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Raab N, Zeh N, Kretz R, Weiß L, Stadermann A, Lindner B, Fischer S, Stoll D, Otte K. Nature as blueprint: Global phenotype engineering of CHO production cells based on a multi-omics comparison with plasma cells. Metab Eng 2024; 83:110-122. [PMID: 38561148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Especially for the production of artificial, difficult to express molecules a further development of the CHO production cell line is required to keep pace with the continuously increasing demands. However, the identification of novel targets for cell line engineering to improve CHO cells is a time and cost intensive process. Since plasma cells are evolutionary optimized for a high antibody expression in mammals, we performed a comprehensive multi-omics comparison between CHO and plasma cells to exploit optimized cellular production traits. Comparing the transcriptome, proteome, miRNome, surfaceome and secretome of both cell lines identified key differences including 392 potential overexpression targets for CHO cell engineering categorized in 15 functional classes like transcription factors, protein processing or secretory pathway. In addition, 3 protein classes including 209 potential knock-down/out targets for CHO engineering were determined likely to affect aggregation or proteolysis. For production phenotype engineering, several of these novel targets were successfully applied to transient and transposase mediated overexpression or knock-down strategies to efficiently improve productivity of CHO cells. Thus, substantial improvement of CHO productivity was achieved by taking nature as a blueprint for cell line engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadja Raab
- Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Germany.
| | - Nikolas Zeh
- Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Germany; Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Robin Kretz
- Hochschule Albstadt Sigmaringen, Germany; NMI, Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Linus Weiß
- Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Germany
| | - Anna Stadermann
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Benjamin Lindner
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Simon Fischer
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co.KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Dieter Stoll
- NMI, Natural and Medical Sciences Institute at the University of Tuebingen, Reutlingen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Otte
- Biberach University of Applied Sciences, Germany
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2
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Hajihassan Z, Ghaee A, Bazargannia P, Salmani Shahrivar E. Affinity purification/immobilization of poly histidine-tagged proteins by nickel-functionalized porous chitosan membranes. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1722:464902. [PMID: 38636150 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Although immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) is one of the most effective methods for purifying his-tagged proteins, it has limitations such as expensive commercial resins and non-specific binding of unwanted proteins to the nickel immobilized on the resin. In this study, biocompatible chitosan and porous chitosan membranes as alternative resins were synthesized for protein immobilization and purification, but finally porous chitosan membrane was selected due to its higher porosity and consequently higher nickel adsorption. Once the membrane was functionalized with nickel ions and its metal adsorption confirmed by EDS and ICP methods, it was used to immobilize and purify recombinant β-NGF as a protein model with his-tag tail in batch-fashion. Protein binding and purification were also approved by FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy and SDS-PAGE technique. Our results indicated that the protein of interest could bind to the nickel-functionalized porous chitosan membrane with high efficiency at pH=7. Furthermore, for protein purification, the pH value of 6 and an imidazole concentration of 750 mM were suggested for the final elution buffer. In conclusion, nickel-functionalized porous chitosan membrane could be a suitable alternative to IMAC for low cost and specific protein immobilization and purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hajihassan
- School of Life Science Engineering, College of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Azadeh Ghaee
- School of Life Science Engineering, College of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Parisa Bazargannia
- School of Life Science Engineering, College of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Salmani Shahrivar
- School of Life Science Engineering, College of Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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3
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Eisenhut P, Marx N, Borsi G, Papež M, Ruggeri C, Baumann M, Borth N. Manipulating gene expression levels in mammalian cell factories: An outline of synthetic molecular toolboxes to achieve multiplexed control. N Biotechnol 2024; 79:1-19. [PMID: 38040288 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2023.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells have developed dedicated molecular mechanisms to tightly control expression levels of their genes where the specific transcriptomic signature across all genes eventually determines the cell's phenotype. Modulating cellular phenotypes is of major interest to study their role in disease or to reprogram cells for the manufacturing of recombinant products, such as biopharmaceuticals. Cells of mammalian origin, for example Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and Human embryonic kidney 293 (HEK293) cells, are most commonly employed to produce therapeutic proteins. Early genetic engineering approaches to alter their phenotype have often been attempted by "uncontrolled" overexpression or knock-down/-out of specific genetic factors. Many studies in the past years, however, highlight that rationally regulating and fine-tuning the strength of overexpression or knock-down to an optimum level, can adjust phenotypic traits with much more precision than such "uncontrolled" approaches. To this end, synthetic biology tools have been generated that enable (fine-)tunable and/or inducible control of gene expression. In this review, we discuss various molecular tools used in mammalian cell lines and group them by their mode of action: transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational regulation. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using these tools for each cell regulatory layer and with respect to cell line engineering approaches. This review highlights the plethora of synthetic toolboxes that could be employed, alone or in combination, to optimize cellular systems and eventually gain enhanced control over the cellular phenotype to equip mammalian cell factories with the tools required for efficient production of emerging, more difficult-to-express biologics formats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Eisenhut
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicolas Marx
- BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute of Animal Cell Technology and Systems Biology, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Giulia Borsi
- BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute of Animal Cell Technology and Systems Biology, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Maja Papež
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria; BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute of Animal Cell Technology and Systems Biology, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Caterina Ruggeri
- BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute of Animal Cell Technology and Systems Biology, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Baumann
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Nicole Borth
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib GmbH), Muthgasse 11, 1190 Vienna, Austria; BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Institute of Animal Cell Technology and Systems Biology, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria.
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4
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Che Hussian CHA, Leong WY. Factors affecting therapeutic protein purity and yield during chromatographic purification. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 54:150-158. [PMID: 37233514 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2217507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins are recombinant proteins generated through recombinant DNA technology and have attracted a great deal of interest in numerous applications, including pharmaceutical, cosmetic, human and animal health, agriculture, food, and bioremediation. Producing therapeutic proteins on a large scale, mainly in the pharmaceutical industry, necessitates a cost-effective, straightforward, and adequate manufacturing process. In industry, a protein separation technique based mainly on protein characteristics and modes of chromatography will be applied to optimize the purification process. Typically, the downstream process of biopharmaceutical operations may involve multiple chromatography phases that require the use of large columns pre-packed with resins that must be inspected before use. Approximately 20% of the proteins are assumed to be lost at each purification stage during the production of biotherapeutic products. Hence, to produce a high quality product, particularly in the pharmaceutical industry, the correct approach and understanding of the factors influencing purity and yield during purification are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wai Yie Leong
- INTI International University & Colleges, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia
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5
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Thalén NB, Barzadd MM, Lundqvist M, Rodhe J, Andersson M, Bidkhori G, Possner D, Su C, Nilsson J, Eisenhut P, Malm M, Karlsson A, Vestin J, Forsberg J, Nordling E, Mardinoglu A, Volk AL, Sandegren A, Rockberg J. Tuning of CHO secretional machinery improve activity of secreted therapeutic sulfatase 150-fold. Metab Eng 2024; 81:157-166. [PMID: 38081506 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Rare diseases are, despite their name, collectively common and millions of people are affected daily of conditions where treatment often is unavailable. Sulfatases are a large family of activating enzymes related to several of these diseases. Heritable genetic variations in sulfatases may lead to impaired activity and a reduced macromolecular breakdown within the lysosome, with several severe and lethal conditions as a consequence. While therapeutic options are scarce, treatment for some sulfatase deficiencies by recombinant enzyme replacement are available. The recombinant production of such sulfatases suffers greatly from both low product activity and yield, further limiting accessibility for patient groups. To mitigate the low product activity, we have investigated cellular properties through computational evaluation of cultures with varying media conditions and comparison of two CHO clones with different levels of one active sulfatase variant. Transcriptome analysis identified 18 genes in secretory pathways correlating with increased sulfatase production. Experimental validation by upregulation of a set of three key genes improved the specific enzymatic activity at varying degree up to 150-fold in another sulfatase variant, broadcasting general production benefits. We also identified a correlation between product mRNA levels and sulfatase activity that generated an increase in sulfatase activity when expressed with a weaker promoter. Furthermore, we suggest that our proposed workflow for resolving bottlenecks in cellular machineries, to be useful for improvements of cell factories for other biologics as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Berndt Thalén
- Dept. of Protein science, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Mona Moradi Barzadd
- Dept. of Protein science, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Magnus Lundqvist
- Dept. of Protein science, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | | | | | - Gholamreza Bidkhori
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, 171 65, Sweden; AIVIVO Ltd. Unit 25, Bio-innovation centre, Cambridge Science park, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Chao Su
- SOBI AB, Tomtebodavägen 23A, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Peter Eisenhut
- ACIB - Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010 Graz, Austria; BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Magdalena Malm
- Dept. of Protein science, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Alice Karlsson
- Dept. of Protein science, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Adil Mardinoglu
- Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, 171 65, Sweden
| | - Anna-Luisa Volk
- Dept. of Protein science, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
| | | | - Johan Rockberg
- Dept. of Protein science, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden.
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6
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Kang M, Wang Z, Ge X. One-step production of fully biotinylated and glycosylated human Fc gamma receptors. Biotechnol Prog 2024; 40:e3392. [PMID: 37734055 PMCID: PMC10922510 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Initiating and regulating humoral immunity, Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs) have been identified both as therapeutics and as drug targets, and thus production of biologically active FcγRs is highly demanded for biopharmaceutical development. Focusing on low-affinity FcγRs IIA (131H/R allotypes), IIB, and IIIA (176F/V), this study used human 293-F cells to achieve correct post-translational modifications (PTMs) including biotinylation, N-glycosylation, and disulfides. Approaches involving co-expression of FcγR-AviTag and Escherichia coli biotin ligase BirA, endoplasmic reticulum retention, stable and transient transfections, and optimization of transgene ratio were investigated. Protein electrophoresis under reducing and non-reducing conditions, enzymatic deglycosylation, streptavidin pull-down assays, and binding kinetic analysis collectively indicated that the produced FcγR ectodomains were fully biotinylated, N-glycosylated, had formed disulfide bond, and exhibited expected binding affinities toward IgG1 trastuzumab and its Fc mutants. A clear trade-off between production yield and PTM quality was also observed. Achieving multiple types of PTMs completely by one-step cell culture should have applications for the production of a variety of complex proteins of biomedical importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minhyo Kang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
- Present address: Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC Canada
| | - Zening Wang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xin Ge
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, CA, USA
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX, USA
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7
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Rehfeld JS, Kuhnke LM, Ude C, John GT, Beutel S. Investigation and evaluation of a 3D-printed optical modified cultivation vessel for improved scattered light measurement of biotechnologically relevant organisms. Eng Life Sci 2023; 23:e2300204. [PMID: 37664010 PMCID: PMC10472911 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202300204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In the field of bioprocess development miniaturization, parallelization and flexibility play a key role reducing costs and time. To precisely meet these requirements, additive manufacturing (3D-printing) is an ideal technology. 3D-printing enables rapid prototyping and cost-effective fabrication of individually designed devices with complex geometries on demand. For successful bioprocess development, monitoring of process-relevant parameters, such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and biomass, is crucial. Online monitoring is preferred as offline sampling is time-consuming and leads to loss of information. In this study, 3D-printed cultivation vessels with optical prisms are evaluated for the use in upstream processes of different industrially relevant microorganisms and cell lines. It was shown, that the 3D-printed optically modified well (OMW) is of benefit for a wide range of biotechnologically relevant microorganisms and even for mammalian suspension cells. Evaluation tests with Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells were performed, providing highly reproducible results. Growth behavior of OMW cultures was comparable to behavior of shake flask (SF) cultivations and the signal to noise ratio in online biomass measurement was shown to be reduced up to 95.8% by using the OMW. Especially the cultivation phases with low turbidity respective optical densities below 1.0 rel.AU could be monitored accurately for the first time. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the 3D-printed optics are transferable to different well geometries and sizes, enabling efficient biomass monitoring for individual requirements with tailor-made 3D-printed cultivation vessels in small scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna S. Rehfeld
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
| | - Louis M. Kuhnke
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
| | | | | | - Sascha Beutel
- Institute of Technical ChemistryLeibniz University HannoverHannoverGermany
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8
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Li SF, Cheng F, Wang YJ, Zheng YG. Strategies for tailoring pH performances of glycoside hydrolases. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2023; 43:121-141. [PMID: 34865578 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.2004084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Glycoside hydrolases (GHs) exhibit high activity and stability under harsh conditions, such as high temperatures and extreme pHs, given their wide use in industrial biotechnology. However, strategies for improving the acidophilic and alkalophilic adaptations of GHs are poorly summarized due to the complexity of the mechanisms of these adaptations. This review not only highlights the adaptation mechanisms of acidophilic and alkalophilic GHs under extreme pH conditions, but also summarizes the recent advances in engineering the pH performances of GHs with a focus on four strategies of protein engineering, enzyme immobilization, chemical modification, and medium engineering (additives). The examples described here summarize the methods used in modulating the pH performances of GHs and indicate that methods integrated in different protein engineering techniques or methods are efficient to generate industrial biocatalysts with the desired pH performance and other adapted enzyme properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Fang Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China.,The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China.,The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ya-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China.,The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Guo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Synthesis of Zhejiang Province, College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Bioconversion and Biopurification of the Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China.,The National and Local Joint Engineering Research Center for Biomanufacturing of Chiral Chemicals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, P. R. China
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9
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A solution to the long-standing problem of actin expression and purification. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2209150119. [PMID: 36197995 PMCID: PMC9565351 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2209150119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin is the most abundant protein in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells and interacts with hundreds of proteins to perform essential functions, including cell motility and cytokinesis. Numerous diseases are caused by mutations in actin, but studying the biochemistry of actin mutants is difficult without a reliable method to obtain recombinant actin. Moreover, biochemical studies have typically used tissue-purified α-actin, whereas humans express six isoforms that are nearly identical but perform specialized functions and are difficult to obtain in isolation from natural sources. Here, we describe a solution to the problem of actin expression and purification. We obtain high yields of actin isoforms in human Expi293F cells. Experiments along the multistep purification protocol demonstrate the removal of endogenous actin and the functional integrity of recombinant actin isoforms. Proteomics analysis of endogenous vs. recombinant actin isoforms confirms the presence of native posttranslational modifications, including N-terminal acetylation achieved after affinity-tag removal using the actin-specific enzyme Naa80. The method described facilitates studies of actin under fully native conditions to determine differences among isoforms and the effects of disease-causing mutations that occur in all six isoforms.
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10
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Xu J, Nakanishi T, Kato T, Park E. In vivo enzymatic digestion of HRV 3C protease cleavage sites-containing proteins produced in a silkworm-baculovirus expression system. Biosci Rep 2022; 42:BSR20220739. [PMID: 35642592 PMCID: PMC9202508 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20220739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) has been recognized as a potent protein expression system in engineering valuable enzymes and vaccines. Various fusion tags facilitate protein purification, leaving the potential risk to influence the target protein's biological activity negatively. It is of great interest to consider removing the additional tags using site-specific proteases, such as human rhinoviruses (HRV) 3C protease. The current study validated the cleavage activity of 3C protease in Escherichia coli and silkworm-BEVS systems by mixing the cell or fat body lysates of 3C protein and 3C site containing target protein in vitro. Further verification has been performed in the fat body lysate from co-expression of both constructs, showing remarkable cleavage efficiency in vivo silkworm larvae. We also achieved the glutathione-S-transferase (GST) tag-cleaved product of the VP15 protein from the White spot syndrome virus after purification, suggesting that we successfully established a coinfection-based recognition-and-reaction BEVS platform for the tag-free protein engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Green Chemistry Research Division, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Takafumi Nakanishi
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kato
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Green Chemistry Research Division, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Enoch Y. Park
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Green Chemistry Research Division, Research Institute of Green Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
- Department of Agriculture, Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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11
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Temporal analysis of N-acetylglucosamine extension of N-glycans in the middle silk gland of silkworm Bombyx mori. J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 133:533-540. [PMID: 35397991 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
N-glycosylation of proteins is an important post-translational modification in eukaryotic cells. One of the key modifications in protein N-glycosylation is N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) extension mediated by N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GNTI), which triggers N-glycan maturation from high-mannose-type to hybrid- and complex-type structures in Golgi. However, the temporal contributions of GNTI to GlcNAc extension and the resultant N-glycan structures in insects have not been analyzed. Here, focusing on GlcNAc extension of N-glycan in the silkworm Bombyx mori, we analyzed the temporal N-glycan alterations in the middle silk gland (MSG) and characterized the property of key enzyme for complex-type N-glycan biosynthesis, B. mori GNTI (BmGNTI). N-glycan analysis of N-glycoproteins in the MSG demonstrated that BmGNTI identified and characterized in this study consistently contributed to GlcNAc extension of N-glycans, which led to the accumulation of GlcNAc-extended N-glycans as predominant structures throughout the MSG development. The expression profile of GlcNAc extension-related genes revealed that the enzymes contributing to the hydrolysis of GlcNAc showed stage-specific expressions, thereby resulting in accumulations of the end product N-glycans of the enzyme. These results lead to the speculation that not BmGNTI but rather glycosylhydrolases critically influenced the structural formations and the changes in the ratio of N-glycans with GlcNAc residue(s) in MSG.
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12
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Recent developments in miRNA based recombinant protein expression in CHO. Biotechnol Lett 2022; 44:671-681. [PMID: 35507207 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-022-03250-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the growing demand for recombinant therapeutic proteins has led to the expansion of the biopharmaceutical industry and the development of strategies to increase recombinant protein production in mammalian cell lines such as SP2/0 HEK and particularly Chinese hamster ovary cells. For a long time now, most investigations have been focused on increasing host cell productivity using genetic manipulating of cellular processes like cell cycle, apoptosis, cell growth, protein secretory and other pathways. In recent decades MicroRNAs beside different genetic engineering tools (e.g., TALEN, ZFN, and Crisper/Cas) have attracted further attention as a tool in the genetic engineering of host cells to increase protein expression levels. Their ability to simultaneously target multiple mRNAs involved in one or more cellular processes made them a favorable tool in this field. Accordingly, this study aimed to review the methods of selecting target miRNA for cell line engineering, miRNA gain- or loss-of-function strategies, examples of laboratory and pilot studies in this field and discussed advantages and disadvantages of this technology.
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13
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Uthailak N, Kajiura H, Misaki R, Fujiyama K. Production of recombinant β-glucocerebrosidase in wild-type and glycoengineered transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana root cultures with different N-glycan profiles. J Biosci Bioeng 2022; 133:481-488. [PMID: 35190260 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease is an inherited lysosomal storage disorder caused by an insufficiency of active β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase). Exogenous recombinant GCase via enzyme replacement therapy is considered the most practical treatment for Gaucher disease. Mannose receptors mediate the efficient uptake of exogenous GCase into macrophages. Thus, terminal mannose residues on N-glycans are essential for the delivery of exogenous GCase. In this study, recombinant GCase was produced in root cultures of wild-type (WT) and glycoengineered transgenic Nicotiana benthamiana with downregulated N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I expression. Root cultures of WT and glycoengineered transgenic N. benthamiana plants were successfully generated by the induction of plant hormones. Recombinant GCases produced in both root cultures possessed GCase enzyme activity. Purified GCases derived from both root cultures revealed different N-glycan profiles. The WT-derived GCase possessed the predominant plant-type N-glycans, which contain plant-specific sugars-linkages, specifically β1,2-xylose and α1,3-fucose residues. Notably, the mannosidic-type N-glycans with terminal mannose residues were abundant in the purified GCase derived from glycoengineered N. benthamiana root culture. This research provides a promising plant-based system for the production of recombinant GCase with terminal mannose residues on N-glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroyuki Kajiura
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryo Misaki
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Osaka University Cooperative Research Station in Southeast Asia (OU:CRS), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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14
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Schmieder V, Fieder J, Drerup R, Gutierrez EA, Guelch C, Stolzenberger J, Stumbaum M, Mueller VS, Higel F, Bergbauer M, Bornhoefft K, Wittner M, Gronemeyer P, Braig C, Huber M, Reisenauer-Schaupp A, Mueller MM, Schuette M, Puengel S, Lindner B, Schmidt M, Schulz P, Fischer S. Towards maximum acceleration of monoclonal antibody development: Leveraging transposase-mediated cell line generation to enable GMP manufacturing within 3 months using a stable pool. J Biotechnol 2022; 349:53-64. [PMID: 35341894 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2022.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, acceleration of development timelines has become a major focus within the biopharmaceutical industry to bring innovative therapies faster to patients. However, in order to address a high unmet medical need even faster further acceleration potential has to be identified to transform "speed-to-clinic" concepts into "warp-speed" development programs. Recombinant Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell lines are the predominant expression system for monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and are routinely generated by random transgene integration (RTI) of the genetic information into the host cell genome. This process, however, exhibits considerable challenges such as the requirement for a time-consuming clone screening process to identify a suitable clonally derived manufacturing cell line. Hence, RTI represents an error prone and tedious method leading to long development timelines until availability of Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP)-grade drug substance (DS). Transposase-mediated semi-targeted transgene integration (STI) has been recently identified as a promising alternative to RTI as it allows for a more rapid generation of high-performing and stable production cell lines. In this report, we demonstrate how a STI technology was leveraged to develop a very robust DS manufacturing process based on a stable pool cell line at unprecedented pace. Application of the novel strategy resulted in the manufacturing of GMP-grade DS at 2,000 L scale in less than three months paving the way for a start of Phase I clinical trials only six months after transfection. Finally, using a clonally derived production cell line, which was established from the parental stable pool, we were able to successfully implement a process with an increased mAb titer of up to 5 g per liter at the envisioned commercial scale (12,000 L) within eight months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Schmieder
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Juergen Fieder
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Raphael Drerup
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Erik Arango Gutierrez
- Early Stage Bioprocess Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Carina Guelch
- Late Stage Upstream Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Jessica Stolzenberger
- Late Stage Downstream Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Mihaela Stumbaum
- Early Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Pharmaceutical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Volker Steffen Mueller
- Early Stage Analytics, Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Fabian Higel
- Early Stage Analytics, Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Martin Bergbauer
- Late Stage Analytics, Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Kim Bornhoefft
- Characterization Technologies, Analytical Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Manuel Wittner
- Global CMC Experts NBE, Global Quality Development, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Petra Gronemeyer
- Cell Banking & Inoculum, Focused Factory CS&T, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Christian Braig
- CST Transfer, Focused Factory CS&T, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Michaela Huber
- Process Transfer Cell Culture, Focused Factory Drug Substance, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Anita Reisenauer-Schaupp
- R&D PM NBE, Global R&D Project Management and Development Strategies, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Markus Michael Mueller
- CMC PM Process Industrialization Germany, Global Biopharma CMC Project Mgmt&TechRA, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Mark Schuette
- Global Technology Management, Global Innovation & Alliance Management, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Sebastian Puengel
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Benjamin Lindner
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Moritz Schmidt
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Patrick Schulz
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany
| | - Simon Fischer
- Cell Line Development, Bioprocess Development Biologicals, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach an der Riss, Germany.
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15
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Carman PJ, Barrie KR, Dominguez R. Novel human cell expression method reveals the role and prevalence of posttranslational modification in nonmuscle tropomyosins. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101154. [PMID: 34478714 PMCID: PMC8463859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochemical studies require large quantities of proteins, which are typically obtained using bacterial overexpression. However, the folding machinery in bacteria is inadequate for expressing many mammalian proteins, which additionally undergo posttranslational modifications (PTMs) that bacteria, yeast, or insect cells cannot perform. Many proteins also require native N- and C-termini and cannot tolerate extra tag amino acids for proper function. Tropomyosin (Tpm), a coiled coil protein that decorates most actin filaments in cells, requires both native N- and C-termini and PTMs, specifically N-terminal acetylation (Nt-acetylation), to polymerize along actin filaments. Here, we describe a new method that combines native protein expression in human cells with an intein-based purification tag that can be precisely removed after purification. Using this method, we expressed several nonmuscle Tpm isoforms (Tpm1.6, Tpm1.7, Tpm2.1, Tpm3.1, Tpm3.2, and Tpm4.2) and the muscle isoform Tpm1.1. Proteomics analysis revealed that human-cell-expressed Tpms present various PTMs, including Nt-acetylation, Ser/Thr phosphorylation, Tyr phosphorylation, and Lys acetylation. Depending on the Tpm isoform (humans express up to 40 Tpm isoforms), Nt-acetylation occurs on either the initiator methionine or on the second residue after removal of the initiator methionine. Human-cell-expressed Tpms bind F-actin differently than their Escherichia coli-expressed counterparts, with or without N-terminal extensions intended to mimic Nt-acetylation, and they can form heterodimers in cells and in vitro. The expression method described here reveals previously unknown features of nonmuscle Tpms and can be used in future structural and biochemical studies with Tpms and other proteins, as shown here for α-synuclein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Carman
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kyle R Barrie
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Roberto Dominguez
- Department of Physiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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16
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Schmieder V, Novak N, Dhiman H, Nguyen LN, Serafimova E, Klanert G, Baumann M, Kildegaard HF, Borth N. A pooled CRISPR/AsCpf1 screen using paired gRNAs to induce genomic deletions in Chinese hamster ovary cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 31:e00649. [PMID: 34277363 PMCID: PMC8261548 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2021.e00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
• Development of a small-scale CRISPR/AsCpf1 screen in CHO. • Usage of paired gRNAs enables full deletion of coding or noncoding genomic regions. • Growth perturbing paired gRNAs identified. • Key points for considerations in future screens identified.
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most widely used host for the expression of therapeutic proteins. Recently, significant progress has been made due to advances in genome sequence and annotation quality to unravel the black box CHO. Nevertheless, in many cases the link between genotype and phenotype in the context of suspension cultivated production cell lines is still not fully understood. While frameshift approaches targeting coding genes are frequently used, the non-coding regions of the genome have received less attention with respect to such functional annotation. Importantly, for non-coding regions frameshift knock-out strategies are not feasible. In this study, we developed a CRISPR-mediated screening approach that performs full deletions of genomic regions to enable the functional study of both the translated and untranslated genome. An in silico pipeline for the computational high-throughput design of paired guide RNAs (pgRNAs) directing CRISPR/AsCpf1 was established and used to generate a library tackling process-related genes and long non-coding RNAs. Next generation sequencing analysis of the plasmid library revealed a sufficient, but highly variable pgRNA composition. Recombinase-mediated cassette exchange was applied for pgRNA library integration rather than viral transduction to ensure single copy representation of pgRNAs per cell. After transient AsCpf1 expression, cells were cultivated over two sequential batches to identify pgRNAs which massively affected growth and survival. By comparing pgRNA abundance, depleted candidates were identified and individually validated to verify their effect.
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Key Words
- AsCpf1, Cpf1 from Acidaminococcus sp BV3L6
- CHO, Chinese hamster ovary
- CPM, counts per million reads mapped
- CRISPR, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
- CRISPR/AsCpf1
- Cas9, CRISPR-associated protein 9
- Chinese hamster ovary cells
- Cpf1, CRISPR-associated protein in Prevotella and Francisella
- DE, differentially expressed
- DOWN-TTS, downstream transcription termination site
- DR, differentially represented
- EV, empty vector
- EpoFc, Erythropoietin Fc fusion protein
- FACS, fluorescence activated cell sorting
- FC, fold change
- FDR, false discovery rate
- GS, glutamine synthetase
- Genetic screen
- NGS, next generation sequencing
- NTC, no template control
- PAM, protospacer adjacent motif
- PCA, principal component analysis
- Qp, specific productivity
- RMCE, recombinase-mediated cassette exchange
- TMM, trimmed mean of M values
- UP-TSS, upstream transcription start site
- VCD, viable cell density
- dCas9, deactivated Cas9
- gRNA, guide RNA
- genomic deletion
- lncRNA, long non-coding RNA
- ncGene, non-coding gene
- oligo, oligonucleotide
- paired gRNAs
- pgRNA, paired gRNA
- sgRNA, single guide RNA
- µ, growth rate
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Schmieder
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria.,acib GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
| | - Neža Novak
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria.,acib GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
| | - Heena Dhiman
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria.,acib GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ly Ngoc Nguyen
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria.,acib GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
| | - Evgenija Serafimova
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria.,acib GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerald Klanert
- acib GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Baumann
- acib GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
| | - Helene Faustrup Kildegaard
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Kemitorvet, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Nicole Borth
- Department of Biotechnology, BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, Vienna, Austria.,acib GmbH, Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Muthgasse 11, Vienna, Austria
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17
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So you want to express your protein in Escherichia coli? Essays Biochem 2021; 65:247-260. [PMID: 33955451 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20200170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Revised: 03/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant proteins have been extensively employed as therapeutics for the treatment of various critical and life-threatening diseases and as industrial enzymes in high-value industrial processes. Advances in genetic engineering and synthetic biology have broadened the horizon of heterologous protein production using multiple expression platforms. Selection of a suitable expression system depends on a variety of factors ranging from the physicochemical properties of the target protein to economic considerations. For more than 40 years, Escherichia coli has been an established organism of choice for protein production. This review aims to provide a stepwise approach for any researcher embarking on the journey of recombinant protein production in E. coli. We present an overview of the challenges associated with heterologous protein expression, fundamental considerations connected to the protein of interest (POI) and designing expression constructs, as well as insights into recently developed technologies that have contributed to this ever-growing field.
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18
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Donini R, Haslam SM, Kontoravdi C. Glycoengineering Chinese hamster ovary cells: a short history. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:915-931. [PMID: 33704400 PMCID: PMC8106501 DOI: 10.1042/bst20200840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Biotherapeutic glycoproteins have revolutionised the field of pharmaceuticals, with new discoveries and continuous improvements underpinning the rapid growth of this industry. N-glycosylation is a critical quality attribute of biotherapeutic glycoproteins that influences the efficacy, half-life and immunogenicity of these drugs. This review will focus on the advances and future directions of remodelling N-glycosylation in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, which are the workhorse of recombinant biotherapeutic production, with particular emphasis on antibody products, using strategies such as cell line and protein backbone engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Donini
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Stuart M. Haslam
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Cleo Kontoravdi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
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19
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Strittmatter T, Egli S, Bertschi A, Plieninger R, Bojar D, Xie M, Fussenegger M. Gene switch for l-glucose-induced biopharmaceutical production in mammalian cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2021; 118:2220-2233. [PMID: 33629358 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we designed and built a gene switch that employs metabolically inert l-glucose to regulate transgene expression in mammalian cells via d-idonate-mediated control of the bacterial regulator LgnR. To this end, we engineered a metabolic cascade in mammalian cells to produce the inducer molecule d-idonate from its precursor l-glucose by ectopically expressing the Paracoccus species 43P-derived catabolic enzymes LgdA, LgnH, and LgnI. To obtain ON- and OFF-switches, we fused LgnR to the human transcriptional silencer domain Krüppel associated box (KRAB) and the viral trans-activator domain VP16, respectively. Thus, these artificial transcription factors KRAB-LgnR or VP16-LgnR modulated cognate promoters containing LgnR-specific binding sites in a d-idonate-dependent manner as a direct result of l-glucose metabolism. In a proof-of-concept experiment, we show that the switches can control production of the model biopharmaceutical rituximab in both transiently and stably transfected HEK-293T cells, as well as CHO-K1 cells. Rituximab production reached 5.9 µg/ml in stably transfected HEK-293T cells and 3.3 µg/ml in stably transfected CHO-K1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Strittmatter
- Department of Biosystems, Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Sabina Egli
- Department of Biosystems, Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Adrian Bertschi
- Department of Biosystems, Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Richard Plieninger
- Department of Biosystems, Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Bojar
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mingqi Xie
- Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Martin Fussenegger
- Department of Biosystems, Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.,Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse, Basel, Switzerland
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20
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Uthailak N, Kajiura H, Misaki R, Fujiyama K. Transient Production of Human β-Glucocerebrosidase With Mannosidic-Type N-Glycan Structure in Glycoengineered Nicotiana benthamiana Plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:683762. [PMID: 34163514 PMCID: PMC8215604 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.683762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Gaucher disease is an inherited lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency of functional enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase (GCase). Recombinant GCase has been used in enzyme replacement therapy to treat Gaucher disease. Importantly, the terminal mannose N-glycan structure is essential for the uptake of recombinant GCase into macrophages via the mannose receptor. In this research, recombinant GCase was produced using Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression in both wild-type (WT) and N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase I (GnTI) downregulated Nicotiana benthamiana (ΔgntI) plants, the latter of which accumulates mannosidic-type N-glycan structures. The successfully produced functional GCase exhibited GCase enzyme activity. The enzyme activity was the same as that of the conventional mammalian-derived GCase. Notably, N-glycan analysis revealed that a mannosidic-type N-glycan structure lacking plant-specific N-glycans (β1,2-xylose and α1,3-fucose residues) was predominant in all glycosylation sites of purified GCase produced from ΔgntI plants. Our research provides a promising alternative plant line as a host for the production of recombinant GCase with a mannosidic-type N-glycan structure. This glycoengineered plant might be applicable to the production of other pharmaceutical proteins, especially mannose receptor targeted protein, for therapeutic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hiroyuki Kajiura
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryo Misaki
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Fujiyama
- International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Industrial Biotechnology Initiative Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Cooperative Research Station in Southeast Asia, International Center for Biotechnology, Osaka University, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- *Correspondence: Kazuhito Fujiyama
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21
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Eisenhut P, Mebrahtu A, Moradi Barzadd M, Thalén N, Klanert G, Weinguny M, Sandegren A, Su C, Hatton D, Borth N, Rockberg J. Systematic use of synthetic 5'-UTR RNA structures to tune protein translation improves yield and quality of complex proteins in mammalian cell factories. Nucleic Acids Res 2020; 48:e119. [PMID: 33051690 PMCID: PMC7672427 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkaa847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Predictably regulating protein expression levels to improve recombinant protein production has become an important tool, but is still rarely applied to engineer mammalian cells. We therefore sought to set-up an easy-to-implement toolbox to facilitate fast and reliable regulation of protein expression in mammalian cells by introducing defined RNA hairpins, termed 'regulation elements (RgE)', in the 5'-untranslated region (UTR) to impact translation efficiency. RgEs varying in thermodynamic stability, GC-content and position were added to the 5'-UTR of a fluorescent reporter gene. Predictable translation dosage over two orders of magnitude in mammalian cell lines of hamster and human origin was confirmed by flow cytometry. Tuning heavy chain expression of an IgG with the RgEs to various levels eventually resulted in up to 3.5-fold increased titers and fewer IgG aggregates and fragments in CHO cells. Co-expression of a therapeutic Arylsulfatase-A with RgE-tuned levels of the required helper factor SUMF1 demonstrated that the maximum specific sulfatase activity was already attained at lower SUMF1 expression levels, while specific production rates steadily decreased with increasing helper expression. In summary, we show that defined 5'-UTR RNA-structures represent a valid tool to systematically tune protein expression levels in mammalian cells and eventually help to optimize recombinant protein expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Eisenhut
- ACIB Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Aman Mebrahtu
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Protein Science, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mona Moradi Barzadd
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Protein Science, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Niklas Thalén
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Protein Science, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerald Klanert
- ACIB Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Marcus Weinguny
- ACIB Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Anna Sandegren
- Affibody Medical AB, Scheeles väg 2, SE-171 65 Solna, Sweden
| | - Chao Su
- SOBI AB, Tomtebodavägen 23A, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Diane Hatton
- AstraZeneca, Biopharmaceutical Development, Milstein Building, Granta Park, Cambridge CB21 6GH, UK
| | - Nicole Borth
- ACIB Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology, Krenngasse 37, 8010 Graz, Austria
- BOKU University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Vienna 1190, Austria
| | - Johan Rockberg
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Protein Science, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Shen CC, Lin MW, Nguyen BKT, Chang CW, Shih JR, Nguyen MTT, Chang YH, Hu YC. CRISPR-Cas13d for Gene Knockdown and Engineering of CHO Cells. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:2808-2818. [PMID: 32911927 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the predominant cell chassis for biopharmaceutical production. Engineering cellular pathways related to cell death, metabolism, and glycosylation in CHO cells is desired but challenging. Here, we present a novel approach that exploits CRISPR-Cas13d for gene silencing and CHO cell engineering. CRISPR-Cas13d is a burgeoning system that exploits Cas13d nuclease and guide RNA (gRNA) for RNA cleavage and gene knockdown. We first showed that CRISPR-Cas13d effectively knocked down exogenous genes in CHO cell lines (K1, DG44, and DUXB11) commonly used for recombinant protein production. We next demonstrated that CRISPR-Cas13d robustly suppressed the expression of exogenous genes and various endogenous genes involved in gene amplification, apoptosis, metabolism, and glycosylation (e.g., GS, BAK, BAX, PDK1, and FUT8) in CHO cells with efficiencies ranging from 60% to 80%, simply by transient transfection. By integrating the entire CRISPR-Cas13d system with the Sleeping Beauty system and optimal gRNA design, we further improved the knockdown efficiency and rapidly generated stable cells with ≈80%-90% knockdown. With this approach, we knocked down FUT8 expression for >90% and significantly attenuated the IgG fucosylation. These data altogether implicated the potentials of CRISPR-Cas13d for gene regulation, glycoengineering, and cell engineering of CHO cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Che Shen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30003, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Wei Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30003, Taiwan
- Biomedical Technology and Device Research Laboratories, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Hsinchu 30003, Taiwan
| | - Bao Khanh Thi Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30003, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Wei Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30003, Taiwan
| | | | - Mai Thanh Thi Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Ho Chi Minh City 72711, Vietnam
| | - Yi-Hao Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30003, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Hu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30003, Taiwan
- Frontier Research Center on Fundamental and Applied Sciences of Matters, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30003, Taiwan
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Ng JY, Chua ML, Zhang C, Hong S, Kumar Y, Gokhale R, Ee PLR. Chlorella vulgaris Extract as a Serum Replacement That Enhances Mammalian Cell Growth and Protein Expression. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:564667. [PMID: 33042965 PMCID: PMC7522799 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.564667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The global cell culture market is experiencing significant growth due to the rapid advancement in antibody-based and cell-based therapies. Both rely on the capacity of different living factories, namely prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, plants or animals for reliable and mass production. The ability to improve production yield is of important concern. Among many strategies pursued, optimizing the complex nutritional requirements for cell growth and protein production has been frequently performed via culture media component titration and serum replacement. The addition of specific ingredients into culture media to modulate host cells’ metabolism has also recently been explored. In this study, we examined the use of extracted bioactive components of the microalgae Chlorella vulgaris, termed chlorella growth factor (CGF), as a cell culture additive for serum replacement and protein expression induction. We first established a chemical fingerprint of CGF using ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and evaluated its ability to enhance cell proliferation in mammalian host cells. CGF successfully promoted the growth of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) and mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), in both 2D and 3D cell cultures under reduced serum conditions for up to 21 days. In addition, CGF preserved cell functions as evident by an increase in protein expression in CHO cells and the maintenance of stem cell phenotype in MSC. Taken together, our results suggest that CGF is a viable culture media additive and growth matrix component, with wide ranging applications in biotechnology and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yao Ng
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mei Ling Chua
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chi Zhang
- Roquette Innovation Center, Helios, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shiqi Hong
- Roquette Innovation Center, Helios, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yogesh Kumar
- Roquette Innovation Center, Helios, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rajeev Gokhale
- Roquette Innovation Center, Helios, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pui Lai Rachel Ee
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,National University of Singapore (NUS) Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Singapore, Singapore
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Gomes C, Ferreira D, Carvalho JPF, Barreto CAV, Fernandes J, Gouveia M, Ribeiro F, Duque AS, Vieira SI. Current genetic engineering strategies for the production of antihypertensive ACEI peptides. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:2610-2628. [PMID: 32369185 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a major and highly prevalent risk factor for various diseases. Among the most frequently prescribed antihypertensive first-line drugs are synthetic angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI). However, since their use in hypertension therapy has been linked to various side effects, interest in the application of food-derived ACEI peptides (ACEIp) as antihypertensive agents is rapidly growing. Although promising, the industrial production of ACEIp through conventional methods such as chemical synthesis or enzymatic hydrolysis of food proteins has been proven troublesome. We here provide an overview of current antihypertensive therapeutics, focusing on ACEI, and illustrate how biotechnology and bioengineering can overcome the limitations of ACEIp large-scale production. Latest advances in ACEIp research and current genetic engineering-based strategies for heterologous production of ACEIp (and precursors) are also presented. Cloning approaches include tandem repeats of single ACEIp, ACEIp fusion to proteins/polypeptides, joining multivariate ACEIp into bioactive polypeptides, and producing ACEIp-containing modified plant storage proteins. Although bacteria have been privileged ACEIp heterologous hosts, particularly when testing for new genetic engineering strategies, plants and microalgae-based platforms are now emerging. Besides being generally safer, cost-effective and scalable, these "pharming" platforms can perform therelevant posttranslational modifications and produce (and eventually deliver) biologically active protein/peptide-based antihypertensive medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Gomes
- Department of Integrative Plant Biology, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland.,Plant Cell Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), Green-it Unit, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Diana Ferreira
- Department of Medical Sciences (DCM), Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João P F Carvalho
- Department of Medical Sciences (DCM), Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carlos A V Barreto
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute for Interdisciplinary Research (IIIUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana Fernandes
- Department of Medical Sciences (DCM), Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marisol Gouveia
- Department of Medical Sciences (DCM), Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ribeiro
- School of Health Sciences (ESSUA), Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana S Duque
- Plant Cell Biotechnology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB NOVA), Green-it Unit, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Sandra I Vieira
- Department of Medical Sciences (DCM), Institute of Biomedicine (iBiMED), Universidade de Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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26
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A Markov model of glycosylation elucidates isozyme specificity and glycosyltransferase interactions for glycoengineering. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 2:22-36. [PMID: 32285041 DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylated biopharmaceuticals are important in the global pharmaceutical market. Despite the importance of their glycan structures, our limited knowledge of the glycosylation machinery still hinders controllability of this critical quality attribute. To facilitate discovery of glycosyltransferase specificity and predict glycoengineering efforts, here we extend the approach to model N-linked protein glycosylation as a Markov process. Our model leverages putative glycosyltransferase (GT) specificity to define the biosynthetic pathways for all measured glycans, and the Markov chain modelling is used to learn glycosyltransferase isoform activities and predict glycosylation following glycosyltransferase knock-in/knockout. We apply our methodology to four different glycoengineered therapeutics (i.e., Rituximab, erythropoietin, Enbrel, and alpha-1 antitrypsin) produced in CHO cells. Our model accurately predicted N-linked glycosylation following glycoengineering and further quantified the impact of glycosyltransferase mutations on reactions catalyzed by other glycosyltransferases. By applying these learned GT-GT interaction rules identified from single glycosyltransferase mutants, our model further predicts the outcome of multi-gene glycosyltransferase mutations on the diverse biotherapeutics. Thus, this modeling approach enables rational glycoengineering and the elucidation of relationships between glycosyltransferases, thereby facilitating biopharmaceutical research and aiding the broader study of glycosylation to elucidate the genetic basis of complex changes in glycosylation.
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Tripathi NK, Shrivastava A. Recent Developments in Bioprocessing of Recombinant Proteins: Expression Hosts and Process Development. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:420. [PMID: 31921823 PMCID: PMC6932962 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious diseases, along with cancers, are among the main causes of death among humans worldwide. The production of therapeutic proteins for treating diseases at large scale for millions of individuals is one of the essential needs of mankind. Recent progress in the area of recombinant DNA technologies has paved the way to producing recombinant proteins that can be used as therapeutics, vaccines, and diagnostic reagents. Recombinant proteins for these applications are mainly produced using prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression host systems such as mammalian cells, bacteria, yeast, insect cells, and transgenic plants at laboratory scale as well as in large-scale settings. The development of efficient bioprocessing strategies is crucial for industrial production of recombinant proteins of therapeutic and prophylactic importance. Recently, advances have been made in the various areas of bioprocessing and are being utilized to develop effective processes for producing recombinant proteins. These include the use of high-throughput devices for effective bioprocess optimization and of disposable systems, continuous upstream processing, continuous chromatography, integrated continuous bioprocessing, Quality by Design, and process analytical technologies to achieve quality product with higher yield. This review summarizes recent developments in the bioprocessing of recombinant proteins, including in various expression systems, bioprocess development, and the upstream and downstream processing of recombinant proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagesh K. Tripathi
- Bioprocess Scale Up Facility, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
| | - Ambuj Shrivastava
- Division of Virology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior, India
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28
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Coban HB. Organic acids as antimicrobial food agents: applications and microbial productions. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2019; 43:569-591. [PMID: 31758240 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-019-02256-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Food safety is a global health and socioeconomic concern since many people still suffer from various acute and life-long diseases, which are caused by consumption of unsafe food. Therefore, ensuring safety of the food is one of the most essential issues in the food industry, which needs to be considered during not only food composition formulation but also handling and storage. For safety purpose, various chemical preservatives have been used so far in the foods. Recently, there has been renewed interest in replacing chemically originated food safety compounds with natural ones in the industry, which can also serve as antimicrobial agents. Among these natural compounds, organic acids possess the major portion. Therefore, in this paper, it is aimed to review and compile the applications, effectiveness, and microbial productions of various widely used organic acids as antimicrobial agents in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Bugra Coban
- Izmir International Biomedicine and Genome Institute, Dokuz Eylul University Health Campus, Balcova, 35340, Izmir, Turkey.
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