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Nakken CL, Berntssen MHG, Meier S, Bijlsma L, Mjøs SA, Sørhus E, Donald CE. Exposure of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) and Crude Oil to Atlantic Haddock ( Melanogrammus aeglefinus): A Unique Snapshot of the Mercapturic Acid Pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:14855-14863. [PMID: 39101928 PMCID: PMC11340023 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c05112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
Fish exposed to xenobiotics like petroleum-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) will immediately initiate detoxification systems through effective biotransformation reactions. Yet, there is a discrepancy between recognized metabolic pathways and the actual metabolites detected in fish following PAH exposure like oil pollution. To deepen our understanding of PAH detoxification, we conducted experiments exposing Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) to individual PAHs or complex oil mixtures. Bile extracts, analyzed by using an ion mobility quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer, revealed novel metabolites associated with the mercapturic acid pathway. A dominant spectral feature recognized as PAH thiols set the basis for a screening strategy targeting (i) glutathione-, (ii) cysteinylglycine-, (iii) cysteine-, and (iv) mercapturic acid S-conjugates. Based on controlled single-exposure experiments, we constructed an interactive library of 33 metabolites originating from 8 PAHs (anthracene, phenanthrene, 1-methylphenanthrene, 1,4-dimethylphenanthrene, chrysene, benz[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene, and dibenz[a,h]anthracene). By incorporation of the library in the analysis of samples from crude oil exposed fish, PAHs conjugated with glutathione and cysteinylglycine were uncovered. This qualitative study offers an exclusive glimpse into the rarely acknowledged mercapturic acid detoxification pathway in fish. Furthermore, this furnishes evidence that this metabolic pathway also succeeds for PAHs in complex pollution sources, a notable discovery not previously reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L. Nakken
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen 5007, Norway
- Marine
Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen 5817, Norway
| | | | - Sonnich Meier
- Marine
Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen 5817, Norway
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental
and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume I, Castellón 12071, Spain
| | - Svein A. Mjøs
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Bergen, Bergen 5007, Norway
| | - Elin Sørhus
- Marine
Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen 5817, Norway
| | - Carey E. Donald
- Marine
Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, Bergen 5817, Norway
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2
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Tang LWT, Fu J, Koh SK, Wu G, Zhou L, Chan ECY. Metabolic Activation of the Acrylamide Michael Acceptor Warhead in Futibatinib to an Epoxide Intermediate Engenders Covalent Inactivation of Cytochrome P450 3A. Drug Metab Dispos 2022; 50:931-941. [PMID: 35512804 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.122.000895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Futibatinib (FUT) is a potent inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 1-4 that is currently under clinical investigation for intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma. Unlike its predecessors, FUT possesses an acrylamide warhead which enables it to bind covalently to a free cysteine residue in the FGFR kinase domain. However, it remains uninterrogated if this electrophilic α,β-unsaturated carbonyl scaffold could also directly or indirectly engender off-target covalent binding to nucleophilic centres on other cellular proteins. Here, we discovered that FUT inactivated both cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) isoforms with K I, k inact, and partition ratio of 12.5 and 51.4 µM, 0.25 and 0.06 min-1 and ~52 and ~58 for CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, respectively. Along with its time-, concentration- and cofactor-dependent inhibitory profile, FUT also exhibited several cardinal features that were consistent with mechanism-based inactivation. Moreover, the nature of inactivation was unlikely to be pseudo-irreversible and instead arose from the covalent modification of the P450 apoprotein and/or its heme moiety due to the lack of substantial enzyme activity recovery following dialysis and chemical oxidation as well as the absence of the diagnostic Soret peak in spectral analyses. Finally, utilizing GSH trapping and high-resolution mass spectrometry, we illuminated that while the acrylamide moiety in FUT could nonenzymatically conjugate to GSH via Michael addition, it was not implicated in the covalent inactivation of CYP3A. Rather, we surmised that it likely stemmed from the metabolic activation of its acrylamide covalent warhead to a highly electrophilic epoxide intermediate that could covalently modify CYP3A and culminate in its catalytic inactivation. Significance Statement In this study, we reported for the first time the inactivation of CYP3A by FUT. Furthermore, using FUT as an exemplary targeted covalent inhibitor, our study revealed the propensity for its acrylamide Michael acceptor moiety to be metabolically activated to a highly electrophilic epoxide. Due to the growing resurgence of covalent inhibitors and the well-established toxicological ramifications associated with epoxides, we advocate that closer scrutiny be adopted when profiling the reactive metabolites of compounds possessing an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiaxin Fu
- National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Guoyi Wu
- National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lei Zhou
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
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3
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In Vitro Reactivity of the Glucose Degradation Product 3,4-Dideoxyglucosone-3-ene (3,4-DGE) towards Abundant Components of the Human Blood Circulatory System. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094557. [PMID: 35562948 PMCID: PMC9103577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
3,4-Dideoxyglucosone-3-ene (3,4-DGE) is a glucose degradation product present in processed foods and medicinal products. Additionally, its constant formation from 3-deoxyglucosone in plasma has been suggested. Due to its α,β-unsaturated dicarbonyl moiety, 3,4-DGE is highly reactive and has shown harmful effects in vitro. Here, we investigated the impact of major components of the human blood circulatory system on 3,4-DGE in vitro. Under physiological conditions, plasma concentrations of human serum albumin (HSA) reacted efficiently with 3,4-DGE, resulting in only 8.5% of the initial 3,4-DGE concentration after seven hours (vs. 83.4% without HSA, p < 0.001). Thereby, accessible thiol groups were reduced from 0.121 to 0.064 mol/mol HSA, whereas ketoprofen binding and esterase-like activity of HSA were not affected. Plasma concentrations of glutathione (GSH) reacted immediately and completely with 3,4-DGE, leading to two stereoisomeric adducts. Plasma concentrations of immunoglobulin G (IgG) bound to 3,4-DGE to a lower extent, resulting in 62.6% 3,4-DGE after seven hours (vs. 82.2% in the control, p < 0.01). Immobilized human collagen type IV did not alter 3,4-DGE concentrations. The results indicated that particularly HSA, GSH, and IgG readily scavenge 3,4-DGE after its appearance in the blood stream, which may be associated with a reduced antioxidative and cytoprotective activity for the living cells and, thus, the human organism by blocking free thiol groups.
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4
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Tang LWT, Teng JW, Verma RK, Koh SK, Zhou L, Go ML, Fan H, Chan ECY. Infigratinib is a Reversible Inhibitor and Mechanism-based Inactivator of Cytochrome P450 3A4. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:856-868. [PMID: 34326139 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Infigratinib (INF) is a promising selective inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptors 1-3 that has recently been accorded both orphan drug designation and priority review status by the U.S Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of advanced cholangiocarcinoma. Its propensity to undergo bioactivation to electrophilic species was recently expounded upon. However, other than causing aberrant idiosyncratic toxicities, these reactive intermediates may elicit mechanism-based inactivation (MBI) of cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450). In this study, we investigated the interactions between INF and the most abundant hepatic cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4). Our findings revealed that apart from being a potent noncompetitive reversible inhibitor of CYP3A4, INF inactivated CYP3A4 in a time-, concentration- and NADPH-dependent manner with K I, k inact and partition ratio of 2.45 µM, 0.053 min-1 and 41 respectively when rivaroxaban was employed as the probe substrate. Co-incubation with testosterone (alternative CYP3A substrate) or ketoconazole (direct CYP3A inhibitor) attenuated the rate of inactivation whereas the inclusion of glutathione and catalase did not confer such protection. The lack of enzyme activity recovery following dialysis for 4 hours and oxidation with potassium ferricyanide, coupled with the absence of the characteristic Soret peak signature collectively substantiated that inactivation of CYP3A4 by INF was not mediated by the formation of quasi-irreversible metabolite-intermediate complexes but rather through irreversible covalent adduction to the prosthetic heme and/or apoprotein. Finally, glutathione trapping and high-resolution mass spectrometry experimental results unravelled two plausible bioactivation mechanisms of INF arising from the generation of a p-benzoquinone diimine and epoxide reactive intermediate. Significance Statement The potential of infigratinib (INF) to cause mechanism-based inactivation (MBI) of CYP3A4 was unknown. We report the reversible noncompetitive inhibition and irreversible covalent MBI of CYP3A4 by INF and proposed two potential bioactivation pathways implicating p-benzoquinone diimine and epoxide reactive intermediates. Findings from this study lay the groundwork for future investigation of clinically-relevant drug-drug interactions between INF and concomitant substrates of CYP3A4.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ravi Kumar Verma
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
| | | | - Lei Zhou
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore
| | - Mei Lin Go
- National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hao Fan
- Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore
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5
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Tang LWT, Teng JW, Koh SK, Zhou L, Go ML, Chan ECY. Mechanism-Based Inactivation of Cytochrome P450 3A4 and 3A5 by the Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Inhibitor Erdafitinib. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1800-1813. [PMID: 34189909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Erdafitinib (ERD) is a first-in-class pan inhibitor of fibroblast growth factor receptor 1-4 that has garnered global regulatory approval for the treatment of advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma. Although it has been previously reported that ERD elicits time-dependent inhibition (TDI) of cytochrome P450 (P450) 3A4 (CYP3A4), the exact biochemical nature underpinning this observation remains obfuscated. Moreover, it is also uninterrogated if CYP3A5-its highly homologous counterpart-could be susceptible to such interactions. Mechanism-based inactivation (MBI) of P450 is a unique subset of TDI that hinges on prior bioactivation of the drug to a reactive intermediate and possesses profound clinical and toxicological implications due to its irreversible nature. Here, we investigated and confirmed that ERD inactivated both CYP3A isoforms in a time-, concentration-, and NADPH-dependent manner with KI, kinact, and partition ratio of 4.01 and 10.04 μM, 0.120 and 0.045 min-1, and 32 and 55 for both CYP3A4 and CYP3A5, respectively, when rivaroxaban was employed as the probe substrate. Co-incubation with an alternative substrate or direct inhibitor of CYP3A attenuated the rate of inactivation, whereas the addition of glutathione or catalase did not induce such protection. The lack of enzyme activity recovery following dialysis for 4 h and oxidation with potassium ferricyanide combined with the lack of a Soret peak in spectral scans collectively substantiated that ERD is an irreversible covalent MBI of CYP3A. Finally, glutathione trapping and high-resolution mass spectrometry experiments illuminated a plausible bioactivation mechanism of ERD by CYP3A arising from metabolic epoxidation of its quinoxaline ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lloyd Wei Tat Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 169856 Singapore
| | - Jian Wei Teng
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 169856 Singapore
| | | | - Lei Zhou
- Singapore Eye Research Institute (SERI), Singapore.,Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore.,Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Academia Clinical Program, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, 169857 Singapore
| | - Mei Lin Go
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 169856 Singapore
| | - Eric Chun Yong Chan
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, 169856 Singapore
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6
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Application of a fluorous derivatization method for characterization of glutathione-trapped reactive metabolites with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1622:461160. [PMID: 32450990 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The glutathione (GSH) trapping assay is commonly utilized for the screening and characterization of reactive metabolites produced by drug metabolism. This study describes a fluorous derivatization method for a more sensitive and selective analysis of reactive metabolites trapped by GSH using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). In this study, the GSH-trapped reactive metabolites, which were obtained after incubation of the test compounds with human liver microsome (HLM) in the presence of GSH and NADPH, were derivatized using the perfluoroalkylamine reagent through oxazolone chemistry. Since this reaction enabled the selective modification of the α-carboxyl group in GSH, the structural compositions of the metabolites were not affected by the derivatization. Furthermore, the selective analysis of the resulting derivatives could be performed using perfluoroalkyl-modified stationary phase LC separation via the interaction between the perfluoroalkyl-containing compounds, such as fluorous affinity, followed by detection with the precursor ion and/or enhanced product ion scan modes in MS/MS. Finally, we demonstrated the applicability of this method by analyzing perfluoroalkyl derivatives of some drug metabolites trapped by GSH in HLM incubation.
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7
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Kruyer A, Ball LE, Townsend DM, Kalivas PW, Uys JD. Post-translational S-glutathionylation of cofilin increases actin cycling during cocaine seeking. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223037. [PMID: 31550273 PMCID: PMC6759170 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal defense against oxidative damage is mediated primarily by the glutathione redox system. Traditionally considered a mechanism to protect proteins from irreversible oxidation, mounting evidence supports a role for protein S-glutathionylation in cell signaling in response to changes in intracellular redox status. Here we determined the specific sites on the actin binding protein cofilin that undergo S-glutathionylation. In addition, we show that S-glutathionylation of cofilin reduces its capacity to depolymerize F-actin. We further describe an assay to determine the S-glutathionylation of target proteins in brain tissue from behaving rodents. Using this technique, we show that cofilin in the rat nucleus accumbens undergoes S-glutathionylation during 15-minutes of cued cocaine seeking in the absence of cocaine. Our findings demonstrate that cofilin S-glutathionylation is increased in response to cocaine-associated cues and that increased cofilin S-glutathionylation reduces cofilin-dependent depolymerization of F-actin. Thus, S-glutathionylation of cofilin may serve to regulate actin cycling in response to drug-conditioned cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kruyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AK); (JU)
| | - Lauren E. Ball
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Danyelle M. Townsend
- Department of Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Peter W. Kalivas
- Department of Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
| | - Joachim D. Uys
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AK); (JU)
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8
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Enzymatic glutaredoxin-dependent method to determine glutathione and protein S-glutathionylation using fluorescent eosin-glutathione. Anal Biochem 2019; 568:24-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Wang Q, Liu H, Slavsky M, Fitzgerald M, Lu C, O'Shea T. A high-throughput glutathione trapping assay with combined high sensitivity and specificity in high-resolution mass spectrometry by applying product ion extraction and data-dependent neutral loss. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2019; 54:158-166. [PMID: 30537107 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Reactive metabolites are thought to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of some drug-induced liver injury (DILI) and idiosyncratic adverse drug reactions (IADRs), which is of concern to patient safety and has been a cause of drugs being withdrawn from the market place. To identify drugs with a lower propensity for causing DILI and/or IADRs, high-throughput assays to capture reactive metabolites are required in pharmaceutical industry for early drug discovery risk assessment. We describe the development of an assay to detect glutathione adducts with combined high sensitivity, enhanced specificity, and rapid data analysis. In this assay, compounds were incubated with human liver microsomes and a mixture of 1:1 of GSH (γ-GluCysGly): GSX(γ-GluCysGly-13 C2 15 N) in a 96-well plate format. UPLC-UV and LTQ Orbitrap XL were employed to detect GSH-adducts using the following mass spectrometry setups: (a) selected ion monitoring (SIM) at m/z of 274 ± 3 Da in negative mode with in-source fragmentation (SCID), which enables simultaneously monitoring two characteristic product ions of m/z 272.0888 (γ-glutamyl-dehydroalanyl-glycine) and 275.0926 (γ-glutamyl-dehydroalanyl-glycine-13 C2 15 N); (b) full scan mode for acquisition of exact mass of glutathione adducts; (c) data-dependent MS2 scan through isotopic matching (M:M + 3.00375 = 1:1) for monitoring neutral loss fragments (144 Da from dehydroalanyl-glycine) and for structural information of glutathione adducts. This approach was qualified using eight compounds known to form GSH conjugates as reported in the literature. The high sensitivity and specificity were demonstrated in identifying unique CysGly adducts in the case of clozapine, diclofenac, and raloxifene and in identifying GSH-adducts of fragmented parent molecules in the case of amodiaquine and troglitazone. In addition, LC-UV chromatograms in the presence or absence of GSH/GSX allowed for identification of the rearranged glutathione adducts without aforementioned characteristic fragment ions. Implement of this assay in drug discovery small molecule programs has successfully guided drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingping Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Hanlan Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Marina Slavsky
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Maria Fitzgerald
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Chuang Lu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts
| | - Thomas O'Shea
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi, Waltham, Massachusetts
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10
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Casimiro-Garcia A, Trujillo JI, Vajdos F, Juba B, Banker ME, Aulabaugh A, Balbo P, Bauman J, Chrencik J, Coe JW, Czerwinski R, Dowty M, Knafels JD, Kwon S, Leung L, Liang S, Robinson RP, Telliez JB, Unwalla R, Yang X, Thorarensen A. Identification of Cyanamide-Based Janus Kinase 3 (JAK3) Covalent Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10665-10699. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - John I. Trujillo
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Felix Vajdos
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Mary Ellen Banker
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ann Aulabaugh
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Jonathan Bauman
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jill Chrencik
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Jotham W. Coe
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | - Martin Dowty
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 1 Burtt Road, Andover, Massachusetts 01810, United States
| | - John D. Knafels
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Soojin Kwon
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Louis Leung
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Sidney Liang
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Ralph P. Robinson
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | | | | | - Xin Yang
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Inc., 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
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11
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Li F, Liu J, Hu Y, Deng N, He J. An ultrasensitive label-free colorimetric assay for glutathione based on Ag+ regulated autocatalytic oxidation of o-phenylenediamine. Talanta 2018; 186:330-336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Amaya GM, Durandis R, Bourgeois DS, Perkins JA, Abouda AA, Wines KJ, Mohamud M, Starks SA, Daniels RN, Jackson KD. Cytochromes P450 1A2 and 3A4 Catalyze the Metabolic Activation of Sunitinib. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:570-584. [PMID: 29847931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sunitinib is a multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor associated with idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity. The mechanisms of this toxicity are unknown. We hypothesized that sunitinib undergoes metabolic activation to form chemically reactive, potentially toxic metabolites which may contribute to development of sunitinib-induced hepatotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to define the role of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes in sunitinib bioactivation. Metabolic incubations were performed using individual recombinant P450s, human liver microsomal fractions, and P450-selective chemical inhibitors. Glutathione (GSH) and dansylated GSH were used as trapping agents to detect reactive metabolite formation. Sunitinib metabolites were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. A putative quinoneimine-GSH conjugate (M5) of sunitinib was detected from trapping studies with GSH and dansyl-GSH in human liver microsomal incubations, and M5 was formed in an NADPH-dependent manner. Recombinant P450 1A2 generated the highest levels of defluorinated sunitinib (M3) and M5, with less formation by P450 3A4 and 2D6. P450 3A4 was the major enzyme forming the primary active metabolite N-desethylsunitinib (M1). In human liver microsomal incubations, P450 3A inhibitor ketoconazole reduced formation of M1 by 88%, while P450 1A2 inhibitor furafylline decreased generation of M5 by 62% compared to control levels. P450 2D6 and P450 3A inhibition also decreased M5 by 54 and 52%, respectively, compared to control. In kinetic assays, recombinant P450 1A2 showed greater efficiency for generation of M3 and M5 compared to that of P450 3A4 and 2D6. Moreover, M5 formation was 2.7-fold more efficient in human liver microsomal preparations from an individual donor with high P450 1A2 activity compared to a donor with low P450 1A2 activity. Collectively, these data suggest that P450 1A2 and 3A4 contribute to oxidative defluorination of sunitinib to generate a reactive, potentially toxic quinoneimine. Factors that alter P450 1A2 and 3A activity may affect patient risk for sunitinib toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracia M Amaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Nashville , Tennessee 37204-3951 , United States
| | - Rebecca Durandis
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Nashville , Tennessee 37204-3951 , United States
| | - David S Bourgeois
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Nashville , Tennessee 37204-3951 , United States
| | - James A Perkins
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Nashville , Tennessee 37204-3951 , United States
| | - Arsany A Abouda
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Nashville , Tennessee 37204-3951 , United States
| | - Kahari J Wines
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Nashville , Tennessee 37204-3951 , United States
| | - Mohamed Mohamud
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Nashville , Tennessee 37204-3951 , United States
| | - Samuel A Starks
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Nashville , Tennessee 37204-3951 , United States
| | - R Nathan Daniels
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Nashville , Tennessee 37204-3951 , United States.,Department of Pharmacology , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232-0146 , United States
| | - Klarissa D Jackson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Nashville , Tennessee 37204-3951 , United States.,Department of Pharmacology , Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville , Tennessee 37232-0146 , United States
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13
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Lin HL, Zhang H, Hollenberg PF. Formation of Both Heme and Apoprotein Adducts Contributes to the Mechanism-Based Inactivation of Human CYP2J2 by 17 α-Ethynylestradiol. Drug Metab Dispos 2018; 46:813-822. [PMID: 29602797 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.118.080903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
17α-Ethynylestradiol (EE), a major component of many oral contraceptives, affects the activities of a number of the human cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes. Here, we characterized the effect of EE on CYP2J2, a major human P450 isoform that participates in metabolism of arachidonic acid. EE inactivated the hydroxyebastine carboxylation activity of CYP2J2 in a reconstituted system. The loss of activity is time and concentration dependent and requires NADPH. The KI and kinact values for the inactivation were 3.6 μM and 0.08 minute-1, respectively. Inactivation of CYP2J2 by EE was due to formation of a heme adduct as well as an apoprotein adduct. Mass spectral analysis of CYP2J2 partially inactivated by EE showed two distinct protein masses in the deconvoluted spectrum that exhibited a mass difference of approximately 312 Da, which is equivalent to the sum of the mass of EE and one oxygen atom. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis revealed a heme adduct with MH+ ion at m/z 875.5, corresponding to alkylation of an iron-depleted prosthetic heme by EE plus one oxygen atom. The reactive intermediate responsible for covalently modifying both the prosthetic heme and apoprotein was characterized by trapping with glutathione (GSH). LC-MS/MS analysis revealed two GSH conjugate isomers with MH+ ions at m/z 620, which were formed by reaction between GSH and EE with the oxygen being added to either the internal or terminal carbon of the ethynyl moiety. High-pressure liquid chromatography analysis revealed that three other major metabolites were formed during EE metabolism by CYP2J2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsia-Lien Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Haoming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Paul F Hollenberg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Hong K, Lee SM, Jang W. Flavin-Based Light-Driven Fluorescent Probe for the Detection of Antioxidant Amino Acids. ChemistryOpen 2018; 7:57-60. [PMID: 29318097 PMCID: PMC5754558 DOI: 10.1002/open.201700144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We have synthesized a flavin-N(5)-oxide derivative with a p-toluenesulfonyl (Ts-OF) group as a "turn-on" fluorescent probe for the detection of several antioxidant amino acids and biothiols. Oxidized flavin was synthesized by using dithiothreitol as the reducing agent. Ts-OF showed a light-driven fluorescence enhancement in the presence of several amino acids and biothiols such as histidine (His), methionine (Met), cysteine (Cys), glutathione (GSH), and homocysteine (Hcy). The 1H NMR study indicated the reductive elimination of the p-toluenesulfonyl group from Ts-OF in the presence of antioxidants and photo-irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyeong‐Im Hong
- Department of ChemistryYonsei University50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemu-guSeoul03722Korea
| | - Seong Min Lee
- Department of ChemistryYonsei University50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemu-guSeoul03722Korea
| | - Woo‐Dong Jang
- Department of ChemistryYonsei University50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemu-guSeoul03722Korea
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15
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Zhuo X, Wang YZ, Yeung KS, Zhu J, Huang XS, Parcella KE, Eastman KJ, Kadow JF, Meanwell NA, Shu YZ, Johnson BM. Bioactivation of cyclopropyl rings by P450: an observation encountered during the optimisation of a series of hepatitis C virus NS5B inhibitors. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:1215-1226. [PMID: 29182424 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1409915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
1. Due to its unique C-C and C-H bonding properties, conformational preferences and relative hydrophilicity, the cyclopropyl ring has been used as a synthetic building block in drug discovery to modulate potency and drug-like properties. During an effort to discover inhibitors of the hepatitis C virus non-structural protein 5B with improved potency and genotype-coverage profiles, the use of a pyrimidinylcyclopropylbenzamide moiety linked to a C6-substituted benzofuran or azabenzofuran core scaffold was explored in an effort to balance antiviral potency and metabolic stability. 2. In vitro metabolism studies of two compounds from this C6-substituted series revealed an NADPH-dependent bioactivation pathway leading to the formation of multiple glutathione (GSH) conjugates. Analysis of these conjugates by LC-MS and NMR demonstrated that the cyclopropyl group was the site of bioactivation. Based on the putative structures and molecular weights of the cyclopropyl-GSH conjugates, a multi-step mechanism was proposed to explain the formation of these metabolites by P450. This mechanism involves hydrogen atom abstraction to form a cyclopropyl radical, followed by a ring opening rearrangement and reaction with GSH. 3. These findings provided important information to the medicinal chemistry team which responded by replacing the cyclopropyl ring with a gem-dimethyl group. Subsequent compounds bearing this feature were shown to avert the bioactivation pathways in question.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Zhuo
- a Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimisation , Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Wallingford , CT , USA and
| | - Ying-Zi Wang
- a Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimisation , Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Wallingford , CT , USA and
| | - Kap-Sun Yeung
- b Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies , Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Wallingford , CT , USA
| | - Juliang Zhu
- b Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies , Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Wallingford , CT , USA
| | - Xiaohua Stella Huang
- a Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimisation , Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Wallingford , CT , USA and
| | - Kyle E Parcella
- b Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies , Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Wallingford , CT , USA
| | - Kyle J Eastman
- b Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies , Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Wallingford , CT , USA
| | - John F Kadow
- b Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies , Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Wallingford , CT , USA
| | - Nicholas A Meanwell
- b Discovery Chemistry and Molecular Technologies , Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Wallingford , CT , USA
| | - Yue-Zhong Shu
- a Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimisation , Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Wallingford , CT , USA and
| | - Benjamin M Johnson
- a Departments of Pharmaceutical Candidate Optimisation , Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development , Wallingford , CT , USA and
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16
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Yang AH, Zhang L, Zhi DX, Liu WL, Gao X, He X. Identification and analysis of the reactive metabolites related to the hepatotoxicity of safrole. Xenobiotica 2017; 48:1164-1172. [DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2017.1399227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Hong Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China,
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China, and
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China,
| | - De-Xian Zhi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China,
- School of Biotechnology Food Science, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food and Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Li Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China,
| | - Xue Gao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China,
| | - Xin He
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China,
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P. R. China, and
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17
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Lin HL, Zhang H, Walker VJ, D'Agostino J, Hollenberg PF. Heme Modification Contributes to the Mechanism-Based Inactivation of Human Cytochrome P450 2J2 by Two Terminal Acetylenic Compounds. Drug Metab Dispos 2017; 45:990-999. [PMID: 28698302 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.117.075846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism-based inactivation of human CYP2J2 by three terminal acetylenic compounds: N-(methylsulfonyl)-6-(2-propargyloxyphenyl)hexanamide (MS), 17-octadecynoic acid (OD), and danazol (DZ) was investigated. The loss of hydroxyebastine (OHEB) carboxylation activity in a reconstituted system was time- and concentration-dependent and required NADPH for MS and OD, but not DZ. The kinetic constants for the mechanism-based inactivation of OHEB carboxylation activity were: KI of 6.1 μM and kinact of 0.22 min-1 for MS and KI of 2.5 μM and kinact of 0.05 min-1 for OD. The partition ratios for MS and OD were ∼10 and ∼20, respectively. Inactivation of CYP2J2 by MS or OD resulted in a loss of the native heme spectrum and a similar decrease in the reduced CO difference spectrum. A heme adduct was observed in the MS-inactivated CYP2J2. The possible reactive metabolite which covalently modified the prosthetic heme was characterized by analysis of the glutathione conjugates formed by MS or OD following oxygenation of the ethynyl moiety. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry showed that inactivation by MS or OD did not lead to modification of apoprotein. Interaction of CYP2J2 with DZ produced a type II binding spectrum with a Ks of 2.8 μM and the IC50 for loss of OHEB carboxylation activity was 0.18 μM. In conclusion, heme modification by MS and OD was responsible for the mechanism-based inactivation of CYP2J2. The results suggest that the ethynyl moiety of MS and OD faces the heme iron, whereas the isoxazole ring of DZ is preferentially oriented toward the heme iron of CYP2J2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsia-Lien Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Haoming Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Vyvyca J Walker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jaime D'Agostino
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Paul F Hollenberg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Slawik C, Rickmeyer C, Brehm M, Böhme A, Schüürmann G. Glutathione Adduct Patterns of Michael-Acceptor Carbonyls. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:4018-4026. [PMID: 28225253 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) has so far been considered to facilitate detoxification of soft organic electrophiles through covalent binding at its cysteine (Cys) thiol group, followed by stepwise catalyzed degradation and eventual elimination along the mercapturic acid pathway. Here we show that in contrast to expectation from HSAB theory, Michael-acceptor ketones, aldehydes and esters may form also single, double and triple adducts with GSH involving β-carbon attack at the much harder N-terminus of the γ-glutamyl (Glu) unit of GSH. In particular, formation of the GSH-N single adduct contradicts the traditional view that S alkylation always forms the initial reaction of GSH with Michael-acceptor carbonyls. To this end, chemoassay analyses of the adduct formation of GSH with nine α,β-unsaturated carbonyls employing high performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry have been performed. Besides enriching the GSH adductome and potential biomarker applications, electrophilic N-terminus functionalization is likely to impair GSH homeostasis substantially through blocking the γ-glutamyl transferase catalysis of the first breakdown step of modified GSH, and thus its timely reconstitution. The discussion includes a comparison with cyclic adducts of GSH and furan metabolites as reported in literature, and quantum chemically calculated thermodynamics of hard-hard, hard-soft, and soft-soft adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Slawik
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg , Leipziger Straße 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
| | - Christiane Rickmeyer
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Martin Brehm
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Alexander Böhme
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gerrit Schüürmann
- UFZ Department of Ecological Chemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research , Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Technical University Bergakademie Freiberg , Leipziger Straße 29, 09596 Freiberg, Germany
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Abstract
A number of drugs have been withdrawn from the market or severely restricted in their use because of unexpected toxicities that become apparent only after the launch of new drug entities. Circumstantial evidence suggests that, in most cases, reactive metabolites are responsible for these unexpected toxicities. In this review, a general overview of the types of reactive metabolites and the consequences of their formation are presented. The current approaches to evaluate bioactivation potential of new compounds with particular emphasis on the advantages and limitation of these procedures will be discussed. Reasonable reasons for the excellent safety record of certain drugs susceptible to bioactivation will also be explored and should provide valuable guidance in the use of reactive-metabolite assessments when nominating drug candidates for development. This will, in turn, help us to design and bring safer drugs to the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabry M Attia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology; College of Pharmacy; King Saud University; Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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20
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Kalgutkar AS. Liabilities Associated with the Formation of “Hard” Electrophiles in Reactive Metabolite Trapping Screens. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 30:220-238. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit S. Kalgutkar
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism − New Chemical
Entities, Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main
Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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21
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Wang W, Zhang L, Li L, Tian Y. A Single Nanoprobe for Ratiometric Imaging and Biosensing of Hypochlorite and Glutathione in Live Cells Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9518-9523. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Limin Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Li Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of
Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, Dongchuan Road 500, Shanghai 200241, China
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22
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Pilo AL, McLuckey SA. Selective Gas-Phase Ion/Ion Reactions: Enabling Disulfide Mapping via Oxidation and Cleavage of Disulfide Bonds in Intermolecularly-Linked Polypeptide Ions. Anal Chem 2016; 88:8972-9. [PMID: 27531151 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b01043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The selective gas-phase oxidation of disulfide bonds to their thiosulfinate form using ion/ion reactions and subsequent cleavage is demonstrated here. Oxidizing reagent anions are observed to attach to all polypeptides, regardless of amino acid composition. Direct proton transfer yielding a charge-reduced peptide is also frequently observed. Activation of the ion/ion complex between an oxidizing reagent anion and a disulfide-containing peptide cation results in oxygen transfer from the reagent anion to the peptide cation to form the [M+H+O](+) species. This thiosulfinate derivative can undergo one of several rearrangements that result in cleavage of the disulfide bond. Species containing an intermolecular disulfide bond undergo separation of the two chains upon activation. Further activation can be used to generate more sequence information from each chain. These oxidation ion/ion reactions have been used to illustrate the identification of S-glutathionylated and S-cysteinylated peptides, in which low molecular weight thiols are attached to cysteine residues in peptides via disulfide bonds. The oxidation chemistry effectively labels peptide ions with readily oxidized groups, such as disulfide bonds. This enables a screening approach for the identification of disulfide-linked peptides in a disulfide mapping application involving enzymatic digestion. The mixtures of ions generated by tryptic and peptic digestions of lysozyme and insulin, respectively, without prior separation or isolation were subjected both to oxidation and proton transfer ion/ion chemistry to illustrate the identification of peptides in the mixtures with readily oxidized groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice L Pilo
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
| | - Scott A McLuckey
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, United States
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23
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Yuan Y, Zheng J, Wang M, Li Y, Ruan J, Zhang H. Metabolic Activation of Rhein: Insights into the Potential Toxicity Induced by Rhein-Containing Herbs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:5742-5750. [PMID: 27362917 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Rhein is a major component of the many medicinal herbs such as rhubarb. Despite wide use, intoxication cases associated with rhein-containing herbs are often reported. The present work aimed to investigate if rhein was subject to metabolic activation leading to toxicity. Upon incubations with different species of liver microsomes, three monoglucuronides were identified, corresponding to two hydroxyl glucuronides and one acyl glucuronide via the carboxyl group, respectively. Further study revealed that rhein acyl glucuronide was chemically reactive, and showed cytotoxicity toward hepatocarcinoma cells. In addition, significant species differences in glucuronidation of rhein were observed between laboratory animals and humans. Reaction phenotyping experiments demonstrated that rhein acyl glucuronide was catalyzed predominantly by uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferase 1A1, 1A9, and 2B7. Taken together, the present study confirmed that rhein could be metabolically activated via the formation of acyl glucuronide, especially in human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Yuan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jiyue Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Meiyu Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yuan Li
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Jianqing Ruan
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Hongjian Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University , Suzhou, 215123, China
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24
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Parmar KR, Jhajra S, Singh S. Detection of glutathione conjugates of amiodarone and its reactive diquinone metabolites in rat bile using mass spectrometry tools. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2016; 30:1242-1248. [PMID: 28328020 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Amiodarone is reported to cause hepato and pulmonary toxicity in humans, which has been envisaged to be due to formation of its reactive metabolites, essentially based on its structural similarity to benzbromarone, a drug withdrawn from the market due to reasons of similar hepatotoxicity. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to detect glutathione conjugates of amiodarone and its reactive diquinone metabolites in rat bile using mass spectrometry tools. METHODS Wistar rats were dosed orally with an amiodarone suspension and bile was collected via bile duct cannulation followed by solid-phase extraction, protein precipitation and centrifugation. Samples were analysed by liquid chromatography coupled with linear ion trap mass spectrometry using tandem mass and constant neutral loss scan in positive electrospray ionization mode. RESULTS Glutathione adducts of amiodarone and its reactive diquinone metabolites were identified and characterized with the characteristic neutral loss of 129 Da. Glucuronide conjugates of previously reported stable phase-1 metabolites were also observed. CONCLUSIONS This study confirmed generation of reactive metabolites of amiodarone for the first time, as was hypothesised earlier by various research groups. Also, the responsible toxicophore was identified to be a benzofuran moiety liable to form reactive diquinone species. However, the results need to be further confirmed in human subjects. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyur R Parmar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India
| | | | - Saranjit Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), S.A.S. Nagar, 160 062, Punjab, India
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25
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Thompson RA, Isin EM, Ogese MO, Mettetal JT, Williams DP. Reactive Metabolites: Current and Emerging Risk and Hazard Assessments. Chem Res Toxicol 2016; 29:505-33. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.5b00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Thompson
- DMPK, Respiratory, Inflammation & Autoimmunity iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Emre M. Isin
- DMPK, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Diseases iMed, AstraZeneca R&D, 431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Monday O. Ogese
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Darwin Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Rd, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jerome T. Mettetal
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, 35 Gatehouse Dr, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Dominic P. Williams
- Translational Safety, Drug Safety and Metabolism, AstraZeneca R&D, Darwin Building 310, Cambridge Science Park, Milton Rd, Cambridge CB4 0FZ, United Kingdom
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26
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Lassila T, Rousu T, Mattila S, Chesné C, Pelkonen O, Turpeinen M, Tolonen A. Formation of GSH-trapped reactive metabolites in human liver microsomes, S9 fraction, HepaRG-cells, and human hepatocytes. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:345-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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27
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Comparison of trapping profiles between d-peptides and glutathione in the identification of reactive metabolites. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:1024-1032. [PMID: 28962444 PMCID: PMC5598498 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Qualitative trapping profile of reactive metabolites arising from six structurally different compounds was tested with three different d-peptide isomers (Peptide 1, gly–tyr–pro–cys–pro–his-pro; Peptide 2, gly–tyr–pro–ala–pro–his–pro; Peptide 3, gly–tyr–arg–pro–cys–pro–his–lys–pro) and glutathione (GSH) using mouse and human liver microsomes as the biocatalyst. The test compounds were classified either as clinically “safe” (amlodipine, caffeine, ibuprofen), or clinically as “risky” (clozapine, nimesulide, ticlopidine; i.e., associated with severe clinical toxicity outcomes). Our working hypothesis was as follows: could the use of short different amino acid sequence containing d-peptides in adduct detection confer any add-on value to that obtained with GSH? All “risky” agents’ resulted in the formation of several GSH adducts in the incubation mixture and with at least one peptide adduct with both microsomal preparations. Amlodipine did not form any adducts with any of the trapping agents. No GSH and peptide 2 and 3 adducts were found with caffeine, but with peptide 1 one adduct with human liver microsomes was detected. Ibuprofen produced one Peptide 1-adduct with human and mouse liver microsomes but not with GSH. In conclusion, GSH still remains the gold trapping standard for reactive metabolites. However, targeted d-peptides could provide additional information about protein binding potential of electrophilic agents, but their clinical significance needs to be clarified using a wider spectrum of chemicals together with other safety estimates.
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28
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Identification and characterization of reactive metabolites in myristicin-mediated mechanism-based inhibition of CYP1A2. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 237:133-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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29
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Grillo MP. Detecting reactive drug metabolites for reducing the potential for drug toxicity. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2015; 11:1281-302. [PMID: 26005795 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.2015.1048222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A number of withdrawn drugs are known to undergo bioactivation by a range of drug metabolizing enzymes to chemically reactive metabolites that bind covalently to protein and DNA resulting in organ toxicity and carcinogenesis, respectively. An important goal in drug discovery is to identify structural sites of bioactivation within discovery molecules for providing strategic modifications that eliminate or minimize reactive metabolite formation, while maintaining target potency, selectivity and desired pharmacokinetic properties leading to the development of efficacious and nontoxic drugs. AREAS COVERED This review covers experimental techniques currently used to detect reactive drug metabolites and provides recent examples where information from mechanistic in vitro studies was successfully used to redesign candidate drugs leading to blocked or minimized bioactivation. Reviewed techniques include in vitro radiolabeled drug covalent binding to protein and reactive metabolite trapping with reagents such as glutathione, cyanide, semicarbazide and DNA bases. Case studies regarding reactive metabolite detection using a combination of varied techniques, including liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and NMR analyses and subsequent structural modification are discussed. EXPERT OPINION Information derived from state-of-art mechanistic drug metabolism studies can be used successfully to direct medicinal chemistry towards the synthesis of candidate drugs devoid of bioactivation liabilities, while maintaining desired pharmacology and pharmacokinetic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Grillo
- MyoKardia , 333 Allerton Ave, South San Francisco, CA 94080 , USA
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Duerr MA, Aurora R, Ford DA. Identification of glutathione adducts of α-chlorofatty aldehydes produced in activated neutrophils. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1014-24. [PMID: 25814023 PMCID: PMC4409278 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m058636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
α-Chlorofatty aldehydes (α-ClFALDs) are produced by hypochlorous acid targeting plasmalogens during neutrophil activation. This study investigated the reaction of the α-chlorinated carbon of α-ClFALD with the nucleophile, GSH. Utilizing ESI/MS/MS, the reaction product of GSH and the 16-carbon α-ClFALD, 2-chlorohexadecanal (2-ClHDA), was characterized. The resulting conjugate of 2-ClHDA and GSH (HDA-GSH) has an intact free aldehyde, and the chlorine at the α-carbon is ejected. Stable isotope-labeled [d4]HDA-GSH was synthesized, which further confirmed the structure, and was used to quantify natural α-ClFALD conjugates of GSH (FALD-GSH) using reverse-phase LC with detection by ESI/MS/MS using selected reaction monitoring. HDA-GSH is elevated in RAW 264.7 cells treated with physiologically relevant concentrations of exogenous 2-ClHDA. Furthermore, PMA-treated primary human neutrophils have elevated levels of HDA-GSH and the conjugate of 2-chlorooctadecanal (2-ClODA) and GSH (ODA-GSH), as well as elevated levels of 2-ClHDA and 2-ClODA. Production of both conjugates in PMA-stimulated neutrophils was reduced by 3-aminotriazole pretreatment, which also blocks endogenous α-ClFALD production. Additionally, plasma FALD-GSH levels were elevated in the K/BxN mouse arthritis model. Taken together, these studies demonstrate novel peptidoaldehydes derived from GSH and α-ClFALD in activated human neutrophils and in vivo in K/BxN mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Duerr
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - Rajeev Aurora
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
| | - David A. Ford
- Edward A. Doisy Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
- Center for Cardiovascular Research, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63104
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Lassila T, Mattila S, Turpeinen M, Tolonen A. Glutathione trapping of reactive drug metabolites produced by biomimetic metalloporphyrin catalysts. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:521-532. [PMID: 26160418 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Metalloporphyrins can be useful in the production of drug metabolites, as they enable easier production of oxidative metabolites usually produced by the cytochrome P450 enzymes. Our aim was to test metalloporphyrin-based biomimetic oxidation (BMO) methods for production and S-glutathione trapping of reactive drug metabolites in addition to phase I metabolites. METHODS Clozapine, ticlopidine and citalopram were selected as model compounds. These were incubated with the BMO assay and the incubations were analyzed with high-resolution liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS). Additionally, incubations with human liver S9 fraction were performed to compare the results with the BMO assay. RESULTS Six glutathione conjugates were identified for clozapine from the S9 incubation, while the BMO assay produced four of these. Four out of the five phase I metabolites produced by S9 were detected using the BMO assay. For ticlopidine, four glutathione conjugates were detected from the S9 incubation, but none of these were observed using the BMO assay. Eight of the nine phase I metabolites produced by S9 incubation were detected in the BMO assay. As expected, no glutathione conjugates were detected for citalopram, and the same three phase I metabolites were detected in both S9 and BMO incubations. CONLUSIONS Differences in formation of GSH-trapped reactive metabolites by BMO assay between clozapine and ticlopidine are probably due to different reactive intermediates and reaction mechanisms. The reactive intermediate of clozapine, the nitrenium ion was generated, but the reactive intermediates of ticlopidine, S-oxide and epoxide, were not detected from the incubations. However, the results show that for selected cases the use of biomimetic assays can be used to produce high amounts of S-glutathione conjugates identical to those from liver subfraction incubations, on a scale that is relevant for purification and subsequent identification by NMR spectroscopy; which is often difficult using incubations with liver subfractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Lassila
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sampo Mattila
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland
| | - Miia Turpeinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, 90014, University of Oulu, Finland
| | - Ari Tolonen
- Admescope Ltd, Typpitie 1, 90620, Oulu, Finland
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Huang K, Huang L, van Breemen RB. Detection of reactive metabolites using isotope-labeled glutathione trapping and simultaneous neutral loss and precursor ion scanning with ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography triple quadruple mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3646-54. [PMID: 25774910 DOI: 10.1021/ac504737x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic activation of drugs to electrophilic species is responsible for over 60% of black box warnings and drug withdrawals from the market place in the United States. Reactive metabolite trapping using glutathione (GSH) and analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) or HPLC with high resolution mass spectrometry (mass defect filtering) have enabled screening for metabolic activation to become routine during drug development. However, current MS-based approaches cannot detect all GSH conjugates present in complex mixtures, especially those present in extracts of botanical dietary supplements. To overcome these limitations, a fast triple quadrupole mass spectrometer-based approach was developed that can detect positively and negatively charged GSH conjugates in a single analysis without the need for advanced knowledge of the elemental compositions of potential conjugates and while avoiding false positives. This approach utilized UHPLC instead of HPLC to shorten separation time and enhance sensitivity, incorporated stable-isotope labeled GSH to avoid false positives, and used fast polarity switching electrospray MS/MS to detect GSH conjugates that form positive and/or negative ions. The general new method was then used to test the licorice dietary supplement Glycyrrhiza glabra, which was found to form multiple GSH conjugates upon metabolic activation. Among the GSH conjugates found in the licorice assay were conjugates with isoliquiritigenin and glabridin, which is an irreversible inhibitor of cytochrome P450 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Huang
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Lingyi Huang
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Richard B van Breemen
- UIC/NIH Center for Botanical Dietary Supplements Research, Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois College of Pharmacy, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
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Wen B, Zhu M. Applications of mass spectrometry in drug metabolism: 50 years of progress. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:71-87. [DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2014.1001029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Sasaki E, Iwamura A, Tsuneyama K, Fukami T, Nakajima M, Kume T, Yokoi T. Role of cytochrome P450-mediated metabolism and identification of novel thiol-conjugated metabolites in mice with phenytoin-induced liver injury. Toxicol Lett 2015; 232:79-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Brink A, Fontaine F, Marschmann M, Steinhuber B, Cece EN, Zamora I, Pähler A. Post-acquisition analysis of untargeted accurate mass quadrupole time-of-flight MS(E) data for multiple collision-induced neutral losses and fragment ions of glutathione conjugates. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:2695-2703. [PMID: 25380491 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Analytical methods to assess glutathione (GSH) conjugate formation based on mass spectrometry usually take advantage of the specific fragmentation behavior of the glutathione moiety. However, most methods used for GSH adduct screening monitor only one specific neutral loss or one fragment ion, even though the peptide moiety of GSH adducts shows a number of other specific neutral fragments and fragment ions which can be used for identification. METHODS Nine reference drugs well known to form GSH adducts were incubated with human liver microsomes. Mass spectrometric analysis was performed with a quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer in untargeted accurate mass MS(E) mode. The data analysis and evaluation was achieved in an automated approach with software to extract and identify GSH conjugates based on the presence of multiple collision-induced neutral losses and fragment ions specific for glutathione conjugates in the high-energy MS spectra. RESULTS In total 42 GSH adducts were identified. Eight (18%) adducts did not show the neutral loss of 129 but were identified based on the appearance of other GSH-specific neutral losses or fragment ions. In high-energy MS(E) spectra the GSH-specific fragment ions of m/z 308 and 179 as well as the neutral loss of 275 Da were complementary to the commonly used neutral loss of 129 Da. Further, one abundant (yet unpublished) GSH conjugate of troglitazone formed in human liver microsomes was found. CONCLUSIONS A software-aided approach was developed to reliably retrieve GSH adduct formation data out of untargeted complex full scan QTOFMS(E) data in a fast and efficient way. The present approach to detect and analyze multiple collision-induced neutral losses and fragment ions of glutathione conjugates in untargeted MS(E) data might be applicable to higher throughput to assess reactive metabolite formation in drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Brink
- Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, Drug Disposition and Safety, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Grenzacherstrasse 124, 4070, Basel, Switzerland
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Pfenning C, Esch HL, Fliege R, Lehmann L. The mycotoxin patulin reacts with DNA bases with and without previous conjugation to GSH: implication for related α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds? Arch Toxicol 2014; 90:433-48. [PMID: 25537190 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1443-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group is recognized as alert for mutagenicity, attributed to (1) its direct reaction with DNA, counteractable by glutathione (GSH), and (2) oxidative stress caused indirectly by GSH depletion. Accordingly, the α,β,γ,δ-unsaturated lactone patulin (PAT), a mycotoxin detected in fruits and products derived thereof, is known to induce gene, chromosome, and genome mutations in vitro, its mutagenicity correlating inversely with intracellular GSH levels. Thus, the reactivity of PAT against DNA bases and nucleosides in the absence and presence of GSH and glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) was investigated under cell-free conditions using HPLC mass spectrometry techniques for identification of reaction products. Adduct formation with all four nucleobases as well as with purine base nucleosides occurred even in the presence of GSH, revealing several adducts of PAT, mono- and disubstituted with nucleobases/nucleosides as well as novel GSH-PAT adducts. In addition, novel mixed GSH-PAT-nucleobase adducts were observed. These adducts exhibited a ketohexanoic acid-type structure of the PAT molecule, C6 substituted with GSH and linking C1 of PAT with nitrogens of nucleobases/nucleosides via an amide bond. Formation of GSH-PAT-adenine adducts was not prevented by GSTs, and excess of GSH needed to reduce their formation was higher than for PAT-adenine adducts. The formation of mixed GSH-DNA base adducts has not been described for PAT or any other α,β-unsaturated carbonyl before, although the reaction mechanism seems to be applicable to a variety of α,β-unsaturated carbonyls occurring in food and in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Pfenning
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Harald L Esch
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ralph Fliege
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Leane Lehmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Food Chemistry, University of Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany.
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Quantitative whole-body autoradiography, LC-MS/MS and MALDI for drug-distribution studies in biological samples: the ultimate matrix trilogy. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:377-91. [PMID: 24471957 DOI: 10.4155/bio.13.336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The drug-development process requires an understanding of the ADME properties of the novel therapeutic agent. Determination of drug concentrations and identity in excreta (urine and feces) examines the products of these processes. Similar measurements made on plasma, while accurately determining exposure, show only what is being transported around the body. Both activities fail to confirm the nature of components at the pharmacologically relevant matrix - the tissue. Attention is therefore being directed towards methods that can be employed to address this lack in our current methodologies, to provide better quality data on which risk assessments can be made, so that pharmacological models can be refined, and drug safety improved. In this article, we will look at the current methods used to obtain tissue drug and drug metabolite concentrations, and their potential use in drug discovery.
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Rydevik A, Hansson A, Hellqvist A, Bondesson U, Hedeland M. A novel trapping system for the detection of reactive drug metabolites using the fungusCunninghamella elegansand high resolution mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:626-33. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Rydevik
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Uppsala University; Box 574 SE-75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Annelie Hansson
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Uppsala University; Box 574 SE-75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Anna Hellqvist
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Uppsala University; Box 574 SE-75123 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Ulf Bondesson
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Uppsala University; Box 574 SE-75123 Uppsala Sweden
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Department of Chemistry; Environment and Feed Hygiene; SE-75651 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Mikael Hedeland
- Division of Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Department of Medicinal Chemistry; Uppsala University; Box 574 SE-75123 Uppsala Sweden
- National Veterinary Institute (SVA), Department of Chemistry; Environment and Feed Hygiene; SE-75651 Uppsala Sweden
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LeBlanc A, Shiao TC, Roy R, Sleno L. Absolute Quantitation of NAPQI-Modified Rat Serum Albumin by LC–MS/MS: Monitoring Acetaminophen Covalent Binding in Vivo. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1632-9. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500284g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- André LeBlanc
- Pharmaqam, Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Downtown Station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Tze Chieh Shiao
- Pharmaqam, Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Downtown Station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - René Roy
- Pharmaqam, Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Downtown Station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Lekha Sleno
- Pharmaqam, Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, P.O. Box 8888, Downtown Station, Montréal, Québec H3C 3P8, Canada
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40
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Wen B, Roongta V, Liu L, Moore DJ. Metabolic activation of the indoloquinazoline alkaloids evodiamine and rutaecarpine by human liver microsomes: dehydrogenation and inactivation of cytochrome P450 3A4. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1044-54. [PMID: 24696463 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.057414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Evodiamine and rutaecarpine are the main active indoloquinazoline alkaloids of the herbal medicine Evodia rutaecarpa, which is widely used for the treatment of hypertension, abdominal pain, angina pectoris, gastrointestinal disorder, and headache. Immunosuppressive effects and acute toxicity were reported in mice treated with evodiamine and rutaecarpine. Although the mechanism remains unknown, it is proposed that metabolic activation of the indoloquinazoline alkaloids and subsequent covalent binding of reactive metabolites to cellular proteins play a causative role. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of incubations containing evodiamine and NADPH-supplemented microsomes in the presence of glutathione (GSH) revealed formation of a major GSH conjugate which was subsequently indentified as a benzylic thioether adduct on the C-8 position of evodiamine by NMR analysis. Several other GSH conjugates were also detected, including conjugates of oxidized and demethylated metabolites of evodiamine. Similar GSH conjugates were formed in incubations with rutaecarpine. These findings are consistent with a bioactivation sequence involving initial cytochrome P450-catalyzed dehydrogenation of the 3-alkylindole moiety in evodiamine and rutaecarpine to an electrophile 3-methyleneindolenine. Formation of the evodiamine and rutaecarpine GSH conjugates was primarily catalyzed by heterologously expressed recombinant CYP3A4 and, to a lesser extent, CYP1A2 and CYP2D6, respectively. It was found that the 3-methyleneindolenine or another reactive intermediate was a mechanism-based inactivator of CYP3A4, with inactivation parameters KI = 29 µM and kinact = 0.029 minute(-1), respectively. In summary, these findings are of significance in understanding the bioactivation mechanisms of indoloquinazoline alkaloids, and dehydrogenation of evodiamine and rutaecarpine may cause toxicities through formation of electrophilic intermediates and lead to drug-drug interactions mainly via CYP3A4 inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Wen
- Drug Metabolism, Non-Clinical Safety (B.W., L.L., D.J.M.) and Discovery Chemistry (V.R.), Hoffmann-La Roche, Nutley, New Jersey
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41
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Kalgutkar AS, Fate G, Didiuk MT, Bauman J. Toxicophores, reactive metabolites and drug safety: when is it a cause for concern? Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2014; 1:515-31. [DOI: 10.1586/17512433.1.4.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Zhang C, Ma S, Delarosa EM, Tay S, Sodhi J, Musinipally V, Chang P, Pai R, Halladay JS, Misner D, Kenny JR, Hop CECA, Khojasteh SC. For a series of methylindole analogs, reactive metabolite formation is a poor predictor of intrinsic cytotoxicity in human hepatocytes. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3tx50062d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Lin HL, D'Agostino J, Kenaan C, Calinski D, Hollenberg PF. The effect of ritonavir on human CYP2B6 catalytic activity: heme modification contributes to the mechanism-based inactivation of CYP2B6 and CYP3A4 by ritonavir. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1813-24. [PMID: 23886699 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.053108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism-based inactivation of human CYP2B6 by ritonavir (RTV) in a reconstituted system was investigated. The inactivation is time, concentration, and NADPH dependent and exhibits a K(I) of 0.9 μM, a k(inact) of 0.05 min⁻¹, and a partition ratio of approximately 3. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis showed that the protonated molecular ion of RTV exhibits an m/z at 721 and its two major metabolites are an oxidation product with MH⁺ at m/z 737 and a deacylated product with MH⁺ at m/z 580. Inactivation of CYP2B6 by incubation with 10 μM RTV for 10 min resulted in an approximately 50% loss of catalytic activity and native heme, but no modification of the apoprotein was observed. RTV was found to be a potent mixed-type reversible inhibitor (K(i) = 0.33 μM) and a type II ligand (spectral dissociation constant-K(s) = 0.85 μM) of CYP2B6. Although previous studies have demonstrated that RTV is a potent mechanism-based inactivator of CYP3A4, the molecular mechanism responsible for the inactivation has not been determined. Here, we provide evidence that RTV inactivation of CYP3A4 is due to heme destruction with the formation of a heme-protein adduct. Similar to CYP2B6, there is no significant modification of the apoprotein. Furthermore, LC-MS/MS analysis revealed that both CYP3A4 and human liver microsomes form an RTV-glutathione conjugate having a MH⁺ at m/z 858 during metabolism of RTV, suggesting the formation of an isocyanate intermediate leading to formation of the conjugate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsia-lien Lin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Xie C, Zhong D, Chen X. A fragmentation-based method for the differentiation of glutathione conjugates by high-resolution mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 788:89-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Eng H, Sharma R, McDonald TS, Edmonds DJ, Fortin JP, Li X, Stevens BD, Griffith DA, Limberakis C, Nolte WM, Price DA, Jackson M, Kalgutkar AS. Demonstration of the Innate Electrophilicity of 4-(3-(Benzyloxy)phenyl)-2-(ethylsulfinyl)-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidine (BETP), a Small-Molecule Positive Allosteric Modulator of the Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1470-9. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.052183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Kurlbaum M, Mülek M, Högger P. Facilitated uptake of a bioactive metabolite of maritime pine bark extract (pycnogenol) into human erythrocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63197. [PMID: 23646194 PMCID: PMC3639945 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many plant secondary metabolites exhibit some degree of biological activity in humans. It is a common observation that individual plant-derived compounds in vivo are present in the nanomolar concentration range at which they usually fail to display measurable activity in vitro. While it is debatable that compounds detected in plasma are not the key effectors of bioactivity, an alternative hypothesis may take into consideration that measurable concentrations also reside in compartments other than plasma. We analysed the binding of constituents and the metabolite δ-(3,4-dihydroxy-phenyl)-γ-valerolactone (M1), that had been previously detected in plasma samples of human consumers of pine bark extract Pycnogenol, to human erythrocytes. We found that caffeic acid, taxifolin, and ferulic acid passively bind to red blood cells, but only the bioactive metabolite M1 revealed pronounced accumulation. The partitioning of M1 into erythrocytes was significantly diminished at higher concentrations of M1 and in the presence of glucose, suggesting a facilitated transport of M1 via GLUT-1 transporter. This concept was further supported by structural similarities between the natural substrate α-D-glucose and the S-isomer of M1. After cellular uptake, M1 underwent further metabolism by conjugation with glutathione. We present strong indication for a transporter-mediated accumulation of a flavonoid metabolite in human erythrocytes and subsequent formation of a novel glutathione adduct. The physiologic role of the adduct remains to be elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Kurlbaum
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Mülek
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Petra Högger
- Universität Würzburg, Institut für Pharmazie und Lebensmittelchemie, Würzburg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Kalgutkar AS, Ryder TF, Walker GS, Orr STM, Cabral S, Goosen TC, Lapham K, Eng H. Reactive Metabolite Trapping Studies on Imidazo- and 2-Methylimidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-Based Inverse Agonists of the Ghrelin Receptor. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:1375-88. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.113.051839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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49
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Yoshigae Y, Sridar C, Kent UM, Hollenberg PF. The inactivation of human CYP2E1 by phenethyl isothiocyanate, a naturally occurring chemopreventive agent, and its oxidative bioactivation. Drug Metab Dispos 2013; 41:858-69. [PMID: 23371965 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.112.050609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenethylisothiocyanate (PEITC), a naturally occurring isothiocyanate and potent cancer chemopreventive agent, works by multiple mechanisms, including the inhibition of cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes, such as CYP2E1, that are involved in the bioactivation of carcinogens. PEITC has been reported to be a mechanism-based inactivator of some P450s. We describe here the possible mechanism for the inactivation of human CYP2E1 by PEITC, as well as the putative intermediate that might be involved in the bioactivation of PEITC. PEITC inactivated recombinant CYP2E1 with a partition ratio of 12, and the inactivation was not inhibited in the presence of glutathione (GSH) and not fully recovered by dialysis. The inactivation of CYP2E1 by PEITC is due to both heme destruction and protein modification, with the latter being the major pathway for inactivation. GSH-adducts of phenethyl isocyanate (PIC) and phenethylamine were detected during the metabolism by CYP2E1, indicating formation of PIC as a reactive intermediate following P450-catalyzed desulfurization of PEITC. Surprisingly, PIC bound covalently to CYP2E1 to form protein adducts but did not inactivate the enzyme. Liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy analysis of the inactivated CYP2E1 apo-protein suggests that a reactive sulfur atom generated during desulfurization of PEITC is involved in the inactivation of CYP2E1. Our data suggest that the metabolism of PEITC by CYP2E1 that results in the inactivation of CYP2E1 may occur by a mechanism similar to that observed with other sulfur-containing compounds, such as parathion. Digestion of the inactivated enzyme and analysis by SEQUEST showed that Cys 268 may be the residue modified by PIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasushi Yoshigae
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Li K, Qin F, Jing L, Li F, Guo X. In vivo and in vitro metabolism of a novel β2-adrenoceptor agonist, trantinterol: metabolites isolation and identification by LC-MS/MS and NMR. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:2619-34. [PMID: 23338754 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6652-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Revised: 12/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Trantinterol is a novel β(2)-adrenoceptor agonist used for the treatment of asthma. The aim of this study is to identify the metabolites of trantinterol using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), to isolate the main metabolites, and confirm their structures by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Urine, feces, bile, and blood samples of rats were obtained and analyzed. Reference standards of six metabolites were achieved with the combination of chemical synthesis, microbial transformation, and the model systems of rats. Moreover, in order to investigate the phase I metabolism of trantinterol in humans and to study the species differences between rats and humans, incubations with liver microsomes were performed. The biotransformation by a microbial model Cunninghamella blakesleana AS 3.970 was also studied. A total of 18 metabolites were identified in vivo and in vitro together, 13 of which were newly detected. Three phase I metabolites were detected in vivo and in vitro as well as in the microbial model, including the arylhydroxylamine (M1), the tert-butyl hydroxylated trantinterol (M2) and the 1-carbonyltrantinterol (M3). Another important pathway in rats is glutathione conjugation and further catabolism and oxidation to form consecutive derivatives (M4 through M10). Other metabolites include glucuronide, glucoside, and sulfate conjugates. The results of in vitro experiments indicate no species difference exists among rats, humans, and C. blakesleana AS 3.970 on the phase I metabolism of trantinterol. Our study provided the most comprehensive picture for trantinterol in vivo and in vitro metabolism to this day, and may predict its metabolism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunjie Li
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, China
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