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Yang W, Lian K, Ye J, Cheng Y, Xu X. Analyses of single-cell and bulk RNA sequencing combined with machine learning reveal the expression patterns of disrupted mitophagy in schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1429437. [PMID: 39355378 PMCID: PMC11442249 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1429437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 10/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Mitochondrial dysfunction is an important factor in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. However, the relationship between mitophagy and schizophrenia remains to be elucidated. Methods Single-cell RNA sequencing datasets of peripheral blood and brain organoids from SCZ patients and healthy controls were retrieved. Mitophagy-related genes that were differentially expressed between the two groups were screened. The diagnostic model based on key mitophagy genes was constructed using two machine learning methods, and the relationship between mitophagy and immune cells was analyzed. Single-cell RNA sequencing data of brain organoids was used to calculate the mitophagy score (Mitoscore). Results We found 7 key mitophagy genes to construct a diagnostic model. The mitophagy genes were related to the infiltration of neutrophils, activated dendritic cells, resting NK cells, regulatory T cells, resting memory T cells, and CD8 T cells. In addition, we identified 12 cell clusters based on the Mitoscore, and the most abundant neurons were further divided into three subgroups. Results at the single-cell level showed that Mitohigh_Neuron established a novel interaction with endothelial cells via SPP1 signaling pathway, suggesting their distinct roles in SCZ pathogenesis. Conclusion We identified a mitophagy signature for schizophrenia that provides new insights into disease pathogenesis and new possibilities for its diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second People’s Hospital of Yuxi, Yuxi, Yunnan, China
- Yuxi Hospital affiliated to Kunming University of Science and Technology, Yuxi, Yunnan, China
| | - Kun Lian
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Yuqi Cheng
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Schizophrenia Research Program, Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiufeng Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Schizophrenia Research Program, Yunnan Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Yue L, Sun L, Li N. Psychotropic medication and hepatobiliary health: Ultrasound observations on patients with schizophrenia. Int J Psychiatry Med 2024:912174241280510. [PMID: 39235173 DOI: 10.1177/00912174241280510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study sought to examine the association between antipsychotic drug use and hepatobiliary health based on serum markers and ultrasound observations on a sample of patients with schizophrenia compared to age and gender matched healthy controls. METHODS The 120 patients with schizophrenia and 60 control subjects had their blood drawn to measure liver function tests and underwent hepatobiliary ultrasonography to determine hepatobiliary lesions. Liver function tests included total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Standardized cross-sectional images of the liver and kidneys were obtained from patients and controls, and analyses were stratified by length of taking psychotropic medication among those with schizophrenia. Liver echo attenuation coefficients, liver-kidney ratios, and liver fat content were determined. RESULTS Psychotropic drug use was associated with greater liver burden and liver lesions in patients with schizophrenia compared to controls. The levels of TC, TG, ALT and AST in patients with schizophrenia were also all significantly higher among patients with schizophrenia. Long-term psychotropic medication was associated with increased levels of fatty liver in patients compared with controls. Levels of TC, TG, ALT and AST were all significantly higher in the long-term psychotropic medication use group than in the short-term group. Liver echo attenuation coefficient, liver-kidney ratio, and liver fat content were also higher in the long-term medication use group compared to the short-term group. CONCLUSION Antipsychotic drug use, particularly long-term use, is associated with increased liver burden in patients with schizophrenia, impaired lipid metabolism, increased liver lesions and fat content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Yue
- Medical Image Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Sun
- Medical Image Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Li
- Medical Image Center, Beijing Huilongguan Hospital, Beijing, China
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O’Brien JT, Jalilvand SP, Suji NA, Jupelly RK, Phensy A, Mwirigi JM, Elahi H, Price TJ, Kroener S. Elevations in the Mitochondrial Matrix Protein Cyclophilin D Correlate With Reduced Parvalbumin Expression in the Prefrontal Cortex of Patients With Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2024; 50:1197-1207. [PMID: 38412332 PMCID: PMC11349014 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbae016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are linked to dysfunctions of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), including alterations in parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons (PVIs). Redox dysregulation and oxidative stress may represent convergence points in the pathology of schizophrenia, causing dysfunction of GABAergic interneurons and loss of PV. Here, we show that the mitochondrial matrix protein cyclophilin D (CypD), a critical initiator of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) and modulator of the intracellular redox state, is altered in PVIs in schizophrenia. STUDY DESIGN Western blotting was used to measure CypD protein levels in postmortem DLPFC specimens of schizophrenic patients (n = 27) and matched comparison subjects with no known history of psychiatric or neurological disorders (n = 26). In a subset of this cohort, multilabel immunofluorescent confocal microscopy with unbiased stereological sampling methods were used to quantify (1) numbers of PVI across the cortical mantle (20 unaffected comparison, 14 schizophrenia) and (2) PV and CypD protein levels from PVIs in the cortical layers 2-4 (23 unaffected comparison, 18 schizophrenia). STUDY RESULTS In schizophrenic patients, the overall number of PVIs in the DLPFC was not significantly altered, but in individual PVIs of layers 2-4 PV protein levels decreased along a superficial-to-deep gradient when compared to unaffected comparison subjects. These laminar-specific PVI alterations were reciprocally linked to significant CypD elevations both in PVIs and total DLPFC gray matter. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support previously reported PVI anomalies in schizophrenia and suggest that CypD-mediated mPTP formation could be a potential contributor to PVI dysfunction in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- John T O’Brien
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Sophia P Jalilvand
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Neha A Suji
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Rohan K Jupelly
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Aarron Phensy
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Juliet M Mwirigi
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Hajira Elahi
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Theodore J Price
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
| | - Sven Kroener
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX, USA
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Cecerska-Heryć E, Polikowska A, Serwin N, Michalczyk A, Stodolak P, Goszka M, Zoń M, Budkowska M, Tyburski E, Podwalski P, Waszczuk K, Rudkowski K, Kucharska-Mazur J, Mak M, Samochowiec A, Misiak B, Sagan L, Samochowiec J, Dołęgowska B. The importance of oxidative biomarkers in diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring schizophrenia patients. Schizophr Res 2024; 270:44-56. [PMID: 38851167 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2024.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The etiology of schizophrenia (SCZ), an incredibly complex disorder, remains multifaceted. Literature suggests the involvement of oxidative stress (OS) in the pathophysiology of SCZ. OBJECTIVES Determination of selected OS markers and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in patients with chronic SCZ and those in states predisposing to SCZ-first episode psychosis (FP) and ultra-high risk (UHR). MATERIALS AND METHODS Determination of OS markers and BDNF levels by spectrophotometric methods and ELISA in 150 individuals (116 patients diagnosed with SCZ or in a predisposed state, divided into four subgroups according to the type of disorder: deficit schizophrenia, non-deficit schizophrenia, FP, UHR). The control group included 34 healthy volunteers. RESULTS Lower activities of analyzed antioxidant enzymes and GSH and TAC concentrations were found in all individuals in the study group compared to controls (p < 0.001). BDNF concentration was also lower in all groups compared to controls except in the UHR subgroup (p = 0.01). Correlations were observed between BDNF, R-GSSG, GST, GPx activity, and disease duration (p < 0.02). A small effect of smoking on selected OS markers was also noted (rho<0.06, p < 0.03). CONCLUSIONS OS may play an important role in the pathophysiology of SCZ before developing the complete clinical pattern of the disorder. The redox imbalance manifests itself with such severity in individuals with SCZ and in a state predisposing to the development of this psychiatric disease that natural antioxidant systems become insufficient to compensate against it completely. The discussed OS biomarkers may support the SCZ diagnosis and predict its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Cecerska-Heryć
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland.
| | - Aleksandra Polikowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Natalia Serwin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Anna Michalczyk
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Patrycja Stodolak
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Goszka
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Martyn Zoń
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Marta Budkowska
- Department of Analytical Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Ernest Tyburski
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Piotr Podwalski
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Waszczuk
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Rudkowski
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jolanta Kucharska-Mazur
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Monika Mak
- Department of Health Psychology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | | | - Błażej Misiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Consultation Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Leszek Sagan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jerzy Samochowiec
- Department of Psychiatry, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Barbara Dołęgowska
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University of Szczecin, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Antunes ASLM, Reis-de-Oliveira G, Martins-de-Souza D. Molecular overlaps of neurological manifestations of COVID-19 and schizophrenia from a proteomic perspective. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024:10.1007/s00406-024-01842-8. [PMID: 39028452 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01842-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
COVID-19, a complex multisystem disorder affecting the central nervous system, can also have psychiatric sequelae. In addition, clinical evidence indicates that a diagnosis of a schizophrenia spectrum disorder is a risk factor for mortality in patients with COVID-19. In this study, we aimed to explore brain-specific molecular aspects of COVID-19 by using a proteomic approach. We analyzed the brain proteome of fatal COVID-19 cases and compared it with differentially regulated proteins found in postmortem schizophrenia brains. The COVID-19 proteomic dataset revealed a strong enrichment of proteins expressed by glial and neuronal cells and processes related to diseases with a psychiatric and neurodegenerative component. Specifically, the COVID-19 brain proteome enriches processes that are hallmark features of schizophrenia. Furthermore, we identified shared and distinct molecular pathways affected in both conditions. We found that brain ageing processes are likely present in both COVID-19 and schizophrenia, albeit possibly driven by distinct processes. In addition, alterations in brain cell metabolism were observed, with schizophrenia primarily impacting amino acid metabolism and COVID-19 predominantly affecting carbohydrate metabolism. The enrichment of metabolic pathways associated with astrocytic components in both conditions suggests the involvement of this cell type in the pathogenesis. Both COVID-19 and schizophrenia influenced neurotransmitter systems, but with distinct impacts. Future studies exploring the underlying mechanisms linking brain ageing and metabolic dysregulation may provide valuable insights into the complex pathophysiology of these conditions and the increased vulnerability of schizophrenia patients to severe outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- André S L M Antunes
- Brazilian Biosciences National Laboratory (LNBio), Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.
| | | | - Daniel Martins-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Neuroproteomics, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
- D'or Institute for Research and Education, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), Estate University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil.
- INCT in Modelling Human Complex Diseases with 3D Platforms (Model3D), INCT in Modelling Human Complex Diseases with 3D Platforms (Model3D), São Paulo, Brazil.
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6
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Li S, Jiang J, Zhu W, Wang D, Dong C, Bu Y, Zhang J, Gao D, Hu X, Wan C. Increased cell-free DNA is associated with oxidative damage in patients with schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2024; 175:20-28. [PMID: 38701608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2024.04.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) has been found to be elevated in patients with schizophrenia (SZ), potentially derived from activated apoptosis, but the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. Moreover, whether the concentrations of cfDNA are altered with disease stage has not been investigated, which limits its clinical application as an auxiliary diagnostic marker for SZ. Using an improved fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) method that does not require DNA extraction, we measured the molar concentrations of cfDNA in plasma samples of 191 patients with SZ, 78 patients with mood disorders (MD) and 65 healthy controls (HC). We also analyzed the cfDNA composition from either the nucleus or mitochondria, oxidation markers and biochemical indexes to explore the potential mechanistic associations of the increased cfDNA levels. We found that in SZ patients, the cfDNA levels were significantly increased (P = 0.003) regardless of the different disease stages or antipsychotic medication use. Furthermore, qPCR revealed that cell-free nuclear DNA (cf-nDNA) (P = 0.041) but not cell-free mitochondrial DNA (cf-mtDNA) was elevated in SZ patients. Moreover, decreased SOD activity in SZ patients (P = 0.005) was negatively correlated with cfDNA levels (P = 0.047), and fasting blood glucose was positively correlated with cfDNA levels in SZ patients (P = 0.013). Our study provides evidence to support that the elevated cfDNA may be a convenient, effective and stable trait indicator of SZ. Further analysis showed that it mainly came from nucleus, suggesting increased apoptosis, and potentially related to oxidative stress and high blood glucose levels in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuhui Li
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Jie Jiang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Wenli Zhu
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, 241003, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Chaoqing Dong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Yangying Bu
- The Fourth People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, 241003, China
| | - Juan Zhang
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China
| | - Daiyutong Gao
- Department of Mathematics, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210093, China
| | - Xiaowen Hu
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
| | - Chunling Wan
- Bio-X Institutes, Key Laboratory for the Genetics of Developmental and Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China; Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychiatry Disorders, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200030, China.
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7
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Shi P, Wang B, Shi S, Chu X, Liu C, Kang M, Hui J, Gou Y, Zhou R, Liu Y, Jia Y, Zhang F, Wen Y. Assessing the joint effects of mitochondrial genes and physical activity on the psychiatric phenotype of subjective well-being based on the UK Biobank data. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2024:10.1007/s00406-024-01822-y. [PMID: 38767715 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-024-01822-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Subjective well-being (SWB) is an important measure for mental health status. Previous research has shown that physical activity can affect an individual's well-being, yet the underlying molecular mechanism remains to be clarified. In this study, we aim to evaluate the potential interactions between mitochondrial genes and physical activity (PA) as well as their combined effects on individual well-being. SWB phenotype data in UK Biobank were enrolled for this study including nine aspects such as work/job satisfaction, health satisfaction, family relationship satisfaction, friendships satisfaction, financial situation satisfaction, ever depressed for a whole week, general happiness, general happiness with own health and belief that own life is meaningful. We made analysis for each aspects separately. Firstly, mitochondria-wide association studies (MiWAS) was conducted to assess the association of mitochondrial Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms SNP with each aspect of SWB. Then an interaction analysis of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) mutation and PA was performed to evaluate their joint effect on SWB status. Meanwhile, these two analysis were made for female and male group separately as well as the total samples, all under the control of possible confounding factors including gender, age, Townsend Deprivation Index (TDI), education, alcohol consumption, smoking habits, and 10 principal components. MiWAS analysis identified 45 mtSNPs associated with 9 phenotypes of SWB. For example, m.15218A > G on MT-CYB in the health satisfaction phenotype of the total subjects. Gender-specific analyses found 30 mtSNPs in females and 58 in males, involving 13 mtGenes. In mtDNA-PA interaction analysis, we also identified 10 significant mtDNA-PA interaction sets for SWB. For instance, m.13020 T > C (MT-ND5) was associated with the SWB financial situation satisfaction phenotype in all subjects (P = 0.00577). In addition, MiWAS analysis identified 12 mtGene variants associated with SWB, as MT-ND1 and MT-ND2. However, in mtDNA-PA interactions we detected 7 mtDNA affecting psychiatric disorders occurring, as in the friendships satisfaction phenotype (m.3394 T > C on MT-ND1). Our study results suggest an implication of the interaction between mitochondrial function and physical activity in the risk of psychiatric disorder development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panxing Shi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Environment and Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Bingyi Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Environment and Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Sirong Shi
- NHC Key Laboratory of Environment and Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Xiaoge Chu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Environment and Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Chen Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Environment and Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Meijuan Kang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Environment and Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jingni Hui
- NHC Key Laboratory of Environment and Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yifan Gou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Environment and Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ruixue Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Environment and Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Ye Liu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Environment and Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yumeng Jia
- NHC Key Laboratory of Environment and Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Environment and Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yan Wen
- NHC Key Laboratory of Environment and Endemic Diseases, School of Public Health, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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8
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Shatalina E, Whitehurst TS, Onwordi EC, Gilbert BJ, Rizzo G, Whittington A, Mansur A, Tsukada H, Marques TR, Natesan S, Rabiner EA, Wall MB, Howes OD. Mitochondrial complex I density is associated with IQ and cognition in cognitively healthy adults: an in vivo [ 18F]BCPP-EF PET study. EJNMMI Res 2024; 14:41. [PMID: 38632153 PMCID: PMC11024075 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-024-01099-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mitochondrial function plays a key role in regulating neurotransmission and may contribute to general intelligence. Mitochondrial complex I (MC-I) is the largest enzyme of the respiratory chain. Recently, it has become possible to measure MC-I distribution in vivo, using a novel positron emission tomography tracer [18F]BCPP-EF, thus, we set out to investigate the association between MC-I distribution and measures of cognitive function in the living healthy brain. RESULTS Analyses were performed in a voxel-wise manner and identified significant associations between [18F]BCPP-EF DVRCS-1 in the precentral gyrus and parietal lobes and WAIS-IV predicted IQ, WAIS-IV arithmetic and WAIS-IV symbol-digit substitution scores (voxel-wise Pearson's correlation coefficients transformed to Z-scores, thresholded at Z = 2.3 family-wise cluster correction at p < 0.05, n = 16). Arithmetic scores were associated with middle frontal and post-central gyri tracer uptake, symbol-digit substitution scores were associated with precentral gyrus tracer uptake. RAVLT recognition scores were associated with [18F]BCPP-EF DVRCS-1 in the middle frontal gyrus, post-central gyrus, occipital and parietal regions (n = 20). CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our findings support the theory that mitochondrial function may contribute to general intelligence and indicate that interindividual differences in MC-I should be a key consideration for research into mitochondrial dysfunction in conditions with cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Shatalina
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), Kings College London, London, UK.
| | - Thomas S Whitehurst
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Ellis Chika Onwordi
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), Kings College London, London, UK
- Centre for Psychiatry and Mental Health, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tiago Reis Marques
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), Kings College London, London, UK
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sridhar Natesan
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Eugenii A Rabiner
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), Kings College London, London, UK
- Invicro, London, UK
| | - Matthew B Wall
- Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Invicro, London, UK
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Oliver D Howes
- Psychiatric Imaging Group, MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Hammersmith Hospital, Imperial College London, London, UK
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (IoPPN), Kings College London, London, UK
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9
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Mu E, Gurvich C, Kulkarni J. Estrogen and psychosis - a review and future directions. Arch Womens Ment Health 2024:10.1007/s00737-023-01409-x. [PMID: 38221595 DOI: 10.1007/s00737-023-01409-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
The link between sex hormones and schizophrenia has been suspected for over a century; however, scientific evidence supporting the pharmacotherapeutic effects of exogenous estrogen has only started to emerge during the past three decades. Accumulating evidence from epidemiological and basic research suggests that estrogen has a protective effect in women vulnerable to schizophrenia. Such evidence has led multiple researchers to investigate the role of estrogen in schizophrenia and its use in treatment. This narrative review provides an overview of the effects of estrogen as well as summarizes the recent work regarding estrogen as a treatment for schizophrenia, particularly the use of new-generation selective estrogen receptor modulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Mu
- HER Centre Australia, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Caroline Gurvich
- HER Centre Australia, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jayashri Kulkarni
- HER Centre Australia, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Bartal G, Yitzhaky A, Segev A, Hertzberg L. Multiple genes encoding mitochondrial ribosomes are downregulated in brain and blood samples of individuals with schizophrenia. World J Biol Psychiatry 2023; 24:829-837. [PMID: 37158323 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2023.2211653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Schizophrenia is a chronic, debilitating mental disorder whose pathophysiology is complex and not fully understood. Numerous studies suggest mitochondrial dysfunction may contribute to the development of schizophrenia. While mitochondrial ribosomes (mitoribosomes) are essential for proper mitochondrial functioning, their gene expression levels have not been studied yet in schizophrenia. METHODS We performed a systematic meta-analysis of the expression of 81 mitoribosomes subunits encoding genes, integrating ten brain samples datasets of patients with schizophrenia compared to healthy controls (overall 422 samples, 211 schizophrenia, and 211 controls). We also performed a meta-analysis of their expression in blood, integrating two blood sample datasets (overall 90 samples, 53 schizophrenia, and 37 controls). RESULTS Multiple mitoribosomes subunits were significantly downregulated in brain samples (18 genes) and in blood samples (11 genes) of individuals with schizophrenia, where two showed significant downregulation in both brain and blood, MRPL4 and MRPS7. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the accumulating evidence of impaired mitochondrial activity in schizophrenia. While further research is needed to validate mitoribosomes' role as biomarkers, this direction has the potential to promote patients' stratification and personalised treatment for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Bartal
- The Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Assif Yitzhaky
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Aviv Segev
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Shalvata Mental Health Center, Hod Hasharon, Israel
| | - Libi Hertzberg
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Shalvata Mental Health Center, Hod Hasharon, Israel
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11
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Clemente-Suárez VJ, Redondo-Flórez L, Beltrán-Velasco AI, Ramos-Campo DJ, Belinchón-deMiguel P, Martinez-Guardado I, Dalamitros AA, Yáñez-Sepúlveda R, Martín-Rodríguez A, Tornero-Aguilera JF. Mitochondria and Brain Disease: A Comprehensive Review of Pathological Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2488. [PMID: 37760929 PMCID: PMC10526226 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11092488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria play a vital role in maintaining cellular energy homeostasis, regulating apoptosis, and controlling redox signaling. Dysfunction of mitochondria has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various brain diseases, including neurodegenerative disorders, stroke, and psychiatric illnesses. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of the intricate relationship between mitochondria and brain disease, focusing on the underlying pathological mechanisms and exploring potential therapeutic opportunities. The review covers key topics such as mitochondrial DNA mutations, impaired oxidative phosphorylation, mitochondrial dynamics, calcium dysregulation, and reactive oxygen species generation in the context of brain disease. Additionally, it discusses emerging strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction, including mitochondrial protective agents, metabolic modulators, and gene therapy approaches. By critically analysing the existing literature and recent advancements, this review aims to enhance our understanding of the multifaceted role of mitochondria in brain disease and shed light on novel therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (V.J.C.-S.); (J.F.T.-A.)
- Group de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla 080002, Colombia
| | - Laura Redondo-Flórez
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, C/Tajo s/n, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana Isabel Beltrán-Velasco
- Psychology Department, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida y la Naturaleza, Universidad Antonio de Nebrija, 28240 Madrid, Spain
| | - Domingo Jesús Ramos-Campo
- LFE Research Group, Department of Health and Human Performance, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Science-INEF, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Belinchón-deMiguel
- Department of Nursing and Nutrition, Faculty of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain;
| | | | - Athanasios A. Dalamitros
- Laboratory of Evaluation of Human Biological Performance, School of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Rodrigo Yáñez-Sepúlveda
- Faculty of Education and Social Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Viña del Mar 2520000, Chile;
| | - Alexandra Martín-Rodríguez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Tajo Street, s/n, 28670 Madrid, Spain; (V.J.C.-S.); (J.F.T.-A.)
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Yang YS, Smucny J, Zhang H, Maddock RJ. Meta-analytic evidence of elevated choline, reduced N-acetylaspartate, and normal creatine in schizophrenia and their moderation by measurement quality, echo time, and medication status. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 39:103461. [PMID: 37406595 PMCID: PMC10509531 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain metabolite abnormalities measured with magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) provide insight into pathological processes in schizophrenia. Prior meta-analyses have not yet answered important questions about the influence of clinical and technical factors on neurometabolite abnormalities and brain region differences. To address these gaps, we performed an updated meta-analysis of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline, and creatine levels in patients with schizophrenia and assessed the moderating effects of medication status, echo time, measurement quality, and other factors. METHODS We searched citations from three earlier meta-analyses and the PubMed database after the most recent meta-analysis to identify studies for screening. In total, 113 publications reporting 366 regional metabolite datasets met our inclusion criteria and reported findings in medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, frontal white matter, hippocampus, thalamus, and basal ganglia from a total of 4445 patient and 3944 control observations. RESULTS Patients with schizophrenia had reduced NAA in five of the six brain regions, with a statistically significant sparing of the basal ganglia. Patients had elevated choline in the basal ganglia and both prefrontal cortical regions. Patient creatine levels were normal in all six regions. In some regions, the NAA and choline differences were greater in studies enrolling predominantly medicated patients compared to studies enrolling predominantly unmedicated patients. Patient NAA levels were more reduced in hippocampus and frontal white matter in studies using longer echo times than those using shorter echo times. MPFC choline and NAA abnormalities were greater in studies reporting better metabolite measurement quality. CONCLUSIONS Choline is elevated in the basal ganglia and prefrontal cortical regions, suggesting regionally increased membrane turnover or glial activation in schizophrenia. The basal ganglia are significantly spared from the well-established widespread reduction of NAA in schizophrenia suggesting a regional difference in disease-associated factors affecting NAA. The echo time findings agree with prior reports and suggest microstructural changes cause faster NAA T2 relaxation in hippocampus and frontal white matter in schizophrenia. Separating the effects of medication status and illness chronicity on NAA and choline abnormalities will require further patient-level studies. Metabolite measurement quality was shown to be a critical factor in MRS studies of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne S Yang
- VISN22 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, 11301 Wilshire Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Los Angeles, 760 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Jason Smucny
- Imaging Research Center, University of California, Davis, 4701 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, 2230 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Huailin Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Adventist Health White Memorial, 1720 E Cesar E Chavez Ave, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - Richard J Maddock
- Imaging Research Center, University of California, Davis, 4701 X Street, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, 2230 Stockton Blvd, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Nano-hesperetin attenuates ketamine-induced schizophrenia-like symptoms in mice: participation of antioxidant parameters. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:1063-1074. [PMID: 36879073 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06344-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Antioxidant natural herb hesperetin (Hst) offers powerful medicinal properties. Despite having noticeable antioxidant properties, it has limited absorption, which is a major pharmacological obstacle. OBJECTIVES The goal of the current investigation was to determine if Hst and nano-Hst might protect mice against oxidative stress and schizophrenia (SCZ)-like behaviors brought on by ketamine (KET). METHODS Seven treatment groups (n=7) were created for the animals. For 10 days, they received distilled water or KET (10 mg/kg) intraperitoneally (i.p). From the 11th to the 40th day, they received daily oral administration of Hst and nano-Hst (10, 20 mg/kg) or vehicle. With the use of the forced swimming test (FST), open field test (OFT), and novel object recognition test (NORT), SCZ-like behaviors were evaluated. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione levels and antioxidant enzyme activities were assessed in the cerebral cortex. RESULTS Our findings displayed that behavioral disorders induced by KET would be improved by nano-Hst treated. MDA levels were much lower after treatment with nano-Hst, and brain antioxidant levels and activities were noticeably higher. The mice treated with nano-Hst had improved outcomes in the behavioral and biochemical tests when compared to the Hst group. CONCLUSIONS Our study's findings showed that nano-Hst had a stronger neuroprotective impact than Hst. In cerebral cortex tissues, nano-Hst treatment dramatically reduced KET-induced (SCZ)-like behavior and oxidative stress indicators. As a result, nano-Hst may have more therapeutic potential and may be effective in treating behavioral impairments and oxidative damage brought on by KET.
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Meta-analysis of brain samples of individuals with schizophrenia detects down-regulation of multiple ATP synthase encoding genes in both females and males. J Psychiatr Res 2023; 158:350-359. [PMID: 36640659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a chronic and debilitating mental disorder, with unknown pathophysiology. Converging lines of evidence suggest that mitochondrial functioning may be compromised in schizophrenia. Postmortem brain samples of individuals with schizophrenia showed dysregulated expression levels of genes encoding enzyme complexes comprising the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), including ATP synthase, the fifth ETC complex. However, there are inconsistencies regarding the direction of change, i.e., up- or down-regulation, and differences between female and male patients were hardly examined. We have performed a systematic meta-analysis of the expression of 16 ATP synthase encoding genes in postmortem brain samples of individuals with schizophrenia vs. healthy controls of three regions: Brodmann Area 10 (BA10), BA22/Superior Temporal Gyrus (STG) and the cerebellum. Eight independent datasets were integrated (overall 294brain samples, 145 of individuals with schizophrenia and 149 controls). The meta-analysis was applied to all individuals with schizophrenia vs. the controls, and also to female and male patients vs. age-matched controls, separately. A significant down-regulation of two ATP synthase encoding genes was detected in schizophrenia, ATP5A1 and ATP5H, and a trend towards down-regulation of five further ATP synthase genes. The down-regulation tendency was shown for both females and males with schizophrenia. Our findings support the hypothesis that schizophrenia is associated with reduced ATP synthesis via the oxidative phosphorylation system, which is caused by reduced cellular demand of ATP. Abnormal cellular energy metabolism can lead to alterations in neural function and brain circuitry, and thereby to the cognitive and behavioral aberrations characteristic of schizophrenia.
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15
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Segev S, Yitzhaky A, Ben Shachar D, Hertzberg L. VDAC genes down-regulation in brain samples of individuals with schizophrenia is revealed by a systematic meta-analysis. Neurosci Res 2023:S0168-0102(23)00022-6. [PMID: 36717018 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2023.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction was shown to be involved in schizophrenia pathophysiology. Abnormal energy states can lead to alterations in neural function and thereby to the cognitive and behavioral aberrations characteristics of schizophrenia. Voltage-dependent anion-selective channels (VDAC) are located in the outer mitochondrial membrane and are involved in mitochondrial energy production. Only few studies explored VDAC genes' expression in schizophrenia, and their results were not consistent. We conducted a systematic meta-analysis of ten brain samples gene expression datasets (overall 368 samples, 179 schizophrenia, 189 controls). In addition, we conducted a meta-analysis of three blood samples datasets (overall 300 samples, 167 schizophrenia, 133 controls). Pairwise correlation analysis was conducted between the VDAC and proteasome subunit genes' expression patterns. VDAC1, VDAC2 and VDAC3 showed significant down-regulation in brain samples of patients with schizophrenia. They also showed significant positive correlations with the proteasome subunit genes' expression levels. Our findings suggest that VDAC genes might play a role in mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia. VDAC1 was down-regulated also in blood samples, which suggests its potential role as a biomarker for schizophrenia. The correlation with proteasome subunits, which were previously shown to be down-regulated in a subgroup of the patients, suggests that our findings might characterize a subgroup of the patients. This direction has the potential to lead to patients' stratification and more precisely-targeted therapy and necessitates further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaked Segev
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Assif Yitzhaky
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Dorit Ben Shachar
- Psychobiology Research Lab, Department of Neuroscience, The Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Israel
| | - Libi Hertzberg
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; Shalvata Mental Health Center, Israel; Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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16
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Muhtaseb AW, Duan J. Modeling common and rare genetic risk factors of neuropsychiatric disorders in human induced pluripotent stem cells. Schizophr Res 2022:S0920-9964(22)00156-6. [PMID: 35459617 PMCID: PMC9735430 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and whole-exome sequencing of neuropsychiatric disorders, especially schizophrenia, have identified a plethora of common and rare disease risk variants/genes. Translating the mounting human genetic discoveries into novel disease biology and more tailored clinical treatments is tied to our ability to causally connect genetic risk variants to molecular and cellular phenotypes. When combined with the Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) nuclease-mediated genome editing system, human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived neural cultures (both 2D and 3D organoids) provide a promising tractable cellular model for bridging the gap between genetic findings and disease biology. In this review, we first conceptualize the advances in understanding the disease polygenicity and convergence from the past decade of iPSC modeling of different types of genetic risk factors of neuropsychiatric disorders. We then discuss the major cell types and cellular phenotypes that are most relevant to neuropsychiatric disorders in iPSC modeling. Finally, we critically review the limitations of iPSC modeling of neuropsychiatric disorders and outline the need for implementing and developing novel methods to scale up the number of iPSC lines and disease risk variants in a systematic manner. Sufficiently scaled-up iPSC modeling and a better functional interpretation of genetic risk variants, in combination with cutting-edge CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing and single-cell multi-omics methods, will enable the field to identify the specific and convergent molecular and cellular phenotypes in precision for neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdurrahman W Muhtaseb
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, United States of America; Department of Human Genetics, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America
| | - Jubao Duan
- Center for Psychiatric Genetics, NorthShore University HealthSystem, Evanston, IL 60201, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, United States of America.
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17
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Kim S, Okazaki S, Otsuka I, Shinko Y, Horai T, Shimmyo N, Hirata T, Yamaki N, Tanifuji T, Boku S, Sora I, Hishimoto A. Searching for biomarkers in schizophrenia and psychosis: Case-control study using capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry and systematic review for biofluid metabolites. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2022; 42:42-51. [PMID: 34889082 PMCID: PMC8919119 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics has been attracting attention in recent years as an objective method for diagnosing schizophrenia. In this study, we analyzed 378 metabolites in the serum of schizophrenia patients using capillary electrophoresis- and liquid chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Using multivariate analysis with the orthogonal partial least squares method, we observed significantly higher levels of alanine, glutamate, lactic acid, ornithine, and serine and significantly lower levels of urea, in patients with chronic schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. Additionally, levels of fatty acids (15:0), (17:0), and (19:1), cis-11-eicosenoic acid, and thyroxine were significantly higher in patients with acute psychosis than in those in remission. Moreover, we conducted a systematic review of comprehensive metabolomics studies on schizophrenia over the last 20 years and observed consistent trends of increase in some metabolites such as glutamate and glucose, and decrease in citrate in schizophrenia patients across several studies. Hence, we provide substantial evidence for metabolic biomarkers in schizophrenia patients through our metabolomics study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saehyeon Kim
- Department of PsychiatryKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Satoshi Okazaki
- Department of PsychiatryKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Ikuo Otsuka
- Department of PsychiatryKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Yutaka Shinko
- Department of PsychiatryKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Tadasu Horai
- Department of PsychiatryKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Naofumi Shimmyo
- Department of PsychiatryKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Takashi Hirata
- Department of PsychiatryKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Naruhisa Yamaki
- Department of PsychiatryKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Takaki Tanifuji
- Department of PsychiatryKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Shuken Boku
- Department of PsychiatryKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
- Department of NeuropsychiatryFaculty of Life SciencesKumamoto UniversityKumamotoJapan
| | - Ichiro Sora
- Department of PsychiatryKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
| | - Akitoyo Hishimoto
- Department of PsychiatryKobe University Graduate School of MedicineKobeJapan
- Department of PsychiatryYokohama City University Graduate School of MedicineYokohamaJapan
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van Rensburg D, Lindeque Z, Harvey BH, Steyn SF. Reviewing the mitochondrial dysfunction paradigm in rodent models as platforms for neuropsychiatric disease research. Mitochondrion 2022; 64:82-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Beeraka NM, Avila-Rodriguez MF, Aliev G. Recent Reports on Redox Stress-Induced Mitochondrial DNA Variations, Neuroglial Interactions, and NMDA Receptor System in Pathophysiology of Schizophrenia. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2472-2496. [PMID: 35083660 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a chronic psychiatric disorder affecting several people worldwide. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variations could invoke changes in the OXPHOS system, calcium buffering, and ROS production, which have significant implications for glial cell survival during SZ. Oxidative stress has been implicated in glial cells-mediated pathogenesis of SZ; the brain comparatively more prone to oxidative damage through NMDAR. A confluence of scientific evidence points to mtDNA alterations, Nrf2 signaling, dynamic alterations in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and provocation of oxidative stress that enhance pathophysiology of SZ. Furthermore, the alterations in excitatory signaling related to NMDAR signaling were particularly reported for SZ pathophysiology. Current review reported the recent evidence for the role of mtDNA variations and oxidative stress in relation to pathophysiology of SZ, NMDAR hypofunction, and glutathione deficiency. NMDAR system is influenced by redox dysregulation in oxidative stress, inflammation, and antioxidant mediators. Several studies have demonstrated the relationship of these variables on severity of pathophysiology in SZ. An extensive literature search was conducted using Medline, PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL PLUS, BIOSIS Preview, Google scholar, and Cochrane databases. We summarize consistent evidence pointing out a plausible model that may elucidate the crosstalk between mtDNA alterations in glial cells and redox dysregulation during oxidative stress and the perturbation of NMDA neurotransmitter system during current therapeutic modalities for the SZ treatment. This review can be beneficial for the development of promising novel diagnostics, and therapeutic modalities by ascertaining the mtDNA variations, redox state, and efficacy of pharmacological agents to mitigate redox dysregulation and augment NMDAR function to treat cognitive and behavioral symptoms in SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narasimha M Beeraka
- Department of Human Anatomy, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia.
| | - Marco F Avila-Rodriguez
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Clinical Sciences, Barrio Santa Helena, University of Tolima, 730006, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Department of Human Anatomy, I M Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia.,Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia.,Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Street, Moscow, 117418, Russia.,GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, #330, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
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20
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Morozova A, Zorkina Y, Abramova O, Pavlova O, Pavlov K, Soloveva K, Volkova M, Alekseeva P, Andryshchenko A, Kostyuk G, Gurina O, Chekhonin V. Neurobiological Highlights of Cognitive Impairment in Psychiatric Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1217. [PMID: 35163141 PMCID: PMC8835608 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review is focused on several psychiatric disorders in which cognitive impairment is a major component of the disease, influencing life quality. There are plenty of data proving that cognitive impairment accompanies and even underlies some psychiatric disorders. In addition, sources provide information on the biological background of cognitive problems associated with mental illness. This scientific review aims to summarize the current knowledge about neurobiological mechanisms of cognitive impairment in people with schizophrenia, depression, mild cognitive impairment and dementia (including Alzheimer's disease).The review provides data about the prevalence of cognitive impairment in people with mental illness and associated biological markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Morozova
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Yana Zorkina
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Olga Abramova
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Olga Pavlova
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Konstantin Pavlov
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Kristina Soloveva
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Maria Volkova
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Polina Alekseeva
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Alisa Andryshchenko
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Georgiy Kostyuk
- Mental-Health Clinic No. 1 Named after N.A. Alekseev, 117152 Moscow, Russia; (A.M.); (O.A.); (K.S.); (M.V.); (P.A.); (A.A.); (G.K.)
| | - Olga Gurina
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
| | - Vladimir Chekhonin
- Department of Basic and Applied Neurobiology, V. Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology, 119034 Moscow, Russia; (O.P.); (K.P.); (O.G.); (V.C.)
- Department of Medical Nanobiotechnology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, 117997 Moscow, Russia
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Molecular Findings Guiding the Modulation of the Endocannabinoid System as a Potential Target to Treat Schizophrenia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1400:89-103. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-97182-3_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Okamoto L, Watanabe S, Deno S, Nie X, Maruyama J, Tomita M, Hatano A, Yugi K. Meta-analysis of transcriptional regulatory networks for lipid metabolism in neural cells from schizophrenia patients based on an open-source intelligence approach. Neurosci Res 2021; 175:82-97. [PMID: 34979163 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2021.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
There have been a number of reports about the transcriptional regulatory networks in schizophrenia. However, most of these studies were based on a specific transcription factor or a single dataset, an approach that is inadequate to understand the diverse etiology and underlying common characteristics of schizophrenia. Here we reconstructed and compared the transcriptional regulatory network for lipid metabolism enzymes using 15 public transcriptome datasets of neural cells from schizophrenia patients. Since many of the well-known schizophrenia-related SNPs are in enhancers, we reconstructed a network including enhancer-dependent regulation and found that 53.3 % of the total number of edges (7,577 pairs) involved regulation via enhancers. By examining multiple datasets, we found common and unique transcriptional modes of regulation. Furthermore, enrichment analysis of SNPs that were connected with genes in the transcriptional regulatory networks by eQTL suggested an association with hematological cell counts and some other traits/diseases, whose relationship to schizophrenia was either not or insufficiently reported in previous studies. Based on these results, we suggest that in future studies on schizophrenia, information on genotype, comorbidities and hematological cell counts should be included, along with the transcriptome, for a more detailed genetic stratification and mechanistic exploration of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Okamoto
- Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan; Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Fujisawa, 252-0882, Japan; Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, 252-0882, Japan
| | - Soyoka Watanabe
- Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan; Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Fujisawa, 252-0882, Japan
| | - Senka Deno
- Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan; Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Fujisawa, 252-0882, Japan; Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, 252-0882, Japan
| | - Xiang Nie
- Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Junichi Maruyama
- Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Masaru Tomita
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Fujisawa, 252-0882, Japan; Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Fujisawa, 252-0882, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hatano
- Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan; Department of Omics and Systems Biology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 757 Ichibancho, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo Ward, Niigata City, 951-8510, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki Yugi
- Laboratory for Integrated Cellular Systems, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan; Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Fujisawa, 252-0882, Japan; Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan; PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, 1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 230-0045, Japan.
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Xia YR, Wei XC, Li WS, Yan QJ, Wu XL, Yao W, Li XH, Zhu F. CPEB1, a novel risk gene in recent-onset schizophrenia, contributes to mitochondrial complex I defect caused by a defective provirus ERVWE1. World J Psychiatry 2021; 11:1075-1094. [PMID: 34888175 PMCID: PMC8613759 DOI: 10.5498/wjp.v11.i11.1075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia afflicts 1% of the world population. Clinical studies suggest that schizophrenia patients may have an imbalance of mitochondrial energy metabolism via inhibition of mitochondrial complex I activity. Moreover, recent studies have shown that ERVWE1 is also a risk factor for schizophrenia. Nevertheless, there is no available literature concerning the relationship between complex I deficits and ERVWE1 in schizophrenia. Identifying risk factors and blood-based biomarkers for schizophrenia may provide new guidelines for early interventions and prevention programs.
AIM To address novel potential risk factors and the underlying mechanisms of mitochondrial complex I deficiency caused by ERVWE1 in schizophrenia.
METHODS Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect differentially expressed risk factors in blood samples. Clinical statistical analyses were performed by median analyses and Mann-Whitney U analyses. Spearman’s rank correlation was applied to examine the correlation between different risk factors in blood samples. qPCR, western blot analysis, and luciferase assay were performed to confirm the relationship among ERVWE1, cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 1 (CPEB1), NADH dehydrogenase ubiquinone flavoprotein 2 (NDUFV2), and NDUFV2 pseudogene (NDUFV2P1). The complex I enzyme activity microplate assay was carried out to evaluate the complex I activity induced by ERVWE1.
RESULTS Herein, we reported decreasing levels of CPEB1 and NDUFV2 in schizophrenia patients. Further studies showed that ERVWE1 was negatively correlated with CPEB1 and NDUFV2 in schizophrenia. Moreover, NDUFV2P1 was increased and demonstrated a significant positive correlation with ERVWE1 and a negative correlation with NDUFV2 in schizophrenia. In vitro experiments disclosed that ERVWE1 suppressed NDUFV2 expression and promoter activity by increasing NDUFV2P1 level. The luciferase assay revealed that ERVWE1 could enhance the promoter activity of NDUFV2P1. Additionally, ERVWE1 downregulated the expression of CPEB1 by suppressing the promoter activity, and the 400 base pair sequence at the 3′ terminus of the promoter was the minimum sequence required. Advanced studies showed that CPEB1 participated in regulating the NDUFV2P1/NDUFV2 axis mediated by ERVWE1. Finally, we found that ERVWE1 inhibited complex I activity in SH-SY5Y cells via the CPEB1/NDUFV2P1/NDUFV2 signaling pathway.
CONCLUSION In conclusion, CPEB1 and NDUFV2 might be novel potential blood-based biomarkers and pathogenic factors in schizophrenia. Our findings also reveal a novel mechanism of ERVWE1 in the etiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Ru Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiao-Cui Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wen-Shi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Qiu-Jin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xiu-Lin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Xu-Hang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
| | - Fan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy & Immunology, Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, Hubei Province, China
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Seillier A. The endocannabinoid system as a therapeutic target for schizophrenia: Failures and potentials. Neurosci Lett 2021; 759:136064. [PMID: 34146641 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.136064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its psychotropic effects, Cannabis has been stigmatized by its recreational use leading to a dramatic decline in the experimentations about its medical use in the twentieth century. The medical properties of the plant - known since ancient times - have received increased attention over recent years; yet, the research on its potential application in the field of psychiatry is still nascent. In this connection, the non-psychotropic cannabidiol (CBD) has emerged as a phytocannabinoid compound with promising antipsychotic effects. In addition, advances in our understanding of the endocannabinoid system, along with accumulating evidence implicating this system in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, have stimulated research by the pharmaceutical industry to explore whether alteration of this system can be of medical benefit. This review examines the current state of evidence regarding the clinical potential of cannabinoid-based drugs as a treatment for schizophrenia, while discussing various limitations with the therapeutic approaches considered so far. In the second part, the author highlights the most promising strategies, as well as the most interesting directions one could follow, in the emerging field of cannabinoid therapies for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Seillier
- RP1 Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, 250 67 Klecany, Prague East, Czech Republic.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Schizophrenia is a heterogeneous psychiatric disorder with a different, but not necessarily milder clinical presentation in women as compared to men. These sex differences have largely been attributed to the protective role of estrogens. This article reviews the current state of estrogen research in schizophrenia. RECENT FINDINGS Estrogens regulate important pathophysiological pathways in schizophrenia, including dopamine activity, mitochondrial function, and the stress system. Estrogen deficiency is common in both sexes and is associated with increases in psychotic symptoms. Hyperprolactinemia causes secondary estrogen deficiency and can be a reaction to stress, or secondary to prolactin-raising antipsychotics. Therefore, prolactin-sparing antipsychotics should be preferred especially in premenopausal women, who are more prone to hyperprolactinemia. Premenopausal women furthermore require lower doses of antipsychotics than men, since estrogens raise the availability and efficacy of antipsychotics. SUMMARY The past years have established the importance of estrogens in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and have shown its relevance to clinical practice through its influence on antipsychotic drug efficacy. Future research should focus on the neurobiological and clinical effect of contraceptives in premenopausal women with schizophrenia. Furthermore, the potential of estrogen-like augmentation with raloxifene and phytoestrogens in schizophrenia should be established in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodyl A. Brand
- University of Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen
| | - Janna N. de Boer
- University of Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen
- Department of Psychiatry, UMC Utrecht Brain Center, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Iris E.C. Sommer
- University of Groningen, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen
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Gonzalez S. The Role of Mitonuclear Incompatibility in Bipolar Disorder Susceptibility and Resilience Against Environmental Stressors. Front Genet 2021; 12:636294. [PMID: 33815470 PMCID: PMC8010675 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.636294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been postulated that mitochondrial dysfunction has a significant role in the underlying pathophysiology of bipolar disorder (BD). Mitochondrial functioning plays an important role in regulating synaptic transmission, brain function, and cognition. Neuronal activity is energy dependent and neurons are particularly sensitive to changes in bioenergetic fluctuations, suggesting that mitochondria regulate fundamental aspects of brain function. Vigorous evidence supports the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in the etiology of BD, including dysregulated oxidative phosphorylation, general decrease of energy, altered brain bioenergetics, co-morbidity with mitochondrial disorders, and association with genetic variants in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) or nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes. Despite these advances, the underlying etiology of mitochondrial dysfunction in BD is unclear. A plausible evolutionary explanation is that mitochondrial-nuclear (mitonuclear) incompatibility leads to a desynchronization of machinery required for efficient electron transport and cellular energy production. Approximately 1,200 genes, encoded from both nuclear and mitochondrial genomes, are essential for mitochondrial function. Studies suggest that mitochondrial and nuclear genomes co-evolve, and the coordinated expression of these interacting gene products are essential for optimal organism function. Incompatibilities between mtDNA and nuclear-encoded mitochondrial genes results in inefficiency in electron flow down the respiratory chain, differential oxidative phosphorylation efficiency, increased release of free radicals, altered intracellular Ca2+ signaling, and reduction of catalytic sites and ATP production. This review explores the role of mitonuclear incompatibility in BD susceptibility and resilience against environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Gonzalez
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Department of Pharmacology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
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27
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Dysregulation of PGC-1α-Dependent Transcriptional Programs in Neurological and Developmental Disorders: Therapeutic Challenges and Opportunities. Cells 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cells10020352
expr 820281011 + 880698691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence indicates that mitochondrial impairment contributes to neuronal dysfunction and vulnerability in disease states, leading investigators to propose that the enhancement of mitochondrial function should be considered a strategy for neuroprotection. However, multiple attempts to improve mitochondrial function have failed to impact disease progression, suggesting that the biology underlying the normal regulation of mitochondrial pathways in neurons, and its dysfunction in disease, is more complex than initially thought. Here, we present the proteins and associated pathways involved in the transcriptional regulation of nuclear-encoded genes for mitochondrial function, with a focus on the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α). We highlight PGC-1α’s roles in neuronal and non-neuronal cell types and discuss evidence for the dysregulation of PGC-1α-dependent pathways in Huntington’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease, and developmental disorders, emphasizing the relationship between disease-specific cellular vulnerability and cell-type-specific patterns of PGC-1α expression. Finally, we discuss the challenges inherent to therapeutic targeting of PGC-1α-related transcriptional programs, considering the roles for neuron-enriched transcriptional coactivators in co-regulating mitochondrial and synaptic genes. This information will provide novel insights into the unique aspects of transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial function in neurons and the opportunities for therapeutic targeting of transcriptional pathways for neuroprotection.
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28
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Dysregulation of PGC-1α-Dependent Transcriptional Programs in Neurological and Developmental Disorders: Therapeutic Challenges and Opportunities. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020352. [PMID: 33572179 PMCID: PMC7915819 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial evidence indicates that mitochondrial impairment contributes to neuronal dysfunction and vulnerability in disease states, leading investigators to propose that the enhancement of mitochondrial function should be considered a strategy for neuroprotection. However, multiple attempts to improve mitochondrial function have failed to impact disease progression, suggesting that the biology underlying the normal regulation of mitochondrial pathways in neurons, and its dysfunction in disease, is more complex than initially thought. Here, we present the proteins and associated pathways involved in the transcriptional regulation of nuclear-encoded genes for mitochondrial function, with a focus on the transcriptional coactivator peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1α). We highlight PGC-1α's roles in neuronal and non-neuronal cell types and discuss evidence for the dysregulation of PGC-1α-dependent pathways in Huntington's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, and developmental disorders, emphasizing the relationship between disease-specific cellular vulnerability and cell-type-specific patterns of PGC-1α expression. Finally, we discuss the challenges inherent to therapeutic targeting of PGC-1α-related transcriptional programs, considering the roles for neuron-enriched transcriptional coactivators in co-regulating mitochondrial and synaptic genes. This information will provide novel insights into the unique aspects of transcriptional regulation of mitochondrial function in neurons and the opportunities for therapeutic targeting of transcriptional pathways for neuroprotection.
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29
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Bressan P, Kramer P. Mental Health, Mitochondria, and the Battle of the Sexes. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020116. [PMID: 33530498 PMCID: PMC7911591 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a broad perspective on how mental disease relates to the different evolutionary strategies of men and women and to growth, metabolism, and mitochondria—the enslaved bacteria in our cells that enable it all. Several mental disorders strike one sex more than the other; yet what truly matters, regardless of one’s sex, is how much one’s brain is “female” and how much it is “male”. This appears to be the result of an arms race between the parents over how many resources their child ought to extract from the mother, hence whether it should grow a lot or stay small and undemanding. An uneven battle alters the child’s risk of developing not only insulin resistance, diabetes, or cancer, but a mental disease as well. Maternal supremacy increases the odds of a psychosis-spectrum disorder; paternal supremacy, those of an autism-spectrum one. And a particularly lopsided struggle may invite one or the other of a series of syndromes that come in pairs, with diametrically opposite, excessively “male” or “female” characteristics. By providing the means for this tug of war, mitochondria take center stage in steadying or upsetting the precarious balance on which our mental health is built.
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Ermakov EA, Dmitrieva EM, Parshukova DA, Kazantseva DV, Vasilieva AR, Smirnova LP. Oxidative Stress-Related Mechanisms in Schizophrenia Pathogenesis and New Treatment Perspectives. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8881770. [PMID: 33552387 PMCID: PMC7847339 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8881770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is recognized to be a highly heterogeneous disease at various levels, from genetics to clinical manifestations and treatment sensitivity. This heterogeneity is also reflected in the variety of oxidative stress-related mechanisms contributing to the phenotypic realization and manifestation of schizophrenia. At the molecular level, these mechanisms are supposed to include genetic causes that increase the susceptibility of individuals to oxidative stress and lead to gene expression dysregulation caused by abnormal regulation of redox-sensitive transcriptional factors, noncoding RNAs, and epigenetic mechanisms favored by environmental insults. These changes form the basis of the prooxidant state and lead to altered redox signaling related to glutathione deficiency and impaired expression and function of redox-sensitive transcriptional factors (Nrf2, NF-κB, FoxO, etc.). At the cellular level, these changes lead to mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic abnormalities that contribute to aberrant neuronal development, abnormal myelination, neurotransmitter anomalies, and dysfunction of parvalbumin-positive interneurons. Immune dysfunction also contributes to redox imbalance. At the whole-organism level, all these mechanisms ultimately contribute to the manifestation and development of schizophrenia. In this review, we consider oxidative stress-related mechanisms and new treatment perspectives associated with the correction of redox imbalance in schizophrenia. We suggest that not only antioxidants but also redox-regulated transcription factor-targeting drugs (including Nrf2 and FoxO activators or NF-κB inhibitors) have great promise in schizophrenia. But it is necessary to develop the stratification criteria of schizophrenia patients based on oxidative stress-related markers for the administration of redox-correcting treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny A. Ermakov
- Laboratory of Repair Enzymes, Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Division of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Elena M. Dmitrieva
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634014, Russia
| | - Daria A. Parshukova
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634014, Russia
| | | | | | - Liudmila P. Smirnova
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Mental Health Research Institute, Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk 634014, Russia
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Roberts RC. Mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia: With a focus on postmortem studies. Mitochondrion 2021; 56:91-101. [PMID: 33221354 PMCID: PMC7810242 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2020.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Among the many brain abnormalities in schizophrenia are those related to mitochondrial functions such as oxidative stress, energy metabolism and synaptic efficacy. The aim of this paper is to provide a brief review of mitochondrial structure and function and then to present abnormalities in mitochondria in postmortem brain in schizophrenia with a focus on anatomy. Deficits in expression of various mitochondrial genes have been found in multiple schizophrenia cohorts. Decreased activity of complexes I and IV are prominent as well as abnormal levels of individual subunits that comprise the complexes of the electron transport chain. Ultrastructural studies have shown layer, input and cell specific decreases in mitochondria. In cortex, there are fewer mitochondria in axon terminals, neuronal somata of pyramidal neurons and oligodendrocytes in both grey and white matter. In the caudate and putamen mitochondrial number is linked with symptoms and symptom severity. While there is a decrease in the number of mitochondria in astrocytes, mitochondria are smaller in oligodendrocytes. In the nucleus accumbens and substantia nigra, mitochondria are similar in density, size and structural integrity in schizophrenia compared to controls. Mitochondrial production of ATP and calcium buffering are essential in maintaining synaptic strength and abnormalities in these processes could lead to decreased metabolism and defective synaptic activity. Abnormalities in mitochondria in oligodendrocytes might contribute to myelin pathology and underlie dysconnectivity in the brain. In schizophrenia, mitochondria are affected differentially depending on the brain region, cell type in which they reside, subcellular location, treatment status, treatment response and predominant symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalinda C Roberts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, United States.
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Activated microglia cause metabolic disruptions in developmental cortical interneurons that persist in interneurons from individuals with schizophrenia. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:1352-1364. [PMID: 33097921 PMCID: PMC7769122 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-020-00724-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which prenatal immune activation increase risk for neuropsychiatric disorders are unclear. Here, we generated developmental cortical interneurons (cINs), known to be affected in schizophrenia (SCZ) when matured, from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from healthy controls (HC) and SCZ patients, and cocultured them with or without activated microglia. Coculture with activated microglia disturbed metabolic pathways, as indicated by unbiased transcriptome analysis, and impaired mitochondrial function, arborization, synapse formation and synaptic GABA release. Deficits in mitochondrial function and arborization were reversed by Alpha Lipoic Acid/Acetyl-L-Carnitine (ALA/ALC) treatments that boost mitochondrial function. Notably, activated microglia-conditioned medium altered metabolism in cINs and HC-derived iPSCs but not in SCZ-patient-derived iPSCs or in glutamatergic neurons. After removal of activated microglia-conditioned medium, SCZ cINs but not HC cINs showed prolonged metabolic deficits, suggesting an interaction between SCZ genetic backgrounds and environmental risk factors.
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33
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Luo M, Deng M, Yu Z, Zhang Y, Xu S, Hu S, Xu H. Differential Susceptibility and Vulnerability of Brain Cells in C57BL/6 Mouse to Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induced by Short-Term Cuprizone Exposure. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:30. [PMID: 32581731 PMCID: PMC7296101 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cuprizone (CPZ) is a chemical chelator toxic to mitochondria of cells. While inducing oligodendrocyte (OL) loss and demyelination, CPZ caused no fatal damage to the other brain cells (neurons, astrocytes, and microglia) in previous studies, suggesting differential susceptibility and vulnerability of brain cells to the CPZ intoxication. To demonstrate this interpretation, C57BL/6 mice were fed rodent chow without or with CPZ (0.2%, w/w) for 7 days. One day later, mitochondrial function of brain cells was assessed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) and biochemical analysis. Another batch of mice were processed to localize the CPZ-induced damage to mitochondrial DNA, label brain cells, and identify apoptotic cells. Compared to controls, CPZ-exposed mice showed significantly lower levels of N-acetyl-L-aspartate, phosphocreatine, and ATP detected by 1H-MRS, indicating mitochondrial dysfunction in brain cells. Susceptibility analysis showed an order of OLs, microglia, and astrocytes from high to low, in terms of the proportion of 8-OHdG labeled cells in each type of these cells in corpus callosum. Vulnerability analysis showed the highest proportion of caspase-3 positive cells in labeled OLs in cerebral cortex and hippocampus, where neurons showed no caspase-3 labeling, but the highest proportion of 8-OHdG labeling, indicating a lowest vulnerability but highest susceptibility to CPZ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Immature OLs, microglia, and astrocytes showed adaptive changes in proliferation and activation in response to CPZ-exposure. These data for the first time demonstrated the CPZ-induced mitochondria dysfunction in brain cells of living mouse and specified the differential susceptibility and vulnerability of brain cells to the CPZ intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyi Luo
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Maomao Deng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zijia Yu
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shuqin Xu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shengping Hu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- *Correspondence: Shengping Hu,
| | - Haiyun Xu
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- School of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Haiyun Xu,
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