillium dahliae Kleb., Thanatephorus cucumeris, Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl., and F. oxysporum HK-27) was evaluated. Aldehydated sesquiterpenoids (1, 6-9, 11, 12, and 22) and a known sesquiterpenoid quinine (18) exhibited significant inhibitory activities against V. dahliae, T. cucumeris, F. oxysporum, and F. oxysporum HK-27 with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 2.5-50 μg/mL, but all isolates remained inactive against R. stolonifer. Moreover, the effects of the isolates on the mycelial morphology were watched through scanning electron microscopy. This study revealed that aldehydated cadinane-type sesquiterpenoids could be used as novel antifungal molecules to develop agrochemical fungicides in plant protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deli Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
- Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xudong Xu
- Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yun Yang
- Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Hui Meng
- Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Minghui Xu
- Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Lin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
| | - Guoxu Ma
- Hainan Branch Institute of Medicinal Plant Development (Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Haikou 570311, China
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaopo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Translational Medicine of Ministry of Education, Hainan Key Laboratory for Research and Development of Tropical Herbs, School of Pharmacy, Hainan Medical University, Haikou 571199, China
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3
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Kong CH, Li Z, Li FL, Xia XX, Wang P. Chemically Mediated Plant-Plant Interactions: Allelopathy and Allelobiosis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:626. [PMID: 38475470 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Plant-plant interactions are a central driver for plant coexistence and community assembly. Chemically mediated plant-plant interactions are represented by allelopathy and allelobiosis. Both allelopathy and allelobiosis are achieved through specialized metabolites (allelochemicals or signaling chemicals) produced and released from neighboring plants. Allelopathy exerts mostly negative effects on the establishment and growth of neighboring plants by allelochemicals, while allelobiosis provides plant neighbor detection and identity recognition mediated by signaling chemicals. Therefore, plants can chemically affect the performance of neighboring plants through the allelopathy and allelobiosis that frequently occur in plant-plant intra-specific and inter-specific interactions. Allelopathy and allelobiosis are two probably inseparable processes that occur together in plant-plant chemical interactions. Here, we comprehensively review allelopathy and allelobiosis in plant-plant interactions, including allelopathy and allelochemicals and their application for sustainable agriculture and forestry, allelobiosis and plant identity recognition, chemically mediated root-soil interactions and plant-soil feedback, and biosynthesis and the molecular mechanisms of allelochemicals and signaling chemicals. Altogether, these efforts provide the recent advancements in the wide field of allelopathy and allelobiosis, and new insights into the chemically mediated plant-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chui-Hua Kong
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Feng-Li Li
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xin-Xin Xia
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
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Han M, Yang H, Huang H, Du J, Zhang S, Fu Y. Allelopathy and allelobiosis: efficient and economical alternatives in agroecosystems. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2024; 26:11-27. [PMID: 37751515 DOI: 10.1111/plb.13582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Chemical interactions in plants often involve plant allelopathy and allelobiosis. Allelopathy is an ecological phenomenon leading to interference among organisms, while allelobiosis is the transmission of information among organisms. Crop failures and low yields caused by inappropriate management can be related to both allelopathy and allelobiosis. Therefore, research on these two phenomena and the role of chemical substances in both processes will help us to understand and upgrade agroecosystems. In this review, substances involved in allelopathy and allelobiosis in plants are summarized. The influence of environmental factors on the generation and spread of these substances is discussed, and relationships between allelopathy and allelobiosis in interspecific, intraspecific, plant-micro-organism, plant-insect, and mechanisms, are summarized. Furthermore, recent results on allelopathy and allelobiosis in agroecosystem are summarized and will provide a reference for the future application of allelopathy and allelobiosis in agroecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Han
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - H Yang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - H Huang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - J Du
- Key Laboratory of Forest Plant Ecology, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- Engineering Research Center of Forest Bio-Preparation, Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Resource Utilization, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, China
| | - S Zhang
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing, China
- Ecological Observation and Research Station of Heilongjiang Sanjiang Plain Wetlands, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shuangyashan, China
| | - Y Fu
- The College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, Beijing, China
- Ecological Observation and Research Station of Heilongjiang Sanjiang Plain Wetlands, National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Shuangyashan, China
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5
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Deng Z, Lai C, Zhang J, Sun F, Li D, Hao P, Shentu X, Pang K, Yu X. Effects of Secondary Metabolites of Rice on Brown Planthopper and Its Symbionts. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:386. [PMID: 38203556 PMCID: PMC10779037 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (BPH) is a main rice pest in China and many other Asian countries. In the control of BPH, the application of insect-resistant rice has proven to be quite effective. Secondary metabolites are essential weapons in plants' defense against phytophagous insects. Studies have found that differences in the content of secondary metabolites play a crucial role in determining whether rice exhibits resistance or susceptibility to BPH. Simultaneously, symbionts are essential to the BPH. Nevertheless, there is limited research on the impact of secondary metabolites on the symbionts within BPH. Therefore, investigating the influence of secondary metabolites on both BPH and their symbionts is significant for the control of BPH. In this experiment, newly emerged female adults of BPH were fed artificial diets containing 10 different secondary metabolites. The results indicated that methyl jasmonate had inhibitory effects on the survival rate, weight gain, and reproductive capacity of BPH. Using qPCR methods, it was discovered that the number of symbiotic fungi (Ascomycetes symbionts) within BPH significantly decreased under methyl jasmonate stress. In conclusion, this experiment has preliminarily revealed the inhibitory effects of methyl jasmonate on BPH and its symbionts, demonstrating its potential for controlling BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Kun Pang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Modern Science and Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Z.D.); (C.L.); (J.Z.); (F.S.); (D.L.); (P.H.); (X.S.)
| | - Xiaoping Yu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection & Quarantine, College of Modern Science and Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China; (Z.D.); (C.L.); (J.Z.); (F.S.); (D.L.); (P.H.); (X.S.)
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6
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Kocyigit E, Kocaadam-Bozkurt B, Bozkurt O, Ağagündüz D, Capasso R. Plant Toxic Proteins: Their Biological Activities, Mechanism of Action and Removal Strategies. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:356. [PMID: 37368657 PMCID: PMC10303728 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15060356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plants evolve to synthesize various natural metabolites to protect themselves against threats, such as insects, predators, microorganisms, and environmental conditions (such as temperature, pH, humidity, salt, and drought). Plant-derived toxic proteins are often secondary metabolites generated by plants. These proteins, including ribosome-inactivating proteins, lectins, protease inhibitors, α-amylase inhibitors, canatoxin-like proteins and ureases, arcelins, antimicrobial peptides, and pore-forming toxins, are found in different plant parts, such as the roots, tubers, stems, fruits, buds, and foliage. Several investigations have been conducted to explore the potential applications of these plant proteins by analyzing their toxic effects and modes of action. In biomedical applications, such as crop protection, drug development, cancer therapy, and genetic engineering, toxic plant proteins have been utilized as potentially useful instruments due to their biological activities. However, these noxious metabolites can be detrimental to human health and cause problems when consumed in high amounts. This review focuses on different plant toxic proteins, their biological activities, and their mechanisms of action. Furthermore, possible usage and removal strategies for these proteins are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Kocyigit
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Ordu University, Cumhuriyet Yerleşkesi, 52200 Ordu, Turkey;
| | - Betul Kocaadam-Bozkurt
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Erzurum Technical University, Yakutiye, 25100 Erzurum, Turkey; (B.K.-B.); (O.B.)
| | - Osman Bozkurt
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Erzurum Technical University, Yakutiye, 25100 Erzurum, Turkey; (B.K.-B.); (O.B.)
| | - Duygu Ağagündüz
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Emek, 06490 Ankara, Turkey;
| | - Raffaele Capasso
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
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Yang C, Bai Y, Halitschke R, Gase K, Baldwin G, Baldwin IT. Exploring the metabolic basis of growth/defense trade-offs in complex environments with Nicotiana attenuata plants cosilenced in NaMYC2a/b expression. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 238:349-366. [PMID: 36636784 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In response to challenges from herbivores and competitors, plants use fitness-limiting resources to produce (auto)toxic defenses. Jasmonate signaling, mediated by MYC2 transcription factors (TF), is thought to reconfigure metabolism to minimize these formal costs of defense and optimize fitness in complex environments. To study the context-dependence of this metabolic reconfiguration, we cosilenced NaMYC2a/b by RNAi in Nicotiana attenuata and phenotyped plants in the field and increasingly realistic glasshouse setups with competitors and mobile herbivores. NaMYC2a/b had normal phytohormonal responses, and higher growth and fitness in herbivore-reduced environments, but were devastated in high herbivore-load environments in the field due to diminished accumulations of specialized metabolites. In setups with competitors and mobile herbivores, irMYC2a/b plants had lower fitness than empty vector (EV) in single-genotype setups but increased fitness in mixed-genotype setups. Correlational analyses of metabolic, resistance, and growth traits revealed the expected defense/growth associations for most sectors of primary and specialized metabolism. Notable exceptions were some HGL-DTGs and phenolamides that differed between single-genotype and mixed-genotype setups, consistent with expectations of a blurred functional trichotomy of metabolites. MYC2 TFs mediate the reconfiguration of primary and specialized metabolic sectors to allow plants to optimize their fitness in complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caiqiong Yang
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Yuechen Bai
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Rayko Halitschke
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Klaus Gase
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Gundega Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
| | - Ian T Baldwin
- Department of Molecular Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, Jena, D-07745, Germany
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Xing A, Wang X, Nazir MF, Zhang X, Wang X, Yang R, Chen B, Fu G, Wang J, Ge H, Peng Z, Jia Y, He S, Du X. Transcriptomic and metabolomic profiling of flavonoid biosynthesis provides novel insights into petals coloration in Asian cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:416. [PMID: 36038835 PMCID: PMC9425979 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-022-03800-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asian cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.), as a precious germplasm resource of cotton with insect resistance and stress tolerance, possesses a broad spectrum of phenotypic variation related to pigmentation. Flower color affects insect pollination and the ornamental value of plants. Studying flower color of Asian cotton varieties improves the rate of hybridization and thus enriches the diversity of germplasm resources. Meanwhile, it also impacts the development of the horticultural industry. Unfortunately, there is a clear lack of studies concerning intricate mechanisms of cotton flower-color differentiation. Hereby, we report an integrative approach utilizing transcriptome and metabolome concerning flower color variation in three Gossypium arboreum cultivars. RESULTS A total of 215 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were identified, including 83 differentially accumulated flavonoids (DAFs). Colorless kaempferol was more abundant in white flowers, while gossypetin-fer showed specificity in white flowers. Quercetin and gossypetin were the main contributors to yellow petal formation. Pelargonidin 3-O-beta-D-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-(6''-Malonylglucoside) showed high accumulation levels in purple petals. Quercetin and gossypetin pigments also promoted purple flower coloration. Moreover, 8178 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by RNA sequencing. The correlation results between total anthocyanins and DEGs were explored, indicating that 10 key structural genes and 29 transcription factors promoted anthocyanin biosynthesis and could be candidates for anthocyanin accumulation. Ultimately, we constructed co-expression networks of key DAFs and DEGs and demonstrated the interactions between specific metabolites and transcripts in different color flowers. CONCLUSION This study provides new insights into elucidating the regulatory mechanisms of cotton flower color and lays a potential foundation for generate cotton varieties with highly attractive flowers for pollinators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishuang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Xiaoyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Mian Faisal Nazir
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Xiaomeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Xiuxiu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Ru Yang
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Henan, 450001, China
| | - Baojun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Guoyong Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Hao Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Zhen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yinhua Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China
| | - Shoupu He
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Henan, 450001, China.
| | - Xiongming Du
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, China.
- Zhengzhou Research Base, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou Henan, 450001, China.
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9
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Mu Z, Llusià J, Zeng J, Zhang Y, Asensio D, Yang K, Yi Z, Wang X, Peñuelas J. An Overview of the Isoprenoid Emissions From Tropical Plant Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:833030. [PMID: 35668805 PMCID: PMC9163954 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.833030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Terrestrial vegetation is the largest contributor of isoprenoids (a group of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs)) to the atmosphere. BVOC emission data comes mostly from temperate regions, and less is known about BVOC emissions from tropical vegetation, even though it is estimated to be responsible for >70% of BVOC emissions. This review summarizes the available data and our current understanding of isoprenoid emissions from tropical plant species and the spatial and temporal variation in emissions, which are strongly species-specific and regionally variable. Emission models lacking foliar level data for tropical species need to revise their parameters to account for seasonal and diurnal variation due to differences in dependencies on temperature and light of emissions from plants in other ecosystems. More experimental information and determining how emission capacity varies during foliar development are warranted to account for seasonal variations more explicitly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaobin Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, China
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
- CREAF, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Llusià
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
- CREAF, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jianqiang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | - Dolores Asensio
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
- CREAF, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kaijun Yang
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
- CREAF, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zhigang Yi
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Deep Earth Science, Guangzhou, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, China
| | - Josep Peñuelas
- CSIC, Global Ecology Unit CREAF-CSIC-UAB, Barcelona, Spain
- CREAF, Barcelona, Spain
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Zheng T, Su KX, Chen XY, Zhang DL, Liu SM. Quality evaluation of wild germplasm of Chinese prickly ash (Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim) from Qinling mountains at different elevations based on HPLC-fingerprint. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202100965. [PMID: 35112481 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Wild Chinese prickly ash resources provide a valuable genetic resource for Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim improvement and breeding. The Qinling Mountains was an abundant source for wild Chinese prickly ash. In this study, the phenolic and flavonoid compounds of wild germplasm resources from different altitudes and six cultivated varieties were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The chromatograms of them were essentially consistent, although their chemical composition contents were greatly different. The thirty samples were divided into three categories through the hierarchical clustering analysis. Catechin, hyperoside and quercitrin were considered to be key compounds for the quality evaluation, and by contrast, the wild samples with an altitude of 2300±50 m (Group IV) had the highest content of key compounds, and presented stronger antioxidant activity and antibacterial ability, indicating that these wild samples could be identified as the excellent breeding resources. This is the first time to evaluate the quality of wild Chinese prickly ash at different altitudes in Qinling Mountains. These excellent wild germplasm resources provided substantial potential accessions for use directly in Chinese prickly ash breeding programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zheng
- Northwest A&F University: Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Science, yangling, 712100, xianyang, CHINA
| | - Ke-Xing Su
- Northwest A&F University: Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Science, yangling, 712100, xianyang, CHINA
| | - Xi-Yan Chen
- Northwest A&F University: Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Life Sciences, Yangling, 712100, Xianyang, CHINA
| | - Ding-Ling Zhang
- Northwest A&F University: Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Science, Yangling, 712100, Xianyang, CHINA
| | - Shu-Ming Liu
- Northwest A&F University: Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, College of Science, Yangling, 712100, Xianyang, CHINA
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11
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Stallmann J, Pons CAA, Schweiger R, Müller C. Time point- and plant part-specific changes in phloem exudate metabolites of leaves and ears of wheat in response to drought and effects on aphids. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0262671. [PMID: 35077467 PMCID: PMC8789166 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0262671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the frequency and intensity of drought events are expected due to climate change and might have consequences for plant metabolism and the development of plant antagonists. In this study, the responses of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) and one of its major pests, the aphid Sitobion avenae, to different drought regimes were investigated, considering different time points and plant parts. Plants were kept well-watered or subjected to either continuous or pulsed drought. Phloem exudates were collected twice from leaves and once from ears during the growth period and concentrations of amino acids, organic acids and sugars were determined. Population growth and survival of the aphid S. avenae were monitored on these plant parts. Relative concentrations of metabolites in the phloem exudates varied with the time point, the plant part as well as the irrigation regime. Pronounced increases in relative concentrations were found for proline, especially in pulsed drought-stressed plants. Moreover, relative concentrations of sucrose were lower in phloem exudates of ears than in those of leaves. The population growth and survival of aphids were decreased on plants subjected to drought and populations grew twice as large on ears compared to leaves. Our study revealed that changes in irrigation frequency and intensity modulate plant-aphid interactions. These effects may at least partly be mediated by changes in the metabolic composition of the phloem sap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Stallmann
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | | | - Rabea Schweiger
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
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12
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Frago E, Gols R, Schweiger R, Müller C, Dicke M, Godfray HCJ. Herbivore-induced plant volatiles, not natural enemies, mediate a positive indirect interaction between insect herbivores. Oecologia 2022; 198:443-456. [PMID: 35001172 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05097-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Many insect herbivores engage in apparent competition whereby two species interact through shared natural enemies. Upon insect attack, plants release volatile blends that attract natural enemies, but whether these volatiles mediate apparent competition between herbivores is not yet known. We investigate the role of volatiles that are emitted by bean plants upon infestation by Acyrthosiphon pisum aphids on the population dynamics and fitness of Sitobion avenae aphids, and on wheat phloem sap metabolites. In a field experiment, the dynamics of S. avenae aphids on wheat were studied by crossing two treatments: exposure of aphid colonies to A. pisum-induced bean volatiles and exclusion of natural enemies. Glasshouse experiments and analyses of primary metabolites in wheat phloem exudates were performed to better understand the results from the field experiment. In the field, bean volatiles did not affect S. avenae dynamics or survival when aphids were exposed to natural enemies. When protected from them, however, volatiles led to larger aphid colonies. In agreement with this observation, in glasshouse experiments, aphid-induced bean volatiles increased the survival of S. avenae aphids on wheat plants, but not on an artificial diet. This suggests that volatiles may benefit S. avenae colonies via metabolic changes in wheat plants, although we did not find any effect on wheat phloem exudate composition. We report a potential case of associational susceptibility whereby plant volatiles weaken the defences of receiving plants, thus leading to increased herbivore performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Frago
- CIRAD, UMR CBGP, 755 avenue du campus Agropolis-CS30016, Montferrier sur lez cedex, 34988, Montpellier, France.
| | - R Gols
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - R Schweiger
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - C Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - M Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - H C J Godfray
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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13
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Zhan X, Chen Z, Chen R, Shen C. Environmental and Genetic Factors Involved in Plant Protection-Associated Secondary Metabolite Biosynthesis Pathways. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:877304. [PMID: 35463424 PMCID: PMC9024250 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.877304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Plant specialized metabolites (PSMs) play essential roles in the adaptation to harsh environments and function in plant defense responses. PSMs act as key components of defense-related signaling pathways and trigger the extensive expression of defense-related genes. In addition, PSMs serve as antioxidants, participating in the scavenging of rapidly rising reactive oxygen species, and as chelators, participating in the chelation of toxins under stress conditions. PSMs include nitrogen-containing chemical compounds, terpenoids/isoprenoids, and phenolics. Each category of secondary metabolites has a specific biosynthetic pathway, including precursors, intermediates, and end products. The basic biosynthetic pathways of representative PSMs are summarized, providing potential target enzymes of stress-mediated regulation and responses. Multiple metabolic pathways share the same origin, and the common enzymes are frequently to be the targets of metabolic regulation. Most biosynthetic pathways are controlled by different environmental and genetic factors. Here, we summarized the effects of environmental factors, including abiotic and biotic stresses, on PSM biosynthesis in various plants. We also discuss the positive and negative transcription factors involved in various PSM biosynthetic pathways. The potential target genes of the stress-related transcription factors were also summarized. We further found that the downstream targets of these Transcription factors (TFs) are frequently enriched in the synthesis pathway of precursors, suggesting an effective role of precursors in enhancing of terminal products. The present review provides valuable insights regarding screening targets and regulators involved in PSM-mediated plant protection in non-model plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaori Zhan
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhehao Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Rong Chen
- School of Public Health, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Rong Chen,
| | - Chenjia Shen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Genetic Improvement and Quality Control of Medicinal Plants, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Chenjia Shen,
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Abdullah-Zawawi MR, Ahmad-Nizammuddin NF, Govender N, Harun S, Mohd-Assaad N, Mohamed-Hussein ZA. Comparative genome-wide analysis of WRKY, MADS-box and MYB transcription factor families in Arabidopsis and rice. Sci Rep 2021; 11:19678. [PMID: 34608238 PMCID: PMC8490385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-99206-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) form the major class of regulatory genes and play key roles in multiple plant stress responses. In most eukaryotic plants, transcription factor (TF) families (WRKY, MADS-box and MYB) activate unique cellular-level abiotic and biotic stress-responsive strategies, which are considered as key determinants for defense and developmental processes. Arabidopsis and rice are two important representative model systems for dicot and monocot plants, respectively. A comprehensive comparative study on 101 OsWRKY, 34 OsMADS box and 122 OsMYB genes (rice genome) and, 71 AtWRKY, 66 AtMADS box and 144 AtMYB genes (Arabidopsis genome) showed various relationships among TFs across species. The phylogenetic analysis clustered WRKY, MADS-box and MYB TF family members into 10, 7 and 14 clades, respectively. All clades in WRKY and MYB TF families and almost half of the total number of clades in the MADS-box TF family are shared between both species. Chromosomal and gene structure analysis showed that the Arabidopsis-rice orthologous TF gene pairs were unevenly localized within their chromosomes whilst the distribution of exon–intron gene structure and motif conservation indicated plausible functional similarity in both species. The abiotic and biotic stress-responsive cis-regulatory element type and distribution patterns in the promoter regions of Arabidopsis and rice WRKY, MADS-box and MYB orthologous gene pairs provide better knowledge on their role as conserved regulators in both species. Co-expression network analysis showed the correlation between WRKY, MADs-box and MYB genes in each independent rice and Arabidopsis network indicating their role in stress responsiveness and developmental processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nur-Farhana Ahmad-Nizammuddin
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nisha Govender
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Sarahani Harun
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norfarhan Mohd-Assaad
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zeti-Azura Mohamed-Hussein
- Institute of Systems Biology (INBIOSIS), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.,Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
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15
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Wang F, Ji G, Xu Z, Feng B, Zhou Q, Fan X, Wang T. Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Provide Insights into Anthocyanin Biosynthesis in the Developing Grains of Purple Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:11171-11184. [PMID: 34529412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c01719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Purple wheat is thought to have beneficial effects on humans owing to its high anthocyanin content. However, a systematic understanding of the anthocyanin biosynthesis process in developing wheat grain is lacking. Here, the dynamic changes in anthocyanin components and transcripts in the grain of purple wheat ZNM168 at five developmental stages (10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 DAF) were characterized. Compared with other anthocyanins, four components, cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-O-glucoside, cyanidin 3,5-O-diglucoside, and malvidin 3-O-glucoside, were significantly accumulated with grain development. In particular, the considerable accumulation of cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside indicated that it was the pivotal pigment for the purple grain. Transcriptome analysis revealed that the nine differentially expressed genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis belonged to the BZ1 group, the homologous enzyme encoded by the maize Bronze-1 locus, which may primarily serve to glucosylate anthocyanidins. By constructing a gene coexpression network based on weighted gene coexpression network analysis, the TaBZ1 UniGene (TraesCS1D02G019200) was predicted as a core gene in anthocyanin biosynthesis. In addition, correlation analysis between the metabolites and transcripts suggested that TraesCS2A01G527700 (TaCHS) and TraesCS6B01G006200 (TaANS) were considered critical structural genes in the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. This study provides insights to exploit genes pinpointed as genetic engineering targets, thereby breeding anthocyanin-enriched wheat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
| | - Guangsi Ji
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhibin Xu
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bo Feng
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xiaoli Fan
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
- The Innovative Academy of Seed Design, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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16
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Ochoa-Meza LC, Quintana-Obregón EA, Vargas-Arispuro I, Falcón-Rodríguez AB, Aispuro-Hernández E, Virgen-Ortiz JJ, Martínez-Téllez MÁ. Oligosaccharins as Elicitors of Defense Responses in Wheat. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3105. [PMID: 34578006 PMCID: PMC8470072 DOI: 10.3390/polym13183105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wheat is a highly relevant crop worldwide, and like other massive crops, it is susceptible to foliar diseases, which can cause devastating losses. The current strategies to counteract wheat diseases include global monitoring of pathogens, developing resistant genetic varieties, and agrochemical applications upon diseases' appearance. However, the suitability of these strategies is far from permanent, so other alternatives based on the stimulation of the plants' systemic responses are being explored. Plants' defense mechanisms can be elicited in response to the perception of molecules mimicking the signals triggered upon the attack of phytopathogens, such as the release of plant and fungal cell wall-derived oligomers, including pectin and chitin derivatives, respectively. Among the most studied cell wall-derived bioelicitors, oligogalacturonides and oligochitosans have received considerable attention in recent years due to their ability to trigger defense responses and enhance the synthesis of antipathogenic compounds in plants. Particularly, in wheat, the application of bioelicitors induces lignification and accumulation of polyphenolic compounds and increases the gene expression of pathogenesis-related proteins, which together reduce the severity of fungal infections. Therefore, exploring the use of cell wall-derived elicitors, known as oligosaccharins, stands as an attractive option for the management of crop diseases by improving plant readiness for responding promptly to potential infections. This review explores the potential of plant- and fungal-derived oligosaccharins as a practical means to be implemented in wheat crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Celina Ochoa-Meza
- Coordination of Food Technology of Vegetal Origin, Research Center for Food and Development (CIAD), Ave. Gustavo E. Astiazarán #46, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico; (L.C.O.-M.); (E.A.-H.)
| | - Eber Addí Quintana-Obregón
- CONACYT—Research Center for Food and Development (CIAD), Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico; (E.A.Q.-O.); (J.J.V.-O.)
| | - Irasema Vargas-Arispuro
- Coordination of Food Sciences, Research Center for Food and Development (CIAD), Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico;
| | | | - Emmanuel Aispuro-Hernández
- Coordination of Food Technology of Vegetal Origin, Research Center for Food and Development (CIAD), Ave. Gustavo E. Astiazarán #46, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico; (L.C.O.-M.); (E.A.-H.)
| | - José J. Virgen-Ortiz
- CONACYT—Research Center for Food and Development (CIAD), Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico; (E.A.Q.-O.); (J.J.V.-O.)
- Center of Innovation and Agroalimentary Development of Michoacán (CIDAM), Morelia 58341, Michoacán, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez-Téllez
- Coordination of Food Technology of Vegetal Origin, Research Center for Food and Development (CIAD), Ave. Gustavo E. Astiazarán #46, Hermosillo 83304, Sonora, Mexico; (L.C.O.-M.); (E.A.-H.)
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17
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Sayed Ahmed HI, Elsherif DE, El-Shanshory AR, Haider AS, Gaafar RM. Silver nanoparticles and Chlorella treatments induced glucosinolates and kaempferol key biosynthetic genes in Eruca sativa. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43088-021-00139-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Microalgae and nanoparticles are currently considered promising tools for numerous agricultural and biotechnological applications. The green microalga Chlorella sp. MF1 and its biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were used in this study as biofortification agents to enhance glucosinolate and kaempferol levels in Eruca sativa. UV–visible spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR and TEM were comprehensively used for characterizing Chlorella-based AgNPs.
Results
The biosynthesized AgNPs were found to be spherical in shape, with size ranging from 1.45 to 5.08 nm. According to FTIR measurements, silver ions were reduced to AgNPs by functional groups such as amide, hydroxyl and carboxylate. Different experimental treatments were conducted, including either soaking seeds of E. sativa or foliar spray with various concentrations of Chlorella suspension (1, 2, 3 and 4 g L−1) and AgNPs (5, 10, 20 and 40 mg L−1). Expression levels of five key genes in the biosynthetic pathway of glucosinolates (MAM1, SUR1, MYB34 and MYB51) and kaempferol (CHS) were assessed using qRT-PCR. The results indicated an upregulation in the gene expression levels in all treatments compared to control, recording the highest level at 40 mg L−1 AgNPs and 4 g L−1Chlorella suspension. In addition, high glucosinolates and kaempferol content was detected in plants whose leaves were sprayed with AgNPs and Chlorella suspension (40 mg L−1 and 4 g L−1) based on HPLC analysis. Sequence analysis of amplified CHS fragments from E. sativa plants treated with AgNPs (40 mg L−1) showed high sequence similarity to A. thaliana CHS gene. However, there were several CHS regions with sequence polymorphism (SNPs and Indels) in foliar sprayed plants.
Conclusions
Results of this study evidenced that the application of AgNPs and Chlorella suspension increased glucosinolates and kaempferol content in E. sativa through upregulation of key genes in their biosynthetic pathway.
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18
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Toljamo A, Koistinen V, Hanhineva K, Kärenlampi S, Kokko H. Terpenoid and lipid profiles vary in different Phytophthora cactorum - strawberry interactions. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2021; 189:112820. [PMID: 34091112 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2021.112820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Specialized metabolites are essential components in plant defence systems, serving as signalling molecules and chemical weapons against pathogens. The manipulation of plant defence metabolome or metabolites can thus be an important virulence strategy for pathogens. Because of their central role, metabolites can give valuable insights into plant-pathogen interactions. Here, we have conducted nontargeted metabolite profiling with UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS to investigate the metabolic changes that have taken place in the crown tissue of Fragaria vesca L. (woodland strawberry) and Fragaria × ananassa (Weston) Duchesne ex Rozier (garden strawberry) during 48 h after Phytophthora cactorum challenge. Two P. cactorum isolates were compared: Pc407 is highly virulent to F. × ananassa and causes crown rot, whereas Pc440 is mildly virulent. In total, 45 metabolites differentially accumulated between the treatment groups were tentatively identified. Triterpenoids and various lipid compounds were highly represented. The levels of several triterpenoids increased upon inoculation, some of them showing distinct accumulation patterns in different interactions. Triterpenoids could either inhibit or stimulate P. cactorum growth and, therefore, triterpenoid profiles might have significant impact on disease progression. Of the lipid compounds, lysophospholipids, linoleic acid and linolenic acid were highly accumulated in the most compatible Pc407 - F. × ananassa interaction. As lysophospholipids promote cell death and have been linked to susceptibility, these compounds might be involved in the pathogenesis of crown rot disease. This metabolite analysis revealed potential factors contributing to the outcome of P. cactorum - strawberry interactions. The information is highly valuable, as it can help to find new breeding strategies and new solutions to control P. cactorum in strawberry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Toljamo
- Faculty of Science and Forestry, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Ville Koistinen
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland; Afekta Technologies Ltd., Microkatu 1, FI-70210, Kuopio, Finland; Food Chemistry and Food Development Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Kati Hanhineva
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland; Food Chemistry and Food Development Unit, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Sirpa Kärenlampi
- Faculty of Science and Forestry, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Harri Kokko
- Faculty of Science and Forestry, Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
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19
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Yousaf MJ, Hussain A, Hamayun M, Iqbal A, Irshad M, Kim HY, Lee IJ. Transformation of Endophytic Bipolaris spp. Into Biotrophic Pathogen Under Auxin Cross-Talk With Brassinosteroids and Abscisic Acid. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:657635. [PMID: 34395395 PMCID: PMC8355742 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.657635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Auxin is the reciprocal signaling molecule, which interferes with other phyto-hormonal and physiological processes during plant–microbes interaction. In this regard, Bipolaris spp., a growth-promoting endophytic fungus was used to inoculate pre-stressed Zea mays seedlings with yucasin (IAA inhibitor). The IAA-deficient host was heavily colonized by the endophyte that subsequently promoted the host growth and elevated the IAA levels with a peak value at 72 h. However, the seedling growth was inhibited later (i.e., at 120 h) due to the high levels of IAA that interfered with the activity of phytoalexins and brassinosteroids. Such interference also modulated the endophytic fungus from symbiotic to biotrophic pathogen that left the host plants defenseless.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anwar Hussain
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Hamayun
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Iqbal
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irshad
- Department of Botany, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Ho-Youn Kim
- Smart Farm Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Gangneung, South Korea
| | - In-Jung Lee
- Department of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, South Korea
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20
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Lackus ND, Schmidt A, Gershenzon J, Köllner TG. A peroxisomal β-oxidative pathway contributes to the formation of C6-C1 aromatic volatiles in poplar. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 186:891-909. [PMID: 33723573 PMCID: PMC8195509 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiab111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Benzenoids (C6-C1 aromatic compounds) play important roles in plant defense and are often produced upon herbivory. Black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) produces a variety of volatile and nonvolatile benzenoids involved in various defense responses. However, their biosynthesis in poplar is mainly unresolved. We showed feeding of the poplar leaf beetle (Chrysomela populi) on P. trichocarpa leaves led to increased emission of the benzenoid volatiles benzaldehyde, benzylalcohol, and benzyl benzoate. The accumulation of salicinoids, a group of nonvolatile phenolic defense glycosides composed in part of benzenoid units, was hardly affected by beetle herbivory. In planta labeling experiments revealed that volatile and nonvolatile poplar benzenoids are produced from cinnamic acid (C6-C3). The biosynthesis of C6-C1 aromatic compounds from cinnamic acid has been described in petunia (Petunia hybrida) flowers where the pathway includes a peroxisomal-localized chain shortening sequence, involving cinnamate-CoA ligase (CNL), cinnamoyl-CoA hydratase/dehydrogenase (CHD), and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (KAT). Sequence and phylogenetic analysis enabled the identification of small CNL, CHD, and KAT gene families in P. trichocarpa. Heterologous expression of the candidate genes in Escherichia coli and characterization of purified proteins in vitro revealed enzymatic activities similar to those described in petunia flowers. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of the CNL subfamily in gray poplar (Populus x canescens) resulted in decreased emission of C6-C1 aromatic volatiles upon herbivory, while constitutively accumulating salicinoids were not affected. This indicates the peroxisomal β-oxidative pathway participates in the formation of volatile benzenoids. The chain shortening steps for salicinoids, however, likely employ an alternative pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie D Lackus
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Straße 8, D-07745 Jena, Germany
- Author for communication:
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21
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Flores P, Pedreño M, Almagro L, Hernández V, Fenoll J, Hellín P. Increasing nutritional value of broccoli with seaweed extract and trilinolein. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.103834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Noman A, Aqeel M, Islam W, Khalid N, Akhtar N, Qasim M, Yasin G, Hashem M, Alamri S, Al-Zoubi OM, Jalees MM, Al-Sadi A. Insects-plants-pathogens: Toxicity, dependence and defense dynamics. Toxicon 2021; 197:87-98. [PMID: 33848517 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In a natural ecosystem, the pathogen-plant-insect relationship has diverse implications for each other. The pathogens as well as insect-pests consume plant tissues as their feed that mostly results in damage. In turn, plant species have evolved specialized defense system to not only protect themselves but reduce the damage also. Such tripartite interactions involve toxicity, metabolic modulations, resistance etc. among all participants of interaction. These attributes result in selection pressure among participants. Coevolution of such traits reveals need to focus and unravel multiple hidden aspects of insect-plant-pathogen interactions. The definite modulations during plant responses to biotic stress and the operating defense network against herbivores are vital to research areas. Different types of plant pathogens and herbivores are tackled with various changes in plants, e.g. changes in genes expression, glucosinolate metabolism detoxification, signal transduction, cell wall modifications, Ca2+dependent signaling. It is essential to clarify which chemical in plants can work as a defense signal or weapon in plant-pathogen-herbivore interactions. In spite of increased knowledge regarding signal transduction pathways regulating growth-defense balance, much more is needed to unveil the coordination of growth rate with metabolic modulations in bi-trophic interactions. Here, we addressed plant-pathogen-insect interaction for toxicity as well as dependnce along with plant defense dynamics against pathogens and insects with broad range effects at the physio-biochemical and molecular level. We have reviewed interfaces in plant-pathogen-insect research to show pulsating regulation of plant immunity for attuning survival and ecological equilibrium. An improved understanding of the systematic foundation of growth-defense stability has vital repercussions for enhancing crop yield, including insights into uncoupling of host-parasite tradeoffs for ecological and environmental sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Noman
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Aqeel
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, Gansu, PR China.
| | - Waqar Islam
- College of Geography, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Noreen Khalid
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Noreen Akhtar
- Department of Botany, Government College for Women University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Institute of Insect Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Ghulam Yasin
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Bahau Din Zakria University Multan Pakistan, Pakistan
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- King Khalid University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71516, Egypt.
| | - Saad Alamri
- King Khalid University, College of Science, Department of Biology, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Muhammad Moazam Jalees
- Department of Microbiology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences. Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Al-Sadi
- College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat. Sultanate of Oman, Oman
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23
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Wang NQ, Kong CH, Wang P, Meiners SJ. Root exudate signals in plant-plant interactions. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1044-1058. [PMID: 32931018 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Plant-to-plant signalling is a key mediator of interactions among plant species. Plants can perceive and respond to chemical cues emitted from their neighbours, altering survival and performance, impacting plant coexistence and community assembly. An increasing number of studies indicate root exudates as key players in plant-to-plant signalling. Root exudates mediate root detection and behaviour, kin recognition, flowering and production, driving inter- and intra-specific facilitation in cropping systems and mixed-species plantations. Altered interactions may be attributed to the signalling components within root exudates. Root ethylene, strigolactones, jasmonic acid, (-)-loliolide and allantoin are signalling chemicals that convey information on local conditions in plant-plant interactions. These root-secreted signalling chemicals appear ubiquitous in plants and trigger a series of belowground responses inter- and intra-specifically, involving molecular events in biosynthesis, secretion and action. The secretion of root signals, mainly mediated by ATP-binding cassette transporters, is critical. Root-secreted signalling chemicals and their molecular mechanisms are rapidly revealing a multitude of fascinating plant-plant interactions. However, many root signals, particularly species-specific signals and their underlying mechanisms, remain to be uncovered due to methodological limitations and root-soil interactions. A thorough understanding of root-secreted chemical signals and their mechanisms will offer many ecological implications and potential applications for sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Qi Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Chui-Hua Kong
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, China
| | - Scott J Meiners
- Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, Charleston, Illinois, USA
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24
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Rasool S, Vidkjaer NH, Hooshmand K, Jensen B, Fomsgaard IS, Meyling NV. Seed inoculations with entomopathogenic fungi affect aphid populations coinciding with modulation of plant secondary metabolite profiles across plant families. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:1715-1727. [PMID: 33006149 DOI: 10.1111/nph.16979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) can display a plant-associated lifestyle as endophytes. Seed application of EPF can affect insect herbivory above ground, but the mechanisms behind this are not documented. Here we applied three EPF isolates, Beauveria bassiana, Metarhizium brunneum and M. robertsii, as seed inoculation of wheat and bean, and evaluated the effects on population growth of aphids, Rhopalosiphum padi and Aphis fabae, respectively. In wheat and bean leaves, we quantified benzoxazinoids and flavonoids, respectively, in response to EPF inoculation and aphid infestation to elucidate the role of specific plant secondary metabolites (PSMs) in plant-fungus-herbivore interactions. Inoculations of wheat and bean with M. robertsii and B. bassiana reduced aphid populations compared with control treatments, whereas M. brunneum unexpectedly increased the populations of both aphids. Concentrations of the majority of PSMs were differentially altered in EPF-treated plants infested with aphids. Changes in aphid numbers were associated with PSMs regulation rather than EPF endophytic colonisation capacity. This study links the effects of EPF seed inoculations against aphids with unique PSM accumulation patterns in planta. The understanding of PSM regulation in tri-trophic interactions is important for the future development of EPF for pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumaila Rasool
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldesensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Nanna H Vidkjaer
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, Slagelse, 4200, Denmark
| | - Kourosh Hooshmand
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, Slagelse, 4200, Denmark
| | - Birgit Jensen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldesensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
| | - Inge S Fomsgaard
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, Slagelse, 4200, Denmark
| | - Nicolai V Meyling
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldesensvej 40, Frederiksberg C, 1871, Denmark
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25
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Aono AH, Costa EA, Rody HVS, Nagai JS, Pimenta RJG, Mancini MC, Dos Santos FRC, Pinto LR, Landell MGDA, de Souza AP, Kuroshu RM. Machine learning approaches reveal genomic regions associated with sugarcane brown rust resistance. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20057. [PMID: 33208862 PMCID: PMC7676261 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77063-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sugarcane is an economically important crop, but its genomic complexity has hindered advances in molecular approaches for genetic breeding. New cultivars are released based on the identification of interesting traits, and for sugarcane, brown rust resistance is a desirable characteristic due to the large economic impact of the disease. Although marker-assisted selection for rust resistance has been successful, the genes involved are still unknown, and the associated regions vary among cultivars, thus restricting methodological generalization. We used genotyping by sequencing of full-sib progeny to relate genomic regions with brown rust phenotypes. We established a pipeline to identify reliable SNPs in complex polyploid data, which were used for phenotypic prediction via machine learning. We identified 14,540 SNPs, which led to a mean prediction accuracy of 50% when using different models. We also tested feature selection algorithms to increase predictive accuracy, resulting in a reduced dataset with more explanatory power for rust phenotypes. As a result of this approach, we achieved an accuracy of up to 95% with a dataset of 131 SNPs related to brown rust QTL regions and auxiliary genes. Therefore, our novel strategy has the potential to assist studies of the genomic organization of brown rust resistance in sugarcane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Hild Aono
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Center (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Estela Araujo Costa
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia (ICT), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Hugo Vianna Silva Rody
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia (ICT), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - James Shiniti Nagai
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia (ICT), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo José Gonzaga Pimenta
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Center (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Melina Cristina Mancini
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Center (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Luciana Rossini Pinto
- Advanced Center of Sugarcane Agrobusiness Technological Research, Agronomic Institute of Campinas (IAC), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Anete Pereira de Souza
- Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering Center (CBMEG), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
- Department of Plant Biology, Institute of Biology (IB), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Reginaldo Massanobu Kuroshu
- Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia (ICT), Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São José dos Campos, SP, Brazil.
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26
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Koch KG, Palmer NA, Donze-Reiner T, Scully ED, Seravalli J, Amundsen K, Twigg P, Louis J, Bradshaw JD, Heng-Moss TM, Sarath G. Aphid-Responsive Defense Networks in Hybrid Switchgrass. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1145. [PMID: 32849703 PMCID: PMC7412557 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Aphid herbivory elicits plant defense-related networks that are influenced by host genetics. Plants of the upland switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) cultivar Summer can be a suitable host for greenbug aphids (Schizaphis graminum; GB), and yellow sugarcane aphids (Sipha flava, YSA), whereas the lowland cultivar Kanlow exhibited multi-species resistance that curtails aphid reproduction. However, stabilized hybrids of Summer (♀) x Kanlow (♂) (SxK) with improved agronomics can be damaged by both aphids. Here, hormone and metabolite analyses, coupled with RNA-Seq analysis of plant transcriptomes, were utilized to delineate defense networks induced by aphid feeding in SxK switchgrass and pinpoint plant transcription factors (TFs), such as WRKYs that potentially regulate these responses. Abscisic acid (ABA) levels were significantly higher in GB infested plants at 5 and 10 days after infestation (DAI). ABA levels were highest at 15DAI in YSA infested plants. Jasmonic acid levels were significantly elevated under GB infestation, while salicylic acid levels were signifi40cantly elevated only at 15 DAI in YSA infested plants. Similarly, levels of several metabolites were altered in common or specifically to each aphid. YSA infestation induced a significant enrichment of flavonoids consistent with an upregulation of many genes associated with flavonoid biosynthesis at 15DAI. Gene co-expression modules that responded singly to either aphid or in common to both aphids were differentiated and linked to specific TFs. Together, these data provide important clues into the interplay of metabolism and transcriptional remodeling accompanying defense responses to aphid herbivory in hybrid switchgrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G. Koch
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Nathan A. Palmer
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Teresa Donze-Reiner
- Biology Department, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, PA, United States
| | - Erin D. Scully
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Manhattan, KS, United States
| | - Javier Seravalli
- Redox Biology Center, Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Keenan Amundsen
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Paul Twigg
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska at Kearney, Kearney, NE, United States
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Jeffrey D. Bradshaw
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | | | - Gautam Sarath
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska at Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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27
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Stallmann J, Schweiger R, Pons CAA, Müller C. Wheat growth, applied water use efficiency and flag leaf metabolome under continuous and pulsed deficit irrigation. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10112. [PMID: 32572060 PMCID: PMC7308318 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intensity and frequency of precipitation events are predicted to change over the coming decades. For many areas, longer periods without rainfall are expected. We investigated the importance of irrigation frequency under water deficit conditions for growth, physiology and chemistry of wheat (Triticum aestivum). Drought-stressed plants received 40% of the water provided for control plants and were either watered every other day (continuous drought, cd) or every eight days (pulsed drought, pd). Maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm), aboveground biomass, applied water use efficiency (WUEapl) and the flag leaf metabolome were assessed twice during development. Fv/Fm was not affected by irrigation. Drought-exposed plants produced less biomass, but had higher WUEapl than control plants. More metabolic features responded to the pd compared to the cd treatment and more features were increased than decreased in pool size in flag leaves. Salicylic acid glucoside was generally decreased under drought. In pd plants, two benzoxazinoid glucosides were enhanced at the first time point and concentrations of several flavonoid glycosides were modulated. This study extends our knowledge about drought effects on wheat; it highlights that the frequency of watering determines how plant growth, physiology and metabolism are affected by drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Stallmann
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rabea Schweiger
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Caroline A A Pons
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.
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28
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Zhou J, Zhang J, Tregenza T, Pan Y, Wang Q, Shi H, Liu X. Larval Host Preference and Suitability for the Sawfly Mesoneura rufonota among Five Cinnamomun Tree Species. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11020076. [PMID: 31979148 PMCID: PMC7074244 DOI: 10.3390/insects11020076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The camphor sawfly, Mesoneura rufonota Rohwer, is an economically important leaf-chewing pest of the genus Cinnamomum Trew. However, little is known about the range of species that it can infest within this genus or whether larvae show preferences for particular species. We conducted preference and performance experiments under laboratory conditions to assess larval host preference and suitability as a host plant of five congeneric trees species: C. camphora (Linn) Presl, C. bodinieri Levl., C. burmanni (Nees et T. Nees) Blume, C. pauciflorum Nees, and C. micranthum (Hay.) Hay. In no-choice, two-choice and multiple-choice feeding trials, significantly higher feeding rates were found on C. camphora, followed by C. bodinieri, compared to those on the other three tree species. In two-choice behavior trials, larvae moved to occupy leaves of C. camphora faster and more frequently, followed by C. bodinieri, than when offered the other three tree species. In no-choice fitness trials, the survival of larval and pupal stage was the highest, the developmental duration of larval and pupal stage was the shortest, the pupal body weight was the heaviest and adults lived the longest on C. camphora followed by C. bodinieri, while M. rufonota did not complete development on C. burmanni, C. pauciflorum or C. micranthum. Our results demonstrate that larvae consistently prefer and perform better on C. camphora leaves, that they can utilize C. bodinieri, but it is less preferred, and that C. burmanni, C. pauciflorum, and C. micranthum appear to be unsuitable as a host for M. rufonota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Zhou
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Forest Ecosystem Protection and Restoration in Poyang Lake Watershed, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang 330045, China; (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.P.); (Q.W.)
| | - Jiangtao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Forest Ecosystem Protection and Restoration in Poyang Lake Watershed, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang 330045, China; (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.P.); (Q.W.)
| | - Tom Tregenza
- Centre for Ecology & Conservation, School of Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Falmouth, Cornwall TR10 9FE, UK;
| | - Youliang Pan
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Forest Ecosystem Protection and Restoration in Poyang Lake Watershed, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang 330045, China; (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.P.); (Q.W.)
| | - Qinzhao Wang
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Forest Ecosystem Protection and Restoration in Poyang Lake Watershed, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang 330045, China; (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.P.); (Q.W.)
| | - Haoni Shi
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Forest Ecosystem Protection and Restoration in Poyang Lake Watershed, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang 330045, China; (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.P.); (Q.W.)
| | - Xingping Liu
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry and Grassland Administration on Forest Ecosystem Protection and Restoration in Poyang Lake Watershed, College of Forestry, Jiangxi Agriculture University, Nanchang 330045, China; (J.Z.); (J.Z.); (Y.P.); (Q.W.)
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29
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War AR, Buhroo AA, Hussain B, Ahmad T, Nair RM, Sharma HC. Plant Defense and Insect Adaptation with Reference to Secondary Metabolites. REFERENCE SERIES IN PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96397-6_60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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30
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Fontes-Puebla AA, Bernal JS. Resistance and Tolerance to Root Herbivory in Maize Were Mediated by Domestication, Spread, and Breeding. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:223. [PMID: 32174953 PMCID: PMC7056747 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants may defend against herbivory and disease through various means. Plant defensive strategies against herbivores include resistance and tolerance, which may have metabolic costs that affect plant growth and reproduction. Thus, expression of these strategies may be mediated by a variety of factors, such as resource availability, herbivory pressure, and plant genetic variation, among others. Additionally, artificial selection by farmers and systematic breeding by scientists may mediate the expression of resistance and tolerance in crop plants. In this study, we tested whether maize defense against Western corn rootworm (WCR) was mediated by the crop's domestication, spread, and modern breeding. We expected to find a trend of decreasing resistance to WCR with maize domestication, spread, and breeding, and a trend of increasing tolerance with decreasing resistance. To test our expectations, we compared resistance and tolerance among four Zea plants spanning those processes: Balsas teosinte, Mexican landrace maize, US landrace maize, and US inbred maize. We measured the performance of WCR larvae as a proxy for plant resistance, and plant growth as affected by WCR feeding as a proxy for plant tolerance. Our results showed that domestication and spread decreased maize resistance to WCR, as expected, whereas breeding increased maize resistance to WCR, contrary to expected. Our results also showed that maize resistance and tolerance to WCR are negatively correlated, as expected. We discussed our findings in relation to ecological-evolutionary hypotheses seeking to explain defense strategy evolution in the contexts of plant resistance-productivity trade-offs, plant tolerance-resistance trade-offs, and varying resource availability vis-à-vis plant physiological stress and herbivory pressure. Finally, we suggested that defense strategy evolution in maize, from domestication to the present, is predicted by those ecological-evolutionary hypotheses.
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31
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Cuny MAC, La Forgia D, Desurmont GA, Glauser G, Benrey B. Role of cyanogenic glycosides in the seeds of wild lima bean, Phaseolus lunatus: defense, plant nutrition or both? PLANTA 2019; 250:1281-1292. [PMID: 31240396 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-019-03221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyanogenic glycosides present in the seeds of wild lima bean plants are associated with seedling defense but do not affect seed germination and seedling growth. Wild lima bean plants contain cyanogenic glycosides (CNGs) that are known to defend the plant against leaf herbivores. However, seed feeders appear to be unaffected despite the high levels of CNGs in the seeds. We investigated a possible role of CNGs in seeds as nitrogen storage compounds that influence plant growth, as well as seedling resistance to herbivores. Using seeds from four different wild lima bean natural populations that are known to vary in CNG levels, we tested two non-mutually exclusive hypotheses: (1) seeds with higher levels of CNGs produce seedlings that are more resistant against generalist herbivores and, (2) seeds with higher levels of CNGs germinate faster and produce plants that exhibit better growth. Levels of CNGs in the seeds were negatively correlated with germination rates and not correlated with seedling growth. However, levels of CNGs increased significantly soon after germination and seeds with the highest CNG levels produced seedlings with higher CNG levels in cotyledons. Moreover, the growth rate of the generalist herbivore Spodoptera littoralis was lower in cotyledons with high-CNG levels. We conclude that CNGs in lima bean seeds do not play a role in seed germination and seedling growth, but are associated with seedling defense. Our results provide insight into the potential dual function of plant secondary metabolites as defense compounds and storage molecules for growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilien A C Cuny
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutive Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Diana La Forgia
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutive Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Department of Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Passage des Déportés 2, 5030, Liege, Belgium
| | - Gaylord A Desurmont
- European Biological Control Laboratory (EBCL), USDA-ARS, 810 Avenue de Baillarguet, 34980, Montferrier sur Lez, France
| | - Gaetan Glauser
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Betty Benrey
- Institute of Biology, Laboratory of Evolutive Entomology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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32
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Palmer NA, Chowda-Reddy RV, Muhle AA, Tatineni S, Yuen G, Edmé SJ, Mitchell RB, Sarath G. Transcriptome divergence during leaf development in two contrasting switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) cultivars. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222080. [PMID: 31513611 PMCID: PMC6742388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetics and responses to biotic stressors of tetraploid switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) lowland cultivar 'Kanlow' and upland cultivar Summer are distinct and can be exploited for trait improvement. In general, there is a paucity of data on the basal differences in transcription across tissue developmental times for switchgrass cultivars. Here, the changes in basal and temporal expression of genes related to leaf functions were evaluated for greenhouse grown 'Kanlow', and 'Summer' plants. Three biological replicates of the 4th leaf pooled from 15 plants per replicate were harvested at regular intervals beginning from leaf emergence through senescence. Increases and decreases in leaf chlorophyll and N content were similar for both cultivars. Likewise, multidimensional scaling (MDS) analysis indicated both cultivar-independent and cultivar-specific gene expression. Cultivar-independent genes and gene-networks included those associated with leaf function, such as growth/senescence, carbon/nitrogen assimilation, photosynthesis, chlorophyll biosynthesis, and chlorophyll degradation. However, many genes encoding nucleotide-binding leucine rich repeat (NB-LRRs) proteins and wall-bound kinases associated with detecting and responding to environmental signals were differentially expressed. Several of these belonged to unique cultivar-specific gene co-expression networks. Analysis of genomic resequencing data provided several examples of NB-LRRs genes that were not expressed and/or apparently absent in the genomes of Summer plants. It is plausible that cultivar (ecotype)-specific genes and gene-networks could be one of the drivers for the documented differences in responses to leaf-borne pathogens between these two cultivars. Incorporating broad resistance to plant pathogens in elite switchgrass germplasm could improve sustainability of biomass production under low-input conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Palmer
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, Nebraska, United states of America
| | - R. V. Chowda-Reddy
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, Nebraska, United states of America
| | - Anthony A. Muhle
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United states of America
| | - Satyanarayana Tatineni
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, Nebraska, United states of America
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United states of America
| | - Gary Yuen
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska, United states of America
| | - Serge J. Edmé
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, Nebraska, United states of America
| | - Robert B. Mitchell
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, Nebraska, United states of America
| | - Gautam Sarath
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Lincoln, Nebraska, United states of America
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Leybourne DJ, Valentine TA, Robertson JAH, Pérez-Fernández E, Main AM, Karley AJ, Bos JIB. Defence gene expression and phloem quality contribute to mesophyll and phloem resistance to aphids in wild barley. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2019; 70:4011-4026. [PMID: 31173098 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erz163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Aphids, including the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi), are significant agricultural pests. The wild relative of barley, Hordeum spontaneum 5 (Hsp5), has been described to be partially resistant to R. padi, with this resistance proposed to involve higher thionin and lipoxygenase gene expression. However, the specificity of this resistance to aphids and its underlying mechanistic processes are unknown. In this study, we assessed the specificity of Hsp5 resistance to aphids and analysed differences in aphid probing and feeding behaviour on Hsp5 and a susceptible barley cultivar (Concerto). We found that partial resistance in Hsp5 to R. padi extends to two other aphid pests of grasses. Using the electrical penetration graph technique, we show that partial resistance is mediated by phloem- and mesophyll-based resistance factors that limit aphid phloem ingestion. To gain insight into plant traits responsible for partial resistance, we compared non-glandular trichome density, defence gene expression, and phloem composition of Hsp5 with those of the susceptible barley cultivar Concerto. We show that Hsp5 partial resistance involves elevated basal expression of thionin and phytohormone signalling genes, and a reduction in phloem quality. This study highlights plant traits that may contribute to broad-spectrum partial resistance to aphids in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Leybourne
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
- Ecological Sciences, the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Tracy A Valentine
- Ecological Sciences, the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Jean A H Robertson
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, the James Hutton Institute, Cragiebuckler, Aberdeen, UK
| | | | - Angela M Main
- Environmental and Biochemical Sciences, the James Hutton Institute, Cragiebuckler, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Alison J Karley
- Ecological Sciences, the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
| | - Jorunn I B Bos
- Division of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK
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Abstract
Diverse molecular processes regulate the interactions between plants and insect herbivores. Here, we review genes and proteins that are involved in plant-herbivore interactions and discuss how their discovery has structured the current standard model of plant-herbivore interactions. Plants perceive damage-associated and, possibly, herbivore-associated molecular patterns via receptors that activate early signaling components such as Ca2+, reactive oxygen species, and MAP kinases. Specific defense reprogramming proceeds via signaling networks that include phytohormones, secondary metabolites, and transcription factors. Local and systemic regulation of toxins, defense proteins, physical barriers, and tolerance traits protect plants against herbivores. Herbivores counteract plant defenses through biochemical defense deactivation, effector-mediated suppression of defense signaling, and chemically controlled behavioral changes. The molecular basis of plant-herbivore interactions is now well established for model systems. Expanding molecular approaches to unexplored dimensions of plant-insect interactions should be a future priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, 3000 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
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Jia Y, Ma Y, Zou P, Cheng G, Zhou J, Cai S. Effects of Different Oligochitosans on Isoflavone Metabolites, Antioxidant Activity, and Isoflavone Biosynthetic Genes in Soybean ( Glycine max) Seeds during Germination. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:4652-4661. [PMID: 30933513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b07300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Five oligochitosans with increasing degrees of polymerization (DPs), i.e., from chitotriose to chitoheptaose, were examined to clarify the structure-bioactivity relationship between the DPs of oligochitosans and their effects on the isoflavone metabolites, total phenolic and flavonoid contents (TPC and TFC, respectively), and antioxidant activity of soybean ( Glycine max) seeds during germination. Oligochitosans of different DPs exhibited varying influences on the TPC, TFC, and antioxidant activities of soybean seeds. Chitohexaose exerted a strong effect and significantly increased the aforementioned parameters in soybean seeds 72 h after germination. Genistin, malonylgenistin, and genistein were the main isoflavones found, and the genistin and genistein contents were significantly enhanced by 67.32% and 131.38%, respectively, after chitohexaose treatment. Several critical genes involved in the isoflavone biosynthesis (i.e., PAL, CHS, CHI, IFS) of soybeans treated with and without chitohexaose were analyzed, and results suggested that chitohexaose application could dramatically stimulate the transcription of these genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijia Jia
- Yunnan Institute of Food Safety , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , Yunnan Province 650500 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Ma
- College of Food Science and Technology , Hebei Agricultural University , Baoding , Hebei Province 071001 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zou
- Marine Agriculture Research Center , Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Qingdao , Shandong Province 266101 , People's Republic of China
| | - Guiguang Cheng
- Yunnan Institute of Food Safety , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , Yunnan Province 650500 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiexin Zhou
- Yunnan Institute of Food Safety , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , Yunnan Province 650500 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shengbao Cai
- Yunnan Institute of Food Safety , Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming , Yunnan Province 650500 , People's Republic of China
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Sanchez-Arcos C, Kai M, Svatoš A, Gershenzon J, Kunert G. Untargeted Metabolomics Approach Reveals Differences in Host Plant Chemistry Before and After Infestation With Different Pea Aphid Host Races. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:188. [PMID: 30873192 PMCID: PMC6403166 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum), a phloem-sucking insect, has undergone a rapid radiation together with the domestication and anthropogenic range expansion of several of its legume host plants. This insect species is a complex of at least 15 genetically different host races that can all develop on the universal host plant Vicia faba. However, each host race is specialized on a particular plant species, such as Medicago sativa, Trifolium pratense, or Pisum sativum, which makes it an attractive model insect to study ecological speciation. Previous work revealed that pea aphid host plants produce a specific phytohormone profile depending on the host plant – host race combination. Native aphid races induce lower defense hormone levels in their host plant than non-native pea aphid races. Whether these changes in hormone levels also lead to changes in other metabolites is still unknown. We used a mass spectrometry-based untargeted metabolomic approach to identify plant chemical compounds that vary among different host plant-host race combinations and might therefore, be involved in pea aphid host race specialization. We found significant differences among the metabolic fingerprints of the four legume species studied prior to aphid infestation, which correlated with aphid performance. After infestation, the metabolic profiles of M. sativa and T. pratense plants infested with their respective native aphid host race were consistently different from profiles after infestation with non-native host races and from uninfested control plants. The metabolic profiles of P. sativum plants infested with their native aphid host race were also different from plants infested with non-native host races, but not different from uninfested control plants. The compounds responsible for these differences were putatively identified as flavonoids, saponins, non-proteinogenic amino acids and peptides among others. As members of these compound classes are known for their activity against insects and aphids in particular, they may be responsible for the differential performance of host races on native vs. non-native host plants. We conclude that the untargeted metabolomic approach is suitable to identify candidate compounds involved in the specificity of pea aphid – host plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Sanchez-Arcos
- Department of Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Kai
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Aleš Svatoš
- Research Group Mass Spectrometry/Proteomics, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - Grit Kunert
- Department of Biochemistry, Max-Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
- *Correspondence: Grit Kunert,
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Can Herbivore-Induced Volatiles Protect Plants by Increasing the Herbivores' Susceptibility to Natural Pathogens? Appl Environ Microbiol 2018; 85:AEM.01468-18. [PMID: 30366995 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01468-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to insect herbivory, plants mobilize various defenses. Defense responses include the release of herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs) that can serve as signals to alert undamaged tissues and to attract natural enemies of the herbivores. Some HIPVs can have a direct negative impact on herbivore survival, but it is not well understood by what mechanisms. Here, we tested the hypothesis that exposure to HIPVs renders insects more susceptible to natural pathogens. Exposure of the caterpillars of the noctuid Spodoptera exigua to indole and linalool, but not exposure to (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, increased the susceptibility to Spodoptera exigua multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SeMNPV). We also found that exposure to indole, but not exposure to linalool or (Z)-3-hexenyl acetate, increased the pathogenicity of Bacillus thuringiensis Additional experiments revealed significant changes in microbiota composition after forty-eight hours of larval exposure to indole. Overall, these results provide evidence that certain HIPVs can strongly enhance the susceptibility of caterpillars to pathogens, possibly through effects on the insect gut microbiota. These findings suggest a novel mechanism by which HIPVs can protect plants from herbivorous insects.IMPORTANCE Multitrophic interactions involving insect pests, their natural enemies, microorganisms, and plant hosts are increasingly being recognized as relevant factors in pest management. In response to herbivory attacks, plants activate a wide range of defenses that aim to mitigate the damage. Attacked plants release herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPVs), which can act as priming signals for other plants and attract natural enemies of herbivores, and which may have a direct negative impact on herbivore survival. In the present work, we show that exposure of the insects to the induced volatiles could increase the insects' susceptibility to the entomopathogens naturally occurring in the plant environment. These findings suggest a novel role for plant volatiles by influencing insect interactions with natural pathogens, probably mediated by alterations in the insect microbiota composition. In addition, this work provides evidence for selectable plant traits (production of secondary metabolites) that can have an influence on the ecology of the pests and could be relevant in the improvement of pest management strategies using natural entomopathogens.
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Li B, Förster C, Robert CAM, Züst T, Hu L, Machado RAR, Berset JD, Handrick V, Knauer T, Hensel G, Chen W, Kumlehn J, Yang P, Keller B, Gershenzon J, Jander G, Köllner TG, Erb M. Convergent evolution of a metabolic switch between aphid and caterpillar resistance in cereals. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaat6797. [PMID: 30525102 PMCID: PMC6281429 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat6797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring defense responses to different attackers is important for plant performance. Plants can use secondary metabolites with dual functions in resistance and defense signaling to mount herbivore-specific responses. To date, the specificity and evolution of this mechanism are unclear. Here, we studied the functional architecture, specificity, and genetic basis of defense regulation by benzoxazinoids in cereals. We document that DIMBOA-Glc induces callose as an aphid resistance factor in wheat. O-methylation of DIMBOA-Glc to HDMBOA-Glc increases plant resistance to caterpillars but reduces callose inducibility and resistance to aphids. DIMBOA-Glc induces callose in wheat and maize, but not in Arabidopsis, while the glucosinolate 4MO-I3M does the opposite. We identify a wheat O-methyltransferase (TaBX10) that is induced by caterpillar feeding and converts DIMBOA-Glc to HDMBOA-Glc in vitro. While the core pathway of benzoxazinoid biosynthesis is conserved between wheat and maize, the wheat genome does not contain close homologs of the maize DIMBOA-Glc O-methyltransferase genes, and TaBx10 is only distantly related. Thus, the functional architecture of herbivore-specific defense regulation is similar in maize and wheat, but the regulating biosynthetic genes likely evolved separately. This study shows how two different cereal species independently achieved herbivore-specific defense activation by regulating secondary metabolite production.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Li
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - C. Förster
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - C. A. M. Robert
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - T. Züst
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - L. Hu
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - R. A. R. Machado
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - J.-D. Berset
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - V. Handrick
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - T. Knauer
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - G. Hensel
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - W. Chen
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - J. Kumlehn
- Leibniz Institute of Plant Genetics and Crop Plant Research, Gatersleben, Germany
| | - P. Yang
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - B. Keller
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J. Gershenzon
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - G. Jander
- Boyce Thompson Institute, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - T. G. Köllner
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany
| | - M. Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Almeida Filho LC, Tabosa PM, Hissa DC, Vasconcelos IM, Carvalho AF. First insights into insecticidal activity against Aedes aegypti and partial biochemical characterization of a novel low molecular mass chymotrypsin-trypsin inhibitor purified from Lonchocarpus sericeus seeds. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2018; 74:1362-1373. [PMID: 29193604 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arboviroses such as dengue, Zika and chikungunya represent a serious public health issue as a consequence of the absence of approved vaccines or specific antiviral drugs against the arboviruses that cause them. One way to prevent these diseases is by combating the vector mosquito, Aedes aegypti (Diptera), which has serine proteases in the midgut. Protease inhibitors are molecules that can block enzyme activity, impairing digestion and nutrition, which can lead to death. Thus, we purified and characterized a novel chymotrypsin-trypsin inhibitor (LsCTI) from Lonchocarpus sericeus seeds and investigated its effect upon Ae. aegypti egg hatching, larval development and digestive proteases. RESULTS LsCTI showed a single protein band in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and the molecular mass determined by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) was 8870.45 Da. Kinetics analyses revealed a noncompetitive type of inhibition and low inhibition constant (Ki ) for chymotrypsin (8.24 x 10-8 m). The thermal resistance was remarkable, even at 100 °C for 180 min. The inhibitor concentration required for 50-percent enzyme inhibition (IC50 ) of LsCTI was 4.7 x 10-7 m for Ae. aegypti midgut larval enzymes. LsCTI did not affect egg hatchability at 0.3 mg mL-1 , but caused a high larval mortality rate (77%) and delayed development (37%). CONCLUSIONS LsCTI is a novel protease inhibitor with remarkable biochemical characteristics and is a potential tool to control Ae. aegypti development. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Cp Almeida Filho
- Federal University of Ceará, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Pedro Ms Tabosa
- Federal University of Ceará, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Denise C Hissa
- Federal University of Ceará, Biology Department, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ilka M Vasconcelos
- Federal University of Ceará, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ana Fu Carvalho
- Federal University of Ceará, Biology Department, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Shared weapons in fungus-fungus and fungus-plant interactions? Volatile organic compounds of plant or fungal origin exert direct antifungal activity in vitro. FUNGAL ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funeco.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Silva MS, Arraes FBM, Campos MDA, Grossi-de-Sa M, Fernandez D, Cândido EDS, Cardoso MH, Franco OL, Grossi-de-Sa MF. Review: Potential biotechnological assets related to plant immunity modulation applicable in engineering disease-resistant crops. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 270:72-84. [PMID: 29576088 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This review emphasizes the biotechnological potential of molecules implicated in the different layers of plant immunity, including, pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity (PTI), effector-triggered susceptibility (ETS), and effector-triggered immunity (ETI) that can be applied in the development of disease-resistant genetically modified (GM) plants. These biomolecules are produced by pathogens (viruses, bacteria, fungi, oomycetes) or plants during their mutual interactions. Biomolecules involved in the first layers of plant immunity, PTI and ETS, include inhibitors of pathogen cell-wall-degrading enzymes (CWDEs), plant pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) and susceptibility (S) proteins, while the ETI-related biomolecules include plant resistance (R) proteins. The biomolecules involved in plant defense PTI/ETI responses described herein also include antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins and ribosome-inhibiting proteins (RIPs), as well as enzymes involved in plant defensive secondary metabolite biosynthesis (phytoanticipins and phytoalexins). Moreover, the regulation of immunity by RNA interference (RNAi) in GM disease-resistant plants is also considered. Therefore, the present review does not cover all the classes of biomolecules involved in plant innate immunity that may be applied in the development of disease-resistant GM crops but instead highlights the most common strategies in the literature, as well as their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilia Santos Silva
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (Embrapa Cenargen), Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Fabrício Barbosa Monteiro Arraes
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (Embrapa Cenargen), Brasília, DF, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Post-Graduation Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Elizabete de Souza Cândido
- Universidade Católica de Brasília (UCB), Post-Graduation Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Universidade Católica Dom Bosco (UCDB), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil
| | - Marlon Henrique Cardoso
- Universidade Católica de Brasília (UCB), Post-Graduation Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Universidade Católica Dom Bosco (UCDB), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Octávio Luiz Franco
- Universidade Católica de Brasília (UCB), Post-Graduation Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Universidade Católica Dom Bosco (UCDB), Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Maria Fátima Grossi-de-Sa
- Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia (Embrapa Cenargen), Brasília, DF, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Post-Graduation Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Universidade Católica de Brasília (UCB), Post-Graduation Program in Genomic Science and Biotechnology, Brasília, DF, Brazil; Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
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Macedo GE, Gomes KK, Rodrigues NR, Martins IK, Wallau GDL, Carvalho NRD, Cruz LCD, Costa Silva DGD, Boligon AA, Franco JL, Posser T. Senecio brasiliensis impairs eclosion rate and induces apoptotic cell death in larvae of Drosophila melanogaster. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 198:45-57. [PMID: 28529177 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Senecio brasilienis (Spreng) Less., is a species native from Brazil, popularly known as "Maria mole", and known to induce hepatotoxicity due to its high content of Pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Despite its toxicity, this plant is widely used in Brazilian folk medicine. Considering the antagonizing effects described for S. brasiliensis, we describe here molecular markers involved in the toxicity of hydroalcoholic extract from leaves of S. brasiliensis (HESB) in Drosophila melanogaster. Phytochemical analysis of HESB revealed the presence of phenolic acids and flavonoids. A significant antioxidant potential against ABTS+ and DPPH radical was found in parallel. Ingestion of extract did not alter the survival and locomotor activity of adult flies. However when ingested along the larval developmental phase, the eclosion rate of flies was interrupted at higher concentration of extract. To comprehend this phenomenon several analysis were conducted in larvae. HESB stimulated activity of antioxidant enzymes SOD and GST, and increased GSH/GSSG ratio and ROS production. Additionally, HESB caused a significant decrease of cell viability. The mRNA expression of Nrf2, TrxR, CAT, Drice and Dilp6 were also significantly up-regulated. HESB caused significant decrease on the phosphorylation of MAPKs and AKT. In parallel, PARP cleavage and caspases 3/7 activity were stimulated. In addition, glucose, glycogen and triglycerides levels were decreased. Taken together our study depicts a disruption in the eclosion of D. melanogaster possibly attributed to the inhibition of kinases implied in developmental process, energetic demand and induction of apoptotic cell death process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulianna Echeverria Macedo
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Karen Kich Gomes
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Nathane Rosa Rodrigues
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Illana Kemmerich Martins
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriel da Luz Wallau
- Entomology Department, Aggeu Magalhães Research Center, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, 50.740-465 Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Nélson Rodrigues de Carvalho
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Litiele Cezar da Cruz
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Dennis Guilherme da Costa Silva
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Aline Augusti Boligon
- Phytochemical Research Laboratory, Department of Industrial Pharmacy, Federal University of Santa Maria, 97105-900 Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Luis Franco
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil
| | - Thaís Posser
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus São Gabriel, 97300-000 São Gabriel, RS, Brazil.
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Stolpe C, Giehren F, Krämer U, Müller C. Both heavy metal-amendment of soil and aphid-infestation increase Cd and Zn concentrations in phloem exudates of a metal-hyperaccumulating plant. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2017; 139:109-117. [PMID: 28437705 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Plants that are able to hyperaccumulate heavy metals show increased concentrations of these metals in their leaf tissue. However, little is known about the concentrations of heavy metals and of organic defence metabolites in the phloem sap of these plants in response to either heavy metal-amendment of the soil or biotic challenges such as aphid-infestation. In this study, we investigated the effects of heavy metal-exposure and of aphid-infestation on phloem exudate composition of the metal hyperaccumulator species Arabidopsis halleri L. O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz (Brassicaceae). The concentrations of elements and of organic defence compounds, namely glucosinolates, were measured in phloem exudates of young and old (mature) leaves of plants challenged either by amendment of the soil with cadmium and zinc and/or by an infestation with the generalist aphid Myzus persicae. Metal-amendment of the soil led to increased concentrations of Cd and Zn, but also of two other elements and one indole glucosinolate, in phloem exudates. This enhanced defence in the phloem sap of heavy metal-hyperaccumulating plants can thus potentially act as effective protection against aphids, as predicted by the elemental defence hypothesis. Aphid-infestation also caused enhanced Cd and Zn concentrations in phloem exudates. This result provides first evidence that metal-hyperaccumulating plants can increase heavy metal concentrations tissue-specifically in response to an attack by phloem-sucking herbivores. Overall, the concentrations of most elements, including the heavy metals, and glucosinolates were higher in phloem exudates of young leaves than in those of old leaves. This defence distribution highlights that the optimal defence theory, which predicts more valuable tissue to be better defended, is applicable for both inorganic and organic defences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clemens Stolpe
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Franziska Giehren
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Ute Krämer
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Physiology of Plants, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
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de Souza A, Wang JZ, Dehesh K. Retrograde Signals: Integrators of Interorganellar Communication and Orchestrators of Plant Development. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 68:85-108. [PMID: 27813652 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042916-041007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Interorganellar cooperation maintained via exquisitely controlled retrograde-signaling pathways is an evolutionary necessity for maintenance of cellular homeostasis. This signaling feature has therefore attracted much research attention aimed at improving understanding of the nature of these communication signals, how the signals are sensed, and ultimately the mechanism by which they integrate targeted processes that collectively culminate in organellar cooperativity. The answers to these questions will provide insight into how retrograde-signal-mediated regulatory mechanisms are recruited and which biological processes are targeted, and will advance our understanding of how organisms balance metabolic investments in growth against adaptation to environmental stress. This review summarizes the present understanding of the nature and the functional complexity of retrograde signals as integrators of interorganellar communication and orchestrators of plant development, and offers a perspective on the future of this critical and dynamic area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amancio de Souza
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521;
| | - Jin-Zheng Wang
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521;
| | - Katayoon Dehesh
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521;
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46
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Donze-Reiner T, Palmer NA, Scully ED, Prochaska TJ, Koch KG, Heng-Moss T, Bradshaw JD, Twigg P, Amundsen K, Sattler SE, Sarath G. Transcriptional analysis of defense mechanisms in upland tetraploid switchgrass to greenbugs. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:46. [PMID: 28209137 PMCID: PMC5314684 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-0998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aphid infestation of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) has the potential to reduce yields and biomass quality. Although switchgrass-greenbug (Schizaphis graminum; GB) interactions have been studied at the whole plant level, little information is available on plant defense responses at the molecular level. RESULTS The global transcriptomic response of switchgrass cv Summer to GB was monitored by RNA-Seq in infested and control (uninfested) plants harvested at 5, 10, and 15 days after infestation (DAI). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in infested plants were analyzed relative to control uninfested plants at each time point. DEGs in GB-infested plants induced by 5-DAI included an upregulation of reactive burst oxidases and several cell wall receptors. Expression changes in genes linked to redox metabolism, cell wall structure, and hormone biosynthesis were also observed by 5-DAI. At 10-DAI, network analysis indicated a massive upregulation of defense-associated genes, including NAC, WRKY, and MYB classes of transcription factors and potential ancillary signaling molecules such as leucine aminopeptidases. Molecular evidence for loss of chloroplastic functions was also detected at this time point. Supporting these molecular changes, chlorophyll content was significantly decreased, and ROS levels were elevated in infested plants 10-DAI. Total peroxidase and laccase activities were elevated in infested plants at 10-DAI relative to control uninfested plants. The net result appeared to be a broad scale defensive response that led to an apparent reduction in C and N assimilation and a potential redirection of nutrients away from GB and towards the production of defensive compounds, such as pipecolic acid, chlorogenic acid, and trehalose by 10-DAI. By 15-DAI, evidence of recovery in primary metabolism was noted based on transcript abundances for genes associated with carbon, nitrogen, and nutrient assimilation. CONCLUSIONS Extensive remodeling of the plant transcriptome and the production of ROS and several defensive metabolites in an upland switchgrass cultivar were observed in response to GB feeding. The early loss and apparent recovery in primary metabolism by 15-DAI would suggest that these transcriptional changes in later stages of GB infestation could underlie the recovery response categorized for this switchgrass cultivar. These results can be exploited to develop switchgrass lines with more durable resistance to GB and potentially other aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Donze-Reiner
- Department of Biology, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, PA 19383 USA
| | - Nathan A. Palmer
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 251 Filley Hall, East Campus, UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937 USA
| | - Erin D. Scully
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 251 Filley Hall, East Campus, UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937 USA
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA
| | - Travis J. Prochaska
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0816 USA
- Present address: North Central Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, South Minot, ND 58701 USA
| | - Kyle G. Koch
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0816 USA
| | - Tiffany Heng-Moss
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0816 USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Bradshaw
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0816 USA
| | - Paul Twigg
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska-Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849 USA
| | - Keenan Amundsen
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0915 USA
| | - Scott E. Sattler
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 251 Filley Hall, East Campus, UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937 USA
| | - Gautam Sarath
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 251 Filley Hall, East Campus, UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937 USA
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Sohrabi R, Ali T, Harinantenaina Rakotondraibe L, Tholl D. Formation and exudation of non-volatile products of the arabidiol triterpenoid degradation pathway in Arabidopsis roots. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2017; 12:e1265722. [PMID: 27918234 PMCID: PMC5289522 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2016.1265722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Triterpenoids produced by plants play important roles in the protection against biotic stress. Roots of Arabidopsis thaliana produce different triterpenoids, which include the tricyclic triterpene diol, arabidiol. In a degradation reaction induced by infection with the oomycete pathogen, Pythium irregulare, arabidiol is cleaved to the 11-carbon volatile homoterpene, (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene (DMNT), and the 19-carbon ketone, apo-arabidiol. The arabidiol pathway and its volatile breakdown product DMNT have been implicated in the defense against P. irregulare infection. Here we show that the non-volatile breakdown product apo-arabidiol is further converted to the acetylated derivative α-14-acetyl-apo-arabidiol via a presumed epimerization and subsequent acetylation reaction. α-14-acetyl-apo-arabidiol and the detected intermediates in the derivatization pathway are partially exuded from the root indicating possible defensive activities of these molecules in the rhizosphere. The conversion steps of apo-arabidiol vary among different Arabidopsis accessions and are present in only rudimentary form in the close relative Arabidopsis lyrata, which supports an intra- and inter-specific modularity in triterpenoid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Sohrabi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Tehane Ali
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Dorothea Tholl
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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Maag D, Köhler A, Robert CAM, Frey M, Wolfender JL, Turlings TCJ, Glauser G, Erb M. Highly localized and persistent induction of Bx1-dependent herbivore resistance factors in maize. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 88:976-991. [PMID: 27538820 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The induced production of secondary metabolites in herbivore-attacked plants varies in space and time. However, the consequences of these spatiotemporal patterns for herbivore performance are not well understood. This is particularly true for 1,4-benzoxazin-3-ones (BXs), the major induced defensive metabolites of maize. Here we report on the spatiotemporal dynamics of BX induction and its consequences for the leaf feeder Spodoptera littoralis. Defence-related phytohormones and transcript levels of BX biosynthetic genes were upregulated locally at the wound site within 12 h of herbivory. Within another 12 h, the insecticidal BX HDMBOA-Glc started to accumulate in a highly localized manner at the feeding site. Changes in BX metabolism away from the feeding site within the same leaf were much weaker and were undetected in systemic leaves. Following the removal of the caterpillars, local HDMBOA-Glc levels remained elevated for 7 days. Caterpillars that were forced to feed directly on locally induced leaf parts, but not on adjacent leaf parts, suffered from reduced growth. This effect was abolished in the BX-deficient bx1 mutant. We did not find any evidence that BXs regulate defensive phytohormones or their own accumulation. In summary, this study shows that induced herbivore resistance in maize is highly localized and dependent on BXs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Maag
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Bioactive Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Angela Köhler
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Christelle A M Robert
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Monika Frey
- Lehrstuhl für Genetik, Technische Universität München, Am Hochanger 8, 85350, München, Germany
| | - Jean-Luc Wolfender
- Laboratory of Phytochemistry and Bioactive Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, University of Lausanne, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ted C J Turlings
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Gaétan Glauser
- Laboratory of Fundamental and Applied Research in Chemical Ecology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile-Argand 11, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Neuchâtel Platform of Analytical Chemistry, University of Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Erb
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of Bern, Altenbergrain 21, 3013, Bern, Switzerland
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Júnior FEB, Macedo GE, Zemolin AP, Silva GFD, Cruz LCD, Boligon AA, de Menezes IRA, Franco JL, Posser T. Oxidant effects and toxicity of Croton campestris in Drosophila melanogaster. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:3068-3077. [PMID: 27417881 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1207089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Croton campestris A.St.-Hil. (Euphorbiaceae) is a species native to Northeast Brazil used by traditional communities for the treatment of a variety of health problems. However, potential toxicological effects of this plant are unknown. OBJECTIVE The potential toxicity of the hydroalcoholic extract of C. campestris leaves on Drosophila melanogaster insect model, additionally with phytochemical constitution and cellular mechanisms mediating the action of extract were analysed in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS Constituents of the extract were evaluated by HPLC. In vitro antioxidant potential of extract was analysed by DPPH, ABTS and FRAP. Flies injected culture medium mixed with extract (0.1-50 mg/mL) for 72 h. After, ROS production was evaluated by DCF-DA oxidation. Phosphorylation of MAPK signalling pathway was investigated by Western blotting method. Activity of antioxidant enzymes was analysed in homogenates. RESULTS Major components of the extract include quercetin (38.11 ± 0.06 mg/g), caffeic acid (20.06 ± 0.17 mg/g) and kaempferol (15.45 ± 0.05 mg/g). Consumption of the extract impaired locomotor performance and induced fly death of flies (LC50 of 26.51 mg/mL). Augmented ROS formation and SOD, CAT and GST activity were observed from 0.1 mg/mL. JNK and p38 kinases phosphorylation was modulated and Paraquat-induced toxicity was augmented by extract. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION Our data show important toxicological effects of C. campestris leading to increased mortality and impaired locomotor performance accompanied by induction of cell stress markers in flies. The study draws attention to the indiscriminate use of plant extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco E B Júnior
- a Departamento de Química Biológica , Universidade Regional do Cariri , Crato , CE , Brazil
- b Departamento de Química, Programa de Pós Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , RS , Brazil
| | - Giulianna Echeverria Macedo
- c Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal do Pampa , Campus São Gabriel , São Gabriel , RS , Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Zemolin
- b Departamento de Química, Programa de Pós Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , RS , Brazil
| | - Gustavo Felipe da Silva
- c Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal do Pampa , Campus São Gabriel , São Gabriel , RS , Brazil
| | - Litiele Cezar da Cruz
- b Departamento de Química, Programa de Pós Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , RS , Brazil
| | - Aline Augusti Boligon
- d Departamento de Farmácia Industrial, Laboratório de Pesquisa em Fitoquímica , Universidade Federal de Santa Maria , Santa Maria , RS , Brazil
| | - Irwin R A de Menezes
- a Departamento de Química Biológica , Universidade Regional do Cariri , Crato , CE , Brazil
| | - Jeferson Luis Franco
- c Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal do Pampa , Campus São Gabriel , São Gabriel , RS , Brazil
| | - Thaís Posser
- c Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Centro Interdisciplinar de Pesquisa em Biotecnologia , Universidade Federal do Pampa , Campus São Gabriel , São Gabriel , RS , Brazil
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50
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Wouters FC, Blanchette B, Gershenzon J, Vassão DG. Plant defense and herbivore counter-defense: benzoxazinoids and insect herbivores. PHYTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS : PROCEEDINGS OF THE PHYTOCHEMICAL SOCIETY OF EUROPE 2016; 15:1127-1151. [PMID: 27932939 DOI: 10.1007/s11101-016-9481-9481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Benzoxazinoids are a class of indole-derived plant chemical defenses comprising compounds with a 2-hydroxy-2H-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one skeleton and their derivatives. These phytochemicals are widespread in grasses, including important cereal crops such as maize, wheat and rye, as well as a few dicot species, and display a wide range of antifeedant, insecticidal, antimicrobial, and allelopathic activities. Although their overall effects against insect herbivores are frequently reported, much less is known about how their modes of action specifically influence insect physiology. The present review summarizes the biological activities of benzoxazinoids on chewing, piercing-sucking, and root insect herbivores. We show how within-plant distribution modulates the exposure of different herbivore feeding guilds to these defenses, and how benzoxazinoids may act as toxins, feeding deterrents and digestibility-reducing compounds under different conditions. In addition, recent results on the metabolism of benzoxazinoids by insects and their consequences for plant-herbivore interactions are addressed, as well as directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe C Wouters
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Blair Blanchette
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel G Vassão
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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