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Kong X, Vishwanath V, Neelakantan P, Ye Z. Harnessing antimicrobial peptides in endodontics. Int Endod J 2024; 57:815-840. [PMID: 38441321 DOI: 10.1111/iej.14043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Endodontic therapy includes various procedures such as vital pulp therapy, root canal treatment and retreatment, surgical endodontic treatment and regenerative endodontic procedures. Disinfection and tissue repair are crucial for the success of these therapies, necessitating the development of therapeutics that can effectively target microbiota, eliminate biofilms, modulate inflammation and promote tissue repair. However, no current endodontic agents can achieve these goals. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which are sequences of amino acids, have gained attention due to their unique advantages, including reduced susceptibility to drug resistance, broad-spectrum antibacterial properties and the ability to modulate the immune response of the organism effectively. This review systematically discusses the structure, mechanisms of action, novel designs and limitations of AMPs. Additionally, it highlights the efforts made by researchers to overcome peptide shortcomings and emphasizes the potential applications of AMPs in endodontic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinzi Kong
- Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Vijetha Vishwanath
- Division of Restorative Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
| | - Prasanna Neelakantan
- Department of Endodontics, University of the Pacific Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Zhou Ye
- Applied Oral Sciences and Community Dental Care, Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong S.A.R., China
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2
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Wu Y, Liu P, Mehrjou B, Chu PK. Interdisciplinary-Inspired Smart Antibacterial Materials and Their Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305940. [PMID: 37469232 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of antibiotics has saved millions of lives, but the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has become another problem in modern medicine. To avoid or reduce the overuse of antibiotics in antibacterial treatments, stimuli-responsive materials, pathogen-targeting nanoparticles, immunogenic nano-toxoids, and biomimetic materials are being developed to make sterilization better and smarter than conventional therapies. The common goal of smart antibacterial materials (SAMs) is to increase the antibiotic efficacy or function via an antibacterial mechanism different from that of antibiotics in order to increase the antibacterial and biological properties while reducing the risk of drug resistance. The research and development of SAMs are increasingly interdisciplinary because new designs require the knowledge of different fields and input/collaboration from scientists in different fields. A good understanding of energy conversion in materials, physiological characteristics in cells and bacteria, and bactericidal structures and components in nature are expected to promote the development of SAMs. In this review, the importance of multidisciplinary insights for SAMs is emphasized, and the latest advances in SAMs are categorized and discussed according to the pertinent disciplines including materials science, physiology, and biomimicry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzheng Wu
- Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Pei Liu
- Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Babak Mehrjou
- Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Paul K Chu
- Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, China
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3
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Liu C, Han J, Li Z, Liu Y, Wu R, Cao S, Wu D. Imidazolium-Based Main-Chain Copolymers With Alternating Sequences for Broad-Spectrum Bactericidal Activity and Eradication of Bacterial Biofilms. Macromol Biosci 2024:e2300489. [PMID: 38261742 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
In response to the escalating challenge of bacterial drug resistance, the imperative to counteract planktonic cell proliferation and eliminate entrenched biofilms underscores the necessity for cationic polymeric antibacterials. However, limited efficacy and cytotoxicity challenge their practical use. Here, novel imidazolium-based main-chain copolymers with imidazolium (PIm+ ) as the cationic component are introduced. By adjusting precursor molecules, hydrophobicity and cationic density of each unit are fine-tuned, resulting in broad-spectrum bactericidal activity against clinically relevant pathogens. PIm+ 1 stands out for its potent antibacterial performance, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 32 µg mL-1 against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and substantial biofilm reduction in Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) biofilms. The bactericidal mechanism involves disrupting the outer and cytoplasmic membranes, depolarizing the cytoplasmic membrane, and triggering intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Collectively, this study postulates the potential of imidazolium-based main-chain copolymers, systematically tailored in their sequences, to serve as a promising candidate in combatting drug-resistant bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjiang Liu
- Sun Yat-Sen University of Shenzhen Campus, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Jialei Han
- Sun Yat-Sen University of Shenzhen Campus, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Zeyuan Li
- Sun Yat-Sen University of Shenzhen Campus, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Yadong Liu
- Sun Yat-Sen University of Shenzhen Campus, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen, 518107, China
| | - Ruodai Wu
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Shuaishuai Cao
- Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Dalin Wu
- Sun Yat-Sen University of Shenzhen Campus, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen, 518107, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, Shenzhen, 518107, China
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4
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Gu W, Ren Z, Han J, Zhang X, Zhu B, Yan Z, Xiao H, Wei Q. Design of biodegradable polyurethanes and post-modification with long alkyl chains via inhibiting biofilm formation and killing drug-resistant bacteria for the treatment of wound bacterial infection. Biomater Sci 2023; 12:176-186. [PMID: 37955583 DOI: 10.1039/d3bm01448g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
The development of cationic polymers that simulate antimicrobial peptides to treat bacterial infections has received much research interest. In order to obtain polymers that can not only eradicate bacteria but also inhibit biofilm formation, without inducing bacterial drug resistance, a series of cationic polymers have been developed. Despite recent progress, the chemical structures of these polymers are stable, making them recalcitrant to biodegradation and metabolism within organisms, potentially inducing long-term toxicity. To overcome this limitation, herein, a novel strategy of designing biodegradable polyurethanes with tertiary amines and quaternary ammonium salts via condensation polymerization and post-functionalizing them is reported. These polymers were found to exhibit potent antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, effectively prevent the formation of Staphylococcus aureus biofilms, act quickly and effectively against bacteria and display no resistance after repeated use. In addition, the potent in vivo antibacterial effects of these antimicrobial polyurethanes in a mouse model with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infection are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China.
| | - Zhe Ren
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, P.R. China.
| | - Jie Han
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, P.R. China.
| | - Xue Zhang
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, P.R. China.
| | - Binghua Zhu
- The 305 Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100017, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Yan
- Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, P.R. China
| | - Haihua Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China.
| | - Qiuhua Wei
- Chinese PLA Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 20 Dongdajie Street, Beijing 100071, P.R. China.
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Doolan JA, Williams GT, Hilton KLF, Chaudhari R, Fossey JS, Goult BT, Hiscock JR. Advancements in antimicrobial nanoscale materials and self-assembling systems. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:8696-8755. [PMID: 36190355 PMCID: PMC9575517 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00915j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is directly responsible for more deaths per year than either HIV/AIDS or malaria and is predicted to incur a cumulative societal financial burden of at least $100 trillion between 2014 and 2050. Already heralded as one of the greatest threats to human health, the onset of the coronavirus pandemic has accelerated the prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacterial infections due to factors including increased global antibiotic/antimicrobial use. Thus an urgent need for novel therapeutics to combat what some have termed the 'silent pandemic' is evident. This review acts as a repository of research and an overview of the novel therapeutic strategies being developed to overcome antimicrobial resistance, with a focus on self-assembling systems and nanoscale materials. The fundamental mechanisms of action, as well as the key advantages and disadvantages of each system are discussed, and attention is drawn to key examples within each field. As a result, this review provides a guide to the further design and development of antimicrobial systems, and outlines the interdisciplinary techniques required to translate this fundamental research towards the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A Doolan
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, UK.
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK.
| | - George T Williams
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Kira L F Hilton
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - Rajas Chaudhari
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, UK.
| | - John S Fossey
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - Benjamin T Goult
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NJ, UK.
| | - Jennifer R Hiscock
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent CT2 7NH, UK.
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Wang R, Shi MY, Ma BB, Sheng J. Mechanism of Leakage in Phosphatidylserine-Containing Membranes by Melittin. Mol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893322060206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Wang F, Zhang K, Zhou B. Insight into the structural requirements of antimicrobial peptides by multiple validated 3D-QSAR approaches. MOLECULAR SIMULATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/08927022.2022.2109694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Wang
- School of Life Science, Linyi University, Linyi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ke Zhang
- School of Life Science, Linyi University, Linyi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, College of Basic Medical, Guizhou Medical University, Guizhou, People’s Republic of China
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In pursuit of next-generation therapeutics: Antimicrobial peptides against superbugs, their sources, mechanism of action, nanotechnology-based delivery, and clinical applications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 218:135-156. [PMID: 35868409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.07.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) attracted attention as potential source of novel antimicrobials. Multi-drug resistant (MDR) infections have emerged as a global threat to public health in recent years. Furthermore, due to rapid emergence of new diseases, there is pressing need for development of efficient antimicrobials. AMPs are essential part of the innate immunity in most living organisms, acting as the primary line of defense against foreign invasions. AMPs kill a wide range of microorganisms by primarily targeting cell membranes or intracellular components through a variety of ways. AMPs can be broadly categorized based on their physico-chemical properties, structure, function, target and source of origin. The synthetic analogues produced either with suitable chemical modifications or with the use of suitable delivery systems are projected to eliminate the constraints of toxicity and poor stability commonly linked with natural AMPs. The concept of peptidomimetics is gaining ground around the world nowadays. Among the delivery systems, nanoparticles are emerging as potential delivery tools for AMPs, amplifying their utility against a variety of pathogens. In the present review, the broad classification of various AMPs, their mechanism of action (MOA), challenges associated with AMPs, current applications, and novel strategies to overcome the limitations have been discussed.
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Nayunigari MK, Suri R, Andaluri G. Synthesis and Characterization of High Viscosity Cationic Poly(Proline-Epichlorohydrin) Composite Polymer with Antibacterial Functionalities. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142797. [PMID: 35890574 PMCID: PMC9323103 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report microbial resistance and catalytic activity of high viscosity cationic poly(proline-epichlorohydrin) composite (PRO-EPI) in the aqueous system. The PRO-EPI was prepared by a simple polycondensation, followed by FTIR, 1H NMR, SEM, DLS, viscosity, and DSC/TGA characterization. Several concentrations of the PRO-EPI were tested against Gram-negative (E. coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) microorganisms. The antimicrobial screening revealed that PRO-EPI was a potent antimicrobial agent with the least inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 128 µg/mL against Gram-negative microorganisms. The PRO-EPI indicated no inhibitory effect against Gram-positive microorganisms. It was determined that PRO-EPI contains polymeric-quaternary ammonium compounds that inactivate the Gram-negative microorganisms by a dual mode of action and carries domains for electrostatic interaction with the microbial membrane and an intracellular target. To study the removal of toxic industrial wastewater, congo red (CR) was tested using sodium borohydride as a reducing agent. Adsorption was achieved within 20 min at a rate constant of 0.92 ks−1. UV–vis spectra showed that the removal of CR in the reaction solution was due to the breakup of the azo (–N=N–) bonds and adsorption of aromatic fragments. PRO is biodegradable and non-toxic, and PRO-EPI was found to be both antimicrobial and also acts as a catalyst for the removal of congo red dye.
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Zober M, Lienkamp K. “Just Antimicrobial Is Not Enough” Revisited – From Antimicrobial Polymers To Microstructured Dual‐Functional Surfaces, Self‐regenerating Polymer Surfaces, and Polymer Materials with Switchable Bioactivity. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zober
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK) University of Freiburg Georges‐Köhler‐Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) University of Freiburg Georges‐Köhler‐Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Karen Lienkamp
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK) University of Freiburg Georges‐Köhler‐Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) University of Freiburg Georges‐Köhler‐Allee 105 79110 Freiburg Germany
- Professur für Polymerwerkstoffe Fachrichtung Materialwissenschaft und Werkstoffkunde Universität des Saarlandes Campus 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
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Rescuing humanity by antimicrobial peptides against colistin-resistant bacteria. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:3879-3893. [PMID: 35604438 PMCID: PMC9125544 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-11940-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
It has been about a century since the discovery of the first antibiotic, and during this period, several antibiotics were produced and marketed. The production of high-potency antibiotics against infections led to victories, but these victories were temporary. Overuse and misuse of antibiotics have continued to the point that humanity today is almost helpless in the fight against infection. Researchers have predicted that by the middle of the new century, there will be a dark period after the production of antibiotics that doctors will encounter antibiotic-resistant infections for which there is no cure. Accordingly, researchers are looking for new materials with antimicrobial properties that will strengthen their ammunition to fight antibiotic-resistant infections. One of the most important alternatives to antibiotics introduced in the last three decades is antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), which affect a wide range of microbes. Due to their different antimicrobial properties from antibiotics, AMPs can fight and kill MDR, XDR, and colistin-resistant bacteria through a variety of mechanisms. Therefore, in this study, we intend to use the latest studies to give a complete description of AMPs, the importance of colistin-resistant bacteria, and their resistance mechanisms, and represent impact of AMPs on colistin-resistant bacteria. Key points • AMPs as limited options to kill colistin-resistant bacteria. • Challenge of antibiotics resistance, colistin resistance, and mechanisms. • What is AMPs in the war with colistin-resistant bacteria?
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Cholic Acid-Based Antimicrobial Peptide Mimics as Antibacterial Agents. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094623. [PMID: 35563014 PMCID: PMC9101178 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a significant and urgent need for the development of novel antibacterial agents to tackle the increasing incidence of antibiotic resistance. Cholic acid-based small molecular antimicrobial peptide mimics are reported as potential new leads to treat bacterial infection. Here, we describe the design, synthesis and biological evaluation of cholic acid-based small molecular antimicrobial peptide mimics. The synthesis of cholic acid analogues involves the attachment of a hydrophobic moiety at the carboxyl terminal of the cholic acid scaffold, followed by the installation of one to three amino acid residues on the hydroxyl groups present on the cholic acid scaffold. Structure–activity relationship studies suggest that the tryptophan moiety is important for high antibacterial activity. Moreover, a minimum of +2 charge is also important for antimicrobial activity. In particular, analogues containing lysine-like residues showed the highest antibacterial potency against Gram-positive S. aureus. All di-substituted analogues possess high antimicrobial activity against both Gram-positive S. aureus as well as Gram-negative E. coli and P. aeruginosa. Analogues 17c and 17d with a combination of these features were found to be the most potent in this study. These compounds were able to depolarise the bacterial membrane, suggesting that they are potential antimicrobial pore forming agents.
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Heselpoth RD, Euler CW, Fischetti VA. PaP1, a Broad-Spectrum Lysin-Derived Cationic Peptide to Treat Polymicrobial Skin Infections. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:817228. [PMID: 35369520 PMCID: PMC8965563 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.817228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Most skin infections, including those complicating burns, are polymicrobial involving multiple causative bacteria. Add to this the fact that many of these organisms may be antibiotic-resistant, and a simple skin lesion or burn could soon become life-threatening. Membrane-acting cationic peptides from Gram-negative bacteriophage lysins can potentially aid in addressing the urgent need for alternative therapeutics. Such peptides natively constitute an amphipathic region within the structural composition of these lysins and function to permit outer membrane permeabilization in Gram-negative bacteria when added externally. This consequently allows the lysin to access and degrade the peptidoglycan substrate, resulting in rapid hypotonic lysis and bacterial death. When separated from the lysin, some of these cationic peptides kill sensitive bacteria more effectively than the native molecule via both outer and cytoplasmic membrane disruption. In this study, we evaluated the antibacterial properties of a modified cationic peptide from the broad-acting lysin PlyPa01. The peptide, termed PaP1, exhibited potent in vitro bactericidal activity toward numerous high priority Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens, including all the antibiotic-resistant ESKAPE pathogens. Both planktonic and biofilm-state bacteria were sensitive to the peptide, and results from time-kill assays revealed PaP1 kills bacteria on contact. The peptide was bactericidal over a wide temperature and pH range and could withstand autoclaving without loss of activity. However, high salt concentrations and complex matrices were found to be largely inhibitory, limiting its use to topical applications. Importantly, unlike other membrane-acting antimicrobials, PaP1 lacked cytotoxicity toward human cells. Results from a murine burn wound infection model using methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa validated the in vivo antibacterial efficacy of PaP1. In these studies, the peptide enhanced the potency of topical antibiotics used clinically for treating chronic wound infections. Despite the necessity for additional preclinical drug development, the collective data from our study support PaP1 as a potential broad-spectrum monotherapy or adjunctive therapy for the topical treatment of polymicrobial infections and provide a foundation for engineering future lysin-derived peptides with improved antibacterial properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan D. Heselpoth
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Ryan D. Heselpoth,
| | - Chad W. Euler
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Hunter College, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, United States
| | - Vincent A. Fischetti
- Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis and Immunology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
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[Antibacterial mechanism of Brevinin-2GHk, an antimicrobial peptide from Fejervarya limnocharis skin]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 41:1657-1663. [PMID: 34916191 PMCID: PMC8685708 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.11.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the secondary structure, physicochemical properties and antibacterial activity of Brevinin- 2GHk (BR2GK), an antimicrobial peptide from frog skin, and explore its antibacterial mechanism. METHODS BR2GK was synthesized, purified with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and identified using mass spectrometry. Circular dichroism was used to determine the secondary structure and physicochemical properties of BR2GK. Two-fold dilution method was used to determine the antibacterial activity of BR2GK, and its antibacterial mechanism was explored using laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The hemolytic activity of BR2GK was analyzed in red blood cells. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi) were employed to detect the binding of BR2GK to lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the antioxidant activity of BR2GK was evaluated using biochemical kits. RESULTS The synthesized BR2GK, with a purity exceeding 95% after purification, had the basic characteristics of cationic antimicrobial peptides. BR2GK consisted mainly of α-helical structure in SDS solution and exhibited a broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. Antibacterial activity assay showed that BR2GK had inhibitory and killing activity against a variety of strains with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 2.76 μmol/L against Staphylococcus aureus. Observation with LSCM and SEM showed that BR2GK at an active concentration caused bacterial cell membrane damage, cell swelling, contraction, deformation, and massive exudation of intracellular contents without causing hemolysis. ITC showed that the binding affinity KD of BR2GK to LPS was 18.2±0.8 μmol/L. The antioxidant test showed that BR2GK was capable of effectively scavenging NO, ABTS and DPPH. CONCLUSION BR2GK, as a broad-spectrum antibacterial peptide with also a strong antioxidant capacity, does not cause hemolysis and is capable of binding to LPS. BR2GK has an important value for future design and synthesis of antimicrobial peptides with stronger antibacterial activity and lower cytotoxicity.
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Henao Arias DC, Toro LJ, Téllez Ramirez GA, Osorio-Méndez JF, Rodríguez-Carlos A, Valle J, Marín-Luevano SP, Rivas-Santiago B, Andreu D, Castaño Osorio JC. Novel antimicrobial cecropins derived from O. curvicornis and D. satanas dung beetles. Peptides 2021; 145:170626. [PMID: 34391826 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is an increasing global problem and therapeutic alternatives to traditional antibiotics are needed. Antimicrobial and host defense peptides represent an attractive source for new therapeutic strategies, given their wide range of activities including antimicrobial, antitumoral and immunomodulatory. Insects produce several families of these peptides, including cecropins. Herein, we characterized the sequence, structure, and biological activity of three cecropins called satanin 1, 2, and curvicin, found in the transcriptome of two dung beetle species Dichotomius satanas and Onthophagus curvicornis. Sequence and circular dichroism analyses show that they have typical features of the cecropin family: short length (38-39 amino acids), positive charge, and amphipathic α-helical structure. They are active mainly against Gram-negative bacteria (3.12-12.5 μg/mL), with low toxicity on eukaryotic cells resulting in high therapeutic indexes (TI > 30). Peptides also showed effects on TNFα production in LPS-stimulated PBMCs. The biological activity of Satanin 1, 2 and Curvicin makes them interesting leads for antimicrobial strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Carolina Henao Arias
- Center of Biomedical Research, Group of Molecular Immunology, Universidad del Quindío, Cra, 15 calle 12 norte, Armenia, Quindío, Colombia
| | - Lily Johana Toro
- Center of Biomedical Research, Group of Molecular Immunology, Universidad del Quindío, Cra, 15 calle 12 norte, Armenia, Quindío, Colombia
| | - Germán Alberto Téllez Ramirez
- Center of Biomedical Research, Group of Molecular Immunology, Universidad del Quindío, Cra, 15 calle 12 norte, Armenia, Quindío, Colombia.
| | - Juan Felipe Osorio-Méndez
- Center of Biomedical Research, Group of Molecular Immunology, Universidad del Quindío, Cra, 15 calle 12 norte, Armenia, Quindío, Colombia
| | - Adrián Rodríguez-Carlos
- Medical Research Unit Zacatecas, IMSS, Interior de la Alameda #45, col. Centro, Zacatecas, Cp. 98000, Mexico
| | - Javier Valle
- Proteomics and Protein Chemistry Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sara Paulina Marín-Luevano
- Medical Research Unit Zacatecas, IMSS, Interior de la Alameda #45, col. Centro, Zacatecas, Cp. 98000, Mexico
| | - Bruno Rivas-Santiago
- Medical Research Unit Zacatecas, IMSS, Interior de la Alameda #45, col. Centro, Zacatecas, Cp. 98000, Mexico.
| | - David Andreu
- Proteomics and Protein Chemistry Unit, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Pompeu Fabra University, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park Dr Aiguader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jhon Carlos Castaño Osorio
- Center of Biomedical Research, Group of Molecular Immunology, Universidad del Quindío, Cra, 15 calle 12 norte, Armenia, Quindío, Colombia
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16
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Cui Z, Luo Q, Bannon MS, Gray VP, Bloom TG, Clore MF, Hughes MA, Crawford MA, Letteri RA. Molecular engineering of antimicrobial peptide (AMP)-polymer conjugates. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:5069-5091. [PMID: 34096936 PMCID: PMC8493962 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm00423a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
As antimicrobial resistance becomes an increasing threat, bringing significant economic and health burdens, innovative antimicrobial treatments are urgently needed. While antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising therapeutics, exhibiting high activity against resistant bacterial strains, limited stability and toxicity to mammalian cells has hindered clinical development. Attaching AMPs to polymers provides opportunities to present AMPs in a way that maximizes bacterial killing while enhancing compatibility with mammalian cells, stability, and solubility. Conjugation of an AMP to a linear hydrophilic polymer yields the desired improvements in stability, mammalian cell compatibility, and solubility, yet often markedly reduces bactericidal effects. Non-linear polymer architectures and supramolecular assemblies that accommodate multiple AMPs per polymer chain afford AMP-polymer conjugates that strike a superior balance of antimicrobial activity, mammalian cell compatibility, stability, and solubility. Therefore, we review the design criteria, building blocks, and synthetic strategies for engineering AMP-polymer conjugates, emphasizing the connection between molecular architecture and antimicrobial performance to inspire and enable further innovation to advance this emerging class of biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixian Cui
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22903, USA.
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17
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Li W, Separovic F, O'Brien-Simpson NM, Wade JD. Chemically modified and conjugated antimicrobial peptides against superbugs. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4932-4973. [PMID: 33710195 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01026j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 69.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the greatest threats to human health that, by 2050, will lead to more deaths from bacterial infections than cancer. New antimicrobial agents, both broad-spectrum and selective, that do not induce AMR are urgently required. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a novel class of alternatives that possess potent activity against a wide range of Gram-negative and positive bacteria with little or no capacity to induce AMR. This has stimulated substantial chemical development of novel peptide-based antibiotics possessing improved therapeutic index. This review summarises recent synthetic efforts and their impact on analogue design as well as their various applications in AMP development. It includes modifications that have been reported to enhance antimicrobial activity including lipidation, glycosylation and multimerization through to the broad application of novel bio-orthogonal chemistry, as well as perspectives on the direction of future research. The subject area is primarily the development of next-generation antimicrobial agents through selective, rational chemical modification of AMPs. The review further serves as a guide toward the most promising directions in this field to stimulate broad scientific attention, and will lead to new, effective and selective solutions for the several biomedical challenges to which antimicrobial peptidomimetics are being applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Li
- Melbourne Dental School, Centre for Oral Health Research, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia. and Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia and School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Neil M O'Brien-Simpson
- Melbourne Dental School, Centre for Oral Health Research, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia. and Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John D Wade
- School of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia and The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia.
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18
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Tyagi A, Mishra A. Methacrylamide based antibiotic polymers with no detectable bacterial resistance. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:3404-3416. [PMID: 33645619 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02176h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The growing number of multidrug-resistant pathogens is a major healthcare concern. In search of alternatives to antibiotics, synthetic mimics of antimicrobial peptides (SMAMPs) in the form of antimicrobial polymers have gained tremendous attention. Here, we report the synthesis of a set of 7 amphiphilic water-soluble cationic copolymers using aminopropyl methacrylamide and benzyl methacrylamide repeat units that show significant antibacterial activity. The antibacterial activity was evaluated using a broth microdilution assay against S. aureus and E. coli, while toxicity to mammalian cells was quantified by hemolysis assay with human red blood cells (RBCs). We find that the antibacterial activity and selectivity of the polymers depends on the mole fraction of aromatic benzyl units (fbenzyl) and the average molecular weight (Mn). Polymers with fbenzyl of 0.10 and 0.19, named AB-10 and AB-19 respectively, exhibited the highest antibacterial efficacy without inducing hemolysis and were chosen for further study. Liposome dye leakage study and observations from confocal and scanning electron microscopy indicate that the AB polymers killed bacterial cells primarily by disrupting the cytoplasmic membrane. No resistant mutants of E. coli and S. aureus were obtained with AB-19 in a 30 day serial passage study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anju Tyagi
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
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19
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Aksakal R, Mertens C, Soete M, Badi N, Du Prez F. Applications of Discrete Synthetic Macromolecules in Life and Materials Science: Recent and Future Trends. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2004038. [PMID: 33747749 PMCID: PMC7967060 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202004038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In the last decade, the field of sequence-defined polymers and related ultraprecise, monodisperse synthetic macromolecules has grown exponentially. In the early stage, mainly articles or reviews dedicated to the development of synthetic routes toward their preparation have been published. Nowadays, those synthetic methodologies, combined with the elucidation of the structure-property relationships, allow envisioning many promising applications. Consequently, in the past 3 years, application-oriented papers based on discrete synthetic macromolecules emerged. Hence, material science applications such as macromolecular data storage and encryption, self-assembly of discrete structures and foldamers have been the object of many fascinating studies. Moreover, in the area of life sciences, such structures have also been the focus of numerous research studies. Here, it is aimed to highlight these recent applications and to give the reader a critical overview of the future trends in this area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Resat Aksakal
- Polymer Chemistry Research GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281 S4‐bisGhentB‐9000Belgium
| | - Chiel Mertens
- Polymer Chemistry Research GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281 S4‐bisGhentB‐9000Belgium
| | - Matthieu Soete
- Polymer Chemistry Research GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281 S4‐bisGhentB‐9000Belgium
| | - Nezha Badi
- Polymer Chemistry Research GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281 S4‐bisGhentB‐9000Belgium
| | - Filip Du Prez
- Polymer Chemistry Research GroupCentre of Macromolecular Chemistry (CMaC)Department of Organic and Macromolecular ChemistryGhent UniversityKrijgslaan 281 S4‐bisGhentB‐9000Belgium
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20
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Abstract
Introduction: Antimicrobial peptides are a large class of compounds that are part of innate immune response found among all classes of life and are considered promising compounds to deal with antimicrobial resistance. These AMPs have been demonstrated to have some advantages over the traditional antibiotics with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activities and even overcome bacterial drug-resistance. Areas covered: The present review represents a comprehensive analysis of patents and patent applications available on Espacenet, from the year 2015 to 2020 referring to the therapeutic use of AMPs. Expert opinion: There are important examples about the use of antimicrobial peptides in clinical practice (e.g. polimixin b, colistin, etc.). AMPs are usually inspired by nature being produced by different living organisms as defensive and/or competition mechanisms. Despite limitations related to their development in classical drug discovery pipeline, they are endowed with relevant advantages, such as an unlimited reservoir of organisms able to produce new AMPs and they represent good starting point upon which to develop new antimicrobials.
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21
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Choi KM, Hwang SD, Joo MS, Hwang JY, Kwon MG, Jeong JM, Seo JS, Lee JH, Lee HC, Park CI. Two short antimicrobial peptides derived from prosaposin-like proteins in the starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 105:95-103. [PMID: 32619625 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Prosaposin (PSAP) is a precursor of saposin (SAP), which is present in lysosomal and secreted proteins. PSAP is a member of the SAP-like protein families, which comprise multifunctional proteins. In particular, their antimicrobial activity has been reported. We identified PSAP-like (PsPSAPL) sequences from starry flounder and analysed their expression and antimicrobial activity based on cDNA and amino acid sequences. PsPSAPL showed conservation of three saposin B type domains at high levels, and PsPSAPL mRNA was relatively abundantly distributed in the brain and gills of healthy starry founders. PsPSAPL mRNA showed significant expression changes in response to viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus and Streptococcus parauberis. Synthetic peptides (PsPSAPL-1 and -2), prepared based on amino acid sequences, were used to confirm as well as analyse the antimicrobial activity against bacteria and parasites. Consequently, PsPSAPL-1 and -2 were found to significantly inhibit the growth of various bacteria and kill the Miamiensis avidus. In addition, bacterial biofilm formation was significantly inhibited. Safety was also confirmed by analysing cell haemolysis. These results indicate the immunological function of PsPSAP and the potential antimicrobial activity of the AMPs PsPSAPL-1 and -2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang-Min Choi
- Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong, 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Don Hwang
- Aquatic Animal Disease Control Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Soo Joo
- Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong, 650-160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Youn Hwang
- Aquatic Animal Disease Control Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun-Gyeong Kwon
- Aquatic Animal Disease Control Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Min Jeong
- Aquatic Animal Disease Control Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Soo Seo
- Aquatic Animal Disease Control Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Lee
- Aquatic Animal Disease Control Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Chung Lee
- Aquatic Animal Disease Control Center, National Institute of Fisheries Science (NIFS), 216 Gijanghaean-ro, Gijang-eup, Gijang-gun, Busan, 46083, Republic of Korea
| | - Chan-Il Park
- Institute of Marine Industry, College of Marine Science, Gyeongsang National University, 455, Tongyeong, 650-160, Republic of Korea.
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22
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Cho CA, Liang C, Perera J, Brimble MA, Swift S, Jin J. Guanidinylated Amphiphilic Polycarbonates with Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity by Extending the Length of the Spacer Arm and Micelle Self-Assembly. Macromol Biosci 2020; 20:e2000065. [PMID: 32459065 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Nine guanidinylated amphiphilic polycarbonates are rationally designed and synthesized. Each polymer has the same biodegradable backbone but different side groups. The influence of the hydrophobic/hydrophilic effect on antimicrobial activities and cytotoxicity is systematically investigated. The results verify that tuning the length of the spacer arm between the cationic guanidine group and the polycarbonate backbone is an efficient design strategy to alter the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance without changing the cationic charge density. A spacer arm of six methylene units (CH2 )6 shows the best antimicrobial activity (minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC = 40 µg mL-1 against Escherichia coli, MIC = 20 µg mL-1 against Staphylococcus aureus, MIC = 40 µg mL-1 against Candida albicans) with low hemolytic activity (HC50 > 2560 µg mL-1 ). Furthermore, the guanidinylated polycarbonates exhibit the ability to self-assemble and present micelle-like nanostructure due to their intrinsic amphiphilic macromolecular structure. Transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering measurements confirm polymer micelle formation in aqueous solution with sizes ranging from 82 to 288 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe A Cho
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Chao Liang
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Janesha Perera
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Margaret A Brimble
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Simon Swift
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Jianyong Jin
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
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23
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Rani G, Kuroda K, Vemparala S. Aggregation of methacrylate-based ternary biomimetic antimicrobial polymers in solution. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 33:064003. [PMID: 33105118 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abc4c9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Using detailed atomistic simulations, we explore the morphological characteristics of aggregates formed in solution phase by ternary biomimetic antimicrobial (AM) methacrylate polymers, composed of hydrophobic, charged cationic and polar functional groups and compare it with aggregate morphologies of binary methacrylate polymers, composed only of hydrophobic and charged cationic functional groups. The effect of sequence of the constituent functional groups on aggregate conformation is also studied by considering random and block sequences along the polymer backbone. Our results show that while binary polymers tend to form robust aggregates, replacing some of the hydrophobic groups with overall charge neutral polar groups weakens the aggregate considerably, leading to increased conformational fluctuations and formation of loose-packed, open aggregates, particularly in the case of random ternary polymers. Interaction energy calculations clearly suggest that the role of inclusion of polar groups in ternary polymers is two-fold: (1) to reduce possible strong local concentration of hydrophobic groups and 'smear' the overall hydrophobicity along the polymer backbone to increase the solubility of the polymers (2) to compensate the loss of attractive hydrophobic interactions by forming attractive electrostatic interactions with the charged groups and contribute to aggregation formation, albeit weak. Given that most of the naturally occurring AM peptides have contributions from all the three functional groups, this study elucidates the functionally tuneable role of inclusion of polar groups in the way AM agents interact with each other in solution phase, which can eventually dictate their partitioning behaviour into bacterial and mammalian membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garima Rani
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, C.I.T. Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Kenichi Kuroda
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States of America
| | - Satyavani Vemparala
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, C.I.T. Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India
- Homi Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
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24
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Gerbelli BB, Vassiliades SV, Rojas JEU, Pelin JNBD, Mancini RSN, Pereira WSG, Aguilar AM, Venanzi M, Cavalieri F, Giuntini F, Alves WA. Hierarchical Self‐Assembly of Peptides and its Applications in Bionanotechnology. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara B. Gerbelli
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e HumanasUniversidade Federal do ABC Santo André 09210–580 Brazil
| | - Sandra V. Vassiliades
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e HumanasUniversidade Federal do ABC Santo André 09210–580 Brazil
| | - Jose E. U. Rojas
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e HumanasUniversidade Federal do ABC Santo André 09210–580 Brazil
| | - Juliane N. B. D. Pelin
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e HumanasUniversidade Federal do ABC Santo André 09210–580 Brazil
| | - Rodrigo S. N. Mancini
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e HumanasUniversidade Federal do ABC Santo André 09210–580 Brazil
| | - Wallace S. G. Pereira
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e HumanasUniversidade Federal do ABC Santo André 09210–580 Brazil
| | - Andrea M. Aguilar
- Instituto de Ciências AmbientaisQuímicas e FarmacêuticasUniversidade Federal de São Paulo Diadema 09972270 Brazil
| | - Mariano Venanzi
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologiesUniversity of Rome Tor Vergata Via Cracovia, 50 00133 Roma RM Italy
| | - Francesca Cavalieri
- Department of Chemical Science and TechnologiesUniversity of Rome Tor Vergata Via Cracovia, 50 00133 Roma RM Italy
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringThe University of Melbourne Parkville Vitória 3010 Australia
| | - Francesca Giuntini
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular SciencesLiverpool John Moores University Byrom Street Liverpool L3 3AF UK
| | - Wendel A. Alves
- Centro de Ciências Naturais e HumanasUniversidade Federal do ABC Santo André 09210–580 Brazil
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25
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Moretti A, Weeks RM, Chikindas M, Uhrich KE. Cationic Amphiphiles with Specificity against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria: Chemical Composition and Architecture Combat Bacterial Membranes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:5557-5567. [PMID: 30888181 PMCID: PMC6832706 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Small-molecule cationic amphiphiles (CAms) were designed to combat the rapid rise in drug-resistant bacteria. CAms were designed to target and compromise the structural integrity of bacteria membranes, leading to cell rupture and death. Discrete structural features of CAms were varied, and structure-activity relationship studies were performed to guide the rational design of potent antimicrobials with desirable selectivity and cytocompatibility profiles. In particular, the effects of cationic conformational flexibility, hydrophobic domain flexibility, and hydrophobic domain architecture were evaluated. Their influence on antimicrobial efficacy in Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was determined, and their safety profiles were established by assessing their impact on mammalian cells. All CAms have a potent activity against bacteria, and hydrophobic domain rigidity and branched architecture contribute to specificity. The insights gained from this project will aid in the optimization of CAm structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alysha Moretti
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Richard M. Weeks
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry and School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Michael Chikindas
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry and School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Kathryn E. Uhrich
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 501 Big Springs Rd., Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Corresponding Author:
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26
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Zhang M, Zeng G, Liao X, Wang Y. An antibacterial and biocompatible piperazine polymer. RSC Adv 2019; 9:10135-10147. [PMID: 35520902 PMCID: PMC9062374 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02219h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial repellence by biomedical materials is a desirable property that can potentially improve the healing process. In this study, we described a simple and green method to prepare a novel piperazine polymer (PE), which was based on the raw materials piperazine (PA) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic dianhydride (EDTAD). The structure and thermal stability of the obtained material were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), elementary analysis, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). To evaluate the antibacterial properties of PE, a strain of Gram-negative Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria and a strain of Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria were used. The results indicated that PE exhibited good antibacterial activity against both strains of bacteria in a short time frame. The initial cytotoxicity test of the obtained material was based on the changes in the morphology and proliferation of osteoblasts, and the results demonstrated that the cytotoxicity of PE was concentration-dependent. Combining the experimental results of these two parts, it was shown that bacteria could be inhibited by a certain concentration of PE, while its toxicity toward osteoblasts was very low. In summary, these results revealed the potential usefulness of PE in biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maolan Zhang
- Chongqing University of Science and Technology Chongqing 401331 China +86 17830862118 +86 17830862118
| | - Guoming Zeng
- Chongqing University of Science and Technology Chongqing 401331 China +86 17830862118 +86 17830862118
| | - Xiaoling Liao
- Chongqing University of Science and Technology Chongqing 401331 China +86 17830862118 +86 17830862118
| | - Yuanliang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education Chongqing 400044 China
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27
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Zhou Z, Ergene C, Lee JY, Shirley DJ, Carone BR, Caputo GA, Palermo EF. Sequence and Dispersity Are Determinants of Photodynamic Antibacterial Activity Exerted by Peptidomimetic Oligo(thiophene)s. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:1896-1906. [PMID: 30574776 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b19098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
A library of functionalized oligo(thiophene)s with precisely controlled chain length, regioregularity, sequence, and pendant moieties in the side chains was prepared by iterative convergent/divergent organometallic couplings. The cationic and facially amphiphilic structures were designed to mimic the salient physiochemical features of host defense peptides (HDPs) while concurrently exerting a photodynamic mechanism of antibacterial activity. In the dark, the oligothiophenes exert broad-spectrum and rapid bactericidal activity in the micromolar regime, which is the typical range of HDP activity. Under visible light, the antibacterial potency is enhanced by orders of magnitude, leading to potency in the nanomolar concentration range, whereas the toxicity to red blood cells (RBCs) is almost unaffected by the same visible light exposure. We attribute the potent and selective antibacterial activity to a dual mechanism of action that involves bacterial cell binding, combined with reactive oxygen species production in the bound state. Comonomer sequence and chain length dispersity play important roles in dictating the observed biological activities. The most promising candidate compound from a set of screening experiments showed antibacterial activity that is 3 orders of magnitude more potent against bacteria relative to toxicity against RBCs. Importantly, this compound did not induce resistance upon 21 subinhibitory passages, whereas the activity of ciprofloxacin was reduced 32× in the same condition. Cytotoxicity against HeLa cells in vitro is orders of magnitude weaker than antibacterial activity under visible light illumination. Thus, we have established a new class of HDP-mimetic antibacterial compounds with nanomolar activity and cell type selectivity of greater than 1300-fold. These and related compounds may be highly promising candidates in the urgent search for new topical photodynamic antibacterial formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Zhou
- Materials Science and Engineering , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12054 , United States
| | - Cansu Ergene
- Materials Science and Engineering , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12054 , United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Edmund F Palermo
- Materials Science and Engineering , Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy , New York 12054 , United States
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28
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Cao B, Xiao F, Xing D, Hu X. Polyprodrug Antimicrobials: Remarkable Membrane Damage and Concurrent Drug Release to Combat Antibiotic Resistance of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1802008. [PMID: 30118562 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201802008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The increased threat of antibiotic resistance has created an urgent need for new strategies. Herein, polyprodrug antimicrobials are proposed to mimic antimicrobial peptides appended with a concurrent drug release property, exhibiting broad-spectrum antibacterial activity and especially high potency to inhibit methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) without inducing resistance. Two series of polyprodrug antimicrobials are fabricated by facile polymerization of triclosan prodrug monomer (TMA) and subsequent quaternization of hydrophilic poly(N,N-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA), affording PDMAEMA-b-PTMA and PQDMA-b-PTMA, respectively. Optimized samples with proper hydrophobic ratio are screened out, which exhibit remarkable bacterial inhibition and low hemolysis toward red blood cells. Furthermore, synergistic antibacterial mechanisms contribute to the bacteria killing, including serious membrane damage, increased out-diffusion of cytosolic milieu across the membrane, and intracellular reductive milieu-mediated triclosan release. No detectable resistance is observed for polyprodrug antimicrobials against MRSA, which is demonstrated to be better than commercial triclosan and vancomycin against in vivo MRSA-infected burn models and a promising approach to the hurdle of antibiotic resistance in biomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Cao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Fengfeng Xiao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Da Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Xianglong Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science and Institute of Laser Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
- College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
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29
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Lyu Y, Fitriyanti M, Narsimhan G. Nucleation and growth of pores in 1,2-Dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) / cholesterol bilayer by antimicrobial peptides melittin, its mutants and cecropin P1. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 173:121-127. [PMID: 30278360 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides are one of the most promising alternatives to antibiotics for targeting pathogens without developing resistance. In this study, pore formation in 1,2-Dimyristoyl-snglycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) / cholesterol liposome induced by native melittin, its two mutant variants (G1I and I17 K), and cecropin P1 was investigated by monitoring the dynamics of fluorescence dye leakage. A critical peptide concentration was required for dye leakage with the rate of leakage being dependent on peptide concentration above a critical value. A lag time was required for dye leakage for low peptide concentrations that are above the critical value, which decreased at higher peptide concentrations eventually approaching zero. Lag time was found to be in the order I17 K mutant with lower hydrophobicity and higher net charge > G1I with higher hydrophobicity > melittin > cecropin P1. Cecropin P1 exhibited the highest rate of dye leakage followed by melittin, G1I, and I17 K. Size distribution and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of liposomes exposed to peptides of different concentrations indicated pore formation with accompanied stretching of liposomes at low peptide concentrations for both melittin and cecropin P1. At much higher concentrations, however, size distribution indicated three peaks for both peptides. In both cases, TEM images show that the middle and small peaks are shown to be due to stretched liposome and broken stretched liposome respectively. For melittin, the large peak is due to peptide aggregates as well as aggregates of liposome. For cecropin P1, however, the large peak indicates cecropin P1 aggregates with solubilized lipids thus suggesting carpet mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Lyu
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Maya Fitriyanti
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States
| | - Ganesan Narsimhan
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, United States.
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30
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Boschert D, Schneider-Chaabane A, Himmelsbach A, Eickenscheidt A, Lienkamp K. Synthesis and Bioactivity of Polymer-Based Synthetic Mimics of Antimicrobial Peptides (SMAMPs) Made from Asymmetrically Disubstituted Itaconates. Chemistry 2018; 24:8217-8227. [PMID: 29600579 PMCID: PMC7611503 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of asymmetrically disubstituted diitaconate monomers is presented. Starting from itaconic anhydride, functional groups could be placed selectively at the two nonequivalent carbonyl groups. By using 2D NMR spectroscopy, it was shown that the first functionalization step occurred at the carbonyl group in the β position to the double bond. These monomers were copolymerized with N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) to yield polymer-based synthetic mimics of antimicrobial peptides (SMAMPs). They were obtained by free radical polymerization, a metal-free process, and still maintained facial amphiphilicity at the repeat unit level. This eliminates the need for laborious metal removal and is advantageous from a regulatory and product safety perspective. The poly(diitaconate-co-DMAA) copolymers obtained were statistical to alternating, and the monomer feed ratio roughly matched that of the repeat unit content of the copolymers. Investigations of varied R group hydrophobicity, repeat unit ratio, and molecular mass on antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and on compatibility with human keratinocytes showed that the polymers with the longest R groups and lowest DMAA content were the most antimicrobial and hemolytic. This is in agreement with the biological activity of previously reported SMAMPs. Thus, the design concept of facial amphiphilicity has successfully been transferred, but the selectivity of these polymers for bacteria over mammalian cells still needs to be optimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Boschert
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) and Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schneider-Chaabane
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) and Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Himmelsbach
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) and Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alice Eickenscheidt
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) and Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karen Lienkamp
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT) and Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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31
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Kumar P, Kizhakkedathu JN, Straus SK. Antimicrobial Peptides: Diversity, Mechanism of Action and Strategies to Improve the Activity and Biocompatibility In Vivo. Biomolecules 2018; 8:E4. [PMID: 29351202 PMCID: PMC5871973 DOI: 10.3390/biom8010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 651] [Impact Index Per Article: 108.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is projected as one of the greatest threats to human health in the future and hence alternatives are being explored to combat resistance. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have shown great promise, because use of AMPs leads bacteria to develop no or low resistance. In this review, we discuss the diversity, history and the various mechanisms of action of AMPs. Although many AMPs have reached clinical trials, to date not many have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) due to issues with toxicity, protease cleavage and short half-life. Some of the recent strategies developed to improve the activity and biocompatibility of AMPs, such as chemical modifications and the use of delivery systems, are also reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Life Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Jayachandran N Kizhakkedathu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
- Centre for Blood Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Life Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada.
| | - Suzana K Straus
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, 2036 Main Mall, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z1, Canada.
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32
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Zander ZK, Becker ML. Antimicrobial and Antifouling Strategies for Polymeric Medical Devices. ACS Macro Lett 2018; 7:16-25. [PMID: 35610930 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.7b00879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hospital-acquired infections arising from implanted polymeric medical devices continue to pose a significant challenge for medical professionals and patients. Often times, these infections arise from biofilm accumulation on the device, which is difficult to eradicate and usually requires antibiotic treatment and device removal. In response, significant efforts have been made to design functional polymeric devices or coatings that possess antimicrobial or antifouling properties that limit biofilm formation and subsequent infection by inhibiting or eliminating bacteria near the device surface or by limiting the initial attachment of proteins and bacteria. In this Viewpoint, we highlight the magnitude of device-associated infections, the role of biofilm formation in human pathogenesis, and recent advances in antimicrobial and antifouling polymers, as well as current strategies employed in commercial devices for preventing infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary K. Zander
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
| | - Matthew L. Becker
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, 170 University Ave, Akron, Ohio 44325-3909, United States
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33
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Ergene C, Yasuhara K, Palermo EF. Biomimetic antimicrobial polymers: recent advances in molecular design. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py00012c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections, coupled with the decline in the number of new antibiotic drug approvals, has created a therapeutic gap that portends an emergent public health crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cansu Ergene
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
| | - Kazuma Yasuhara
- Graduate School of Materials Science
- Nara Institute for Science and Technology
- Ikoma
- Japan
| | - Edmund F. Palermo
- Materials Science and Engineering
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
- Troy
- USA
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34
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Omar R, Yadav A. A mechanistic study of anti-HIV activities of antifungal peptides. CAN J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
HIV patients are constantly at risk of developing internal fungal infection and are thus regularly prescribed antifungal medications. Several classes of antifungal agents have been developed to combat ever increasing cases of resistant strains of fungi. Azoles, despite being the most popular clinical choice, are not devoid of side effects. Many antimicrobial peptides have also been tested in search of safe, nontoxic antifungals but none succeeded as a commercial alternative. Recent research attempts show continued interest in these compounds and the complexities associated. Some experimental observations indicate involvement of these antimicrobial peptides in enhancing the efficacy of anti-HIV agents. We present here an intertwined approach to deal with two fatal diseases, internal fungal infection and HIV infection. Several naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides have been studied for their possible interaction with the viral RNA primer binding site (template) through interactions other than the base pair – base pair type. Peptides have been prepared and docked into viral template utilizing extra precision, flexible ligand docking. Implicit solvent was added around the complex and MMGBSA interaction energies were computed. Druggability aspects were explored by calculating ADME-related properties. A peptidomimetic compound has been strategically designed to introduce some druggability features in the peptide maintaining its viral template inhibition capability. The designed peptidomimetic lead compound may help in obtaining nontoxic anti-HIV agents in the future. This is the first study to suggest a plausible explanation for the anti-HIV activity of antifungal peptides at the molecular level and corroborate experimental findings of synergistic effects of these peptides on anti-HIV agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchi Omar
- Department of Chemistry, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj University, Kanpur 208024, India
- Department of Chemistry, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj University, Kanpur 208024, India
| | - Arpita Yadav
- Department of Chemistry, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj University, Kanpur 208024, India
- Department of Chemistry, University Institute of Engineering and Technology, Chhatrapati Shahuji Maharaj University, Kanpur 208024, India
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35
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Meir O, Zaknoon F, Cogan U, Mor A. A broad-spectrum bactericidal lipopeptide with anti-biofilm properties. Sci Rep 2017; 7:2198. [PMID: 28526864 PMCID: PMC5438364 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-02373-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies of the oligoacyllysyl (OAK) series acyl-lysyl-lysyl-aminoacyl-lysine-amide, suggested their utility towards generating robust linear lipopeptide-like alternatives to antibiotics, although to date, none exhibited potent broad-spectrum bactericidal activity. To follow up on this premise, we produced a new analog (C14KKc12K) and investigated its properties in various media. Mechanistic studies suggest that C14KKc12K uses a non-specific membrane-disruptive mode of action for rapidly reducing viability of Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) similarly to polymyxin B (PMB), a cyclic lipopeptide used as last resort antibiotic. Indeed, C14KKc12K displayed similar affinity for lipopolysaccharides and induced cell permeabilization associated with rapid massive membrane depolarization. Unlike PMB however, C14KKc12K was also bactericidal to Gram-positive bacteria (GPB) at or near the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), as assessed against a multispecies panel of >50 strains, displaying MIC50 at 3 and 6 µM, respectively for GPB and GNB. C14KKc12K retained activity in human saliva, reducing the viability of cultivable oral microflora by >99% within two minutes of exposure, albeit at higher concentrations, which, nonetheless, were similar to the commercial gold standard, chlorhexidine. This equipotent bactericidal activity was also observed in pre-formed biofilms of Streptococcus mutans, a major periodontal pathogen. Such compounds therefore, may be useful for eradication of challenging poly-microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohad Meir
- Department of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Fadia Zaknoon
- Department of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Uri Cogan
- Department of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel
| | - Amram Mor
- Department of Biotechnology & Food Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 32000, Israel.
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36
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Perez-Soto N, Moule L, Crisan DN, Insua I, Taylor-Smith LM, Voelz K, Fernandez-Trillo F, Krachler AM. Engineering microbial physiology with synthetic polymers: cationic polymers induce biofilm formation in Vibrio cholerae and downregulate the expression of virulence genes. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5291-5298. [PMID: 28970909 PMCID: PMC5607900 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00615b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we report the first application of non-bactericidal synthetic polymers to modulate the physiology of a bacterial pathogen. Poly(N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl] methacrylamide) (P1) and poly(N-(3-aminopropyl)methacrylamide) (P2), cationic polymers that bind to the surface of V. cholerae, the infectious agent causing cholera disease, can sequester the pathogen into clusters. Upon clustering, V. cholerae transitions to a sessile lifestyle, characterised by increased biofilm production and the repression of key virulence factors such as the cholera toxin (CTX). Moreover, clustering the pathogen results in the minimisation of adherence and toxicity to intestinal epithelial cells. Our results suggest that the reduction in toxicity is associated with the reduction to the number of free bacteria, but also the downregulation of toxin production. Finally we demonstrate that these polymers can reduce colonisation of zebrafish larvae upon ingestion of water contaminated with V. cholerae. Overall, our results suggest that the physiology of this pathogen can be modulated without the need to genetically manipulate the microorganism and that this modulation is an off-target effect that results from the intrinsic ability of the pathogen to sense and adapt to its environment. We believe these findings pave the way towards a better understanding of the interactions between pathogenic bacteria and polymeric materials and will underpin the development of novel antimicrobial polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Perez-Soto
- School of Biosciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , B15 2TT Birmingham , UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , B15 2TT Birmingham , UK .
| | - Lauren Moule
- School of Biosciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , B15 2TT Birmingham , UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , B15 2TT Birmingham , UK .
| | - Daniel N Crisan
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , B15 2TT Birmingham , UK . .,School of Chemistry , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , B15 2TT Birmingham , UK
| | - Ignacio Insua
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , B15 2TT Birmingham , UK . .,School of Chemistry , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , B15 2TT Birmingham , UK
| | - Leanne M Taylor-Smith
- School of Biosciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , B15 2TT Birmingham , UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , B15 2TT Birmingham , UK .
| | - Kerstin Voelz
- School of Biosciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , B15 2TT Birmingham , UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , B15 2TT Birmingham , UK .
| | - Francisco Fernandez-Trillo
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , B15 2TT Birmingham , UK . .,School of Chemistry , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , B15 2TT Birmingham , UK
| | - Anne Marie Krachler
- School of Biosciences , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , B15 2TT Birmingham , UK.,Institute of Microbiology and Infection , University of Birmingham , Edgbaston , B15 2TT Birmingham , UK . .,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics , University of Texas McGovern Medical School at Houston , Houston , TX 77030 , USA .
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37
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Yu TT, Nizalapur S, Ho KKK, Yee E, Berry T, Cranfield CG, Willcox M, Black DS, Kumar N. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of N-Sulfonylphenyl glyoxamide-Based Antimicrobial Peptide Mimics as Novel Antimicrobial Agents. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsz Tin Yu
- School of Chemistry; University of New South Wales; Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | | | - Kitty K. K. Ho
- School of Chemistry; University of New South Wales; Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Eugene Yee
- School of Chemistry; University of New South Wales; Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia; Lowy Cancer Research Centre, University of New South Wales; Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Thomas Berry
- Molecular Biosciences Team; School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | - Charles G. Cranfield
- Molecular Biosciences Team; School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney; Sydney Australia
| | - Mark Willcox
- School of Optometry and Vision Science; University of New South Wales; Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - David StC Black
- School of Chemistry; University of New South Wales; Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Naresh Kumar
- School of Chemistry; University of New South Wales; Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
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38
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KR12 peptide associated with cyclodextrin: Antimicrobial and antitumor activities. Biointerphases 2016; 11:04B307. [PMID: 27907988 DOI: 10.1116/1.4968880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the physical properties and antimicrobial and antiproliferative effects of the KR12 peptide complexed with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (Hp-βCd) in vitro. The KR12:Hp-βCd composition was evaluated for particle size and its zeta (ζ)-potential in the presence and absence of cells. Antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and Porphyromonas gingivalis for the peptide alone or associated was evaluated by minimal inhibitory concentration. The cytotoxicity of the peptide and composition toward fibroblasts, Caco-2 cells, and A431 cells was determined using the 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide; thiazolyl blue assay and hemolysis assay. Membrane integrity was analyzed by the lactate dehydrogenase assay. KR12:Hp-βCd decreased the peptide concentration required for the antimicrobial effect. Moreover, this composition was able to modify cell surface parameters, such as ζ-potential, and alter the degree of hemolysis induced by KR12. However, the KR12:Hp-βCd and KR12 alone alter the zeta potential of cells to a similar extent, suggesting a similar level of membrane interaction. The peptide alone inhibited the proliferation of Caco-2 and A431 cells more efficiently than KR12:Hp-βCd (p < 0.001), but did not show significant cytotoxic effects via the dehydrogenase lactate assay. Both substances were effective in inhibiting the growth of odontopathogenic bacteria, as well as inhibiting Caco-2 epithelial cells. These observations highlight the potential antimicrobial and antiproliferative effects of KR12 peptide alone or associated with Hp-βCd.
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39
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Chionis K, Krikorian D, Koukkou AI, Sakarellos-Daitsiotis M, Panou-Pomonis E. Synthesis and biological activity of lipophilic analogs of the cationic antimicrobial active peptide anoplin. J Pept Sci 2016; 22:731-736. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kostas Chionis
- Department of Chemistry; University of Ioannina; 45110 Ioannina Greece
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40
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Functional foldamers that target bacterial membranes: The effect of charge, amphiphilicity and conformation. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4241-4245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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41
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deRonde BM, Posey ND, Otter R, Minter LM, Tew GN. Optimal Hydrophobicity in Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization-Based Protein Mimics Required for siRNA Internalization. Biomacromolecules 2016; 17:1969-77. [PMID: 27103189 PMCID: PMC4964964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Exploring the role of polymer structure for the internalization of biologically relevant cargo, specifically siRNA, is of critical importance to the development of improved delivery reagents. Herein, we report guanidinium-rich protein transduction domain mimics (PTDMs) based on a ring-opening metathesis polymerization scaffold containing tunable hydrophobic moieties that promote siRNA internalization. Structure-activity relationships using Jurkat T cells and HeLa cells were explored to determine how the length of the hydrophobic block and the hydrophobic side chain compositions of these PTDMs impacted siRNA internalization. To explore the hydrophobic block length, two different series of diblock copolymers were synthesized: one series with symmetric block lengths and one with asymmetric block lengths. At similar cationic block lengths, asymmetric and symmetric PTDMs promoted siRNA internalization in the same percentages of the cell population regardless of the hydrophobic block length; however, with 20 repeat units of cationic charge, the asymmetric block length had greater siRNA internalization, highlighting the nontrivial relationships between hydrophobicity and overall cationic charge. To further probe how the hydrophobic side chains impacted siRNA internalization, an additional series of asymmetric PTDMs was synthesized that featured a fixed hydrophobic block length of five repeat units that contained either dimethyl (dMe), methyl phenyl (MePh), or diphenyl (dPh) side chains and varied cationic block lengths. This series was further expanded to incorporate hydrophobic blocks consisting of diethyl (dEt), diisobutyl (diBu), and dicyclohexyl (dCy) based repeat units to better define the hydrophobic window for which our PTDMs had optimal activity. High-performance liquid chromatography retention times quantified the relative hydrophobicities of the noncationic building blocks. PTDMs containing the MePh, diBu, and dPh hydrophobic blocks were shown to have superior siRNA internalization capabilities compared to their more and less hydrophobic counterparts, demonstrating a critical window of relative hydrophobicity for optimal internalization. This better understanding of how hydrophobicity impacts PTDM-induced internalization efficiencies will help guide the development of future delivery reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M. deRonde
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Nicholas D. Posey
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Ronja Otter
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Lisa M. Minter
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Gregory N. Tew
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
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42
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Isik M, Tan JPK, Ono RJ, Sanchez-Sanchez A, Mecerreyes D, Yang YY, Hedrick JL, Sardon H. Tuning the Selectivity of Biodegradable Antimicrobial Cationic Polycarbonates by Exchanging the Counter-Anion. Macromol Biosci 2016; 16:1360-7. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Isik
- POLYMAT; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Joxe Mari Korta Center; Avda. Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - Jeremy P. K. Tan
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; 31 Biopolis Way Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - Robert J. Ono
- IBM Almaden Research Center; 650 Harry Road San Jose CA 95120 USA
| | - Ana Sanchez-Sanchez
- POLYMAT; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Joxe Mari Korta Center; Avda. Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
| | - David Mecerreyes
- POLYMAT; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Joxe Mari Korta Center; Avda. Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
- Ikerbasque; Basque Foundation for Science; E-48011 Bilbao Spain
| | - Yi Yan Yang
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology; 31 Biopolis Way Singapore 138669 Singapore
| | - James L. Hedrick
- IBM Almaden Research Center; 650 Harry Road San Jose CA 95120 USA
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT; University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU Joxe Mari Korta Center; Avda. Tolosa 72 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián Spain
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43
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Leire E, Amaral SP, Louzao I, Winzer K, Alexander C, Fernandez-Megia E, Fernandez-Trillo F. Dendrimer mediated clustering of bacteria: improved aggregation and evaluation of bacterial response and viability. Biomater Sci 2016; 4:998-1006. [PMID: 27127812 DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00079g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Here, we evaluate how cationic gallic acid-triethylene glycol (GATG) dendrimers interact with bacteria and their potential to develop new antimicrobials. We demonstrate that GATG dendrimers functionalised with primary amines in their periphery can induce the formation of clusters in Vibrio harveyi, an opportunistic marine pathogen, in a generation dependent manner. Moreover, these cationic GATG dendrimers demonstrate an improved ability to induce cluster formation when compared to poly(N-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]methacrylamide) [p(DMAPMAm)], a cationic linear polymer previously shown to cluster bacteria. Viability of the bacteria within the formed clusters and evaluation of quorum sensing controlled phenotypes (i.e. light production in V. harveyi) suggest that GATG dendrimers may be activating microbial responses by maintaining a high concentration of quorum sensing signals inside the clusters while increasing permeability of the microbial outer membranes. Thus, the reported GATG dendrimers constitute a valuable platform for the development of novel antimicrobial materials that can target microbial viability and/or virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Leire
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS) and Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Jenaro de la Fuente s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Wang C, Zolotarskaya OY, Nair SS, Ehrhardt CJ, Ohman DE, Wynne KJ, Yadavalli VK. Real-Time Observation of Antimicrobial Polycation Effects on Escherichia coli: Adapting the Carpet Model for Membrane Disruption to Quaternary Copolyoxetanes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:2975-2984. [PMID: 26948099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Real-time atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used for analyzing effects of the antimicrobial polycation copolyoxetane P[(C12)-(ME2Ox)-50/50], C12-50 on the membrane of a model bacterium, Escherichia coli (ATCC# 35218). AFM imaging showed cell membrane changes with increasing C12-50 concentration and time including nanopore formation and bulges associated with outer bacterial membrane disruption. A macroscale bactericidal concentration study for C12-50 showed a 4 log kill at 15 μg/mL with conditions paralleling imaging (1 h, 1x PBS, physiological pH, 25 °C). The dramatic changes from the control image to 1 h after introducing 15 μg/mL C12-50 are therefore reasonably attributed to cell death. At the highest concentration (60 μg/mL) further cell membrane disruption results in leakage of cytoplasm driven by detergent-like action. The sequence of processes for initial membrane disruption by the synthetic polycation C12-50 follows the carpet model posited for antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). However, the nanoscale details are distinctly different as C12-50 is a synthetic, water-soluble copolycation that is best modeled as a random coil. In a complementary AFM study, chemical force microscopy shows that incubating cells with C12-50 decreased the hydrophobicity across the entire cell surface at an early stage. This finding provides additional evidence indicating that C12-50 polycations initially bind with the cell membrane in a carpet-like fashion. Taken together, real time AFM imaging elucidates the mechanism of antimicrobial action for copolyoxetane C12-50 at the single cell level. In future work this approach will provide important insights into structure-property relationships and improved antimicrobial effectiveness for synthetic amphiphilic polycations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congzhou Wang
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering and ‡Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and ∥McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VCU School of Medicine , Richmond, Virginia 23249, United States
| | - Olga Y Zolotarskaya
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering and ‡Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and ∥McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VCU School of Medicine , Richmond, Virginia 23249, United States
| | - Sithara S Nair
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering and ‡Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and ∥McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VCU School of Medicine , Richmond, Virginia 23249, United States
| | - Christopher J Ehrhardt
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering and ‡Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and ∥McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VCU School of Medicine , Richmond, Virginia 23249, United States
| | - Dennis E Ohman
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering and ‡Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and ∥McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VCU School of Medicine , Richmond, Virginia 23249, United States
| | - Kenneth J Wynne
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering and ‡Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and ∥McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VCU School of Medicine , Richmond, Virginia 23249, United States
| | - Vamsi K Yadavalli
- Department of Chemical and Life Science Engineering and ‡Department of Forensic Science, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology and ∥McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, VCU School of Medicine , Richmond, Virginia 23249, United States
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Parker K, Sampson NS. Precision Synthesis of Alternating Copolymers via Ring-Opening Polymerization of 1-Substituted Cyclobutenes. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:408-17. [PMID: 26914522 PMCID: PMC4794705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of complex molecular systems depends on our ability to correlate physical measurements with molecular structure. Interpretation of studies that rely on synthetic polymers is generally limited by their heterogeneity; i.e., there is variation in the number and arrangement of the monomeric building blocks that have been incorporated. Superior physics and biology can be performed with materials and tools that exert precise control over the sequence and spacing of functional groups. An interest in functional ligands combined with a desire to control the orientation and stereochemistry of monomer incorporation led to the design of new substrates for ruthenium-catalyzed ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). We discovered that ROMP of cyclobutene-1-carboxamides provides uniform and translationally invariant polymers. In contrast, cyclobutene-1-carboxylate esters ring open upon treatment with ruthenium catalyst, but they are stable to homopolymerization. However, in the presence of cyclohexene monomers, they undergo alternating ROMP (AROMP or alt-ROMP) to give copolymers with a precisely controlled sequence. The alternating cyclobutene ester/cyclohexene pair provides access to functional group spacing larger than is possible with homopolymers. This can be desirable; for example, polymers with a regular 8-10 Å backbone spacing of cationic charge and with between four and eight cationic groups were the most effective antibacterial agents and had low cytotoxicity. Moreover, the AROMP chemistry allows alternation of two functional moieties: one associated with the cyclohexene and one attached to the cyclobutene. In the case of antibacterial copolymers, the alternating chemistry allowed variation of hydrophobicity via the cyclohexene while maintaining a constant cation spacing through the cyclobutene. In the case of copolymers that bear donor and acceptor groups, strict alternation of the groups increased intrachain charge transfer. Like cyclobutene-1-carboxylate esters, bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-7-ene-7-carboxylate esters ring open upon treatment with ruthenium catalyst and undergo ring opening cross-metathesis with cyclohexene to form alternating copolymers. The corresponding bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-7-ene-7-carboxyamides isomerize to the bicyclo[4.2.0]oct-1(8)-ene-8-carboxamides before they can ring open. However, the isomerized amides undergo ruthenium-catalyzed ring opening metathesis and rapidly AROMP with cyclohexene. Our alternating copolymer systems allow functionality to be placed along a polymer chain with larger than typical spacing. We have used both homopolymers and alternating copolymers for defining the functional group density required for targeting a cell surface and for the exploration of functional group positioning within a polymer chain. These polymer systems provide access to new materials with previously inaccessible types of nanoscale structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathlyn
A. Parker
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Nicole S. Sampson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
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Wang H, Shi X, Yu D, Zhang J, Yang G, Cui Y, Sun K, Wang J, Yan H. Antibacterial Activity of Geminized Amphiphilic Cationic Homopolymers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:13469-77. [PMID: 26606647 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The current study is aimed at investigating the effect of cationic charge density and hydrophobicity on the antibacterial and hemolytic activities. Two kinds of cationic surfmers, containing single or double hydrophobic tails (octyl chains or benzyl groups), and the corresponding homopolymers were synthesized. The antimicrobial activity of these candidate antibacterials was studied by microbial growth inhibition assays against Escherichia coli, and hemolysis activity was carried out using human red blood cells. It was interestingly found that the homopolymers were much more effective in antibacterial property than their corresponding monomers. Furthermore, the geminized homopolymers had significantly higher antibacterial activity than that of their counterparts but with single amphiphilic side chains in each repeated unit. Geminized homopolymers, with high positive charge density and moderate hydrophobicity (such as benzyl groups), combine both advantages of efficient antibacterial property and prominently high selectivity. To further explain the antibacterial performance of the novel polymer series, the molecular interaction mechanism is proposed according to experimental data which shows that these specimens are likely to kill microbes by disrupting bacterial membranes, leading them unlikely to induce resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Danfeng Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Offshore Oil Exploitation; CNOOC Research Institute , Beijing 100027, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Offshore Oil Exploitation; CNOOC Research Institute , Beijing 100027, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingxian Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Offshore Oil Exploitation; CNOOC Research Institute , Beijing 100027, People's Republic of China
| | - Keji Sun
- Oil Production Technology Research Institute, Shengli Oilfield Branch Company, SINOPEC, Dongying 257000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinben Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
| | - Haike Yan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid, Interface and Chemical Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190, People's Republic of China
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A novel antimicrobial peptide, scolopendin, from Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans and its microbicidal mechanism. Biochimie 2015; 118:176-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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48
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Baul U, Kuroda K, Vemparala S. Interaction of multiple biomimetic antimicrobial polymers with model bacterial membranes. J Chem Phys 2015; 141:084902. [PMID: 25173040 DOI: 10.1063/1.4893440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Using atomistic molecular dynamics simulations, interaction of multiple synthetic random copolymers based on methacrylates on prototypical bacterial membranes is investigated. The simulations show that the cationic polymers form a micellar aggregate in water phase and the aggregate, when interacting with the bacterial membrane, induces clustering of oppositely charged anionic lipid molecules to form clusters and enhances ordering of lipid chains. The model bacterial membrane, consequently, develops lateral inhomogeneity in membrane thickness profile compared to polymer-free system. The individual polymers in the aggregate are released into the bacterial membrane in a phased manner and the simulations suggest that the most probable location of the partitioned polymers is near the 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-phosphatidylglycerol (POPG) clusters. The partitioned polymers preferentially adopt facially amphiphilic conformations at lipid-water interface, despite lacking intrinsic secondary structures such as α-helix or β-sheet found in naturally occurring antimicrobial peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upayan Baul
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, C.I.T. Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India
| | - Kenichi Kuroda
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Satyavani Vemparala
- The Institute of Mathematical Sciences, C.I.T. Campus, Taramani, Chennai 600113, India
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49
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Bahar AA, Liu Z, Garafalo M, Kallenbach N, Ren D. Controlling Persister and Biofilm Cells of Gram-Negative Bacteria with a New 1,3,5-Triazine Derivative. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2015; 8:696-710. [PMID: 26473884 PMCID: PMC4695806 DOI: 10.3390/ph8040696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria have been on the rise. This important issue presents a great challenge to the healthcare system and creates an urgent need for alternative therapeutic agents. As a potential solution to this problem, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have attracted increasing attention due to their broad spectrum of targeted microbes. However, most AMPs are expensive to synthesize, have relatively high cytotoxicity to mammalian cells, and are susceptible to proteolytic degradation. In order to overcome these limitations, novel synthetic AMPs are desired. Using 1,3,5-triazine (TN) as a template, several combinatorial libraries with varying cationic charge and lipophilicity were designed and screened by the Kallenbach lab. From this screening, TN-5 was identified as a potent lead. In the present study, this compound was tested for its antimicrobial activities on Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition to regular planktonic cells, the effects on biofilms and persister cells (metabolically inactive and antibiotic tolerant subpopulation) were also investigated. TN-5 was found to have a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 12.8 μM for both species and kill regular planktonic cells of both species dose dependently. TN-5 is also effective against persister cells of both E. coli and P. aeruginosa. The killing of biofilm cells of the mucoid P. aeruginosa PDO300 was enhanced by alginate lyase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Adem Bahar
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
| | - Zhigang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY 10003, USA.
| | - Meagan Garafalo
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
| | | | - Dacheng Ren
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
- Syracuse Biomaterials Institute, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
- Department of Biology, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA.
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50
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deRonde BM, Torres JA, Minter LM, Tew GN. Development of Guanidinium-Rich Protein Mimics for Efficient siRNA Delivery into Human T Cells. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:3172-9. [PMID: 26324222 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
RNA interference is gaining attention as a means to explore new molecular pathways and for its potential as a therapeutic; however, its application in immortal and primary T cells is limited due to challenges with efficient delivery in these cell types. Herein, we report the development of guanidinium-rich protein transduction domain mimics (PTDMs) based on a ring-opening metathesis polymerization scaffold that delivers siRNA into Jurkat T cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (hPBMCs). Homopolymer and block copolymer PTDMs with varying numbers of guanidinium moieties were designed and tested to assess the effect cationic charge content and the addition of a segregated, hydrophobic block had on siRNA internalization and delivery. Internalization of fluorescently labeled siRNA into Jurkat T cells illustrates that the optimal cationic charge content, 40 charges per polymer, leads to higher efficiencies, with block copolymers outperforming their homopolymer counterparts. PTDMs also outperformed commercial reagents commonly used for siRNA delivery applications. Select PTDM candidates were further screened to assess the role the PTDM structure has on the delivery of biologically active siRNA into primary cells. Specifically, siRNA to hNOTCH1 was delivered to hPBMCs enabling 50-80% knockdown efficiencies, with longer PTDMs showing improved protein reduction. By evaluating the PTDM design parameters for siRNA delivery, more efficient PTDMs were discovered that improved delivery and gene (NOTCH) knockdown in T cells. Given the robust delivery of siRNA by these novel PTDMs, their development should aid in the exploration of T cell molecular pathways leading eventually to new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittany M deRonde
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Joe A Torres
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Lisa M Minter
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Gregory N Tew
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States.,Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States.,Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst , Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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