1
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Kumar D, Nadda R, Repaka R. Advances and challenges in organ-on-chip technology: toward mimicking human physiology and disease in vitro. Med Biol Eng Comput 2024; 62:1925-1957. [PMID: 38436835 DOI: 10.1007/s11517-024-03062-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Organs-on-chips have been tissues or three-dimensional (3D) mini-organs that comprise numerous cell types and have been produced on microfluidic chips to imitate the complicated structures and interactions of diverse cell types and organs under controlled circumstances. Several morphological and physiological distinctions exist between traditional 2D cultures, animal models, and the growing popular 3D cultures. On the other hand, animal models might not accurately simulate human toxicity because of physiological variations and interspecies metabolic capability. The on-chip technique allows for observing and understanding the process and alterations occurring in metastases. The present study aimed to briefly overview single and multi-organ-on-chip techniques. The current study addresses each platform's essential benefits and characteristics and highlights recent developments in developing and utilizing technologies for single and multi-organs-on-chips. The study also discusses the drawbacks and constraints associated with these models, which include the requirement for standardized procedures and the difficulties of adding immune cells and other intricate biological elements. Finally, a comprehensive review demonstrated that the organs-on-chips approach has a potential way of investigating organ function and disease. The advancements in single and multi-organ-on-chip structures can potentially increase drug discovery and minimize dependency on animal models, resulting in improved therapies for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhiraj Kumar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab, 140001, India
| | - Rahul Nadda
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab, 140001, India.
| | - Ramjee Repaka
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab, 140001, India
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Ropar, Punjab, 140001, India
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2
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Kim R, Sung JH. Recent Advances in Gut- and Gut-Organ-Axis-on-a-Chip Models. Adv Healthc Mater 2024:e2302777. [PMID: 38243887 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202302777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
The human gut extracts nutrients from the diet while forming the largest barrier against the outer environment. In addition, the gut actively maintains homeostasis through intricate interactions with the gut microbes, the immune system, the enteric nervous system, and other organs. These interactions influence digestive health and, furthermore, play crucial roles in systemic health and disease. Given its primary role in absorbing and metabolizing orally administered drugs, there is significant interest in the development of preclinical in vitro model systems that can accurately emulate the intestine in vivo. A gut-on-a-chip system holds great potential as a testing and screening platform because of its ability to emulate the physiological aspects of in vivo tissues and expandability to incorporate and combine with other organs. This review aims to identify the key physiological features of the human gut that need to be incorporated to build more accurate preclinical models and highlights the recent progress in gut-on-a-chip systems and competing technologies toward building more physiologically relevant preclinical model systems. Furthermore, various efforts to construct multi-organ systems with the gut, called gut-organ-axis-on-a-chip models, are discussed. In vitro gut models with physiological relevance can provide valuable platforms for bridging the gap between preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raehyun Kim
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong, 30016, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, 04066, Republic of Korea
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3
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Leal F, Zeiringer S, Jeitler R, Costa PF, Roblegg E. A comprehensive overview of advanced dynamic in vitro intestinal and hepatic cell culture models. Tissue Barriers 2024; 12:2163820. [PMID: 36680530 PMCID: PMC10832944 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2022.2163820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Orally administered drugs pass through the gastrointestinal tract before being absorbed in the small intestine and metabolised in the liver. To test the efficacy and toxicity of drugs, animal models are often employed; however, they are not suitable for investigating drug-tissue interactions and making reliable predictions, since the human organism differs drastically from animals in terms of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of substances. Likewise, simple static in vitro cell culture systems currently used in preclinical drug screening often do not resemble the native characteristics of biological barriers. Dynamic models, on the other hand, provide in vivo-like cell phenotypes and functionalities that offer great potential for safety and efficacy prediction. Herein, current microfluidic in vitro intestinal and hepatic models are reviewed, namely single- and multi-tissue micro-bioreactors, which are associated with different methods of cell cultivation, i.e., scaffold-based versus scaffold-free.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Leal
- BIOFABICS, Rua Alfredo Allen 455, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Scarlett Zeiringer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitaetsplatz 1, Graz, Austria
| | - Ramona Jeitler
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitaetsplatz 1, Graz, Austria
| | - Pedro F. Costa
- BIOFABICS, Rua Alfredo Allen 455, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Eva Roblegg
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Graz, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universitaetsplatz 1, Graz, Austria
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4
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Holzer CS, Pukaluk A, Viertler C, Regitnig P, Caulk AW, Eschbach M, Contini EM, Holzapfel GA. Biomechanical characterization of the passive porcine stomach. Acta Biomater 2024; 173:167-183. [PMID: 37984627 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The complex mechanics of the gastric wall facilitates the main digestive tasks of the stomach. However, the interplay between the mechanical properties of the stomach, its microstructure, and its vital functions is not yet fully understood. Importantly, the pig animal model is widely used in biomedical research for preliminary or ethically prohibited studies of the human digestion system. Therefore, this study aims to thoroughly characterize the mechanical behavior and microstructure of the porcine stomach. For this purpose, multiple quasi-static mechanical tests were carried out with three different loading modes, i.e., planar biaxial extension, radial compression, and simple shear. Stress-relaxation tests complemented the quasi-static experiments to evaluate the deformation and strain-dependent viscoelastic properties. Each experiment was conducted on specimens of the complete stomach wall and two separate layers, mucosa and muscularis, from each of the three gastric regions, i.e., fundus, body, and antrum. The significant preconditioning effects and the considerable regional and layer-specific differences in the tissue response were analyzed. Furthermore, the mechanical experiments were complemented with histology to examine the influence of the microstructural composition on the macrostructural mechanical response and vice versa. Importantly, the shear tests showed lower stresses in the complete wall compared to the single layers which the loose network of submucosal collagen might explain. Also, the stratum arrangement of the muscularis might explain mechanical anisotropy during tensile tests. This study shows that gastric tissue is characterized by a highly heterogeneous microstructure with regional variations in layer composition reflecting not only functional differences but also diverse mechanical behavior. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Unfortunately, only few experimental data on gastric tissue are available for an adequate material parameter and model estimation. The present study therefore combines layer- and region-specific stomach wall mechanics obtained under multiple loading conditions with histological insights into the heterogeneous microstructure. On the one hand, the extensive data sets of this study expand our understanding of the interplay between gastric mechanics, motility and functionality, which could help to identify and treat associated pathologies. On the other hand, such data sets are of high relevance for the constitutive modeling of stomach tissue, and its application in the field of medical engineering, e.g., in the development of surgical staplers and the improvement of bariatric surgical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Pukaluk
- Institute of Biomechanics, Graz University of Technology, Austria
| | - Christian Viertler
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Peter Regitnig
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Gerhard A Holzapfel
- Institute of Biomechanics, Graz University of Technology, Austria; Department of Structural Engineering, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
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5
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R N, Aggarwal A, Sravani AB, Mallya P, Lewis S. Organ-On-A-Chip: An Emerging Research Platform. Organogenesis 2023; 19:2278236. [PMID: 37965897 PMCID: PMC10653779 DOI: 10.1080/15476278.2023.2278236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
In drug development, conventional preclinical and clinical testing stages rely on cell cultures and animal experiments, but these methods may fall short of fully representing human biology. To overcome this limitation, the emergence of organ-on-a-chip (OOC) technology has sparked interest as a transformative approach in drug testing research. By closely replicating human organ responses to external signals, OOC devices hold immense potential in revolutionizing drug efficacy and safety predictions. This review focuses on the advancements, applications, and prospects of OOC devices in drug testing. Based on the latest advances in the field of OOC systems and their clinical applications, this review reflects the effectiveness of OOC devices in replacing human volunteers in certain clinical studies. This review underscores the critical role of OOC technology in transforming drug testing methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithin R
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Ayushi Aggarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Anne Boyina Sravani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Pooja Mallya
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Shaila Lewis
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, India
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6
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Shin S, Brunel LG, Cai B, Kilian D, Roth JG, Seymour AJ, Heilshorn SC. Gelation of Uniform Interfacial Diffusant in Embedded 3D Printing. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2023; 33:2307435. [PMID: 38646474 PMCID: PMC11031202 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202307435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
While the human body has many different examples of perfusable structures with complex geometries, biofabrication methods to replicate this complexity are still lacking. Specifically, the fabrication of self-supporting, branched networks with multiple channel diameters is particularly challenging. Here, we present the Gelation of Uniform Interfacial Diffusant in Embedded 3D Printing (GUIDE-3DP) approach for constructing perfusable networks of interconnected channels with precise control over branching geometries and vessel sizes. To achieve user-specified channel dimensions, this technique leverages the predictable diffusion of crosslinking reaction-initiators released from sacrificial inks printed within a hydrogel precursor. We demonstrate the versatility of GUIDE-3DP to be adapted for use with diverse physicochemical crosslinking mechanisms by designing seven printable material systems. Importantly, GUIDE-3DP allows for the independent tunability of both the inner and outer diameters of the printed channels and the ability to fabricate seamless junctions at branch points. This 3D bioprinting platform is uniquely suited for fabricating lumenized structures with complex shapes characteristic of multiple hollow vessels throughout the body. As an exemplary application, we demonstrate the fabrication of vasculature-like networks lined with endothelial cells. GUIDE-3DP represents an important advance toward the fabrication of self-supporting, physiologically relevant networks with intricate and perfusable geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungchul Shin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 466 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry, and Bioresources, Seoul National University, 08826 Gwanak-ro 1, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Lucia G Brunel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, 466 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Betty Cai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 466 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - David Kilian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 466 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Julien G Roth
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, 466 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alexis J Seymour
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, 466 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sarah C Heilshorn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, 466 Lomita Mall, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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7
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Reddy N, Lynch B, Gujral J, Karnik K. Alternatives to animal testing in toxicity testing: Current status and future perspectives in food safety assessments. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113944. [PMID: 37453475 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of alternative methods to animal testing has gained great momentum since Russel and Burch introduced the "3Rs" concept of Reduction, Refinement, and Replacement of animals in safety testing in 1959. Several alternatives to animal testing have since been introduced, including but not limited to in vitro and in chemico test systems, in silico models, and computational models (e.g., [quantitative] structural activity relationship models, high-throughput screens, organ-on-chip models, and genomics or bioinformatics) to predict chemical toxicity. Furthermore, several agencies have developed robust integrated testing strategies to determine chemical toxicity. The cosmetics sector is pioneering the adoption of alternative methodologies for safety evaluations, and other sectors are aiming to completely abandon animal testing by 2035. However, beyond the use of in vitro genetic testing, agencies regulating the food industry have been slow to implement alternative methodologies into safety evaluations compared with other sectors; setting health-based guidance values for food ingredients requires data from systemic toxicity, and to date, no standalone validated alternative models to assess systemic toxicity exist. The abovementioned models show promise for assessing systemic toxicity with further research. In this paper, we review the current alternatives and their applicability and limitations in food safety evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navya Reddy
- Intertek Health Sciences Inc., 2233 Argentia Rd, Suite 201, Mississauga, ON, L5N 2X7, Canada
| | - Barry Lynch
- Intertek Health Sciences Inc., 2233 Argentia Rd, Suite 201, Mississauga, ON, L5N 2X7, Canada.
| | - Jaspreet Gujral
- Tate & Lyle, 5450 Prairie Stone Pkwy, Hoffman Estates, IL, 60192, USA
| | - Kavita Karnik
- Tate & Lyle PLC, 5 Marble Arch, London, W1H 7EJ, United Kingdom
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8
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Lee EJ, Krassin ZL, Abaci HE, Mahler GJ, Esch MB. Pumped and pumpless microphysiological systems to study (nano)therapeutics. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1911. [PMID: 37464464 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Fluidic microphysiological systems (MPS) are microfluidic cell culture devices that are designed to mimic the biochemical and biophysical in vivo microenvironments of human tissues better than conventional petri dishes or well-plates. MPS-grown tissue cultures can be used for probing new drugs for their potential primary and secondary toxicities as well as their efficacy. The systems can also be used for assessing the effects of environmental nanoparticles and nanotheranostics, including their rate of uptake, biodistribution, elimination, and toxicity. Pumpless MPS are a group of MPS that often utilize gravity to recirculate cell culture medium through their microfluidic networks, providing some advantages, but also presenting some challenges. They can be operated with near-physiological amounts of blood surrogate (i.e., cell culture medium) that can recirculate in bidirectional or unidirectional flow patterns depending on the device configuration. Here we discuss recent advances in the design and use of both pumped and pumpless MPS with a focus on where pumpless devices can contribute to realizing the potential future role of MPS in evaluating nanomaterials. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Toxicology and Regulatory Issues in Nanomedicine > Toxicology of Nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Jin Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, College of Computer, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
| | - Zachary L Krassin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Hasan Erbil Abaci
- Department of Dermatology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Gretchen J Mahler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York, USA
| | - Mandy B Esch
- Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA
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9
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Gimondi S, Ferreira H, Reis RL, Neves NM. Microfluidic Devices: A Tool for Nanoparticle Synthesis and Performance Evaluation. ACS NANO 2023; 17:14205-14228. [PMID: 37498731 PMCID: PMC10416572 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c01117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The use of nanoparticles (NPs) in nanomedicine holds great promise for the treatment of diseases for which conventional therapies present serious limitations. Additionally, NPs can drastically improve early diagnosis and follow-up of many disorders. However, to harness their full capabilities, they must be precisely designed, produced, and tested in relevant models. Microfluidic systems can simulate dynamic fluid flows, gradients, specific microenvironments, and multiorgan complexes, providing an efficient and cost-effective approach for both NPs synthesis and screening. Microfluidic technologies allow for the synthesis of NPs under controlled conditions, enhancing batch-to-batch reproducibility. Moreover, due to the versatility of microfluidic devices, it is possible to generate and customize endless platforms for rapid and efficient in vitro and in vivo screening of NPs' performance. Indeed, microfluidic devices show great potential as advanced systems for small organism manipulation and immobilization. In this review, first we summarize the major microfluidic platforms that allow for controlled NPs synthesis. Next, we will discuss the most innovative microfluidic platforms that enable mimicking in vitro environments as well as give insights into organism-on-a-chip and their promising application for NPs screening. We conclude this review with a critical assessment of the current challenges and possible future directions of microfluidic systems in NPs synthesis and screening to impact the field of nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gimondi
- 3B’s
Research Group, I3Bs − Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters
of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and
Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque
de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s−PT
Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Helena Ferreira
- 3B’s
Research Group, I3Bs − Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters
of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and
Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque
de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s−PT
Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Rui L. Reis
- 3B’s
Research Group, I3Bs − Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters
of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and
Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque
de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s−PT
Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Nuno M. Neves
- 3B’s
Research Group, I3Bs − Research Institute on Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters
of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and
Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, Parque
de Ciência e Tecnologia, Zona Industrial da Gandra, 4805-017 Barco, Guimarães, Portugal
- ICVS/3B’s−PT
Government Associate Laboratory, 4805-017 Braga, Guimarães, Portugal
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10
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Donkers JM, van der Vaart JI, van de Steeg E. Gut-on-a-Chip Research for Drug Development: Implications of Chip Design on Preclinical Oral Bioavailability or Intestinal Disease Studies. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:226. [PMID: 37366821 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8020226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut plays a key role in drug absorption and metabolism of orally ingested drugs. Additionally, the characterization of intestinal disease processes is increasingly gaining more attention, as gut health is an important contributor to our overall health. The most recent innovation to study intestinal processes in vitro is the development of gut-on-a-chip (GOC) systems. Compared to conventional in vitro models, they offer more translational value, and many different GOC models have been presented over the past years. Herein, we reflect on the almost unlimited choices in designing and selecting a GOC for preclinical drug (or food) development research. Four components that largely influence the GOC design are highlighted, namely (1) the biological research questions, (2) chip fabrication and materials, (3) tissue engineering, and (4) the environmental and biochemical cues to add or measure in the GOC. Examples of GOC studies in the two major areas of preclinical intestinal research are presented: (1) intestinal absorption and metabolism to study the oral bioavailability of compounds, and (2) treatment-orientated research for intestinal diseases. The last section of this review presents an outlook on the limitations to overcome in order to accelerate preclinical GOC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne M Donkers
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Sylviusweg 71, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jamie I van der Vaart
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Sylviusweg 71, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
- Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Evita van de Steeg
- Department of Metabolic Health Research, TNO, Sylviusweg 71, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands
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11
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Usman Khan M, Cai X, Shen Z, Mekonnen T, Kourmatzis A, Cheng S, Gholizadeh H. Challenges in the Development and Application of Organ-on-Chips for Intranasal Drug Delivery Studies. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051557. [PMID: 37242799 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
With the growing demand for the development of intranasal (IN) products, such as nasal vaccines, which has been especially highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic, the lack of novel technologies to accurately test the safety and effectiveness of IN products in vitro so that they can be delivered promptly to the market is critically acknowledged. There have been attempts to manufacture anatomically relevant 3D replicas of the human nasal cavity for in vitro IN drug tests, and a couple of organ-on-chip (OoC) models, which mimic some key features of the nasal mucosa, have been proposed. However, these models are still in their infancy, and have not completely recapitulated the critical characteristics of the human nasal mucosa, including its biological interactions with other organs, to provide a reliable platform for preclinical IN drug tests. While the promising potential of OoCs for drug testing and development is being extensively investigated in recent research, the applicability of this technology for IN drug tests has barely been explored. This review aims to highlight the importance of using OoC models for in vitro IN drug tests and their potential applications in IN drug development by covering the background information on the wide usage of IN drugs and their common side effects where some classical examples of each area are pointed out. Specifically, this review focuses on the major challenges of developing advanced OoC technology and discusses the need to mimic the physiological and anatomical features of the nasal cavity and nasal mucosa, the performance of relevant drug safety assays, as well as the fabrication and operational aspects, with the ultimate goal to highlight the much-needed consensus, to converge the effort of the research community in this area of work.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xinyu Cai
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Zhiwei Shen
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Taye Mekonnen
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Agisilaos Kourmatzis
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Shaokoon Cheng
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Hanieh Gholizadeh
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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12
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Shin S, Brunel LG, Cai B, Kilian D, Roth JG, Seymour AJ, Heilshorn SC. Gelation of Uniform Interfacial Diffusant in Embedded 3D Printing. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.04.02.535250. [PMID: 37066190 PMCID: PMC10104000 DOI: 10.1101/2023.04.02.535250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
While the human body has many different examples of perfusable structures with complex geometries, biofabrication methods to replicate this complexity are still lacking. Specifically, the fabrication of self-supporting, branched networks with multiple channel diameters is particularly challenging. Here, we present the Gelation of Uniform Interfacial Diffusant in Embedded 3D Printing (GUIDE-3DP) approach for constructing perfusable networks of interconnected channels with precise control over branching geometries and vessel sizes. To achieve user-specified channel dimensions, this technique leverages the predictable diffusion of crosslinking reaction-initiators released from sacrificial inks printed within a hydrogel precursor. We demonstrate the versatility of GUIDE-3DP to be adapted for use with diverse physiochemical crosslinking mechanisms by designing seven printable material systems. Importantly, GUIDE-3DP allows for the independent tunability of both the inner and outer diameters of the printed channels and the ability to fabricate seamless junctions at branch points. This 3D bioprinting platform is uniquely suited for fabricating lumenized structures with complex shapes characteristic of multiple hollow vessels throughout the body. As an exemplary application, we demonstrate the fabrication of vasculature-like networks lined with endothelial cells. GUIDE-3DP represents an important advance toward the fabrication of self-supporting, physiologically relevant networks with intricate and perfusable geometries.
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13
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Widerspick L, Steffen JF, Tappe D, Muñoz-Fontela C. Animal Model Alternatives in Filovirus and Bornavirus Research. Viruses 2023; 15:158. [PMID: 36680198 PMCID: PMC9863967 DOI: 10.3390/v15010158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The order Mononegavirales contains a variety of highly pathogenic viruses that may infect humans, including the families Filoviridae, Bornaviridae, Paramyxoviridae, and Rhabodoviridae. Animal models have historically been important to study virus pathogenicity and to develop medical countermeasures. As these have inherent shortcomings, the rise of microphysiological systems and organoids able to recapitulate hallmarks of the diseases caused by these viruses may have enormous potential to add to or partially replace animal modeling in the future. Indeed, microphysiological systems and organoids are already used in the pharmaceutical R&D pipeline because they are prefigured to overcome the translational gap between model systems and clinical studies. Moreover, they may serve to alleviate ethical concerns related to animal research. In this review, we discuss the value of animal model alternatives in human pathogenic filovirus and bornavirus research. The current animal models and their limitations are presented followed by an overview of existing alternatives, such as organoids and microphysiological systems, which might help answering open research questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Widerspick
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Riems, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | - Dennis Tappe
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- National Reference Center for Tropical Pathogens, Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
| | - César Muñoz-Fontela
- Bernhard-Nocht-Institute for Tropical Medicine, 20359 Hamburg, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Luebeck-Borstel-Riems, 38124 Braunschweig, Germany
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14
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Prinz Setter O, Snoyman I, Shalash G, Segal E. Gold Nanorod-Incorporated Halloysite Nanotubes Functionalized with Antibody for Superior Antibacterial Photothermal Treatment. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14102094. [PMID: 36297528 PMCID: PMC9611827 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The global spread of antibiotic-resistant strains, and the need to protect the microflora from non-specific antibiotics require more effective and selective alternatives. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time a superior antibacterial photothermal effect of plasmonic gold nanorods (AuNRs) via their incorporation onto natural clay halloysite nanotubes (HNTs), which were functionalized with anti-E. coli antibodies (Ab-HNTs). AuNRs were incorporated onto the Ab-HNTs through a facile freeze-thaw cycle, and antibody integrity following the incorporation was confirmed via infrared spectroscopy and fluorescence immunolabeling. The incorporation efficiency was studied using UV-Vis absorption and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Mixtures of E. coli and AuNR-Ab-HNTs hybrids or free AuNRs were irradiated with an 808 nm laser at 3-4 W cm-2, and the resulting photothermal antibacterial activity was measured via plate count. The irradiated AuNR-Ab-HNTs hybrids exerted an 8-fold higher antibacterial effect compared to free AuNR under 3.5 W cm-2; whereas the latter induced a 6 °C-higher temperature elevation. No significant antibacterial activity was observed for the AuNR-Ab-HNTs hybrid against non-target bacteria species (Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus epidermidis). These findings are ascribed to the localization of the photothermal ablation due to the binding of the antibody-functionalized clay to its target bacteria, as supported through TEM imaging. In the future, the HNTs-based selective carriers presented herein could be tailored with other antibacterial nanoparticles or against another microorganism via the facile adjustment of the immobilized antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofer Prinz Setter
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Iser Snoyman
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ghazal Shalash
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Ester Segal
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- The Russel Berrie Nanotechnology Institute, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-4-829-5071
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15
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Nahak BK, Mishra A, Preetam S, Tiwari A. Advances in Organ-on-a-Chip Materials and Devices. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:3576-3607. [PMID: 35839513 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The organ-on-a-chip (OoC) paves a way for biomedical applications ranging from preclinical to clinical translational precision. The current trends in the in vitro modeling is to reduce the complexity of human organ anatomy to the fundamental cellular microanatomy as an alternative of recreating the entire cell milieu that allows systematic analysis of medicinal absorption of compounds, metabolism, and mechanistic investigation. The OoC devices accurately represent human physiology in vitro; however, it is vital to choose the correct chip materials. The potential chip materials include inorganic, elastomeric, thermoplastic, natural, and hybrid materials. Despite the fact that polydimethylsiloxane is the most commonly utilized polymer for OoC and microphysiological systems, substitute materials have been continuously developed for its advanced applications. The evaluation of human physiological status can help to demonstrate using noninvasive OoC materials in real-time procedures. Therefore, this Review examines the materials used for fabricating OoC devices, the application-oriented pros and cons, possessions for device fabrication and biocompatibility, as well as their potential for downstream biochemical surface alteration and commercialization. The convergence of emerging approaches, such as advanced materials, artificial intelligence, machine learning, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting, and genomics, have the potential to perform OoC technology at next generation. Thus, OoC technologies provide easy and precise methodologies in cost-effective clinical monitoring and treatment using standardized protocols, at even personalized levels. Because of the inherent utilization of the integrated materials, employing the OoC with biomedical approaches will be a promising methodology in the healthcare industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishal Kumar Nahak
- Institute of Advanced Materials, IAAM, Gammalkilsvägen 18, Ulrika 59053, Sweden
| | - Anshuman Mishra
- Institute of Advanced Materials, IAAM, Gammalkilsvägen 18, Ulrika 59053, Sweden
| | - Subham Preetam
- Institute of Advanced Materials, IAAM, Gammalkilsvägen 18, Ulrika 59053, Sweden
| | - Ashutosh Tiwari
- Institute of Advanced Materials, IAAM, Gammalkilsvägen 18, Ulrika 59053, Sweden
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16
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Breaking through the barrier: Modelling and exploiting the physical microenvironment to enhance drug transport and efficacy. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 184:114183. [PMID: 35278523 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical compounds are the main pillar in the treatment of various illnesses. To administer these drugs in the therapeutic setting, multiple routes of administration have been defined, including ingestion, inhalation, and injection. After administration, drugs need to find their way to the intended target for high effectiveness, and this penetration is greatly dependent on obstacles the drugs encounter along their path. Key hurdles include the physical barriers that are present within the body and knowledge of those is indispensable for progress in the development of drugs with increased therapeutic efficacy. In this review, we examine several important physical barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier, the gut-mucosal barrier, and the extracellular matrix barrier, and evaluate their influence on drug transport and efficacy. We explore various in vitro model systems that aid in understanding how parameters within the barrier model affect drug transfer and therapeutic effect. We conclude that physical barriers in the body restrict the quantity of drugs that can pass through, mainly as a consequence of the barrier architecture. In addition, the specific physical properties of the tissue can trigger intracellular changes, altering cell behavior in response to drugs. Though the barriers negatively influence drug distribution, physical stimulation of the surrounding environment may also be exploited as a mechanism to control drug release. This drug delivery approach is explored in this review as a potential alternative to the conventional ways of delivering therapeutics.
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17
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Özkayar G, Lötters JC, Tichem M, Ghatkesar MK. Toward a modular, integrated, miniaturized, and portable microfluidic flow control architecture for organs-on-chips applications. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:021302. [PMID: 35464136 PMCID: PMC9018096 DOI: 10.1063/5.0074156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic organs-on-chips (OoCs) technology has emerged as the trend for in vitro functional modeling of organs in recent years. Simplifying the complexities of the human organs under controlled perfusion of required fluids paves the way for accurate prediction of human organ functionalities and their response to interventions like exposure to drugs. However, in the state-of-the-art OoC, the existing methods to control fluids use external bulky peripheral components and systems much larger than the chips used in experiments. A new generation of compact microfluidic flow control systems is needed to overcome this challenge. This study first presents a structured classification of OoC devices according to their types and microfluidic complexities. Next, we suggest three fundamental fluid flow control mechanisms and define component configurations for different levels of OoC complexity for each respective mechanism. Finally, we propose an architecture integrating modular microfluidic flow control components and OoC devices on a single platform. We emphasize the need for miniaturization of flow control components to achieve portability, minimize sample usage, minimize dead volume, improve the flowing time of fluids to the OoC cell chamber, and enable long-duration experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gürhan Özkayar
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel Tichem
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Murali K. Ghatkesar
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
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18
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19
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Lee SY, Kim D, Lee SH, Sung JH. Microtechnology-based in vitro models: Mimicking liver function and pathophysiology. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:041505. [PMID: 34703969 PMCID: PMC8520487 DOI: 10.1063/5.0061896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver plays important roles in drug metabolism and homeostasis. The metabolism and biotransformation can not only affect the efficacy of drugs but also result in hepatotoxicity and drug-induced liver injury. Understanding the complex physiology of the liver and the pathogenetic mechanisms of liver diseases is essential for drug development. Conventional in vitro models have limitations in the ability to predict drug effects, due to the lack of physiological relevance. Recently, the liver-on-a-chip platform has been developed to reproduce the microarchitecture and in vivo environment of the liver. These efforts have improved the physiological relevance of the liver tissue used in the platform and have demonstrated its applicability to drug screening and disease models. In this review, we summarize the recent development of liver-on-a-chip models that closely mimic the in vivo liver environments and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Yeon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, South Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- Department of Bionano Engineering, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, South Korea
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20
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Fois CAM, Schindeler A, Valtchev P, Dehghani F. Dynamic flow and shear stress as key parameters for intestinal cells morphology and polarization in an organ-on-a-chip model. Biomed Microdevices 2021; 23:55. [PMID: 34655329 PMCID: PMC8520520 DOI: 10.1007/s10544-021-00591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Gut-on-a-chip microfluidic devices have emerged as versatile and practical systems for modeling the human intestine in vitro. Cells cultured under microfluidic conditions experience the effect of shear stress, used as a biomechanical cue to promote a faster cell polarization in Caco-2 cells when compared with static culture conditions. However, published systems to date have utilized a constant flow rate that fails to account for changes in cell shear stress (\documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\tau }_{c}$$\end{document}τc) resulting from changes in cell elongation that occur with differentiation. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations predict that cells with villi-like morphology experience a \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\tau }_{c}$$\end{document}τc higher than bulge-like cells at the initial growth stages. Therefore, we investigated the use of a dynamic flow rate to maintain a constant \documentclass[12pt]{minimal}
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\begin{document}$${\tau }_{c}$$\end{document}τc across the experiment. Microscopic assessment of cell morphology and dome formation confirmed the initiation of Caco-2 polarization within three days. Next, adopting our dynamic approach, we evaluated whether the following decreased flow could still contribute to complete cell differentiation if compared with the standard constant flow methodology. Caco-2 cells polarized under both conditions, secreted mucin-2 and villin and formed tight junctions and crypt-villi structures. Gene expression was not impacted using the dynamic flow rate. In conclusion, our dynamic flow approach still facilitates cell differentiation while enabling a reduced consumption of reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara A M Fois
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia.,Centre for Advanced Food Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Aaron Schindeler
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia.,Centre for Advanced Food Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia.,Bioengineering & Molecular Medicine Laboratory, The Children's Hospital at Westmead and the Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, 2145, Australia
| | - Peter Valtchev
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia.,Centre for Advanced Food Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
| | - Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia. .,Centre for Advanced Food Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia.
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21
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Malik M, Yang Y, Fathi P, Mahler GJ, Esch MB. Critical Considerations for the Design of Multi-Organ Microphysiological Systems (MPS). Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:721338. [PMID: 34568333 PMCID: PMC8459628 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.721338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification and approval of new drugs for use in patients requires extensive preclinical studies and clinical trials. Preclinical studies rely on in vitro experiments and animal models of human diseases. The transferability of drug toxicity and efficacy estimates to humans from animal models is being called into question. Subsequent clinical studies often reveal lower than expected efficacy and higher drug toxicity in humans than that seen in animal models. Microphysiological systems (MPS), sometimes called organ or human-on-chip models, present a potential alternative to animal-based models used for drug toxicity screening. This review discusses multi-organ MPS that can be used to model diseases and test the efficacy and safety of drug candidates. The translation of an in vivo environment to an in vitro system requires physiologically relevant organ scaling, vascular dimensions, and appropriate flow rates. Even small changes in those parameters can alter the outcome of experiments conducted with MPS. With many MPS devices being developed, we have outlined some established standards for designing MPS devices and described techniques to validate the devices. A physiologically realistic mimic of the human body can help determine the dose response and toxicity effects of a new drug candidate with higher predictive power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mridu Malik
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
- Biophysical and Biomedical Measurement Group, Physical Measurement Laboratory, Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
| | - Yang Yang
- Biophysical and Biomedical Measurement Group, Physical Measurement Laboratory, Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, College Park, MD, United States
| | - Parinaz Fathi
- Department of Bioengineering, Materials Science and Engineering, and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States
| | - Gretchen J. Mahler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States
| | - Mandy B. Esch
- Biophysical and Biomedical Measurement Group, Physical Measurement Laboratory, Microsystems and Nanotechnology Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, United States
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22
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van Berlo D, van de Steeg E, Amirabadi HE, Masereeuw R. The potential of multi-organ-on-chip models for assessment of drug disposition as alternative to animal testing. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2021.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Lindner M, Laporte A, Block S, Elomaa L, Weinhart M. Physiological Shear Stress Enhances Differentiation, Mucus-Formation and Structural 3D Organization of Intestinal Epithelial Cells In Vitro. Cells 2021; 10:2062. [PMID: 34440830 PMCID: PMC8391940 DOI: 10.3390/cells10082062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) mucus plays a pivotal role in the tissue homoeostasis and functionality of the gut. However, due to the shortage of affordable, realistic in vitro GI models with a physiologically relevant mucus layer, studies with deeper insights into structural and compositional changes upon chemical or physical manipulation of the system are rare. To obtain an improved mucus-containing cell model, we developed easy-to-use, reusable culture chambers that facilitated the application of GI shear stresses (0.002-0.08 dyn∙cm-2) to cells on solid surfaces or membranes of cell culture inserts in bioreactor systems, thus making them readily accessible for subsequent analyses, e.g., by confocal microscopy or transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) measurement. The human mucus-producing epithelial HT29-MTX cell-line exhibited superior reorganization into 3-dimensional villi-like structures with highly proliferative tips under dynamic culture conditions when compared to static culture (up to 180 vs. 80 µm in height). Additionally, the median mucus layer thickness was significantly increased under flow (50 ± 24 vs. 29 ± 14 µm (static)), with a simultaneous accelerated maturation of the cells into a goblet-like phenotype. We demonstrated the strong impact of culture conditions on the differentiation and reorganization of HT29-MTX cells. The results comprise valuable advances towards the improvement of existing GI and mucus models or the development of novel systems using our newly designed culture chambers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Lindner
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.L.); (S.B.); (L.E.)
| | - Anna Laporte
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany;
| | - Stephan Block
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.L.); (S.B.); (L.E.)
| | - Laura Elomaa
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.L.); (S.B.); (L.E.)
| | - Marie Weinhart
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany; (M.L.); (S.B.); (L.E.)
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167 Hannover, Germany;
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24
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Feng G, Han K, Li Y, Yang Q, Feng W, Wang J, Yang X. Undigestible Gliadin Peptide Nanoparticles Penetrate Mucus and Reduce Mucus Production Driven by Intestinal Epithelial Cell Damage. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:7979-7989. [PMID: 34251199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c02177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wheat protein is the most consumed plant protein in our diet, and there is an increased prevalence of wheat/gluten intolerance and adherence to a gluten-free diet in many countries. Despite the known immunodominant effect of undigested gliadin peptides responsible for gluten-related intolerance, it remains unclear if and how gliadin peptides self-assemble into ordered nanostructures during gastrointestinal digestion, as well as their biological impact on the mucus barrier function. In this study, we purified undigestible gliadin peptide nanoparticles (UGPNs) by ultracentrifugation and characterized their structural and physiochemical properties. The results demonstrate that the UGPNs are self-assembled nanostructures generated by cationic amino acids (Lys and Arg)-capped surfactant-like peptides (SLPs), mainly derived from γ-gliadin and α-gliadin. SLPs trigger the concentration-dependent self-assembly driven by β-sheet conformational transitions above their critical aggregation concentration (cac, ∼0.1 mg/mL). UGPNs can easily penetrate the mucus layer in Caco-2/HT29-MTX cocultures with a high Papp value (∼5.7 × 10-6 cm/s) and reduce the production and thickness of the mucus layer driven by intestinal epithelial cell damage. Isothermal titration calorimetry and Langmuir monolayer studies indicate that the self-assembled state of UGPNs significantly affects their binding to DPPC/DOPE lipid membrane models. These results highlight the relevance of the self-assembly of gliadin peptides as a trigger of mucosal inflammation-related wheat/gluten intolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangxin Feng
- Laboratory of Food Proteins and Colloids, School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Kaining Han
- Laboratory of Food Proteins and Colloids, School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yanlei Li
- Laboratory of Food Proteins and Colloids, School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Laboratory of Food Proteins and Colloids, School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Weiting Feng
- Laboratory of Food Proteins and Colloids, School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Jinmei Wang
- Laboratory of Food Proteins and Colloids, School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xiaoquan Yang
- Laboratory of Food Proteins and Colloids, School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
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25
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Zheng F, Xiao Y, Liu H, Fan Y, Dao M. Patient-Specific Organoid and Organ-on-a-Chip: 3D Cell-Culture Meets 3D Printing and Numerical Simulation. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2021; 5:e2000024. [PMID: 33856745 PMCID: PMC8243895 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202000024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The last few decades have witnessed diversified in vitro models to recapitulate the architecture and function of living organs or tissues and contribute immensely to advances in life science. Two novel 3D cell culture models: 1) Organoid, promoted mainly by the developments of stem cell biology and 2) Organ-on-a-chip, enhanced primarily due to microfluidic technology, have emerged as two promising approaches to advance the understanding of basic biological principles and clinical treatments. This review describes the comparable distinct differences between these two models and provides more insights into their complementarity and integration to recognize their merits and limitations for applicable fields. The convergence of the two approaches to produce multi-organoid-on-a-chip or human organoid-on-a-chip is emerging as a new approach for building 3D models with higher physiological relevance. Furthermore, rapid advancements in 3D printing and numerical simulations, which facilitate the design, manufacture, and results-translation of 3D cell culture models, can also serve as novel tools to promote the development and propagation of organoid and organ-on-a-chip systems. Current technological challenges and limitations, as well as expert recommendations and future solutions to address the promising combinations by incorporating organoids, organ-on-a-chip, 3D printing, and numerical simulation, are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyin Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Yuminghao Xiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Hui Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Ming Dao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
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26
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Murray BO, Flores C, Williams C, Flusberg DA, Marr EE, Kwiatkowska KM, Charest JL, Isenberg BC, Rohn JL. Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection: A Mystery in Search of Better Model Systems. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:691210. [PMID: 34123879 PMCID: PMC8188986 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.691210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common infectious diseases worldwide but are significantly understudied. Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC) accounts for a significant proportion of UTI, but a large number of other species can infect the urinary tract, each of which will have unique host-pathogen interactions with the bladder environment. Given the substantial economic burden of UTI and its increasing antibiotic resistance, there is an urgent need to better understand UTI pathophysiology - especially its tendency to relapse and recur. Most models developed to date use murine infection; few human-relevant models exist. Of these, the majority of in vitro UTI models have utilized cells in static culture, but UTI needs to be studied in the context of the unique aspects of the bladder's biophysical environment (e.g., tissue architecture, urine, fluid flow, and stretch). In this review, we summarize the complexities of recurrent UTI, critically assess current infection models and discuss potential improvements. More advanced human cell-based in vitro models have the potential to enable a better understanding of the etiology of UTI disease and to provide a complementary platform alongside animals for drug screening and the search for better treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin O. Murray
- Centre for Urological Biology, Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Flores
- Centre for Urological Biology, Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Corin Williams
- Department of Bioengineering, Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Deborah A. Flusberg
- Department of Bioengineering, Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Elizabeth E. Marr
- Department of Bioengineering, Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Karolina M. Kwiatkowska
- Centre for Urological Biology, Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph L. Charest
- Department of Bioengineering, Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Brett C. Isenberg
- Department of Bioengineering, Charles Stark Draper Laboratory, Inc., Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Rohn
- Centre for Urological Biology, Department of Renal Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Wang L, Wu J, Chen J, Dou W, Zhao Q, Han J, Liu J, Su W, Li A, Liu P, An Z, Xu C, Sun Y. Advances in reconstructing intestinal functionalities in vitro: From two/three dimensional-cell culture platforms to human intestine-on-a-chip. Talanta 2021; 226:122097. [PMID: 33676654 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Standard two/three dimensional (2D/3D)-cell culture platforms have facilitated the understanding of the communications between various cell types and their microenvironments. However, they are still limited in recapitulating the complex functionalities in vivo, such as tissue formation, tissue-tissue interface, and mechanical/biochemical microenvironments of tissues and organs. Intestine-on-a-chip platforms offer a new way to mimic intestinal behaviors and functionalities by constructing in vitro intestinal models in microfluidic devices. This review summarizes the advances and limitations of the state-of-the-art 2D/3D-cell culture platforms, animal models, intestine chips, and the combined multi-organ chips related with intestines. Their applications to studying intestinal functions, drug testing, and disease modeling are introduced. Different intestinal cell sources are compared in terms of gene expression abilities and the recapitulated intestinal morphologies. Among these cells, cells isolated form human intestinal tissues and derived from pluripotent stem cells appear to be more suitable for in vitro reconstruction of intestinal organs. Key challenges of current intestine-on-a-chip platforms and future directions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Advanced Micro and Nano-instruments Center, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Jian Wu
- Advanced Micro and Nano-instruments Center, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Advanced Micro and Nano-instruments Center, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China.
| | - Wenkun Dou
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Rd, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Qili Zhao
- Institute of Robotics and Automatic Information System (IRAIS) and the Tianjin Key Laboratory of Intelligent Robotic (tjKLIR), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Junlei Han
- Advanced Micro and Nano-instruments Center, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Jinliang Liu
- Advanced Micro and Nano-instruments Center, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Weiguang Su
- Advanced Micro and Nano-instruments Center, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Anqing Li
- Advanced Micro and Nano-instruments Center, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Pengbo Liu
- Advanced Micro and Nano-instruments Center, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Zhao An
- Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chonghai Xu
- Advanced Micro and Nano-instruments Center, School of Mechanical & Automotive Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Rd, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
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Sung JH. Multi-organ-on-a-chip for pharmacokinetics and toxicokinetic study of drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2021; 17:969-986. [PMID: 33764248 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.1908996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Accurate prediction of pharmacokinetic (PK) and toxicokinetics (TK) of drugs is imperative for successful development of new pharmaceutics. Although conventional in vitro methods for predicting the PK and TK of drugs are well established, limitations still exist and more advanced chip-based in vitro platforms combined with mathematical models can help researchers overcome the limitations. Areas covered: We will review recent progress in the development of multi-organ-on-a-chip platforms for predicting PK and TK of drugs, as well as mathematical approaches that can be combined with these platforms for experiment design, data analysis and in vitro-in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) for application to humans. Expert opinion: Although there remain some challenges to be addressed, the remarkable progress in the area of multi-organ-on-a-chip in recent years indicate that we will see tangible outcomes that can be utilized in the pharmaceutical industry in near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hwan Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, sejong, Republic of Korea
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29
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Xavier M, Parente IA, Rodrigues PM, Cerqueira MA, Pastrana L, Gonçalves C. Safety and fate of nanomaterials in food: The role of in vitro tests. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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de Haan P, Santbergen MJC, van der Zande M, Bouwmeester H, Nielen MWF, Verpoorte E. A versatile, compartmentalised gut-on-a-chip system for pharmacological and toxicological analyses. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4920. [PMID: 33649376 PMCID: PMC7921645 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel, integrated, in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) system is presented to study oral bioavailability parameters of small molecules. Three compartments were combined into one hyphenated, flow-through set-up. In the first compartment, a compound was exposed dynamically to enzymatic digestion in three consecutive microreactors, mimicking the processes of the mouth, stomach, and intestine. The resulting solution (chyme) continued to the second compartment, a flow-through barrier model of the intestinal epithelium allowing absorption of the compound and metabolites thereof. The composition of the effluents from the barrier model were analysed either offline by electrospray-ionisation-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), or online in the final compartment using chip-based ESI-MS. Two model drugs, omeprazole and verapamil, were used to test the integrated model. Omeprazole was shown to be broken down upon treatment with gastric acid, but reached the cell barrier unharmed when introduced to the system in a manner emulating an enteric-coated formulation. In contrast, verapamil was unaffected by digestion. Finally, a reduced uptake of verapamil was observed when verapamil was introduced to the system dissolved in apple juice, a simple food matrix. It is envisaged that this integrated, compartmentalised GI system has potential for enabling future research in the fields of pharmacology, toxicology, and nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pim de Haan
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, XB20, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands
- TI-COAST, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Milou J C Santbergen
- TI-COAST, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Meike van der Zande
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans Bouwmeester
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel W F Nielen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth Verpoorte
- Pharmaceutical Analysis, Groningen Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, P.O. Box 196, XB20, 9700 AD, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Baddal B, Marrazzo P. Refining Host-Pathogen Interactions: Organ-on-Chip Side of the Coin. Pathogens 2021; 10:203. [PMID: 33668558 PMCID: PMC7918822 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioinspired organ-level in vitro platforms that recapitulate human organ physiology and organ-specific responses have emerged as effective technologies for infectious disease research, drug discovery, and personalized medicine. A major challenge in tissue engineering for infectious diseases has been the reconstruction of the dynamic 3D microenvironment reflecting the architectural and functional complexity of the human body in order to more accurately model the initiation and progression of host-microbe interactions. By bridging the gap between in vitro experimental models and human pathophysiology and providing alternatives for animal models, organ-on-chip microfluidic devices have so far been implemented in multiple research areas, contributing to major advances in the field. Given the emergence of the recent pandemic, plug-and-play organ chips may hold the key for tackling an unmet clinical need in the development of effective therapeutic strategies. In this review, latest studies harnessing organ-on-chip platforms to unravel host-pathogen interactions are presented to highlight the prospects for the microfluidic technology in infectious diseases research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Buket Baddal
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Near East University, Nicosia 99138, Cyprus
| | - Pasquale Marrazzo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Alma Mater Studiorum University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
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Sarvestani SK, DeHaan RK, Miller PG, Bose S, Shen X, Shuler ML, Huang EH. A Tissue Engineering Approach to Metastatic Colon Cancer. iScience 2020; 23:101719. [PMID: 33205026 PMCID: PMC7653071 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer remains the third most common cause of cancer in the US, and the third most common cause of cancer death. Worldwide, colon cancer is the second most common cause of cancer and cancer deaths. At least 25% of patients still present with metastatic disease, and at least 25-30% will develop metastatic colon cancer in the course of their disease. While chemotherapy and surgery remain the mainstay of treatment, understanding the fundamental cellular niche and mechanical properties that result in metastases would facilitate both prevention and cure. Advances in biomaterials, novel 3D primary human cells, modelling using microfluidics and the ability to alter the physical environment, now offers a unique opportunity to develop and test impactful treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh Kamali Sarvestani
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Reece K. DeHaan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Paula G. Miller
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Shree Bose
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Xiling Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Michael L. Shuler
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Emina H. Huang
- Department of Cancer Biology, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
- Department of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine at Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Moradi E, Jalili-Firoozinezhad S, Solati-Hashjin M. Microfluidic organ-on-a-chip models of human liver tissue. Acta Biomater 2020; 116:67-83. [PMID: 32890749 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The liver is the largest internal organ of the body with complex microarchitecture and function that plays critical roles in drug metabolism. Hepatotoxicity and drug-induced liver injury (DILI) caused by various drugs is the main reason for late-stage drug failures. Moreover, liver diseases are among the leading causes of death in the world, with the number of new cases arising each year. Although animal models have been used to understand human drug metabolism and toxicity before clinical trials, tridimensional microphysiological systems, such as liver-on-a-chip (Liver Chip) platforms, could better recapitulate features of human liver physiology and pathophysiology and thus, are often more predictive of human outcome. Liver Chip devices have shown promising results in mimicking in vivo condition by recapitulating the sinusoidal structure of the liver, maintaining high cell viability and cellular phenotypes, and emulating native liver functions. Here, we first review the cellular constituents and physiology of the liver and then critically discuss the state-of-the-art chip-based liver models and their applications in drug screening, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine. We finally address the pending issues of existing platforms and touch upon future directions for developing new, advanced on-chip models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsanollah Moradi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Iran
| | - Sasan Jalili-Firoozinezhad
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Mehran Solati-Hashjin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic), Iran.
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Maharjan S, Cecen B, Zhang YS. 3D Immunocompetent Organ-on-a-Chip Models. SMALL METHODS 2020; 4:2000235. [PMID: 33072861 PMCID: PMC7567338 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, engineering of various human tissues in microphysiologically relevant platforms, known as organs-on-chips (OOCs), has been explored to establish in vitro tissue models that recapitulate the microenvironments found in native organs and tissues. However, most of these models have overlooked the important roles of immune cells in maintaining tissue homeostasis under physiological conditions and in modulating the tissue microenvironments during pathophysiology. Significantly, gradual progress is being made in the development of more sophisticated microphysiologically relevant human-based OOC models that allow the studies of the key biophysiological aspects of specific tissues or organs, interactions between cells (parenchymal, vascular, and immune cells) and their extracellular matrix molecules, effects of native tissue architectures (geometry, dynamic flow or mechanical forces) on tissue functions, as well as unravelling the mechanism underlying tissue-specific diseases and drug testing. In this Progress Report, we discuss the different components of the immune system, as well as immune OOC platforms and immunocompetent OOC approaches that have simulated one or more components of the immune system. We also outline the challenges to recreate a fully functional tissue system in vitro with a focus on the incorporation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushila Maharjan
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Berivan Cecen
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Ding C, Chen X, Kang Q, Yan X. Biomedical Application of Functional Materials in Organ-on-a-Chip. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:823. [PMID: 32793573 PMCID: PMC7387427 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The organ-on-a-chip (OOC) technology has been utilized in a lot of biomedical fields such as fundamental physiological and pharmacological researches. Various materials have been introduced in OOC and can be broadly classified into inorganic, organic, and hybrid materials. Although PDMS continues to be the preferred material for laboratory research, materials for OOC are constantly evolving and progressing, and have promoted the development of OOC. This mini review provides a summary of the various type of materials for OOC systems, focusing on the progress of materials and related fabrication technologies within the last 5 years. The advantages and drawbacks of these materials in particular applications are discussed. In addition, future perspectives and challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chizhu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qinshu Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xianghua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pig Precision Feeding and Feed Safety Technology, Wuhan, China
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Youhanna S, Lauschke VM. The Past, Present and Future of Intestinal In Vitro Cell Systems for Drug Absorption Studies. J Pharm Sci 2020; 110:50-65. [PMID: 32628951 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2020.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The intestinal epithelium acts as a selective barrier for the absorption of water, nutrients and orally administered drugs. To evaluate the gastrointestinal permeability of a candidate molecule, scientists and drug developers have a multitude of cell culture models at their disposal. Static transwell cultures constitute the most extensively characterized intestinal in vitro system and can accurately categorize molecules into low, intermediate and high permeability compounds. However, they lack key aspects of intestinal physiology, including the cellular complexity of the intestinal epithelium, flow, mechanical strain, or interactions with intestinal mucus and microbes. To emulate these features, a variety of different culture paradigms, including microfluidic chips, organoids and intestinal slice cultures have been developed. Here, we provide an updated overview of intestinal in vitro cell culture systems and critically review their suitability for drug absorption studies. The available data show that these advanced culture models offer impressive possibilities for emulating intestinal complexity. However, there is a paucity of systematic absorption studies and benchmarking data and it remains unclear whether the increase in model complexity and costs translates into improved drug permeability predictions. In the absence of such data, conventional static transwell cultures remain the current gold-standard paradigm for drug absorption studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Youhanna
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Volker M Lauschke
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Ramadan Q, Zourob M. Organ-on-a-chip engineering: Toward bridging the gap between lab and industry. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:041501. [PMID: 32699563 PMCID: PMC7367691 DOI: 10.1063/5.0011583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip (OOC) is a very ambitious emerging technology with a high potential to revolutionize many medical and industrial sectors, particularly in preclinical-to-clinical translation in the pharmaceutical arena. In vivo, the function of the organ(s) is orchestrated by a complex cellular structure and physiochemical factors within the extracellular matrix and secreted by various types of cells. The trend in in vitro modeling is to simplify the complex anatomy of the human organ(s) to the minimal essential cellular structure "micro-anatomy" instead of recapitulating the full cellular milieu that enables studying the absorption, metabolism, as well as the mechanistic investigation of drug compounds in a "systemic manner." However, in order to reflect the human physiology in vitro and hence to be able to bridge the gap between the in vivo and in vitro data, simplification should not compromise the physiological relevance. Engineering principles have long been applied to solve medical challenges, and at this stage of organ-on-a-chip technology development, the work of biomedical engineers, focusing on device engineering, is more important than ever to accelerate the technology transfer from the academic lab bench to specialized product development institutions and to the increasingly demanding market. In this paper, instead of presenting a narrative review of the literature, we systemically present a synthesis of the best available organ-on-a-chip technology from what is found, what has been achieved, and what yet needs to be done. We emphasized mainly on the requirements of a "good in vitro model that meets the industrial need" in terms of the structure (micro-anatomy), functions (micro-physiology), and characteristics of the device that hosts the biological model. Finally, we discuss the biological model-device integration supported by an example and the major challenges that delay the OOC technology transfer to the industry and recommended possible options to realize a functional organ-on-a-chip system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasem Ramadan
- Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Riyadh 11533, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Zourob
- Alfaisal University, Al Zahrawi Street, Riyadh 11533, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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38
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Microfluidic chip for culturing intestinal epithelial cell layers: Characterization and comparison of drug transport between dynamic and static models. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 65:104815. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2020.104815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Chen L, Yang Y, Ueno H, Esch MB. Body-in-a-Cube: a microphysiological system for multi-tissue co-culture with near-physiological amounts of blood surrogate. MICROPHYSIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS 2020; 4:10.21037/mps-19-8. [PMID: 34131641 PMCID: PMC8201523 DOI: 10.21037/mps-19-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decreasing the amount of liquid inside microphysiological systems (MPS) can help uncover the presence of toxic drug metabolites. However, maintaining near-physiological volume ratios among blood surrogate and multiple organ mimics is technically challenging. Here, we developed a body cube and tested its ability to support four human tissues (kidney, GI tract, liver, and bone marrow) scaled down from in vivo functional volumes by a factor of 73,000 with 80 μL of cell culture medium (corresponding to ~1/73000th of in vivo blood volume). METHODS GI tract cells (Caco-2), liver cells (HepG2/C3A), bone marrow cells (Meg-01), and kidney cells (HK-2) were co-cultured inside the body cube with 80 μL of common, recirculating cell culture medium for 72 h. The system was challenged with acetaminophen and troglitazone, and concentrations of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), albumin, and urea were monitored over time. RESULTS Cell viability analysis showed that 95.5%±3.2% of liver cells, 89.8%±4.7% of bone marrow cells, 82.8%±8.1% of GI tract cells, and 80.1%±11.5% of kidney cells were viable in co-culture for 72 h. Both acetaminophen and troglitazone significantly lowered cell viability in the liver chamber as indicated by viability analysis and a temporary increase of AST in the cell culture medium. Both drugs also lowered urea production in the liver by up to 45%. CONCLUSIONS Cell viability data and the production of urea and albumin indicate that the co-culture of GI tract, liver, bone marrow, and kidney tissues with near-physiological volume ratios of tissues to blood surrogate is possible for up to 72 h. The body-cube was capable of reproducing liver toxicity to HepG2/C3A liver cells via acetaminophen and troglitazone. The developed design provides a viable format for acute toxicity testing with near-physiological blood surrogate to tissue volume ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyi Chen
- Biomedical Technologies Group, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics & Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Yang Yang
- Biomedical Technologies Group, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- Institute for Research in Electronics and Applied Physics & Maryland NanoCenter, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Hidetaka Ueno
- Biomedical Technologies Group, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- Biosensing Research Group, Health and Medical Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Takamatsu, Japan
| | - Mandy B. Esch
- Biomedical Technologies Group, Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
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Gunasekera S, Zahedi A, O’Dea M, King B, Monis P, Thierry B, M. Carr J, Ryan U. Organoids and Bioengineered Intestinal Models: Potential Solutions to the Cryptosporidium Culturing Dilemma. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8050715. [PMID: 32403447 PMCID: PMC7285185 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8050715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is a major cause of severe diarrhea-related disease in children in developing countries, but currently no vaccine or effective treatment exists for those who are most at risk of serious illness. This is partly due to the lack of in vitro culturing methods that are able to support the entire Cryptosporidium life cycle, which has led to research in Cryptosporidium biology lagging behind other protozoan parasites. In vivo models such as gnotobiotic piglets are complex, and standard in vitro culturing methods in transformed cell lines, such as HCT-8 cells, have not been able to fully support fertilization occurring in vitro. Additionally, the Cryptosporidium life cycle has also been reported to occur in the absence of host cells. Recently developed bioengineered intestinal models, however, have shown more promising results and are able to reproduce a whole cycle of infectivity in one model system. This review evaluates the recent advances in Cryptosporidium culturing techniques and proposes future directions for research that may build upon these successes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Gunasekera
- Vector and Waterborne Pathogens Research Group, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia, Australia;
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (U.R.); Tel.: +61-8-9360-2495 (S.G.); +61-8-9360-2482 (U.R.)
| | - Alireza Zahedi
- Vector and Waterborne Pathogens Research Group, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia, Australia;
| | - Mark O’Dea
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Infectious Diseases Laboratory, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia, Australia; m.o’
| | - Brendon King
- South Australian Water Corporation, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia; (B.K.); (P.M.)
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, South Australia, Australia;
| | - Paul Monis
- South Australian Water Corporation, Adelaide 5000, South Australia, Australia; (B.K.); (P.M.)
- Future Industries Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent Bio and Nano Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5095, South Australia, Australia;
| | - Benjamin Thierry
- Future Industries Institute and ARC Centre of Excellence for Convergent Bio and Nano Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide 5095, South Australia, Australia;
| | - Jillian M. Carr
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide 5042, South Australia, Australia;
| | - Una Ryan
- Vector and Waterborne Pathogens Research Group, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Murdoch 6150, Western Australia, Australia;
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (U.R.); Tel.: +61-8-9360-2495 (S.G.); +61-8-9360-2482 (U.R.)
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Limage R, Tako E, Kolba N, Guo Z, García-Rodríguez A, Marques CNH, Mahler GJ. TiO 2 Nanoparticles and Commensal Bacteria Alter Mucus Layer Thickness and Composition in a Gastrointestinal Tract Model. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e2000601. [PMID: 32338455 PMCID: PMC7282385 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202000601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are used in food packaging and processing and have become an integral part of many commonly ingested products. There are few studies that have focused on the interaction between ingested NPs, gut function, the mucus layer, and the gut microbiota. In this work, an in vitro model of gastrointestinal (GI) tract is used to determine whether, and how, the mucus layer is affected by the presence of Gram-positive, commensal Lactobacillus rhamnosus; Gram-negative, opportunistic Escherichia coli; and/or exposure to physiologically relevant doses of pristine or digested TiO2 NPs. Caco-2/HT29-MTX-E12 cell monolayers are exposed to physiological concentrations of bacteria (expressing fluorescent proteins) and/or TiO2 nanoparticles for a period of 4 h. To determine mucus thickness and composition, cell monolayers are stained with alcian blue, periodic acid schiff, or an Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate of wheat germ agglutinin. It is found that the presence of both bacteria and nanoparticles alter the thickness and composition of the mucus layer. Changes in the distribution or pattern of mucins can be indicative of pathological conditions, and this model provides a platform for understanding how bacteria and/or NPs may interact with and alter the mucus layer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elad Tako
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Nikolai Kolba
- USDA-ARS, Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Zhongyuan Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Alba García-Rodríguez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Cláudia N H Marques
- Department of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Gretchen J Mahler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
- Binghamton Biofilm Research Center, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
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42
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Yu F, Goh YT, Li H, Chakrapani NB, Ni M, Xu GL, Hsieh TM, Toh YC, Cheung C, Iliescu C, Yu H. A vascular-liver chip for sensitive detection of nutraceutical metabolites from human pluripotent stem cell derivatives. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:034108. [PMID: 32509050 PMCID: PMC7255812 DOI: 10.1063/5.0004286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) is a great resource for generating cell derivatives for drug efficiency testing. Metabolites of nutraceuticals can exert anti-inflammatory effects on blood vessels. However, the concentration of nutraceutical metabolites produced in hPSC-derived hepatocytes (hPSC-HEPs) is usually low. To enable the detection of these metabolites under the in vitro environment, we have developed a co-culture model consisting of parallel co-culture chambers and a recirculating microfluidic system with minimum fluid volume, optimal cell culture environment. The model allows cells to be exposed continuously to nutraceutical metabolites. In this perfused culturing model, hPSC-derived endothelial cells and hPSC-HEPs are co-cultured without physical contact. When an anti-inflammatory nutraceutical, quercetin, was administrated to the co-culture, higher levels of quercetin metabolites were detected on-chip compared with static control. We further induced inflammation with Interleukin-1β in the co-culture model and measured interleukin 8 (IL-8) generation. The IL-8 level was suppressed more significantly by quercetin metabolites in the perfusion co-culture, as compared to static culture. This is due to enhanced metabolites production on-chip. This microfluidic co-culture model enables in vitro screening of nutraceuticals using hPSC-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Huan Li
- Institute of Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, A*STAR, The Nanos, #04-01, 31 Biopolis Way, Singapore 138669
| | | | - Ming Ni
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hacienda San José s/n, San Miguel de Urcuquí 100105, Ecuador
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43
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De Gregorio V, Telesco M, Corrado B, Rosiello V, Urciuolo F, Netti PA, Imparato G. Intestine-Liver Axis On-Chip Reveals the Intestinal Protective Role on Hepatic Damage by Emulating Ethanol First-Pass Metabolism. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:163. [PMID: 32258006 PMCID: PMC7090126 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestine-Liver-on-chip systems can be useful to predict oral drug administration and first-pass metabolism in vitro in order to partly replace the animal model. While organ-on-chip technology can count on sophisticated micro-physiological devices, the engineered organs still remain artificial surrogates of the native counterparts. Here, we used a bottom-up tissue engineering strategy to build-up physiologically functional 3D Human Intestine Model (3D-HIM) as well as 3D Liver-microtissues (HepG2-μTPs) in vitro and designed a microfluidic Intestine-Liver-On-Chip (InLiver-OC) to emulate first-pass mechanism occurring in vivo. Our results highlight the ethanol-induced 3D-HIM hyper-permeability and stromal injury, the intestinal prevention on the liver injury, as well as the synergic contribution of the two 3D tissue models on the release of metabolic enzymes after high amount of ethanol administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenza De Gregorio
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariarosaria Telesco
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - Brunella Corrado
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
| | - Valerio Rosiello
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Urciuolo
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo A. Netti
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials (CRIB), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMAPI) University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giorgia Imparato
- Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare@CRIB, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Naples, Italy
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Abstract
Current in vitro model systems cannot recapitulate the complex interactions between multiple organs in the body, and the whole-body responses to drugs involving multiple organs. In addition, many diseases arise from a mechanism involving multiple organs, making it difficult to build realistic models of such diseases. Organ-on-a-chip technology offers an opportunity to mimic physiological microenvironment of in vivo tissues, as well as to reproduce interactions between organs by connecting these "organ modules." By realizing multi-organ interactions on a chip, it becomes possible to develop an in vitro model of diseases that involves complex interactions between organs. Here, we introduce the concept of "body-on-a-chip," with a specific emphasis on recapitulating the interaction between the gut and the liver, which play important roles in many diseases, as well as responses to drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Hwan Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, South Korea.
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45
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Fowler S, Chen WLK, Duignan DB, Gupta A, Hariparsad N, Kenny JR, Lai WG, Liras J, Phillips JA, Gan J. Microphysiological systems for ADME-related applications: current status and recommendations for system development and characterization. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:446-467. [PMID: 31932816 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00857h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, progress has been made on the development of microphysiological systems (MPS) for absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) applications. Central to this progress has been proof of concept data generated by academic and industrial institutions followed by broader characterization studies, which provide evidence for scalability and applicability to drug discovery and development. In this review, we describe some of the advances made for specific tissue MPS and outline the desired functionality for such systems, which are likely to make them applicable for practical use in the pharmaceutical industry. Single organ MPS platforms will be valuable for modelling tissue-specific functions. However, dynamic organ crosstalk, especially in the context of disease or toxicity, can only be obtained with the use of inter-linked MPS models which will enable scientists to address questions at the intersection of pharmacokinetics (PK) and efficacy, or PK and toxicity. In the future, successful application of MPS platforms that closely mimic human physiology may ultimately reduce the need for animal models to predict ADME outcomes and decrease the overall risk and cost associated with drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Fowler
- Pharma Research and Early Development, F.Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH4070, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - David B Duignan
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics & Bioanalysis, AbbVie Bioresearch Center, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
| | - Anshul Gupta
- Amgen Research, 360 Binney St, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA
| | - Niresh Hariparsad
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, 50 Northern Ave, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jane R Kenny
- DMPK, Genentech, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco 94080, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Liras
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc, 1 Portland Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | | | - Jinping Gan
- Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimization, Bristol-Myers Squibb R&D, PO Box 4000, Princeton, NJ 08543-4000, USA.
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46
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Ashammakhi N, Darabi MA, Çelebi-Saltik B, Tutar R, Hartel MC, Lee J, Hussein S, Goudie MJ, Cornelius MB, Dokmeci MR, Khademhosseini A. Microphysiological Systems: Next Generation Systems for Assessing Toxicity and Therapeutic Effects of Nanomaterials. SMALL METHODS 2020; 4:1900589. [PMID: 33043130 PMCID: PMC7546538 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.201900589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Microphysiological systems, also known as organ-on-a-chip platforms, show promise for the development of new testing methods that can be more accurate than both conventional two-dimensional cultures and costly animal studies. The development of more intricate microphysiological systems can help to better mimic the human physiology and highlight the systemic effects of different drugs and materials. Nanomaterials are among a technologically important class of materials used for diagnostic, therapeutic, and monitoring purposes; all of which and can be tested using new organ-on-a-chip systems. In addition, the toxicity of nanomaterials which have entered the body from ambient air or diet can have deleterious effects on various body systems. This in turn can be studied in newly developed microphysiological systems. While organ-on-a-chip models can be useful, they cannot pick up secondary and systemic toxicity. Thus, the utilization of multi-organ-on-a-chip systems for advancing nanotechnology will largely be reflected in the future of drug development, toxicology studies and precision medicine. Various aspects of related studies, current challenges, and future perspectives are discussed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nureddin Ashammakhi
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mohammad Ali Darabi
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Betül Çelebi-Saltik
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Stem Cell Sciences, Hacettepe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, 06100, Sihhiye, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Rumeysa Tutar
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa, Avcilar-Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Martin C. Hartel
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Junmin Lee
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Saber Hussein
- Wright State University, Boonshoft School of Medicine, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH 45435, Ohio, USA
| | - Marcus J. Goudie
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mercedes Brianna Cornelius
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Mehmet R. Dokmeci
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Center for Minimally Invasive Therapeutics (C-MIT), University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Radiological Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- California NanoSystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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47
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Lee SH, Choi N, Sung JH. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic insights from microfluidic intestine-on-a-chip models. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:1005-1019. [PMID: 31794278 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1700950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: After administration, a drug undergoes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination (ADME) before exerting its effect on the body. The combination of these process yields the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) profiles of a drug. Although accurate prediction of PK and PD profiles is essential for drug development, conventional in vitro models are limited by their lack of physiological relevance. Recently, microtechnology-based in vitro model systems, termed 'organ-on-a-chip,' have emerged as a potential solution.Areas covered: Orally administered drugs are absorbed through the intestinal wall and transported to the liver before entering systemic circulation, which plays an important role in the PK and PD profiles. Recently developed, chip-based in vitro models can be useful models for simulating such processes and will be covered in this paper.Expert opinion: The potential of intestine-on-a-chip models combined with conventional PK-PD modeling has been demonstrated with promising preliminary results. However, there are several challenges to overcome. Development of the intestinal wall, integration of the gut microbiome, and the provision of an intestine-specific environment must be achieved to realize in vivo-like intestinal model and enhance the efficiency of drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hwan Lee
- Department of Bionano Engineering and Bionanotechnology, Hanyang University, Ansan, Republic of Korea
| | - Nakwon Choi
- Center for BioMicrosystems, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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48
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Sidar B, Jenkins BR, Huang S, Spence JR, Walk ST, Wilking JN. Long-term flow through human intestinal organoids with the gut organoid flow chip (GOFlowChip). LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3552-3562. [PMID: 31556415 PMCID: PMC8327675 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00653b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Human intestinal organoids (HIOs) are millimeter-scale models of the human intestinal epithelium and hold tremendous potential for advancing fundamental and applied biomedical research. HIOs resemble the native gut in that they consist of a fluid-filled lumen surrounded by a polarized epithelium and associated mesenchyme; however, their topologically-closed, spherical shape prevents flow through the interior luminal space, making the system less physiological and leading to the buildup of cellular and metabolic waste. These factors ultimately limit experimentation inside the HIOs. Here, we present a millifluidic device called the gut organoid flow chip (GOFlowChip), which we use to "port" HIOs and establish steady-state liquid flow through the lumen for multiple days. This long-term flow is enabled by the use of laser-cut silicone gaskets, which allow liquid in the device to be slightly pressurized, suppressing bubble formation. To demonstrate the utility of the device, we establish separate luminal and extraluminal flow and use luminal flow to remove accumulated waste. This represents the first demonstration of established liquid flow through the luminal space of a gastrointestinal organoid over physiologically relevant time scales. Flow cytometry results reveal that HIO cell viability is unaffected by long-term porting and luminal flow. We expect the real-time, long-term control over luminal and extraluminal contents provided by the GOFlowChip will enable a wide variety of studies including intestinal secretion, absorption, transport, and co-culture with intestinal microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barkan Sidar
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT, USA.
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49
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Sakthivel K, O'Brien A, Kim K, Hoorfar M. Microfluidic analysis of heterotypic cellular interactions: A review of techniques and applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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50
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Prantil-Baun R, Novak R, Das D, Somayaji MR, Przekwas A, Ingber DE. Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Analysis Enabled by Microfluidically Linked Organs-on-Chips. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2019; 58:37-64. [PMID: 29309256 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010716-104748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling and simulation approaches are beginning to be integrated into drug development and approval processes because they enable key pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters to be predicted from in vitro data. However, these approaches are hampered by many limitations, including an inability to incorporate organ-specific differentials in drug clearance, distribution, and absorption that result from differences in cell uptake, transport, and metabolism. Moreover, such approaches are generally unable to provide insight into pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters. Recent development of microfluidic Organ-on-a-Chip (Organ Chip) cell culture devices that recapitulate tissue-tissue interfaces, vascular perfusion, and organ-level functionality offer the ability to overcome these limitations when multiple Organ Chips are linked via their endothelium-lined vascular channels. Here, we discuss successes and challenges in the use of existing culture models and vascularized Organ Chips for PBPK and PD modeling of human drug responses, as well as in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) of these results, and how these approaches might advance drug development and regulatory review processes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle Prantil-Baun
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Richard Novak
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
| | - Debarun Das
- CFD Research Corporation, Huntsville, Alabama 35806, USA
| | | | | | - Donald E Ingber
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA; .,Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.,Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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