1
|
Ding C, Wang B, Lai XF, Guo Y, Tesch G, Ding X, Zheng J, Tian P, Ricardo S, Shen HH, Xue W. Cellular delivery of relaxin-2 mRNA as a potential treatment for kidney fibrosis. Mater Today Bio 2023; 21:100716. [PMID: 37545557 PMCID: PMC10401360 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is a pathological feature of chronic kidney disease and its progression correlates with kidney function impairment. Since there are currently no specific therapies for renal fibrosis, we explored whether inducing local production of the anti-fibrotic molecule relaxin-2 in kidney cells has potential as a strategy for suppressing the development of renal fibrosis. Our study examined whether delivery of relaxin-2 mRNA to kidney cells in vitro and in vivo could inhibit mechanisms leading to renal fibrosis. Transfecting relaxin-2 mRNA into cultured kidney cells inhibited fibrotic responses to TGF-β1 in an autocrine or paracrine manner by reducing fibrotic gene expression in kidney tubules, and reducing proliferation in kidney fibroblasts and mesangial cells. Similarly, cubosomes assisted delivery of relaxin-2 mRNA to mouse kidneys alleviated the fibrosis and inflammation associated with renal injury following unilateral ureter obstruction (UUO). Therefore, relaxin-2 mRNA exhibits potential as a novel therapy for inhibiting fibrosis and inflammation in chronic kidney disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenguang Ding
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Nephropathy Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xiang Feng Lai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yingcong Guo
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Nephropathy Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Greg Tesch
- Department of Nephrology and Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xiaoming Ding
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Nephropathy Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
- Institute of Organ Transplantation, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jin Zheng
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Nephropathy Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - PuXun Tian
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Nephropathy Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| | - Sharon Ricardo
- Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hsin-Hui Shen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Wujun Xue
- Department of Kidney Transplantation, Nephropathy Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
D'Ercole A, Nistri S, Pacini L, Carotenuto A, Santoro F, Papini AM, Bathgate RAD, Bani D, Rovero P. Synthetic short-chain peptide analogues of H1 relaxin lack affinity for the RXFP1 receptor and relaxin-like bioactivity. Clues to a better understanding of relaxin agonist design. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:942178. [PMID: 36034864 PMCID: PMC9402926 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.942178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The peptide hormone relaxin (RLX), also available as clinical-grade recombinant protein (serelaxin), holds great promise as a cardiovascular and anti-fibrotic agent but is limited by the pharmacokinetic issues common to all peptide drugs. In this study, by a computational modelling chemistry approach, we have synthesized and tested a set of low molecular weight peptides based on the putative receptor-binding domain of the B chain of human H1 RLX isoform, with the objective to obtain RLX analogues with improved pharmacokinetic features. Some of them were stabilized to induce the appropriate 3-D conformation by intra-chain tri-azolic staples, which should theoretically enhance their resistance to digestive enzymes making them suited for oral administration. Despite these favourable premises, none of these H1 peptides, either linear or stapled, revealed a sufficient affinity to the specific RLX receptor RXFP1. Moreover, none of them was endowed with any RLX-like biological effects in RXFP1-expressing THP-1 human monocytic cells and mouse NIH-3T3-derived myofibroblasts in in vitro culture, in terms of significantly relevant cAMP elevation and ERK1/2 phosphorylation, which represent two major signal transduction events downstream RXFP1 activation. This was at variance with authentic serelaxin, which induced a clear-cut, significant activation of both these classical RLX signaling pathways. Albeit negative, the results of this study offer additional information about the structural requirements that new peptide therapeutics shall possess to effectively behave as RXFP1 agonists and RLX analogues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annunziata D'Ercole
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Nistri
- Research Unit of Histology & Embryology, Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pacini
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Federica Santoro
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Schiff”, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Ross A. D. Bathgate
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health and Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Unviversity of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Daniele Bani
- Research Unit of Histology & Embryology, Department of Experimental & Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- *Correspondence: Daniele Bani, ; Paolo Rovero,
| | - Paolo Rovero
- Interdepartmental Research Unit of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- Department of NeuroFarBa, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
- *Correspondence: Daniele Bani, ; Paolo Rovero,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Li Y, Ricardo SD, Samuel CS. Enhancing the Therapeutic Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Based Therapies with an Anti-Fibrotic Agent for the Treatment of Chronic Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116035. [PMID: 35682717 PMCID: PMC9181689 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 1 in 10 members of the general population, placing these patients at an increasingly high risk of kidney failure. Despite the significant burden of CKD on various healthcare systems, there are no effective cures that reverse or even halt its progression. In recent years, human bone-marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSCs) have been recognised as a novel therapy for CKDs, owing to their well-established immunomodulatory and tissue-reparative properties in preclinical settings, and their promising safety profile that has been demonstrated in patients with CKDs from several clinical trials. However, renal fibrosis (scarring), a hallmark of CKD, has been shown to impair the viability and functionality of BM-MSCs post-transplantation. This has suggested that BM-MSCs might require a pre-treatment or adjunct therapy that can enhance the viability and therapeutic efficacy of these stromal cells in chronic disease settings. To address this, recent studies that have combined BM-MSCs with the anti-fibrotic drug serelaxin (RLX), have demonstrated the enhanced therapeutic potential of this combination therapy in normotensive and hypertensive preclinical models of CKD. In this review, a critical appraisal of the preclinical data available on the anti-fibrotic and renoprotective actions of BM-MSCs or RLX alone and when combined, as a treatment option for normotensive vs. hypertensive CKD, is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yifang Li
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia;
| | - Sharon D. Ricardo
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Correspondence: (S.D.R.); (C.S.S.)
| | - Chrishan S. Samuel
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia;
- Development and Stem Cells Program, Department of Pharmacology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
- Correspondence: (S.D.R.); (C.S.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Samuel CS, Bennett RG. Relaxin as an anti-fibrotic treatment: Perspectives, challenges and future directions. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 197:114884. [PMID: 34968489 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis refers to the scarring and hardening of tissues, which results from a failed immune system-coordinated wound healing response to chronic organ injury and which manifests from the aberrant accumulation of various extracellular matrix components (ECM), primarily collagen. Despite being a hallmark of prolonged tissue damage and related dysfunction, and commonly associated with high morbidity and mortality, there are currently no effective cures for its regression. An emerging therapy that meets several criteria of an effective anti-fibrotic treatment, is the recombinant drug-based form of the human hormone, relaxin (also referred to as serelaxin, which is bioactive in several other species). This review outlines the broad anti-fibrotic and related organ-protective roles of relaxin, mainly from studies conducted in preclinical models of ageing and fibrotic disease, including its ability to ameliorate several aspects of fibrosis progression and maturation, from immune cell infiltration, pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic cytokine secretion, oxidative stress, organ hypertrophy, cell apoptosis, myofibroblast differentiation and ECM production, to its ability to facilitate established ECM degradation. Studies that have compared and/or combined these therapeutic effects of relaxin with current standard of care medication have also been discussed, along with the main challenges that have hindered the translation of the anti-fibrotic efficacy of relaxin to the clinic. The review then outlines the future directions as to where scientists and several pharmaceutical companies that have recognized the therapeutic potential of relaxin are working towards, to progress its development as a treatment for human patients suffering from various fibrotic diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chrishan S Samuel
- Cardiovascular Disease Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Pharmacology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
| | - Robert G Bennett
- Research Service, Nebraska-Western Iowa Health Care System, Omaha, NE 68105, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198-4130, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Welch NG, Mukherjee S, Hossain MA, Praveen P, Werkmeister JA, Wade JD, Bathgate RAD, Winkler DA, Thissen H. Coatings Releasing the Relaxin Peptide Analogue B7-33 Reduce Fibrotic Encapsulation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:45511-45519. [PMID: 31713411 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b17859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of antifibrotic materials and coatings that can resist the foreign body response (FBR) continues to present a major hurdle in the advancement of current and next-generation implantable medical devices, biosensors, and cell therapies. From an implant perspective, the most important issue associated with the FBR is the prolonged inflammatory response leading to a collagenous capsule that ultimately blocks mass transport and communication between the implant and the surrounding tissue. Up to now, most attempts to reduce the capsule thickness have focused on providing surface coatings that reduce protein fouling and cell attachment. Here, we present an approach that is based on the sustained release of a peptide drug interfering with the FBR. In this study, the biodegradable polymer poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) was used as a coating releasing the relaxin peptide analogue B7-33, which has been demonstrated to reduce organ fibrosis in animal models. While in vitro protein quantification was used to demonstrate controlled release of the antifibrotic peptide B7-33 from PLGA coatings, an in vitro reporter cell assay was used to demonstrate that B7-33 retains activity against the relaxin family peptide receptor 1 (RXFP1). Subcutaneous implantation of PLGA-coated polypropylene samples in mice with and without the peptide demonstrated a marked reduction in capsule thickness (49.2%) over a 6 week period. It is expected that this novel approach will open the door to a range of new and improved implantable medical devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Welch
- CSIRO Manufacturing , Research Way , Clayton , VIC 3168 , Australia
| | - Shayanti Mukherjee
- The Ritchie Centre , Hudson Institute of Medical Research , Clayton , VIC 3168 , Australia
| | - Mohammed A Hossain
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia
| | - Praveen Praveen
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia
| | - Jerome A Werkmeister
- The Ritchie Centre , Hudson Institute of Medical Research , Clayton , VIC 3168 , Australia
| | - John D Wade
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia
| | - Ross A D Bathgate
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia
| | - David A Winkler
- CSIRO Manufacturing , Research Way , Clayton , VIC 3168 , Australia
- La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science , La Trobe University , Kingsbury Drive , Bundoora , VIC 3083 , Australia
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Royal Parade , Parkville , VIC 3052 , Australia
- School of Pharmacy , The University of Nottingham , Nottingham NG7 2RD , U.K
| | - Helmut Thissen
- CSIRO Manufacturing , Research Way , Clayton , VIC 3168 , Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kwok WH, Choi TLS, Leung GNW, Wong ASY, Yue SK, Wan TSM, Ho ENM. Administration study of recombinant human relaxin-2 in horse for doping control purpose. Drug Test Anal 2019; 12:361-370. [PMID: 31726484 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The insulin-like peptide relaxin (RLX), an endogenous peptide hormone produced in human for pregnancy and reproduction, is also known to exert a range of physiological and pathological effects. Its use is banned in human sports, horseracing, and equestrian competitions due to its potential performance enhancing effect through vasodilation resulting in the increase of blood and oxygen supplies to muscles. Little is known about the biotransformation and elimination of RLX in horses. This paper describes an administration study of rhRLX-2 and its elimination in horses, and the development of sensitive methods for the detection and confirmation of rhRLX-2 in both horse plasma and urine by nano-liquid chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry (nano-LC/HRMS) after immunoaffinity extraction with the objective of controlling the abuse of rhRLX-2 in horses. The limits of detection in plasma and urine are 2 pg/mL and 5 pg/mL, respectively. Two thoroughbred geldings were each administered one dose of 10 mg rhRLX-2 subcutaneously daily for 3 consecutive days. The rhRLX-2 could be detected and confirmed in the plasma and urine samples collected 105 h and 80 h, respectively, after the last dose of administration. For doping control purposes, rhRLX-2 ELISA could be used as a screening test to identify potential positive samples for further investigation using the nano-LC/HRMS methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wai Him Kwok
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Timmy L S Choi
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Gary N W Leung
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - April S Y Wong
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Terence S M Wan
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| | - Emmie N M Ho
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Glynn DJ, Heng K, Russell DL, Sharkey DJ, Robertson SA, Anand-Ivell R, Ivell R. Male Seminal Relaxin Contributes to Induction of the Post-mating Cytokine Response in the Female Mouse Uterus. Front Physiol 2017; 8:422. [PMID: 28674503 PMCID: PMC5474474 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The hormone relaxin is important in female reproduction for embryo implantation, cardiovascular function, and during labor and lactation. Relaxin is also synthesized in males by organs of the male tract. We hypothesized that relaxin might be one component of seminal plasma responsible for eliciting the female cytokine response induced in the uterus at mating. When recombinant relaxin was injected into the uterus of wild-type (Rln+/+) mice at estrus, it evoked the production of Cxcl1 mRNA and its secreted protein product CXCL1 in four of eight animals. Mating experiments were then conducted using mice with a null mutation in the relaxin gene (Rln−/− mice). qRT-PCR analysis of mRNA expression in wild-type females showed diminished uterine expression of several cytokine and chemokine genes in the absence of male relaxin. Similar differences were also noted comparing Rln−/− and Rln+/+ females mated to wild-type males. Quantification of uterine luminal fluid cytokine content confirmed that male relaxin provokes the production of CXCL10 and CSF3 in Rln+/+ females. Differences were also seen comparing Rln−/− and Rln+/+ females mated with Rln−/− males for CXCL1, CSF3, and CCL5, implying that endogenous relaxin in females might prime the uterus to respond appropriately to seminal fluid at coitus. Finally, pan-leukocyte CD45 mRNA was increased in wild-type matings compared to other combinations, implying that male and female relaxin may trigger leukocyte expansion in the uterus. We conclude that male and/or female relaxin may be important in activating the uterine cytokine/chemokine network required to initiate maternal immune adaptation to pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J Glynn
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia.,Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kee Heng
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Darryl L Russell
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David J Sharkey
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sarah A Robertson
- Robinson Research Institute and Adelaide Medical School, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Ravinder Anand-Ivell
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South AustraliaAdelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard Ivell
- Robinson Research Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of AdelaideAdelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Biosciences, University of NottinghamUnited Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tevz G, McGrath S, Demeter R, Magrini V, Jeet V, Rockstroh A, McPherson S, Lai J, Bartonicek N, An J, Batra J, Dinger ME, Lehman ML, Williams ED, Nelson CC. Identification of a novel fusion transcript between human relaxin-1 (RLN1) and human relaxin-2 (RLN2) in prostate cancer. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2016; 420:159-68. [PMID: 26499396 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous expression of highly homologous RLN1 and RLN2 genes in prostate impairs their accurate delineation. We used PacBio SMRT sequencing and RNA-Seq in LNCaP cells in order to dissect the expression of RLN1 and RLN2 variants. We identified a novel fusion transcript comprising the RLN1 and RLN2 genes and found evidence of its expression in the normal and prostate cancer tissues. The RLN1-RLN2 fusion putatively encodes RLN2 isoform with the deleted secretory signal peptide. The identification of the fusion transcript provided information to determine unique RLN1-RLN2 fusion and RLN1 regions. The RLN1-RLN2 fusion was co-expressed with RLN1 in LNCaP cells, but the two gene products were inversely regulated by androgens. We showed that RLN1 is underrepresented in common PCa cell lines in comparison to normal and PCa tissue. The current study brings a highly relevant update to the relaxin field, and will encourage further studies of RLN1 and RLN2 in PCa and broader.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Tevz
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology/Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Sean McGrath
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ryan Demeter
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Vincent Magrini
- McDonnell Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA
| | - Varinder Jeet
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology/Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anja Rockstroh
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology/Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephen McPherson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology/Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - John Lai
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology/Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Nenad Bartonicek
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jiyuan An
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology/Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jyotsna Batra
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology/Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Marcel E Dinger
- Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Melanie L Lehman
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology/Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Elizabeth D Williams
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology/Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Colleen C Nelson
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, Queensland University of Technology/Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Vancouver Prostate Centre, Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yadav S, Liu J, Scherer TM, Gokarn Y, Demeule B, Kanai S, Andya JD, Shire SJ. Assessment and significance of protein-protein interactions during development of protein biopharmaceuticals. Biophys Rev 2013; 5:121-136. [PMID: 28510158 PMCID: PMC5418437 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-013-0109-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Early development of protein biotherapeutics using recombinant DNA technology involved progress in the areas of cloning, screening, expression and recovery/purification. As the biotechnology industry matured, resulting in marketed products, a greater emphasis was placed on development of formulations and delivery systems requiring a better understanding of the chemical and physical properties of newly developed protein drugs. Biophysical techniques such as analytical ultracentrifugation, dynamic and static light scattering, and circular dichroism were used to study protein-protein interactions during various stages of development of protein therapeutics. These studies included investigation of protein self-association in many of the early development projects including analysis of highly glycosylated proteins expressed in mammalian CHO cell cultures. Assessment of protein-protein interactions during development of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody that binds to IgE were important in understanding the pharmacokinetics and dosing for this important biotherapeutic used to treat severe allergic IgE-mediated asthma. These studies were extended to the investigation of monoclonal antibody-antigen interactions in human serum using the fluorescent detection system of the analytical ultracentrifuge. Analysis by sedimentation velocity analytical ultracentrifugation was also used to investigate competitive binding to monoclonal antibody targets. Recent development of high concentration protein formulations for subcutaneous administration of therapeutics posed challenges, which resulted in the use of dynamic and static light scattering, and preparative analytical ultracentrifugation to understand the self-association and rheological properties of concentrated monoclonal antibody solutions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Liu
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA USA
| | | | - Yatin Gokarn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Nathalal Parekh Marg Matunga (E), Mumbai, 400,019 India
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li X, Xu W, Paporello B, Richardson D, Liu H. Liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry with post-column partial reduction for the analysis of native and scrambled disulfide bonds. Anal Biochem 2013; 439:184-6. [PMID: 23639491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2013.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A method capable of detecting both native and scrambled disulfide bonds has been established. Nonreduced protein digests were separated using a reversed-phase C18 column, partially reduced by post-column addition of a reducing reagent, and then analyzed by mass spectrometry. Disulfide bond linkage was established by matching the retention times of cysteine-containing peptides and confirmed by the detection of the molecular weight of the disulfide-linked peptides. The application of this method was demonstrated by determination of the disulfide bond structures of an immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) molecule and lysozyme and by the detection of four scrambled disulfide bonds in the IgG1 molecule.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Li
- Merck Research Laboratories, Union, NJ 07083, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kwok WH, Ho ENM, Leung GNW, Wong ASY, Yue SK, Wan TSM. Identification of recombinant human relaxin-2 in equine plasma by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2012; 5:627-33. [PMID: 23081913 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wai Him Kwok
- Racing Laboratory, The Hong Kong Jockey Club, Sha Tin Racecourse, Sha Tin, N.T., Hong Kong, China.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Determination of Peptide and Protein Disulfide Linkages by MALDI Mass Spectrometry. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2012; 331:79-116. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2012_384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
|
13
|
Lee M, Lee Y, Kang M, Park H, Seong Y, Sung BJ, Moon B, Oh HB. Disulfide bond cleavage in TEMPO-free radical initiated peptide sequencing mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2011; 46:830-839. [PMID: 21834022 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The gas-phase free radical initiated peptide sequencing (FRIPS) fragmentation behavior of o-TEMPO-Bz-conjugated peptides with an intra- and intermolecular disulfide bond was investigated using MS(n) tandem mass spectrometry experiments. Investigated peptides included four peptides with an intramolecular cyclic disulfide bond, Bactenecin (RLCRIVVIRVCR), TGF-α (CHSGYVGVRC), MCH (DFDMLRCMLGRVFRPCWQY) and Adrenomedullin (16-31) (CRFGTCTVQKLAHQIY), and two peptides with an intermolecular disulfide bond. Collisional activation of the benzyl radical conjugated peptide cation, which was generated through the release of a TEMPO radical from o-TEMPO-Bz-conjugated peptides upon initial collisional activation, produced a large number of peptide backbone fragments in which the S-S or C-S bond was readily cleaved. The observed peptide backbone fragments included a-, c-, x- or z-types, which indicates that the radical-driven peptide fragmentation mechanism plays an important role in TEMPO-FRIPS mass spectrometry. FRIPS application of the linearly linked disulfide peptides further showed that the S-S or C-S bond was selectively and preferentially cleaved, followed by peptide backbone dissociations. In the FRIPS mass spectra, the loss of •SH or •SSH was also abundantly found. On the basis of these findings, FRIPS fragmentation pathways for peptides with a disulfide bond are proposed. For the cleavage of the S-S bond, the abstraction of a hydrogen atom at C(β) by the benzyl radical is proposed to be the initial radical abstraction/transfer reaction. On the other hand, H-abstraction at C(α) is suggested to lead to C-S bond cleavage, which yields [ion ± S] fragments or the loss of •SH or •SSH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minhee Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sogang University, Seoul 121-742, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ke Y, Zhao J, Siu KWM, Hopkinson AC. Dissociation of copper(II) ternary complexes containing cystine. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2010; 12:9017-28. [PMID: 20539872 DOI: 10.1039/c001908a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The collision-induced dissociations are reported for Cu(II) complexes containing 1,4,7-triazacyclononane (tacn) as the auxiliary ligand and a peptide containing one cystine residue. For six of the complexes examined, cleavage of the S-S bond in the peptide was the dominant fragmentation pathway. The exceptions were for complexes containing the largest peptides, (GlyCys'Gly)(2) and (GlyGlyCys')(2) (Cys' = NHCH(CH(2)S)CO, one half of the cystine residue; terminal H and OH are implicit), for which proton transfer to the auxiliary ligand was the major channel. Cleavage of the C-S bond was observed, but was a minor channel for all complexes. The radical cation (Cys')(2)(*+) was not observed although the complementary ion [Cu(I)(tacn)](+) was present in moderate abundance. Density functional calculations (at B3LYP/6-311++G(d,p)) gave low barriers to fragmentation of (Cys')(2)(*+) by homolytic fission of the C-S bond of the canonical ion (barrier 16.5 kcal mol(-1)) and of the structure at the global minimum, a captodative ion (barrier 17.2 kcal mol(-1)). Peptide radical cations (GlyCys')(2)(*+), (GlyCys'Gly)(2)(*+), (GlyGlyCys')(2)(*+) and (GlyCys'(Cys')Gly)(*+) were observed in low abundances; the first two of these ions dissociated predominantly by fragmentation of the S-S bond, while the other two preferentially cleaved at an amide bond. No cleavage of the C-S bond was observed for the peptide radical cations. Density functional calculations at B3LYP/6-31G(d) established that the cystine in [Cu(II)(tacn)(Cys')(2)](*2+) is bound as a zwitterion through the carboxylate anion with the proton on the distal amino group. The lowest energy complex containing a canonical cystine, coordinated through the carbonyl oxygen and the amino group of the same Cys', is 8.3 kcal mol(-1) higher in enthalpy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyong Ke
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Research in Mass Spectrometry, York University, 4700 Keele Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M3J 1P3
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Barlos KK, Gatos D, Vasileiou Z, Barlos K. An optimized chemical synthesis of human relaxin-2. J Pept Sci 2010; 16:200-11. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
16
|
Rubino FM, Pitton M, Caneva E, Pappini M, Colombi A. Thiol-disulfide redox equilibria of glutathione metaboloma compounds investigated by tandem mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:3935-3948. [PMID: 19003853 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The thiol group of cysteine plays a pivotal role in structural and functional biology. We use mass spectrometry to study glutathione-related homo- and heterodimeric disulfides, aiming at understanding the factors affecting the redox potentials of different disulfide/thiol pairs. Several electrospray ionization (ESI)-protonated disulfides of cysteamine, cysteine, penicillamine, N-acetylcysteine, N-acetylpenicillamine, gammaGluCySH, HSCyGly, and glutathione were analyzed on a triple quadrupole instrument to measure their energy-resolved tandem mass spectra. Fission of the disulfide bond yields RSH*H(+) and RS(+) ions. The logarithm of the intensity ratio of the RS(+)/RSH*H(+) fragments in homodimeric disulfides is proportional to the normal reduction potential of their RSSR/RSH pairs determined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in solution, the more reducing ones yielding the higher ratios. Also in some R(1)S-SR(2) disulfides, the ratio of the intensities of the RSH + H(+) and RS(+) ions of each participating thiol shows a linear relationship with the Nernst equation potential difference of the corresponding redox pairs. This behavior allows us to measure the redox potentials of some disulfide/thiol pairs by using different thiol-reducing probes of known oxidoreductive potential as reference. To assist understanding of the fission mechanism of the disulfide bond, the fragments tentatively identified as 'sulfenium' were themselves fragmented; accurate mass measurement of the resulting second-generation fragments demonstrated a loss of thioformaldehyde, thus supporting the assigned structure of this elusive intermediate of the oxidative stress pathway. Understanding this fragmentation process allows us to employ this technique with larger molecules to measure by mass spectrometry the micro-redox properties of different disulfide bonds in peptides with catalytic and signaling biological activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Federico M Rubino
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontology, Università degli Studi di Milano, v. A. di Rudinì 8, I-20142 Milano, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Bani D, Nistri S, Cinci L, Giannini L, Princivalle M, Elliott L, Bigazzi M, Masini E. A novel, simple bioactivity assay for relaxin based on inhibition of platelet aggregation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 144:10-6. [PMID: 17572516 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2007.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
In humans, the relaxin hormone family includes H1, H2 and H3 isoforms and insulin-like peptides 3 to 6. The ever-increasing interest in relaxin as potential new drug requires reliable methods to compare bioactivity of different relaxins. The existing bioassays include in vivo or ex vivo methods evaluating the organ-specific responses to relaxin and in vitro methods based on measurement of cAMP increase in relaxin receptor-bearing cells. We previously demonstrated that relaxin dose-dependently inhibits platelet aggregation. On this basis, we have developed a simple, reliable bioassay for relaxin used to compare purified porcine relaxin, assumed as reference standard, with two recombinant human H2 relaxins, H3 relaxin, insulin-like peptides 3 and 5. Pre-incubation of platelets with relaxins (3, 10, 30,100, 300 ng/ml; 10 min.) caused the inhibition of ADP-induced platelet aggregation. Within the 10-100 ng/ml range, porcine relaxin showed the highest effects and a nearly linear dose-response correlation. Lower peptide concentrations were ineffective, as were insulin-like peptides 3 and 5 at any concentration assayed. Platelet inhibition was mediated by specific RXFP1 relaxin receptor and cGMP, whose intracellular levels dose-dependently increased upon relaxin. For comparison, we stimulated THP-1 cells, a relaxin receptor-bearing cell line, with porcine relaxin, human H2 and H3 relaxins at the above concentrations (15 min.). We observed a dose-related increase of intracellular cAMP similar to the trend of platelet inhibition. Insulin like peptide 5 was ineffective. In conclusion, this study shows that inhibition of platelet aggregation may be used to assess bioactivity of relaxin preparations for experimental and clinical purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bani
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Forensic Medicine, University of Florence, viale G.Pieraccini 6, I-50139 Florence, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mihalca R, van der Burgt YEM, Heck AJR, Heeren RMA. Disulfide bond cleavages observed in SORI-CID of three nonapeptides complexed with divalent transition-metal cations. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2007; 42:450-8. [PMID: 17295413 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Tandem MS sequencing of peptides that contain a disulfide bond is often hampered when using a slow heating technique. We show that complexation of a transition-metal ion with a disulfide-bridge-containing nonapeptide yields very rich tandem mass spectra, including fragments that involve the cleavage of the disulfide bond up to 56% of the total product ion intensity. On the contrary, MS/MS of the corresponding protonated nonapeptides results predominantly in fragments from the region that is not involved in the disulfide bond. Eleven different combinations of three nonapeptides and three metal ions were measured using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) combined with sustained off-resonance irradiation collision induced dissociation (SORI-CID). All observed fragments are discussed with respect to four different types of product ions: neutral losses, b/y-fragmentation with and without the disulfide bond cleavage, and losses of internal amino acids without rupture of the disulfide bridge. Furthermore, it is shown that the observed complementary fragment pairs obtained from peptide-metal complexes can be used to determine the region of the binding site of the metal ion. This approach offers an efficient way to cleave disulfide-bridged structures using low energy MS/MS, which leads to increased sequence coverage and more confidence in peptide or protein assignments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romulus Mihalca
- FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics (AMOLF), Kruislaan 407, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Chelius D, Huff Wimer ME, Bondarenko PV. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography in-line with negative ionization electrospray mass spectrometry for the characterization of the disulfide-linkages of an immunoglobulin gamma antibody. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2006; 17:1590-8. [PMID: 16905328 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2006.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2006] [Revised: 07/06/2006] [Accepted: 07/07/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
In this report, we present a new approach for the determination of the disulfide bond connectivity in proteins using negative ionization mass spectrometry of nonreduced enzymatic digests. The mass spectrometric analysis in negative ion mode was optimized to allow in-line analysis coupled directly to the HPLC system used for the separation of the peptides resulting from enzymatic digestion. We determined the disulfide structure of a human immunoglobulin gamma 2 (IgG2) antibody containing 18 unique cysteine residues linked via 11 unique disulfide bonds. The efficiency of the gas-phase dissociation of disulfide-linked peptides using negative electrospray ionization was evaluated for an ion trap mass spectrometer and an orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Both mass spectrometry techniques provided efficient in-source fragmentation for the identification of the disulfide-linked peptides of the antibody. Both instruments were limited in the number of disulfide bonds that could be dissociated. Seven of the 11 unique disulfide linkages have been determined, including the linkage of the light chain to the heavy chain. Only the disulfide connectivity of the hinge peptide H6H7H8H9 (C6C7VEC8PPC9PAPPVAGPSVFLFPPKPK) could not be determined (numbering the cysteine residues sequentially from the N-terminus and labeling the heavy chain cysteines "H" and the light chain cysteines "L"). However, we identified the dimer of peptide C6C7VEC8PPC9PAPPVAGPSVFLFPPKPK linked via four disulfide bonds based on the unique molecular weight of this dipeptide. The established linkages were H1 to H2, H10 to H11, H12 to H13, L1 to L2, L3 to L4, and L5 to H3H4. The intrachain linkages of the light chain (L1 to L2, L3 to L4), and heavy chain (H10 to H11, H12 to H13) domains were identical to the linkages found in IgG1 antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Chelius
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Bani D, Nistri S, Sacchi TB, Bigazzi M. Basic Progress and Future Therapeutic Perspectives of Relaxin in Ischemic Heart Disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2006; 1041:423-30. [PMID: 15956740 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1282.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Relaxin has been validated as a cardiotropic hormone, being produced by the heart and acting on specific heart receptors. Evidence is accumulating that it could hamper the pathophysiologic mechanisms of ischemic heart disease. Time is ripe to study relaxin as a cardiotropic drug, as recombinant human relaxin (hrRLX) is now available and previous clinical trials have shown a virtual lack of toxicity and adverse side effects, even at high doses. Our recent observations suggest that relaxin, besides being a preventative agent, may also be effective in the treatment of acute myocardial infarction and may be an adjuvant for precursor cell grafting to repair postinfarct myocardium. In a swine model of myocardial infarction currently used to test cardiotropic drugs due to its similarities with human ischemic heart disease, hrRLX, given at reperfusion upon 30 min of ischemia, markedly reduced serum and tissue markers of myocardial injury, cardiomyocyte apoptosis and leukocyte recruitment, resulting in overall improvement in cardiac performance compared with the controls. In in vitro mixed cultures of mouse skeletal myoblasts and adult rat cardiomyocytes, relaxin increased gap junction formation and potentiated gap junction-mediated intercellular exchanges and signaling between the coupled cells. In view of the therapeutic use of myoblast grafting for cardiac repair, relaxin could hence favor the electromechanical coupling of grafted myoblasts with the resident cardiomyocytes and facilitate their transdifferentiation towards a cardiac phenotype. Relaxin, therefore, shows promising therapeutic potential in cardiology and cardiac surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Bani
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Forensic Medicine, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, I-50139, Florence, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Fung YME, Kjeldsen F, Silivra OA, Chan TWD, Zubarev RA. Facile Disulfide Bond Cleavage in Gaseous Peptide and Protein Cations by Ultraviolet Photodissociation at 157 nm. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005; 44:6399-403. [PMID: 16173101 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200501533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y M Eva Fung
- Department of Chemistry, Chinese University of Hong Kong, H.K.S.A.R., China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fung YME, Kjeldsen F, Silivra OA, Chan TWD, Zubarev RA. Facile Disulfide Bond Cleavage in Gaseous Peptide and Protein Cations by Ultraviolet Photodissociation at 157 nm. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200501533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
23
|
Perna AM, Masini E, Nistri S, Briganti V, Chiappini L, Stefano P, Bigazzi M, Pieroni C, Bani Sacchi T, Bani D. Novel drug development opportunity for relaxin in acute myocardial infarction: evidences from a swine model. FASEB J 2005; 19:1525-7. [PMID: 16009702 DOI: 10.1096/fj.04-3664fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The hormone relaxin has been shown to cause coronary vasodilation and to prevent ischemia/reperfusion-induced cardiac injury in rodents. This study provides evidence that relaxin, used as an adjunctive drug to coronary reperfusion, reduces the functional, biochemical, and histopathological signs of myocardial injury in an in vivo swine model of heart ischemia/reperfusion, currently used to test cardiotropic drugs for myocardial infarction. Human recombinant relaxin, given at reperfusion at doses of 1.25, 2.5, and 5 microg/kg b.wt. after a 30-min ischemia, caused a dose-related reduction of key markers of myocardial damage (serum myoglobin, CK-MB, troponin T) and cardiomyocyte apoptosis (caspase 3, TUNEL assay), as well as of cardiomyocyte contractile dysfunction (myofibril hypercontraction). Compared with the controls, relaxin also increased the uptake of the viability tracer 201Thallium and improved ventricular performance (cardiac index). Relaxin likely acts by reducing oxygen free radical-induced myocardial injury (malondialdehyde, tissue calcium overload) and inflammatory leukocyte recruitment (myeloperoxidase). The present findings show that human relaxin, given as a drug to counteract reperfusion-induced cardiac injury, affords a clear-cut protection to the heart of swine with induced myocardial infarction. The findings also provide background to future clinical trials with relaxin as adjunctive therapy to catheter-based coronary angioplasty in patients with acute myocardial infarction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Avio-Maria Perna
- Unit of Cardiac and Experimental Surgery, Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cooper HJ, Håkansson K, Marshall AG. The role of electron capture dissociation in biomolecular analysis. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2005; 24:201-22. [PMID: 15389856 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 293] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of electron capture dissociation (ECD) to electrospray (ESI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) constitutes a significant advance in the structural analysis of biomolecules. The fundamental features and benefits of ECD are discussed in this review. ECD is currently unique to FT-ICR MS and the fundamentals of that technique are outlined. The advantages and complementarity of ECD in relation to other tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) techniques, such as infrared multiphoton dissociation (IRMPD) and sustained off-resonance collision-induced dissociation (SORI-CID), are discussed. The instrumental considerations associated with implementation of ECD, including activated ion techniques and coupling to on-line separation techniques, are covered, as are the allied processes electronic excitation dissociation (EED), electron detachment dissociation (EDD), and hot electron capture (HECD). A major theme of this review is the role of ECD in proteomics, particularly for characterization of post-translational modifications (phosphorylation, glycosylation, carboxyglutamic acid, sulfation, acylation, and methionine oxidation) and the top-down approach to protein identification. The application of ECD to the analysis of polymers, peptide nucleic acids, and oligonucleotides is also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helen J Cooper
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fagerquist CK. Collision-activated cleavage of a peptide/antibiotic disulfide linkage: possible evidence for intramolecular disulfide bond rearrangement upon collisional activation. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2004; 18:685-700. [PMID: 15052580 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.1390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ceftiofur is an important veterinary beta-lactam antibiotic whose bioactive metabolite, desfuroylceftiofur, has a free thiol group. Desfuroylceftiofur (DFC) was reacted with two peptides, [Arg8]-vasopressin and reduced glutathione, both of which have cysteine residues to form disulfide-linked peptide/antibiotic complexes. The products of the reaction, [vasopressin + (DFC-H) + (DFC-H) + H]+, [(vasopressin+H) + (DFC-H) + H]+ and [(glutathione-H) + (DFC-H) + H]+, were analyzed using collision-activated dissociation (CAD) with a quadrupole ion trap tandem mass spectrometer. MS/MS of [vasopressin + (DFC-H) + (DFC-H) + H]+ resulted in facile dissociative loss of one and two covalently bound DFC moieties. Loss of one DFC resulted from either homolytic or heterolytic dissociation of the peptide/antibiotic disulfide bond with equal or unequal partitioning of the two sulfur atoms between the fragment ion and neutral loss. Hydrogen migration preceded heterolytic dissociation. Loss of two DFC moieties from [vasopressin + (DFC-H) + (DFC-H) + H]+ appears to result from collision-activated intramolecular disulfide bond rearrangement (IDBR) to produce cyclic [vasopressin + H]+ (at m/z 1084) as well as other cyclic fragment ions at m/z 1084 +/- 32 and +64. The cyclic structure of these ions could only be inferred as MS/MS may result in rearrangement to non-cyclic structures prior to dissociative loss. IDBR was also detected from MS(3) experiments of [vasopressin + (DFC-H) + (DFC-H) + H]+ fragment ions. MS/MS of [(glutathione-H) + (DFC-H) + H]+ resulted in cleavage of the peptide backbone with retention of the DFC moiety as well as heterolytic cleavage of the peptide/antibiotic disulfide bond to produce the fragment ion: [(DFC-2H) + H]+. These results demonstrate the facile dissociative loss by CAD of DFC moieties covalently attached to peptides through disulfide bonds. Published in 2004 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clifton K Fagerquist
- Eastern Regional Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Wyndmoor, PA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Chrisman PA, McLuckey SA. Dissociations of disulfide-linked gaseous polypeptide/protein anions: ion chemistry with implications for protein identification and characterization. J Proteome Res 2002; 1:549-57. [PMID: 12645623 DOI: 10.1021/pr025561z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Ion trap collisional activation of whole protein anions that contain disulfide bonds results in the cleavage of one of the bonds that comprises the disulfide linkage. The disulfide linkage can break at any of three possible locations, giving rise to several products with different partitioning of sulfur atoms. A facile second-generation dissociation occurs at the polypeptide backbone from products formed from cleavage of the nearest C-S bond of a disulfide linkage. This cleavage occurs exclusively at the N-terminal side of the cysteine residue, from which the C-S bond was cleaved, thereby yielding c and z-S type product ions. This secondary reaction is apparently a relatively low-energy reaction with relatively high entropy requirements because it is not observed to be a major process under beam-type collisional activation conditions, but is a major process under ion trap collisional activation conditions. The specificity of this cleavage, as well as the ability to distinguish it from other cleavages by the sulfur atom distribution, make it useful for the identification of unknown proteins via database searching. Furthermore, the pattern of disulfide cleavages can be useful in providing information about the location of post-translational modifications. Examples using bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor and ribonuclease A and B are given to illustrate these points.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Chrisman
- 1393 Brown Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yen TY, Yan H, Macher BA. Characterizing closely spaced, complex disulfide bond patterns in peptides and proteins by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2002; 37:15-30. [PMID: 11813307 DOI: 10.1002/jms.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Identifying the Cys residues involved in disulfide linkages of peptides and proteins that contain complex disulfide bond patterns is a significant analytical challenge. This is especially true when the Cys residues involved in the disulfide bonds are closely spaced in the primary sequence. Peptides and proteins that contain free Cys residues located near disulfide bonds present the additional problem of disulfide shuffling via the thiol-disulfide exchange reaction. In this paper, we report a convenient method to identify complex disulfide patterns in peptides and proteins using liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) in combination with partial reduction by tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP). The method was validated using well-characterized peptides and proteins including endothelin, insulin, alpha-conotoxin SI and immunoglobulin G (IgG2a, mouse). Peptide or protein digests were treated with TCEP in the presence of an alkylation reagent, maleimide-biotin (M-biotin) or N-ethylmaleimide (NEM), followed by complete reduction with dithiothreitol and alkylation by iodoacetamide (IAM). Subsequently, peptides that contained alkylated Cys were analyzed by capillary LC/ESI-MS/MS to determine which Cys residues were modified with M-biotin/NEM or IAM. The presence of the alkylating reagent (M-biotin or NEM) during TCEP reduction was found to minimize the occurrence of the thiol-disulfide exchange reaction. A critical feature of the method is the stepwise reduction of the disulfide bonds and the orderly, sequential use of specific alkylating reagents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ten-Yang Yen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California 94132, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Nguyen TH, Shire SJ. Stability and characterization of recombinant human relaxin. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2002; 9:247-74. [PMID: 8914194 DOI: 10.1007/0-306-47452-2_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T H Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yen TY, Joshi RK, Yan H, Seto NO, Palcic MM, Macher BA. Characterization of cysteine residues and disulfide bonds in proteins by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2000; 35:990-1002. [PMID: 10972999 DOI: 10.1002/1096-9888(200008)35:8<990::aid-jms27>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cysteine residues and disulfide bonds are important for protein structure and function. We have developed a simple and sensitive method for determining the presence of free cysteine (Cys) residues and disulfide bonded Cys residues in proteins (<100 pmol) by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/ESI-MS/MS) in combination with protein database searching using the program Sequest. Free Cys residues in a protein were labeled with PEO-maleimide biotin immediately followed by denaturation with 8 M urea. Subsequently, the protein was digested with trypsin or chymotrypsin and the resulting products were analyzed by capillary LC/ESI-MS/MS for peptides containing modified Cys and/or disulfide bonded Cys residues. Although the MS method for identifying disulfide bonds has been routinely employed, methods to prevent thiol-disulfide exchange have not been well documented. Our protocol was found to minimize the occurrence of the thiol-disulfide exchange reaction. The method was validated using well-characterized proteins such as aldolase, ovalbumin, and beta-lactoglobulin A. We also applied this method to characterize Cys residues and disulfide bonds of beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase (five Cys), and human blood group A and B glycosyltransferases (four Cys). Our results demonstrate that beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase contains one free Cys residue and two disulfide bonds, which is in contrast to work previously reported using chemical methods for the characterization of free Cys residues, but is consistent with recently published results from x-ray crystallography. In contrast to the results obtained for beta 1,4-galactosyltransferase, none of the Cys residues in A and B glycosyltransferases were found to be involved in disulfide bonds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Y Yen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California 94132, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Lok S, Johnston DS, Conklin D, Lofton-Day CE, Adams RL, Jelmberg AC, Whitmore TE, Schrader S, Griswold MD, Jaspers SR. Identification of INSL6, a new member of the insulin family that is expressed in the testis of the human and rat. Biol Reprod 2000; 62:1593-9. [PMID: 10819760 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod62.6.1593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A new member of the insulin gene family (INSL6) was identified from an Expressed Sequence Tag database through a search for proteins containing the insulin family B-chain cysteine motif. Human and rat INSL6 encoded polypeptides of 213 and 188 amino acids, respectively. These orthologous sequences contained the B-chain, C-peptide, and A-chain motif found in other members of the insulin family. Human INSL6 was 43% identical to human relaxin H2 in the B- and A-chain regions. As with other family members, human and rat INSL6 had predicted dibasic sequences at the junction of the C-peptide and A-chain. Human INSL6 sequence had an additional dibasic site near the C-terminus of the A-chain. The presence of a single basic residue at the predicted junction of the B-chain and C-peptide suggests that multiple prohormone convertases are required to produce the fully mature hormone. INSL6 was found to be expressed at high levels in the testis as determined by Northern blot analysis and specifically within the seminiferous tubules in spermatocytes and round spermatids as detected by in situ hybridization analysis. Radiation hybrid mapping placed the human INSL6 locus at chromosome 9p24 near the placenta insulin-like homologue INSL4 and the autosomal testis-determining factor (TDFA) locus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Lok
- ZymoGenetics, Inc., Seattle, Washington 98102, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Stephenson JL, Cargile BJ, McLuckey SA. Ion trap collisional activation of disulfide linkage intact and reduced multiply protonated polypeptides. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 1999; 13:2040-2048. [PMID: 10510418 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0231(19991030)13:20<2040::aid-rcm754>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The presence of disulfide linkages in multiply charged polypeptide ions tends to inhibit the formation of structurally informative product ions under conventional quadrupole ion trap collisional activation conditions. In particular, fragmentation that requires two cleavages (i.e., cleavage of a disulfide linkage and a peptide linkage) is strongly suppressed. Reduction of the disulfide linkage(s) by use of dithiothreitol yields parent ions upon electrospray without this complication. Far richer structural information is revealed by ion trap collisional activation of the disulfide-reduced species than from the native species. These observations are illustrated with doubly protonated native and reduced somatosin, the [M + 5H](5+) ion of native bovine insulin and the [M + 4H](4+) and [M + 3H](3+) ions of the B-chain of bovine insulin produced by reduction of the disulfide linkages in insulin, and the [M + 11H](11+) ion of native chicken lysozyme and the [M + 11H](11+) and [M + 14H](14+) ions of reduced lysozyme. In each case, the product ions produced by ion trap collisional activation were subjected to ion/ion proton transfer reactions to facilitate interpretation of the product ion spectra. These studies clearly suggest that the identification of polypeptides with one or more disulfide linkages via application of ion trap collisional activation to the multiply charged parent ions formed directly by electrospray could be problematic. Means for cleaving the disulfide linkage, such as reduction by dithiothreitol prior to electrospray, are therefore desirable in these cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Stephenson
- Chemical and Analytical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831-6365, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jacobson FS, Hanson JT, Wong PY, Mulkerrin M, Deveney J, Reilly D, Wong SC. Role of high-performance liquid chromatographic protein analysis in developing fermentation processes for recombinant human growth hormone, relaxin, antibody fragments and lymphotoxin. J Chromatogr A 1997; 763:31-48. [PMID: 9129313 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(96)01010-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Development of efficient and reliable fermentation processes for protein pharmaceuticals is aided by the availability of accurate quantitative and qualitative product analyses. We have developed a variety of single and dual column chromatographic separations that meet the needs of process development and examples will be provided of how the resulting data has been used to optimize the culture process. For single column methods, reversed-phase chromatography has been the most versatile, permitting the reliable quantitation of many yeast, Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell and Escherichia coli-expressed products in the matrix of culture broth or cell extract. Analysis of secreted human growth hormone synthesized in E. coli, along with clipped and unprocessed forms, will be discussed. Another reversed-phase assay for direct analysis of a peptide product (B-chain relaxin) and its degradation products secreted into E. coli fermentation medium has allowed the purification of the responsible protease. Cation-exchange has proven extremely useful for the direct analysis of antibody fragment synthesized in E. coli, allowing the separation and quantitation of the desired Fab' and Fab'2, as well as the unwanted products of glutathione addition and translational read-through. Assay development is often complicated by the presence of host proteins with chromatographic behavior that is similar to that of the product. Commercial instrumentation now permits the facile development of multidimensional chromatographic assays. We show examples of coupled receptor affinity-reversed-phase assays for a mistranslation product and for covalent multimers of E. coli-synthesized lymphotoxin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F S Jacobson
- Department of Fermentation and Cell Culture Process Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Canova-Davis E, Baldonado IP, Chloupek RC, Ling VT, Gehant R, Olson K, Gillece-Castro BL. Confirmation by mass spectrometry of a trisulfide variant in methionyl human growth hormone biosynthesized in Escherichia coli. Anal Chem 1996; 68:4044-51. [PMID: 8916456 DOI: 10.1021/ac9605915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A sulfur-containing compound found in acid hydrolysates of proteins was identified 30 years ago as a trisulfide: bis-(2-amino-2-carboxyethyl) trisulfide (cysteine2S3). At that time, studies concerning the chemistry of sulfur-transferring enzyme systems suggested that cysteine2S3 also existed in biological systems. Two decades later, a cystine trisulfide structure was postulated in the regulator protein molecule for the activation of delta-aminolevulinate synthetase. Recently, a trisulfide bond was reported to occur in the minor loop disulfide at Cys182-Cys189 in human growth hormone. We have detected a trisulfide structure in methionyl human growth hormone in the major loop disulfide Cys53-Cys165. The development of mass spectral analyses of high molecular weight molecules, such as proteins, led to the eventual identification of the modification. A tandem mass spectral analysis on a Sciex electrospray instrument localized an addition of 32 Da to the Cys53-Cys165 fragment. Elemental composition was determined by accurate mass measurement obtained by peak matching to a synthetic peptide and established that an extra sulfur atom was involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Canova-Davis
- Medicinal and Analytical Chemistry Department, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Büllesbach EE, Schwabe C. The chemical synthesis of rat relaxin and the unexpectedly high potency of the synthetic hormone in the mouse. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1996; 241:533-7. [PMID: 8917452 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1996.00533.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Rat relaxin, as isolated from ovaries, has been described in the literature as a low potency hormone in the mouse symphysis pubis assay. Searching for an explanation, a helix-breaking glycine residue in the B chain seemed to be the most auspicious perturbation. Rat relaxin was chemically synthesized and analyzed by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography, amino acid composition, mass spectrometry and circular dichroic spectroscopy. Analogs of rat relaxin were synthesized either with aspartic acid in place of the helix-breaking glycine residue in the receptor-binding region of the B chain or with Asp-Leu-Val instead of Gly-Tyr-Val at positions B14-B16. In receptor-binding assays [B14D, B15L, B16V]relaxin was a better ligand than rat relaxin, whereas the [B14D]relaxin was less potent. In the mouse symphysis pubis assay, both analogs were less potent than unmodified rat relaxin, but the [B14D, B15L, B16V]relaxin was better than [B14D]relaxin. In contrast to previous reports on native rat relaxin, the chemically synthesized rat relaxin proved to be as active as human and porcine relaxin with respect to the standard mouse assay system. Glycine, which is considered to be a perturbator in an alpha helix, is not only tolerated in the B14 position but is required for full biological potency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E E Büllesbach
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Li S, Patapoff TW, Overcashier D, Hsu C, Nguyen TH, Borchardt RT. Effects of reducing sugars on the chemical stability of human relaxin in the lyophilized state. J Pharm Sci 1996; 85:873-7. [PMID: 8863280 DOI: 10.1021/js950456s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Sugars and polyols have been used routinely with lyophilized proteins and peptides as bulking agents, cryoprotectants, and lyoprotectants. However, reducing sugars may present a problem as excipients since they are potentially reactive with proteins. In this stability study of recombinant human relaxin (Rix) with various sugars as excipients in lyophilized formulations, we observed rapid covalent modifications of the protein in the presence of glucose. Analysis of the protein by LC/MS and tryptic mapping indicated two major degradation pathways. Covalent adducts of glucose with amino groups on the side chains of the protein (i.e., Lys and Arg) formed via the Maillard reaction. In addition, a significant amount of Ser cleavage from the C-terminal of the B-chain of relaxin was also identified when glucose was used as the excipient. It was observed that the latter reaction occurred to a greater extent in the solid state than in solution. We proposed a mechanism for this reaction involving an initial reaction of the Ser hydroxyl group with glucose followed by subsequent hydrolysis of the Trp-Ser amide bond via a cyclic intermediate. In contrast to glucose, mannitol (polyhydric alcohol) and trehalose (nonreducing sugar) produced stable, lyophilized formulations of Rix.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Simons Research Laboratories, University of Kansas, Lawrence 66047, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Affiliation(s)
- B L Gillece-Castro
- Protein Chemistry Department, Genetech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Roepstorff P. Mass spectrometry in protein structural analysis. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 1995; 7:145-77. [PMID: 8564017 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1079-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P Roepstorff
- Department of Molecular Biology, Odense University, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wade JD, Layden SS, Lambert PF, Kakouris H, Tregear GW. Primate relaxin: synthesis of gorilla and rhesus monkey relaxins. JOURNAL OF PROTEIN CHEMISTRY 1994; 13:315-21. [PMID: 7945794 DOI: 10.1007/bf01901564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of the hormone relaxin from the species Gorilla gorilla (gorilla) and Macaca mulatta (rhesus monkey) has been achieved. Each of the two chains which constitute the peptide structures was assembled separately, the A-chains (24 amino acids) by the Boc-polystyrene solid-phase procedure and the B-chains (29 and 28 amino acids) by the Fmoc-polyamide (gorilla) and the Boc-polystyrene (rhesus monkey) solid-phase methods. After cleavage from the solid supports, the separate chains were purified to a high degree of homogeneity. Oxidative combination of the respective A- and B-chains in solution at high pH afforded the synthetic relaxins in low overall yield. Chemical and physiochemical characterization of the products confirmed both their purity and their conformational similarity to the human hormone. The synthetic gorilla and rhesus monkey relaxins were both found to possess potent chronotropic and inotropic activity in the isolated rat cardiac atrium assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Wade
- Howard Florey Institute of Experimental Physiology and Medicine, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
In this study, hydrogen peroxide was used to study the oxidation of rhRlx under various conditions. Oxidation of rhRlx occurred at both of the two methionines on the B chain, Met B(4) and Met B(25), as expected from the three-dimensional structure of the molecule, which shows that these two residues are located on the surface of the molecule and exposed to solvent. The reaction produced three different oxidized forms of rhRlx containing either Met B(4) sulfoxide, Met B(25) sulfoxide, or both residues oxidized. The corresponding sulfone was not formed under these conditions. The oxidation at the two methionines proceeded independently from each other but Met B(25) was oxidized at a significantly faster rate than Met B(4). The fact that the rate of oxidation at Met B(25) was identical to the rate of oxidation of free methionine and that of two model peptides mimicking the residues around Met B(4) and Met B(25) suggests that the lower reactivity at Met B(4) was due to steric hindrance, and at least in this case, neighboring groups do not influence the oxidation kinetics of methionine residues. The reaction was independent of pH, ionic strength, and buffer concentration in the range studied. The enthalpy of activation for the reaction was approximately 10-14 kcal mol-1, with an entropy of activation of the order of -30 cal K-1 mol-1. These data are consistent with previously published mechanisms for organic sulfide oxidation by alkyl hydroperoxides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T H Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Zhou J, Ens W, Poppe-Schriemer N, Standing K, Westmore J. Cleavage of interchain disulfide bonds following matrix-assisted laser desorption. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(93)80076-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
41
|
|
42
|
Caprioli RM, Suter MJF. Continuous-flow fast atom bombardment: recent advances and applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(92)85072-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
43
|
Roepstorff P, Richter WJ. Status of, and developments in, mass spectrometry of peptides and proteins. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0168-1176(92)85085-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
44
|
Craig AG, Rivier JE. Metastable fragmentation of somatostatin-14 (SS-14) and a series of SS-14 analogs formed with liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry: Observation of fragment ions which involve unsymmetric disulfide bridge cleavage concomitant with peptide chain cleavage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1002/oms.1210270503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
45
|
Bean MF, Carr SA. Characterization of disulfide bond position in proteins and sequence analysis of cystine-bridged peptides by tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Biochem 1992; 201:216-26. [PMID: 1632509 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(92)90331-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Tandem mass spectrometry employing high-energy, collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) is shown to be a useful method for sequencing through the cystine bridge of intermolecularly disulfide-bonded peptides. A characteristic triplet of intense fragment ions is observed corresponding to cleavage through and to either side of the disulfide bridge. These fragments define the masses of the linked peptides. Fragments due to peptide chain cleavage are also observed at lower abundance in the product-ion spectra and can be sufficient to sequence both of the disulfide-linked peptides without any prior knowledge of the peptide or protein sequence. Even in cases where the peptide sequence-related product-ion yields are poor, the intensities of the disulfide cleavage ions are usually sufficient to determine the molecular weights of the component cystine-bridged peptides. In this paper we demonstrate that the high-energy CAD tandem MS approach may be used to characterize disulfide-bonded peptides directly in complex enzymatic or chemical digests of native proteins. This obviates the need for individual purification of intermolecularly disulfide-linked peptides prior to analysis. The techniques are illustrated here for synthetic, inter- and intramolecularly disulfide-linked peptides and for human transforming growth factor-alpha (des-Val-Val-TGF-alpha), a compact protein containing 48 residues and three disulfides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M F Bean
- Department of Physical and Structural Chemistry, SmithKline Beecham Pharmaceuticals, King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Tomer KB, Perkins JR, Parker CE, Deterding LJ. Coaxial continuous flow fast atom bombardment for higher-molecular-weight peptides: comparison with static fast atom bombardment and electrospray ionization. BIOLOGICAL MASS SPECTROMETRY 1991; 20:783-8. [PMID: 1812988 DOI: 10.1002/bms.1200201207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A comparison of coaxial continuous flow fast atom bombardment (FAB) with static FAB and with electrospray ionization (ESI) for the analysis of 'high'-mass peptides (Mr = 3000-4000) is presented. Sensitivities of the peptides by coaxial continuous flow FAB is nearly an order of magnitude better than by static FAB. Single-scan spectra with good signal-to-noise can be obtained from as little as 200 fmol (by flow injection analysis). Detection limits by ESI mass spectrometry were found to be equivalent to 20 times higher than by coaxial continuous flow FAB on a per mole basis, but 4-20 times lower on a concentration basis, owing to the greater flow per unit time employed in the ESI mass spectrometric experiments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K B Tomer
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
|
48
|
Canova-Davis E, Kessler TJ, Ling VT. Transpeptidation during the analytical proteolysis of proteins. Anal Biochem 1991; 196:39-45. [PMID: 1888034 DOI: 10.1016/0003-2697(91)90114-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Since peptide mapping with proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin and Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease is a powerful tool for the characterization of proteins, investigators should be cognizant of possible artifacts due to the technique itself. This article describes the identification of minor peaks found in the maps of recombinant human relaxin and insulin-like growth factor I as transpeptidation products. Both proteins have some homology to insulin with relaxin being composed of two chains designated A and B, while insulin-like growth factor I is composed of a single polypeptide chain. Digestion of relaxin with trypsin at pH 7.2 yields two peptides, T2,3(A10-18) and T7(B10-13), linked together by a disulfide bond. An unexpected component at a 10% level was identified to be the T2-T7 peptide pair where T3(ArgA18) has formed a peptide bond with the amino-terminal LeuB10 of the T7 peptide. It was also observed that the digestion of insulin-like growth factor I with V8 protease normally yields two peptides V4(13-20) and V9(59-70) linked by a disulfide bridge. A minor peak at a 1 to 2% level was identified to be a single polypeptide resulting from the formation of a peptide bond between the amino-terminal Met59 of V9 and the carboxyl-terminal Asp20 of V4, with the disulfide bond intact. These transpeptidation products were isolated by reversed-phase HPLC and identified using amino-terminal sequence and mass spectrometric analyses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Canova-Davis
- Medicinal and Analytical Chemistry, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California 94080
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Büllesbach E, Schwabe C. Total synthesis of human relaxin and human relaxin derivatives by solid-phase peptide synthesis and site-directed chain combination. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)99082-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
|