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Luo Z, Qiao L, Chen H, Mao Z, Wu S, Ma B, Xie T, Wang A, Pei X, Sheldon RA. Precision Engineering of the Co-immobilization of Enzymes for Cascade Biocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403539. [PMID: 38556813 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
The design and orderly layered co-immobilization of multiple enzymes on resin particles remain challenging. In this study, the SpyTag/SpyCatcher binding pair was fused to the N-terminus of an alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) and an aldo-keto reductase (AKR), respectively. A non-canonical amino acid (ncAA), p-azido-L-phenylalanine (p-AzF), as the anchor for covalent bonding enzymes, was genetically inserted into preselected sites in the AKR and ADH. Employing the two bioorthogonal counterparts of SpyTag/SpyCatcher and azide-alkyne cycloaddition for the immobilization of AKR and ADH enabled sequential dual-enzyme coating on porous microspheres. The ordered dual-enzyme reactor was subsequently used to synthesize (S)-1-(2-chlorophenyl)ethanol asymmetrically from the corresponding prochiral ketone, enabling the in situ regeneration of NADPH. The reactor exhibited a high catalytic conversion of 74 % and good reproducibility, retaining 80 % of its initial activity after six cycles. The product had 99.9 % ee, which that was maintained in each cycle. Additionally, the double-layer immobilization method significantly increased the enzyme loading capacity, which was approximately 1.7 times greater than that of traditional single-layer immobilization. More importantly, it simultaneously enabled both the purification and immobilization of multiple enzymes on carriers, thus providing a convenient approach to facilitate cascade biocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Luo
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Li Qiao
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Haomin Chen
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Zhili Mao
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Shujiao Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Bianqin Ma
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Tian Xie
- School of Pharmacy, Hangzhou Normal University, China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Anming Wang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Xiaolin Pei
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hangzhou Normal University, China, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 311121, China
| | - Roger A Sheldon
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand PO Wits., 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology, Section BOC, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
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2
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Peng F, Hong J, Cui J, An YN, Guo Q, Shen Q, Cheng F, Xue YP, Zheng YG. Improvement of an enzymatic cascade synthesis of nicotinamide mononucleotide via protein engineering and reaction-process reinforcement. Biotechnol J 2024; 19:e2300748. [PMID: 38403401 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202300748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Enzymatic synthesis of β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) from D-ribose has garnered widespread attention due to its cheap material, the use of mild reaction conditions, and the ability to produce highly pure products with the desired optical properties. However, the overall NMN yield of this method is impeded by the low activity of rate-limiting enzymes. The ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase (PRS) and nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT), that control the rate of the reaction, were engineered to improve the reaction efficacy. The actives of mutants PRS-H150Q and NAMPT-Y15S were 334% and 57% higher than that of their corresponding wild-type enzymes, respectively. Furthermore, by adding pyrophosphatase, the byproduct pyrophosphate which can inhibit the activity of NAMPT was degraded, leading to a 6.72% increase in NMN yield. Following with reaction-process reinforcement, a high yield of 8.10 g L-1 NMN was obtained after 3 h of reaction, which was 56.86-fold higher than that of the stepwise reaction synthesis (0.14 g L-1 ), indicating that the in vitro enzymatic synthesis of NMN from D-ribose and niacinamide is an economical and feasible route.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jian Hong
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Jie Cui
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Ya-Ni An
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Qian Guo
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Qi Shen
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Ya-Ping Xue
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
- National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, PR China
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3
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Holyavka MG, Goncharova SS, Redko YA, Lavlinskaya MS, Sorokin AV, Artyukhov VG. Novel biocatalysts based on enzymes in complexes with nano- and micromaterials. Biophys Rev 2023; 15:1127-1158. [PMID: 37975005 PMCID: PMC10643816 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-023-01146-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In today's world, there is a wide array of materials engineered at the nano- and microscale, with numerous applications attributed to these innovations. This review aims to provide a concise overview of how nano- and micromaterials are utilized for enzyme immobilization. Enzymes act as eco-friendly biocatalysts extensively used in various industries and medicine. However, their widespread adoption faces challenges due to factors such as enzyme instability under different conditions, resulting in reduced effectiveness, high costs, and limited reusability. To address these issues, researchers have explored immobilization techniques using nano- and microscale materials as a potential solution. Such techniques offer the promise of enhancing enzyme stability against varying temperatures, solvents, pH levels, pollutants, and impurities. Consequently, enzyme immobilization remains a subject of great interest within both the scientific community and the industrial sector. As of now, the primary goal of enzyme immobilization is not solely limited to enabling reusability and stability. It has been demonstrated as a powerful tool to enhance various enzyme properties and improve biocatalyst performance and characteristics. The integration of nano- and microscale materials into biomedical devices is seamless, given the similarity in size to most biological systems. Common materials employed in developing these nanotechnology products include synthetic polymers, carbon-based nanomaterials, magnetic micro- and nanoparticles, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles, metal-organic frameworks, nano-sized mesoporous hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks, protein-based nano-delivery systems, lipid-based nano- and micromaterials, and polysaccharide-based nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. G. Holyavka
- Voronezh State University, Voronezh, 394018 Russia
- Sevastopol State University, Sevastopol, 299053 Russia
| | | | - Y. A. Redko
- Voronezh State University, Voronezh, 394018 Russia
| | - M. S. Lavlinskaya
- Voronezh State University, Voronezh, 394018 Russia
- Sevastopol State University, Sevastopol, 299053 Russia
| | - A. V. Sorokin
- Voronezh State University, Voronezh, 394018 Russia
- Sevastopol State University, Sevastopol, 299053 Russia
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4
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Tan Z, Cheng H, Chen G, Ju F, Fernández-Lucas J, Zdarta J, Jesionowski T, Bilal M. Designing multifunctional biocatalytic cascade system by multi-enzyme co-immobilization on biopolymers and nanostructured materials. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 227:535-550. [PMID: 36516934 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, enzyme-based biocatalytic systems have garnered increasing interest in industrial and applied research for catalysis and organic chemistry. Many enzymatic reactions have been applied to sustainable and environmentally friendly production processes, particularly in the pharmaceutical, fine chemicals, and flavor/fragrance industries. However, only a fraction of the enzymes available has been stepped up towards industrial-scale manufacturing due to low enzyme stability and challenging separation, recovery, and reusability. In this context, immobilization and co-immobilization in robust support materials have emerged as valuable strategies to overcome these inadequacies by facilitating repeated or continuous batch operations and downstream processes. To further reduce separations, it can be advantageous to use multiple enzymes at once in one pot. Enzyme co-immobilization enables biocatalytic synergism and reusability, boosting process efficiency and cost-effectiveness. Several studies on multi-enzyme immobilization and co-localization propose kinetic advantages of the enhanced turnover number for multiple enzymes. This review spotlights recent progress in developing versatile biocatalytic cascade systems by multi-enzyme co-immobilization on environmentally friendly biopolymers and nanostructured materials and their application scope in the chemical and biotechnological industries. After a succinct overview of carrier-based and carrier-free immobilization/co-immobilizations, co-immobilization of enzymes on a range of biopolymer and nanomaterials-based supports is thoroughly compiled with contemporary and state-of-the-art examples. This study provides a new horizon in developing effective and innovative multi-enzymatic systems with new possibilities to fully harness the adventure of biocatalytic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongbiao Tan
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Conversion and Process Integration, School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, PR China.
| | - Hairong Cheng
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Gang Chen
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Conversion and Process Integration, School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, PR China
| | - Fang Ju
- Sateri (Jiangsu) Fiber Co. Ltd., Suqian 221428, PR China
| | - Jesús Fernández-Lucas
- Applied Biotechnology Group, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Urbanización El Bosque, 28670 Villaviciosa de Odón, Spain; Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, GICNEX, Universidad de la Costa, CUC, Calle 58 # 55-66, 080002 Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Jakub Zdarta
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60695 Poznan, Poland
| | - Teofil Jesionowski
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60695 Poznan, Poland.
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Jiangsu Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Conversion and Process Integration, School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huai'an 223003, PR China
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5
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Saratale RG, Cho SK, Bharagava RN, Patel AK, Varjani S, Mulla SI, Kim DS, Bhatia SK, Ferreira LFR, Shin HS, Saratale GD. A critical review on biomass-based sustainable biorefineries using nanobiocatalysts: Opportunities, challenges, and future perspectives. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 363:127926. [PMID: 36100182 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.127926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysts, including live microbial cells/enzymes, have been considered a predominant and advantageous tool for effectively transforming biomass into biofuels and valued biochemicals. However, high production costs, separation, and reusability limit its practical application. Immobilization of single and multi-enzymes by employing different nano-supports have gained massive attention because of its elevated exterior domain and high enzymatic performance. Application of nanobiocatalyst can overcome the drawbacks mainly, stability and reusability, thus reflecting the importance of biomass-based biorefinery to make it profitable and sustainable. This review provides an in-depth, comprehensive analysis of nanobiocatalysts systems concerning nano supports and biocatalytic performance characteristics. Furthermore, the effects of nanobiocatalyst on waste biomass to biofuel and valued bioproducts in the biorefinery approach and their critical assessment are discussed. Lastly, this review elaborates commercialization and market outlooks of the bioconversion process using nanobiocatalyst, followed by different strategies to overcome the limitations and future research directions on nanobiocatalytic-based industrial bioprocesses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rijuta Ganesh Saratale
- Research Institute of Integrative Life Sciences, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggido 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Si-Kyung Cho
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyonggido 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Ram Naresh Bharagava
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, School for Environmental Sciences Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University (A Central University), Vidya Vihar, Raebareli Road, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226 025, India
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382 010, India
| | - Sikandar I Mulla
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Allied Health Sciences, REVA University, Bangalore 560 064, India
| | - Dong Su Kim
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Republic of Korea
| | - Shashi Kant Bhatia
- Department of Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Luiz Fernando Romanholo Ferreira
- Waste and Effluent Treatment Laboratory, Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University, Farolândia, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Han Seung Shin
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggido 10326, Republic of Korea
| | - Ganesh Dattatraya Saratale
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University-Seoul, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang-si, Gyeonggido 10326, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Enzyme Immobilization and Co-Immobilization: Main Framework, Advances and Some Applications. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10030494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes are outstanding (bio)catalysts, not solely on account of their ability to increase reaction rates by up to several orders of magnitude but also for the high degree of substrate specificity, regiospecificity and stereospecificity. The use and development of enzymes as robust biocatalysts is one of the main challenges in biotechnology. However, despite the high specificities and turnover of enzymes, there are also drawbacks. At the industrial level, these drawbacks are typically overcome by resorting to immobilized enzymes to enhance stability. Immobilization of biocatalysts allows their reuse, increases stability, facilitates process control, eases product recovery, and enhances product yield and quality. This is especially important for expensive enzymes, for those obtained in low fermentation yield and with relatively low activity. This review provides an integrated perspective on (multi)enzyme immobilization that abridges a critical evaluation of immobilization methods and carriers, biocatalyst metrics, impact of key carrier features on biocatalyst performance, trends towards miniaturization and detailed illustrative examples that are representative of biocatalytic applications promoting sustainability.
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7
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Abstract
The global coronavirus pandemic continues to restrict public life worldwide. An effective means of limiting the pandemic is vaccination. Messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) vaccines currently available on the market have proven to be a well-tolerated and effective class of vaccine against coronavirus type 2 (CoV2). Accordingly, demand is presently outstripping mRNA vaccine production. One way to increase productivity is to switch from the currently performed batch to continuous in vitro transcription, which has proven to be a crucial material-consuming step. In this article, a physico-chemical model of in vitro mRNA transcription in a tubular reactor is presented and compared to classical batch and continuous in vitro transcription in a stirred tank. The three models are validated based on a distinct and quantitative validation workflow. Statistically significant parameters are identified as part of the parameter determination concept. Monte Carlo simulations showed that the model is precise, with a deviation of less than 1%. The advantages of continuous production are pointed out compared to batchwise in vitro transcription by optimization of the space–time yield. Improvements of a factor of 56 (0.011 µM/min) in the case of the continuously stirred tank reactor (CSTR) and 68 (0.013 µM/min) in the case of the plug flow reactor (PFR) were found.
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Obst F, Mertz M, Mehner PJ, Beck A, Castiglione K, Richter A, Voit B, Appelhans D. Enzymatic Synthesis of Sialic Acids in Microfluidics to Overcome Cross-Inhibitions and Substrate Supply Limitations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:49433-49444. [PMID: 34612033 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Multienzymatic cascade reactions are a powerful strategy for straightforward and highly specific synthesis of complex materials, such as active substances in drugs. Cross-inhibitions and incompatible reaction steps, however, often limit enzymatic activity and thus the conversion. Such limitations occur, e.g., in the enzymatic synthesis of the biologically active sialic acid cytidine monophosphate N-acetylneuraminic acid (CMP-Neu5Ac). We addressed this challenge by developing a confinement and compartmentalization concept of hydrogel-immobilized enzymes for improving the efficiency of the enzyme cascade reaction. The three enzymes required for the synthesis of CMP-Neu5Ac, namely, N-acyl-d-glucosamine 2-epimerase (AGE), N-acetylneuraminate lyase (NAL), and CMP-sialic acid synthetase (CSS), were immobilized into bulk hydrogels and microstructured hydrogel-enzyme-dot arrays, which were then integrated into microfluidic devices. To overcome the cytidine triphosphate (CTP) cross-inhibition of AGE and NAL, only a low CTP concentration was applied and continuously conveyed through the device. In a second approach, the enzymes were compartmentalized in separate reaction chambers of the microfluidic device to completely avoid cross-inhibitions and enable the use of higher substrate concentrations. Immobilization efficiencies of up to 25% and pronounced long-term activity of the immobilized enzymes for several weeks were realized. Moreover, immobilized enzymes were less sensitive to inhibition and the substrate-channeling effect between immobilized enzymes promoted the overall conversion in the trienzymatic cascade reaction. Based on this, CMP-Neu5Ac was successfully synthesized by immobilized enzymes in noncompartmentalized and compartmentalized microfluidic devices. This study demonstrates the high potential of immobilizing enzymes in (compartmentalized) microfluidic devices to perform multienzymatic cascade reactions despite cross-inhibitions under continuous flow conditions. Due to the ease of enzyme immobilization in hydrogels, this concept is likely applicable for many cascade reactions with or without cross-inhibition characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Obst
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Organische Chemie der Polymere, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Mertz
- Lehrstuhl für Bioverfahrenstechnik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Straße 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp J Mehner
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 64, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Anthony Beck
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 64, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Kathrin Castiglione
- Lehrstuhl für Bioverfahrenstechnik, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Paul-Gordan-Straße 3, 91052 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Richter
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik, Technische Universität Dresden, Nöthnitzer Straße 64, 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
- Organische Chemie der Polymere, Technische Universität Dresden, Mommsenstraße 4, 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Hohe Straße 6, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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9
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Yucesoy D, Akkineni S, Tamerler C, Hinds BJ, Sarikaya M. Solid-Binding Peptide-Guided Spatially Directed Immobilization of Kinetically Matched Enzyme Cascades in Membrane Nanoreactors. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:27129-27139. [PMID: 34693133 PMCID: PMC8529655 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biocatalysis is a useful strategy for sustainable green synthesis of fine chemicals due to its high catalytic rate, reaction specificity, and operation under ambient conditions. Addressable immobilization of enzymes onto solid supports for one-pot multistep biocatalysis, however, remains a major challenge. In natural pathways, enzymes are spatially coupled to prevent side reactions, eradicate inhibitory products, and channel metabolites sequentially from one enzyme to another. Construction of a modular immobilization platform enabling spatially directed assembly of multiple biocatalysts would, therefore, not only allow the development of high-efficiency bioreactors but also provide novel synthetic routes for chemical synthesis. In this study, we developed a modular cascade flow reactor using a generalizable solid-binding peptide-directed immobilization strategy that allows selective immobilization of fusion enzymes on anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) monoliths with high positional precision. Here, the lactate dehydrogenase and formate dehydrogenase enzymes were fused with substrate-specific peptides to facilitate their self-immobilization through the membrane channels in cascade geometry. Using this cascade model, two-step biocatalytic production of l-lactate is demonstrated with concomitant regeneration of soluble nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). Both fusion enzymes retained their catalytic activity upon immobilization, suggesting their optimal display on the support surface. The 85% cascading reaction efficiency was achieved at a flow rate that kinetically matches the residence time of the slowest enzyme. In addition, 84% of initial catalytic activity was preserved after 10 days of continuous operation at room temperature. The peptide-directed modular approach described herein is a highly effective strategy to control surface orientation, spatial localization, and loading of multiple enzymes on solid supports. The implications of this work provide insight for the single-step construction of high-power cascadic devices by enabling co-expression, purification, and immobilization of a variety of engineered fusion enzymes on patterned surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz
T. Yucesoy
- Department
of Bioengineering, Izmir Institute of Technology, Urla, Izmir 35430, Turkey
| | - Susrut Akkineni
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Candan Tamerler
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Institute for Bioengineering Research, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Bruce J. Hinds
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Mehmet Sarikaya
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
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10
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Rosa SS, Prazeres DMF, Azevedo AM, Marques MPC. mRNA vaccines manufacturing: Challenges and bottlenecks. Vaccine 2021; 39:2190-2200. [PMID: 33771389 PMCID: PMC7987532 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are one of the most important tools in public health and play an important role in infectious diseases control. Owing to its precision, safe profile and flexible manufacturing, mRNA vaccines are reaching the stoplight as a new alternative to conventional vaccines. In fact, mRNA vaccines were the technology of choice for many companies to combat the Covid-19 pandemic, and it was the first technology to be approved in both United States and in Europe Union as a prophylactic treatment. Additionally, mRNA vaccines are being studied in the clinic to treat a number of diseases including cancer, HIV, influenza and even genetic disorders. The increased demand for mRNA vaccines requires a technology platform and cost-effective manufacturing process with a well-defined product characterisation. Large scale production of mRNA vaccines consists in a 1 or 2-step in vitro reaction followed by a purification platform with multiple steps that can include Dnase digestion, precipitation, chromatography or tangential flow filtration. In this review we describe the current state-of-art of mRNA vaccines, focusing on the challenges and bottlenecks of manufacturing that need to be addressed to turn this new vaccination technology into an effective, fast and cost-effective response to emerging health crises.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Sousa Rosa
- Department of Bioengineering, iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Duarte M F Prazeres
- Department of Bioengineering, iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M Azevedo
- Department of Bioengineering, iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Marco P C Marques
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom.
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11
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Zhang H, Bai Y, Zhu N, Xu J. Microfluidic reactor with immobilized enzyme-from construction to applications: A review. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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12
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Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a growing interest in the use of biocatalysts in flow reactors. This merging combines the high selectivity and mild operation conditions typical of biocatalysis with enhanced mass transfer and resource efficiency associated to flow chemistry. Additionally, it provides a sound environment to emulate Nature by mimicking metabolic pathways in living cells and to produce goods through the systematic organization of enzymes towards efficient cascade reactions. Moreover, by enabling the combination of enzymes from different hosts, this approach paves the way for novel pathways. The present review aims to present recent developments within the scope of flow chemistry involving multi-enzymatic cascade reactions. The types of reactors used are briefly addressed. Immobilization methodologies and strategies for the application of the immobilized biocatalysts are presented and discussed. Key aspects related to the use of whole cells in flow chemistry are presented. The combination of chemocatalysis and biocatalysis is also addressed and relevant aspects are highlighted. Challenges faced in the transition from microscale to industrial scale are presented and discussed.
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13
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Biocatalysis in Continuous-Flow Microfluidic Reactors. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 179:211-246. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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14
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Bacterial sialyltransferases and their use in biocatalytic cascades for sialo-oligosaccharide production. Biotechnol Adv 2020; 44:107613. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Wohlgemuth R. Biocatalysis - Key enabling tools from biocatalytic one-step and multi-step reactions to biocatalytic total synthesis. N Biotechnol 2020; 60:113-123. [PMID: 33045418 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2020.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the area of human-made innovations to improve the quality of life, biocatalysis has already had a great impact and contributed enormously to a growing number of catalytic transformations aimed at the detection and analysis of compounds, the bioconversion of starting materials and the preparation of target compounds at any scale, from laboratory small scale to industrial large scale. The key enabling tools which have been developed in biocatalysis over the last decades also provide great opportunities for further development and numerous applications in various sectors of the global bioeconomy. Systems biocatalysis is a modular, bottom-up approach to designing the architecture of enzyme-catalyzed reaction steps in a synthetic route from starting materials to target molecules. The integration of biocatalysis and sustainable chemistry in vitro aims at ideal conversions with high molecular economy and their intensification. Retrosynthetic analysis in the chemical and biological domain has been a valuable tool for target-oriented synthesis while, on the other hand, diversity-oriented synthesis builds on forward-looking analysis. Bioinformatic tools for rapid identification of the required enzyme functions, efficient enzyme production systems, as well as generalized bioprocess design tools, are important for rapid prototyping of the biocatalytic reactions. The tools for enzyme engineering and the reaction engineering of each enzyme-catalyzed one-step reaction are also valuable for coupling reactions. The tools to overcome interaction issues with other components or enzymes are of great interest in designing multi-step reactions as well as in biocatalytic total synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Wohlgemuth
- Institute of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland; Swiss Coordination Committee on Biotechnology (SKB), Nordstrasse 15, 8021 Zürich, Switzerland.
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16
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Ghéczy N, Sasaki K, Yoshimoto M, Pour-Esmaeil S, Kröger M, Stano P, Walde P. A two-enzyme cascade reaction consisting of two reaction pathways. Studies in bulk solution for understanding the performance of a flow-through device with immobilised enzymes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:18655-18676. [PMID: 35518281 PMCID: PMC9053938 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01204a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-catalysed cascade reactions in flow-through systems with immobilised enzymes currently are of great interest for exploring their potential for biosynthetic and bioanalytical applications. Basic studies in this field often aim at understanding the stability of the immobilised enzymes and their catalytic performance, for example, in terms of yield of a desired reaction product, analyte detection limit, enzyme stability or reaction reproducibility. In the work presented, a cascade reaction involving the two enzymes bovine carbonic anhydrase (BCA) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) – with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as HRP “activator” – was first investigated in great detail in bulk solution at pH = 7.2. The reaction studied is the hydrolysis and oxidation of 2′,7′-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH2-DA) to 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein (DCF), which was found to proceed along two reaction pathways. This two-enzyme cascade reaction was then applied for analysing the performance of BCA and HRP immobilised in glass fiber filters which were placed inside a filter holder device through which a DCFH2-DA/H2O2 substrate solution was pumped. Comparison was made between (i) co-immobilised and (ii) sequentially immobilised enzymes (BCA first, HRP second). Significant differences for the two arrangements in terms of measured product yield (DCF) could be explained based on quantitative UV/vis absorption measurements carried out in bulk solution. We found that the lower DCF yield observed for sequentially immobilised enzymes originates from a change in one of the two possible reaction pathways due to enzyme separation, which was not the case for enzymes that were co-immobilised (or simultaneously present in the bulk solution experiments). The higher DCF yield observed for co-immobilised enzymes did not originate from a molecular proximity effect (no increased oxidation compared to sequential immobilisation). A cascade reaction catalysed by bovine carbonic anhydrase (BCA) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP) proceeds over two possible pathways, which explains differences in product formation for differently immobilised enzymes in flow-through reactions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Ghéczy
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Kai Sasaki
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Makoto Yoshimoto
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland .,Department of Applied Chemistry, Yamaguchi University Tokiwadai 2-16-1 Ube 755-8611 Japan
| | - Sajad Pour-Esmaeil
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Martin Kröger
- Polymer Physics, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Pasquale Stano
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento Ecotekne 73100 Lecce Italy
| | - Peter Walde
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 CH-8093 Zürich Switzerland
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17
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Giannakopoulou A, Gkantzou E, Polydera A, Stamatis H. Multienzymatic Nanoassemblies: Recent Progress and Applications. Trends Biotechnol 2020; 38:202-216. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Zhong C, Duić B, Bolivar JM, Nidetzky B. Three‐Enzyme Phosphorylase Cascade Immobilized on Solid Support for Biocatalytic Synthesis of Cello−oligosaccharides. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201901964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhong
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical EngineeringGraz University of Technology, NAWI Graz Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Božidar Duić
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical EngineeringGraz University of Technology, NAWI Graz Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Juan M. Bolivar
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical EngineeringGraz University of Technology, NAWI Graz Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical EngineeringGraz University of Technology, NAWI Graz Petersgasse 12 8010 Graz Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology Petersgasse 14 8010 Graz Austria
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19
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De Santis P, Meyer LE, Kara S. The rise of continuous flow biocatalysis – fundamentals, very recent developments and future perspectives. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00335b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Very recent developments in the field of biocatalysis in continuously operated systems. Special attention on the future perspectives in this key emerging technological area ranging from process analytical technologies to digitalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piera De Santis
- Aarhus University
- Department of Engineering, Biological and Chemical Engineering Section
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group
- DK 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Lars-Erik Meyer
- Aarhus University
- Department of Engineering, Biological and Chemical Engineering Section
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group
- DK 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
| | - Selin Kara
- Aarhus University
- Department of Engineering, Biological and Chemical Engineering Section
- Biocatalysis and Bioprocessing Group
- DK 8000 Aarhus
- Denmark
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20
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Bloemendal VRLJ, Janssen MACH, van Hest JCM, Rutjes FPJT. Continuous one-flow multi-step synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00087f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights a selection of multistep continuous flow (one-flow) processes leading to the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan C. M. van Hest
- Bio-organic chemistry
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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21
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Žnidaršič‐Plazl P. The Promises and the Challenges of Biotransformations in Microflow. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800580. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Polona Žnidaršič‐Plazl
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical TechnologyUniversity of LjubljanaVečna pot 113, SI‐1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
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22
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Abstract
Enzyme catalyzed reactions are rapidly becoming an invaluable tool for the synthesis of many active pharmaceutical ingredients. These reactions are commonly performed in batch, but continuous biocatalysis is gaining interest in industry because it would allow seamless integration of chemical and enzymatic reaction steps. However, because this is an emerging field, little attention has been paid towards the suitability of different reactor types for continuous biocatalytic reactions. Two types of continuous flow reactor are possible: continuous stirred tank and continuous plug-flow. These reactor types differ in a number of ways, but in this contribution, we focus on residence time distribution and how enzyme kinetics are affected by the unique mass balance of each reactor. For the first time, we present a tool to facilitate reactor selection for continuous biocatalytic production of pharmaceuticals. From this analysis, it was found that plug-flow reactors should generally be the system of choice. However, there are particular cases where they may need to be coupled with a continuous stirred tank reactor or replaced entirely by a series of continuous stirred tank reactors, which can approximate plug-flow behavior. This systematic approach should accelerate the implementation of biocatalysis for continuous pharmaceutical production.
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23
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Abstract
A novel approach for the synthesis of vanillin employing a three-step two-enzymatic cascade sequence is reported. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases are known to catalyse the selective hydroxylation of aromatic compounds, which is one of the most challenging chemical reactions. A set of rationally designed variants of CYP102A1 (P450 BM3) from Bacillus megaterium at the amino acid positions 47, 51, 87, 328 and 437 was screened for conversion of the substrate 3-methylanisole to vanillyl alcohol via the intermediate product 4-methylguaiacol. Furthermore, a vanillyl alcohol oxidase (VAO) variant (F454Y) was selected as an alternative enzyme for the transformation of one of the intermediate compounds via vanillyl alcohol to vanillin. As a proof of concept, the bi-enzymatic three-step cascade conversion of 3-methylanisole to vanillin was successfully evaluated both in vitro and in vivo.
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24
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Gandomkar S, Żądło‐Dobrowolska A, Kroutil W. Extending Designed Linear Biocatalytic Cascades for Organic Synthesis. ChemCatChem 2019; 11:225-243. [PMID: 33520008 PMCID: PMC7814890 DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Artificial cascade reactions involving biocatalysts have demonstrated a tremendous potential during the recent years. This review just focuses on selected examples of the last year and putting them into context to a previously published suggestion for classification. Subdividing the cascades according to the number of catalysts in the linear sequence, and classifying whether the steps are performed simultaneous or in a sequential fashion as well as whether the reaction sequence is performed in vitro or in vivo allows to organise the concepts. The last year showed, that combinations of in vivo as well as in vitro are possible. Incompatible reaction steps may be run in a sequential fashion or by compartmentalisation of the incompatible steps either by using special reactors (membrane), polymersomes or flow techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Gandomkar
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
| | | | - Wolfgang Kroutil
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of GrazHeinrichstrasse 28Graz8010Austria
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25
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Simon D, Obst F, Haefner S, Heroldt T, Peiter M, Simon F, Richter A, Voit B, Appelhans D. Hydrogel/enzyme dots as adaptable tool for non-compartmentalized multi-enzymatic reactions in microfluidic devices. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8re00180d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Validating the robustness and activity of hydrogel/enzyme dots as adaptable tool for non-compartmentalized multi-enzymatic reactions in microfluidic devices under continuous flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Simon
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
| | - Franziska Obst
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
| | - Sebastian Haefner
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems
- 01062 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Toni Heroldt
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Martin Peiter
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Frank Simon
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Andreas Richter
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- Institute of Semiconductors and Microsystems
- 01062 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research Dresden
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Food Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
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26
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Obst F, Simon D, Mehner PJ, Neubauer JW, Beck A, Stroyuk O, Richter A, Voit B, Appelhans D. One-step photostructuring of multiple hydrogel arrays for compartmentalized enzyme reactions in microfluidic devices. REACT CHEM ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00349e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A moulding technique is presented for the simultaneous photostructuring on the μm scale of hydrogels with nanomaterials on one substrate, usable for the fabrication of microfluidic double-chamber reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Obst
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Organische Chemie der Polymere
| | - David Simon
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Organische Chemie der Polymere
| | - Philipp J. Mehner
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik
- 01187 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Jens W. Neubauer
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Anthony Beck
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik
- 01187 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Oleksandr Stroyuk
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Physikalische Chemie
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Andreas Richter
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Institut für Halbleiter- und Mikrosystemtechnik
- 01187 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Brigitte Voit
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden
- Organische Chemie der Polymere
| | - Dietmar Appelhans
- Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V
- 01069 Dresden
- Germany
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27
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Petroll K, Kopp D, Care A, Bergquist PL, Sunna A. Tools and strategies for constructing cell-free enzyme pathways. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 37:91-108. [PMID: 30521853 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Single enzyme systems or engineered microbial hosts have been used for decades but the notion of assembling multiple enzymes into cell-free synthetic pathways is a relatively new development. The extensive possibilities that stem from this synthetic concept makes it a fast growing and potentially high impact field for biomanufacturing fine and platform chemicals, pharmaceuticals and biofuels. However, the translation of individual single enzymatic reactions into cell-free multi-enzyme pathways is not trivial. In reality, the kinetics of an enzyme pathway can be very inadequate and the production of multiple enzymes can impose a great burden on the economics of the process. We examine here strategies for designing synthetic pathways and draw attention to the requirements of substrates, enzymes and cofactor regeneration systems for improving the effectiveness and sustainability of cell-free biocatalysis. In addition, we comment on methods for the immobilisation of members of a multi-enzyme pathway to enhance the viability of the system. Finally, we focus on the recent development of integrative tools such as in silico pathway modelling and high throughput flux analysis with the aim of reinforcing their indispensable role in the future of cell-free biocatalytic pathways for biomanufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Petroll
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dominik Kopp
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Andrew Care
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter L Bergquist
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Department of Molecular Medicine & Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anwar Sunna
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia; Biomolecular Discovery and Design Research Centre, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
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28
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Bolivar JM, Valikhani D, Nidetzky B. Demystifying the Flow: Biocatalytic Reaction Intensification in Microstructured Enzyme Reactors. Biotechnol J 2018; 14:e1800244. [PMID: 30091533 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Continuous (flow) reactors have drawn a wave of renewed interest in biocatalysis. Many studies find that the flow reactor offers enhanced conversion efficiency. What the reported reaction intensification actually consists in, however, often remains obscure. Here, a canonical microreactor design for heterogeneously catalyzed continuous biotransformations, featuring flow microchannels that contain the enzyme immobilized on their wall surface are examined. Glycosylations by sucrose phosphorylase are used to assess the potential for reaction intensification due to microscale effects. Key variables are identified, and their corresponding relationship equations, to describe, and optimize, the interplay between reaction characteristics, microchannel geometry and reactor operation. The maximum space-time-yield (STY_max) scales directly with the enzyme activity immobilized on the available wall surface. Timescale analysis, comparing the characteristic times of reaction (τreac ) and diffusion (τdiff ) to the mean residence time (τres ), reveals operational conditions for optimum reactor output. Theoretical insight into determinants of microreactor performance is applied to biocatalytic syntheses of α-d-glucose 1-phosphate and α-glucosyl glycerol. Process boundaries for enzyme showing, respectively, high (80 U mg-1 ) and low (4 U mg-1 ) specific activities are thus established and options for process design revealed. Opportunities, and limitations, of the application of principles of microscale flow chemistry to biocatalytic transformations are made evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M Bolivar
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, Graz, Austria
| | - Donya Valikhani
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, Graz University of Technology, NAWI Graz, Petersgasse 12, Graz, Austria.,Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Petersgasse 14, Graz, Austria
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29
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Kamperman T, Trikalitis VD, Karperien M, Visser CW, Leijten J. Ultrahigh-Throughput Production of Monodisperse and Multifunctional Janus Microparticles Using in-Air Microfluidics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:23433-23438. [PMID: 29952552 PMCID: PMC6050533 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b05227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Compartmentalized Janus microparticles advance many applications ranging from chemical synthesis to consumer electronics. Although these particles can be accurately manufactured using microfluidic droplet generators, the per-nozzle throughputs are relatively low (∼μL/min). Here, we use "in-air microfluidics" to combine liquid microjets in midair, thereby enabling orders of magnitude faster production of Janus microparticles (∼mL/min) as compared to chip-based microfluidics. Monodisperse Janus microparticles with diameters between 50 and 500 μm, tunable compartment sizes, and functional cargo are controllably produced. Furthermore, these microparticles are designed as magnetically steerable microreactors, which represents a novel tool to perform enzymatic cascade reactions within continuous fluid flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kamperman
- Department
of Developmental BioEngineering, Technical Medical Centre, and Physics of Fluids
Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
| | - Vasileios D. Trikalitis
- Department
of Developmental BioEngineering, Technical Medical Centre, and Physics of Fluids
Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Department
of Developmental BioEngineering, Technical Medical Centre, and Physics of Fluids
Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Claas Willem Visser
- Department
of Developmental BioEngineering, Technical Medical Centre, and Physics of Fluids
Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
- Wyss
Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering and John A. Paulson
School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Jeroen Leijten
- Department
of Developmental BioEngineering, Technical Medical Centre, and Physics of Fluids
Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, Drienerlolaan 5, 7522 NB Enschede, The Netherlands
- E-mail:
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30
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Development of microreactors with surface-immobilized biocatalysts for continuous transamination. N Biotechnol 2018; 47:18-24. [PMID: 29758351 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2018.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The industrial importance of optically pure compounds has thrown a spotlight on ω-transaminases that have shown a high potential for the synthesis of bioactive compounds with a chiral amine moiety. The implementation of biocatalysts in industrial processes relies strongly on fast and cost effective process development, including selection of a biocatalyst form and the strategy for its immobilization. Here, microscale reactors with selected surface-immobilized amine-transaminase (ATA) in various forms are described as platforms for high-throughput process development. Wild type ATA (ATA-wt) from a crude cell extract, as well as Escherichia coli cells intracellularly overexpressing the enzyme, were immobilized on the surfaces of meander microchannels of disposable plastics by means of reactor surface silanization and glutaraldehyde bonding. In addition, a silicon/glass microchannel reactor was used for immobilization of an ATA-wt, genetically engineered to contain a silica-binding module (SBM) at the N-terminus (N-SBM-ATA-wt), leading to immobilization on the non-modified inner microchannel surface. Microreactors with surface-immobilized biocatalysts were coupled with a quenching system and at-line HPLC analytics and evaluated based on continuous biotransformation, yielding acetophenone and l-alanine. E. coli cells and N-SBM-ATA-wt were efficiently immobilized and yielded a volumetric productivity of up to 14.42 g L-1 h-1, while ATA-wt small load resulted in two orders of magnitude lower productivity. The miniaturized reactors further enabled in-operando characterization of biocatalyst stability, crucial for successful transfer to a production scale.
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31
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Artificial Biocatalytic Linear Cascades to Access Hydroxy Acids, Lactones, and α- and β-Amino Acids. Catalysts 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/catal8050205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
α-, β-, and ω-Hydroxy acids, amino acids, and lactones represent common building blocks and intermediates for various target molecules. This review summarizes artificial cascades published during the last 10 years leading to these products. Renewables as well as compounds originating from fossil resources have been employed as starting material. The review provides an inspiration for new cascade designs and may be the basis to design variations of these cascades starting either from alternative substrates or extending them to even more sophisticated products.
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Wohlgemuth R. Horizons of Systems Biocatalysis and Renaissance of Metabolite Synthesis. Biotechnol J 2018; 13:e1700620. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Wohlgemuth
- European Federation of Biotechnology; Section on Applied Biocatalysis (ESAB); Theodor-Heuss-Allee 25,Frankfurt am Main 60486 Germany
- Sigma-Aldrich; Member of Merck Group; Industriestrasse 25,Buchs 9470 Switzerland
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Maier M, Radtke CP, Hubbuch J, Niemeyer CM, Rabe KS. On-Demand Production of Flow-Reactor Cartridges by 3D Printing of Thermostable Enzymes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5539-5543. [PMID: 29466613 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The compartmentalization of chemical reactions is an essential principle of life that provides a major source of innovation for the development of novel approaches in biocatalysis. To implement spatially controlled biotransformations, rapid manufacturing methods are needed for the production of biocatalysts that can be applied in flow systems. Whereas three-dimensional (3D) printing techniques offer high-throughput manufacturing capability, they are usually not compatible with the delicate nature of enzymes, which call for physiological processing parameters. We herein demonstrate the utility of thermostable enzymes in the generation of biocatalytic agarose-based inks for a simple temperature-controlled 3D printing process. As examples we utilized an esterase and an alcohol dehydrogenase from thermophilic organisms as well as a decarboxylase that was thermostabilized by directed protein evolution. We used the resulting 3D-printed parts for a continuous, two-step sequential biotransformation in a fluidic setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Maier
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Carsten P Radtke
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Engineering in Life Science, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Engineering in Life Science, Section IV: Biomolecular Separation Engineering, Fritz-Haber-Weg 2, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christof M Niemeyer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Kersten S Rabe
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Biological Interfaces (IBG 1), Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Maier M, Radtke CP, Hubbuch J, Niemeyer CM, Rabe KS. Herstellung direkt nutzbarer Durchflussreaktorkartuschen durch 3D-Druck von thermostabilen Enzymen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Maier
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG 1); Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Carsten P. Radtke
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Institut für Bio- und Lebensmitteltechnik, Teilinstitut IV: Molekulare Aufarbeitung von Bioprodukten; Fritz-Haber-Weg 2 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Jürgen Hubbuch
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Institut für Bio- und Lebensmitteltechnik, Teilinstitut IV: Molekulare Aufarbeitung von Bioprodukten; Fritz-Haber-Weg 2 76131 Karlsruhe Deutschland
| | - Christof M. Niemeyer
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG 1); Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
| | - Kersten S. Rabe
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie (KIT); Institut für Biologische Grenzflächen (IBG 1); Herrmann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Deutschland
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Šalić A, Zelić B. Synergy of Microtechnology and Biotechnology: Microreactors as an Effective Tool
for Biotransformation Processes §: §The paper was presented at European Biotechnology Congress, 25-27 May 2017, Dubrovnik, Croatia. Food Technol Biotechnol 2018; 56:464-479. [PMID: 30923444 PMCID: PMC6399720 DOI: 10.17113/ftb.56.04.18.5673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that microreactors have been present for more than 40 years now and that their potential has been extensively exploited in chemical synthesis, analytics and screening, to date very few biocatalytic processes have been explored in microreactors. It is claimed that enzymatic microreactor technology is exactly in the same place where chemical microreactors were 15 years ago. However, general opinion is that the efforts devoted to the research of micro-enzymatic reactors will inaugurate a new breakthrough in bio-based processing. The aim of this review is to explore the synergy between microtechnology, mainly microreactors, and biotechnology, and to assess its potential, opportunities, challenges and future application in biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Šalić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Bruno Zelić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Gruber P, Carvalho F, Marques MPC, O'Sullivan B, Subrizi F, Dobrijevic D, Ward J, Hailes HC, Fernandes P, Wohlgemuth R, Baganz F, Szita N. Enzymatic synthesis of chiral amino-alcohols by coupling transketolase and transaminase-catalyzed reactions in a cascading continuous-flow microreactor system. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 115:586-596. [PMID: 28986983 PMCID: PMC5813273 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Rapid biocatalytic process development and intensification continues to be challenging with currently available methods. Chiral amino‐alcohols are of particular interest as they represent key industrial synthons for the production of complex molecules and optically pure pharmaceuticals. (2S,3R)‐2‐amino‐1,3,4‐butanetriol (ABT), a building block for the synthesis of protease inhibitors and detoxifying agents, can be synthesized from simple, non‐chiral starting materials, by coupling a transketolase‐ and a transaminase‐catalyzed reaction. However, until today, full conversion has not been shown and, typically, long reaction times are reported, making process modifications and improvement challenging. In this contribution, we present a novel microreactor‐based approach based on free enzymes, and we report for the first time full conversion of ABT in a coupled enzyme cascade for both batch and continuous‐flow systems. Using the compartmentalization of the reactions afforded by the microreactor cascade, we overcame inhibitory effects, increased the activity per unit volume, and optimized individual reaction conditions. The transketolase‐catalyzed reaction was completed in under 10 min with a volumetric activity of 3.25 U ml−1. Following optimization of the transaminase‐catalyzed reaction, a volumetric activity of 10.8 U ml−1 was attained which led to full conversion of the coupled reaction in 2 hr. The presented approach illustrates how continuous‐flow microreactors can be applied for the design and optimization of biocatalytic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Gruber
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Filipe Carvalho
- Department of Bioengineering and IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marco P C Marques
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian O'Sullivan
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fabiana Subrizi
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dragana Dobrijevic
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Ward
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen C Hailes
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pedro Fernandes
- Department of Bioengineering and IBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Faculty of Engineering, Universidade Lusófona de Humanidades e Tecnologias, Lisboa, Portugal
| | | | - Frank Baganz
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Szita
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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37
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Marques MP, Szita N. Bioprocess microfluidics: applying microfluidic devices for bioprocessing. Curr Opin Chem Eng 2017; 18:61-68. [PMID: 29276669 PMCID: PMC5727670 DOI: 10.1016/j.coche.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices as novel bioprocess development tools. Processes with stem cells, microbes and enzymes are viable in microfluidic devices. Microfluidic devices with integrated sensors provide high quality data. Laminar flow enables spatial and temporal control over transport phenomena. Standardization of devices required for automation and industrial uptake.
Scale-down approaches have long been applied in bioprocessing to resolve scale-up problems. Miniaturized bioreactors have thrived as a tool to obtain process relevant data during early-stage process development. Microfluidic devices are an attractive alternative in bioprocessing development due to the high degree of control over process variables afforded by the laminar flow, and the possibility to reduce time and cost factors. Data quality obtained with these devices is high when integrated with sensing technology and is invaluable for scale-translation and to assess the economical viability of bioprocesses. Microfluidic devices as upstream process development tools have been developed in the area of small molecules, therapeutic proteins, and cellular therapies. More recently, they have also been applied to mimic downstream unit operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pc Marques
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Szita
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, University College London, Bernard Katz Building, Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
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38
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Ferreira GNM, Glassey J. Editorial: The European Symposium on Biochemical Engineering Sciences, Dublin 2016. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [PMID: 28675668 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201600634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The European Symposium on Biochemical Engineering Sciences, Dublin 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme N M Ferreira
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Delft, The Netherlands.,Universidade do Algarve, Faro, Portugal
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