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Weile KS, Helligsoe ASL, von Holstein SL, Winther JF, Mathiasen R, Hasle H, Henriksen LT. Patient- and parent-reported diagnostic delay in children with central nervous system tumors in Denmark. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2024; 71:e31128. [PMID: 38814259 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.31128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diagnostic delays in childhood tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) pose a significant challenge. The aim of this study was to map diagnostic delay and presenting symptoms in Denmark. METHODS The study was a retrospective questionnaire study, mapping delay and symptoms in pediatric patients (0-17 years), diagnosed with a CNS tumor from 2015 to 2019. Descriptive analysis was performed to measure delay in days, reported as total diagnostic interval (TDI), patient interval (PI), and diagnostic interval (DI). Analysis of symptoms, contacts to healthcare professionals, and socioeconomic status was also performed. RESULTS We included 89 patients (median age 7.0 years, 54% male). The TDI was median of 106 days (range: 0-2694 days). Low-grade tumors had longer TDI than high-grade tumors (125 vs. 43 days; p ≤ .02). Patients aged 15-17 displayed the longest TDI (median 665 days). Number of symptoms at onset were inversely associated with longer TDI in patients presenting one symptom (247 days) and patients presenting two to three (110 days) or greater than three complaints (66 days). PI was not associated with sex (p = .14), tumor grade (p = .63), location (p = .32), or socioeconomic status (p = .82). Most frequent single complaint at onset was headache (19%), most frequent combination of symptoms was headache and vomiting (60%). CONCLUSION We found TDIs longer than reported in contemporary publications. TDI was longer in patients with low-grade tumors and only few symptoms at the time of onset. The findings support the crucial need of awareness and improved diagnostic tools to recognize and interpret symptoms to promote timely diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrine Synne Weile
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Sophie Lind Helligsoe
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sarah Linea von Holstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeanette Falck Winther
- Department of Clinical Medicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Cancer Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René Mathiasen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Hasle
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Louise Tram Henriksen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, HEALTH, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Weile KS, Mathiasen R, Winther JF, Hasle H, Henriksen LT. Hjernetegn.dk-The Danish Central Nervous System Tumor Awareness Initiative Digital Decision Support Tool: Design and Implementation Report. JMIR Med Inform 2024; 12:e58886. [PMID: 39052326 PMCID: PMC11310640 DOI: 10.2196/58886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood tumors in the central nervous system (CNS) have longer diagnostic delays than other pediatric tumors. Vague presenting symptoms pose a challenge in the diagnostic process; it has been indicated that patients and parents may be hesitant to seek help, and health care professionals (HCPs) may lack awareness and knowledge about clinical presentation. To raise awareness among HCPs, the Danish CNS tumor awareness initiative hjernetegn.dk was launched. OBJECTIVE This study aims to present the learnings from designing and implementing a decision support tool for HCPs to reduce diagnostic delay in childhood CNS tumors. The aims also include decisions regarding strategies for dissemination and use of social media, and an evaluation of the digital impact 6 months after launch. METHODS The phases of developing and implementing the tool include participatory co-creation workshops, designing the website and digital platforms, and implementing a press and media strategy. The digital impact of hjernetegn.dk was evaluated through website analytics and social media engagement. IMPLEMENTATION (RESULTS) hjernetegn.dk was launched in August 2023. The results after 6 months exceeded key performance indicators. The analysis showed a high number of website visitors and engagement, with a plateau reached 3 months after the initial launch. The LinkedIn campaign and Google Search strategy also generated a high number of impressions and clicks. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the initiative has been successfully integrated, raising awareness and providing a valuable tool for HCPs in diagnosing childhood CNS tumors. The study highlights the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration, co-creation, and ongoing community management, as well as broad dissemination strategies when introducing a digital support tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrine Synne Weile
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - René Mathiasen
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeanette Falck Winther
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Danish Cancer Institute, Danish Cancer Society, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henrik Hasle
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Louise Tram Henriksen
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Wellbrock M, Voigt M, Ronckers C, Grabow D, Spix C, Erdmann F. Registration, incidence patterns, and survival trends of central nervous system tumors among children in Germany 1980-2019: An analysis of 40 years based on data from the German Childhood Cancer Registry. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2024; 71:e30954. [PMID: 38532243 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.30954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) are the second most common type of pediatric cancer in Germany. We aimed to describe registration practice, incidence, and survival patterns for childhood CNS tumors in Germany for the past 40 years. PROCEDURE Including all CNS tumor cases in children diagnosed at ages 0-14 years registered at the German Childhood Cancer Registry (GCCR) in 1980-2019 (for survival analysis 1980-2016), we calculated age-specific and age-standardized incidence rates (ASIR) over time, average annual percentage changes (AAPC), and 1- and 5-year overall survival. RESULTS While we observed a pronounced increase in ASIR after the establishment of the GCCR during the 1980s, ASIR for all pediatric CNS tumors combined continued to increase markedly from 28.6 per million in 1990-1999 to 43.3 in 2010-2019 (AAPC = 2.7% in 1991-2010, AAPC = 0.3% in 2010-2019). The 5-year overall survival from CNS tumors improved from 63% in the 1980s, 70% in the 1990s to 79% in 2010-2016. These improvements have occurred across all age groups. Children diagnosed with ependymomas and choroid plexus tumors experienced the strongest increase (from 54% to 81%). CONCLUSIONS Observed increases in incidence rates for pediatric CNS tumors are likely only partially caused by actual increasing case numbers. The majority is a function of improved registration and, to a minor extent, improvements in diagnostics. Survival from pediatric CNS tumors has, by and large, improved consistently, leading to a growing population of childhood cancer survivors with diverse health biographies and risk of lifelong adverse impact on health and wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Wellbrock
- Research Group Aetiology and Inequalities in Childhood Cancer, Division of Childhood Cancer Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
| | - Mathias Voigt
- German Childhood Cancer Registry/Division of Childhood Cancer Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Cecile Ronckers
- German Childhood Cancer Registry/Division of Childhood Cancer Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Desiree Grabow
- German Childhood Cancer Registry/Division of Childhood Cancer Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Claudia Spix
- German Childhood Cancer Registry/Division of Childhood Cancer Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Friederike Erdmann
- Research Group Aetiology and Inequalities in Childhood Cancer, Division of Childhood Cancer Epidemiology, Institute of Medical Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics (IMBEI), University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Prevention and Evaluation, Leibniz Institute for Prevention Research and Epidemiology - BIPS, Bremen, Germany
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Turanzas NJ, Mathiasen R, Heegaard S, Schmiegelow K, Sehested A, Holtz JK, Siersma V, Nissen KR, von Holstein SL. Ophthalmic symptoms, clinical signs and diagnostic delay in infants diagnosed with brain tumours in Denmark between 2007 and 2017. Acta Ophthalmol 2024; 102:334-341. [PMID: 37574657 DOI: 10.1111/aos.15745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate ophthalmic onset manifestations and the impact of diagnostic delay on the prognosis in infants (<1 year) diagnosed with a brain tumour. METHODS A retrospective population-based nationwide study of infants diagnosed with a brain tumour between 2007 and 2017 in Denmark. Data was retrieved from the Danish Childhood Cancer Registry, the National Danish Health registries, and medical files. Primary outcome measures included symptoms, clinical findings, time to diagnosis and survival. RESULTS Thirty-seven infants were diagnosed with a brain tumour in Denmark between 2007 and 2017. In total, 19/37 infants (51%, 95% CI: 34-68) had ophthalmic manifestations at any time prior to or at diagnosis; and in 6/37 (16%, 95% CI: 6-32) ophthalmic manifestations were the initial symptom. The most common ophthalmic manifestations were strabismus (n = 7), sunset eyes (n = 6), nystagmus (n = 4), reduced pupillary light reflex (n = 4), and/or decreased vision (n = 4). The median number of symptoms per infant at the time of diagnosis was three (range 0-9). The median diagnostic delay was 26 days (range 0-283, IQR: 6;90). 5-year survival rate was 75% (95% CI: 61-90) and all children with diagnostic delay > 100 days (n = 9, 24%) were still alive at the end of follow-up (median 6.3 years, range 2.2-10.2). CONCLUSION We provide an overview of symptoms and clinical signs in a nation-wide series of infants with CNS tumours and demonstrate that ophthalmic manifestations are frequently observed in infants prior to diagnosis, but, often in combination with other clinical signs. The diagnostic delay was substantial for a large part of the infants, but this was not associated with increased mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathali J Turanzas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René Mathiasen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Astrid Sehested
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeppe K Holtz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Volkert Siersma
- The Research Unit for General Practice and Section of General Practice, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kamilla R Nissen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sarah L von Holstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Rosenberg JG, Nissen K, Heegaard S, Ragunathan S, Schmiegelow K, Mathiasen R, von Holstein SL. Nystagmus in children with primary brain tumours in Denmark between 2007 and 2017. Eye (Lond) 2024; 38:766-772. [PMID: 37816936 PMCID: PMC10920855 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-023-02771-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study was to evaluate the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and diagnostic importance of nystagmus in children with brain tumours. METHODS A nation-wide retrospective review of all children diagnosed with a brain tumour between January the 1st, 2007 and December 31st, 2017, in Denmark. Data is based on information from the Danish Childhood Cancer Registry, hospital records from paediatric- and ophthalmological departments, and records from private ophthalmologists. RESULTS Nystagmus was observed in 13.7% (60/437) of children with a brain tumour. In 50/60 children (83.3%) nystagmus was an incidental finding at the clinical examination and only in 10/60 children (16,7%) were nystagmus noticed by patient/caregivers prior to the clinical examination. In 38/60 children nystagmus was observed before the brain tumour diagnosis, most often (16/38, 42%) the same day as the diagnosis was made. In 22/60 children nystagmus was found after the brain tumour diagnosis (prior to any treatment) with a median of four days (range 0-47) after the brain tumour diagnosis. Nystagmus was most commonly binocular (56/60, 93.3%) and gaze-evoked (43/60, 71.7%). The median number of additional symptoms and/or clinical findings was five (range 0-11). CONCLUSION Nystagmus is frequent in children with brain tumours and is typically accompanied by other symptoms and clinical signs. However, nystagmus is often first recognized by the ophthalmologist late in the time course. Therefore, raising awareness of the importance of looking for nystagmus in children with unspecific neurological symptoms might contribute to increased suspicion of brain tumour and thereby faster diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Gremaud Rosenberg
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Kamilla Nissen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Denmark
- Department of Pathology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René Mathiasen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Sarah Linea von Holstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet-Glostrup, Denmark.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Hallundbæk L, Hagstrøm S, Mathiasen R, Herlin T, Hasle H, Weile KS, Amstrup J, Brix N. Musculoskeletal misdiagnoses in children with brain tumors: A nationwide, multicenter case-control study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279549. [PMID: 37352313 PMCID: PMC10289381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood brain tumors belong to the cancer type with the longest diagnostic delay, the highest health care utilization prior to diagnosis, and the highest burden of long-term sequelae. We aimed to clarify whether prior musculoskeletal diagnoses in childhood brain cancer were misdiagnoses and whether it affected the diagnostic delay. STUDY DESIGN In this retrospective, chart-reviewed case-control study we compared 28 children with brain tumors and a prior musculoskeletal diagnosis to a sex and age-matched control group of 56 children with brain tumors and no prior musculoskeletal diagnosis. Using the Danish registries, the cases were identified from consecutive cases of childhood brain cancers in Denmark over 23 years (1996-2018). RESULTS Of 931 children with brain tumors, 3% (28/931) had a prior musculoskeletal diagnosis, of which 39% (11/28) were misdiagnoses. The misdiagnoses primarily included torticollis-related diagnoses which tended to a longer time interval from first hospital contact until a specialist was involved: 35 days (IQR 6-166 days) compared to 3 days (IQR 1-48 days), p = 0.07. When comparing the 28 children with a prior musculoskeletal diagnosis with a matched control group without a prior musculoskeletal diagnosis, we found no difference in the non-musculoskeletal clinical presentation, the diagnostic time interval, or survival. Infratentorial tumor location was associated with a seven-fold risk of musculoskeletal misdiagnosis compared to supratentorial tumor location. CONCLUSION Musculoskeletal misdiagnoses were rare in children with brain tumors and had no significant association to the diagnostic time interval or survival. The misdiagnoses consisted primarily of torticollis- or otherwise neck-related diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Hallundbæk
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Søren Hagstrøm
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Rene Mathiasen
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Troels Herlin
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Hasle
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kathrine Synne Weile
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jesper Amstrup
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Ninna Brix
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
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Foss-Skiftesvik J, Mathiasen R, van Overeem Hansen T, Wadt K, Schmiegelow K, Stoltze UK. Molecular reclassification reveals low prevalence of germline predisposition in children with ependymoma. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2023; 11:94. [PMID: 37308955 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-023-01594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Foss-Skiftesvik
- Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.
- The Pediatric Oncology Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - René Mathiasen
- The Pediatric Oncology Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas van Overeem Hansen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Karin Wadt
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kjeld Schmiegelow
- The Pediatric Oncology Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Kristoffer Stoltze
- The Pediatric Oncology Research Laboratory, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Grahn P, Remes T, Kivisaari R, Suo-Palosaari MH, Arikoski PM, Koskenkorva PKT, Lähteenmäki PM, Lönnqvist TRI, Ojaniemi MK, Sirkiä KH, Sutela AK, Toiviainen-Salo SM, Rantala HMJ, Harila AH, Niinimäki J, Karppinen J, Ahonen M. Early disc degeneration in radiotherapy-treated childhood brain tumor survivors. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2023; 24:441. [PMID: 37259117 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-023-06509-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood brain tumor (BT) survivors have an increased risk of treatment-related late effects, which can reduce health-related quality of life and increase morbidity. This study aimed to investigate lumbar disc degeneration in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in adult survivors of radiotherapy-treated childhood BT compared to age and sex-matched population controls. METHODS In this cross-sectional comparative study, 127 survivors were identified from hospital registries. After a mean follow-up of 20.7 years (range 5-33.1), 67 survivors (mean age 28.4, range 16.2-43.5) were investigated with MRI and compared to 75 sex-matched population-based controls. Evaluated MRI phenotypes included Pfirrmann grading, , intervertebral disc protrusions, extrusions, and high-intensity-zone-lesions (HIZ). Groups were also compared for known risk factors of lumbar intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. RESULTS Childhood BT survivors had higher Pfirrmann grades than controls at all lumbar levels (all p < 0.001). Lumbar disc protrusions at L4-5 (p = 0.02) and extrusions at L3-4 (p = 0.04), L4-5 (p = 0.004), and L5-S1 (p = 0.01) were significantly more common in the BT group compared to the control. The survivor cohort also had significantly more HIZ-lesons than the controls (n=13 and n=1, p=0.003). Age at diagnosis was associated with lower degree of IVD degeneration (p < 0.01). Blood pressure correlated with IVD degeneration (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Signs of early disc degeneration related to tumor treatment can be seen in the IVDs of survivors. Disc degeneration was more severe in children treated in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Grahn
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Stenbäckinkatu 9, PL 281, 00029, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tiina Remes
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, and Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Child Neurology, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reetta Kivisaari
- Department of Radiology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria H Suo-Palosaari
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital and Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics, and Technology Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Pekka M Arikoski
- Kuopio Pediatric Research Unit, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Päivi K T Koskenkorva
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Päivi M Lähteenmäki
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku University, Turku, Finland
| | - Tuula R I Lönnqvist
- Department of Child Neurology, New Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marja K Ojaniemi
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, and Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kirsti H Sirkiä
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescence, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anna K Sutela
- Department of Clinical Radiology, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Heikki M J Rantala
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Oulu University Hospital, and Research Unit of Clinical Medicine, University of Oulu, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Arja H Harila
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jaakko Niinimäki
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Oulu University Hospital and Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics, and Technology Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jaro Karppinen
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland
- Rehabilitation Services of South Karelia Social and Health Care District, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | - Matti Ahonen
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics and Traumatology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Stenbäckinkatu 9, PL 281, 00029, Helsinki, Finland
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Helligsoe ASL, Henriksen LT, Kenborg L, Lassen-Ramshad Y, Wu LM, Winther JF, Hasle H, Amidi A. Neurocognitive function and health-related quality of life in a nationwide cohort of long-term childhood brain tumor survivors. Neurooncol Pract 2023; 10:140-151. [PMID: 36970169 PMCID: PMC10037941 DOI: 10.1093/nop/npac085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Childhood brain tumor survivors are at high risk of late effects, especially neurocognitive impairment. Limited data are available examining neurocognitive function and associations with quality of life (QoL) in childhood brain tumor survivors. Our aim was to examine neurocognitive function in childhood brain tumor survivors, and associations with QoL and symptom burden. Methods Five-year survivors of brain tumors over the age of 15 were identified in the Danish Childhood Cancer Registry (n = 423). Eligible and consenting participants completed neuropsychological tests and questionnaires assessing QoL, insomnia, fatigue, anxiety, and depression. Survivors treated with radiation (n = 59) were statistically compared with survivors not treated with radiation (n = 102). Results In total, 170 survivors participated (40.2% participation rate). Sixty-six percent of the survivors who completed neurocognitive tests (n = 161) exhibited overall neurocognitive impairment. Survivors treated with radiation, especially whole-brain irradiation, exhibited poorer neurocognitive outcomes than survivors not treated with radiation. Neurocognitive outcomes for survivors treated with surgery were below normative expectations. Furthermore, a number of survivors experienced significant fatigue (40%), anxiety (23%), insomnia (13%), and/or depression (6%). Survivors treated with radiation reported lower quality of life (QoL) and higher symptom burden scores than survivors not treated with radiation; particularly in physical functioning, and social functioning with symptoms of fatigue. Neurocognitive impairment was not associated with QoL or symptom burden. Conclusions In this study, a majority of the childhood brain tumor survivors experienced neurocognitive impairment, reduced QoL, and high symptom burden. Although not associated with each other, it is apparent that childhood brain tumor survivors experience not only neurocognitive dysfunction but may also experience QoL impairments and significant symptom burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Sophie L Helligsoe
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Louise T Henriksen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Line Kenborg
- Childhood Cancer Research Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Denmark
| | | | - Lisa M Wu
- Unit for Psychooncology & Health Psychology, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jeanette F Winther
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Denmark
- Childhood Cancer Research Group, Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Denmark
- Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark
| | - Henrik Hasle
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Ali Amidi
- Unit for Psychooncology & Health Psychology, Department of Psychology and Behavioural Sciences, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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10
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Henriksen KA, Von Oettingen G, Skjøth-Rasmussen J, Mathiasen R, Foss-Skiftesvik J. Assessment of the Milan Complexity Scale for prediction of postoperative morbidity in pediatric neuro-oncological surgery. Childs Nerv Syst 2023:10.1007/s00381-023-05902-7. [PMID: 36877208 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-023-05902-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To assess the performance of the risk-predicting Milan Complexity Scale (MCS) on postoperative morbidity in pediatric neuro-oncological surgery. METHODS A retrospective dual-center review of children undergoing primary brain tumor resection in Denmark over a 10-year period. MCS scoring was performed based on preoperative imaging, blinded to individual outcomes. Surgical morbidity was registered according to existing complication scales and dichotomized as significant or nonsignificant morbidity. The MCS was evaluated using logistic regression modeling. RESULTS 208 children (50% female, mean age 7.9 y, and SD 5.2) were included. Of the original "Big Five" predictors included in the MCS, only posterior fossa (OR: 2.31, 95% CI: 1.25-4.34, p-value = 0.008) and eloquent area (OR: 3.32, 95% CI: 1.50-7.68, p-value = 0.004) locations were significantly associated with increased risk of significant morbidity in our pediatric cohort. The absolute MCS score correctly classified 63.0% of cases. Its accuracy increased to 69.2% when mutually adjusting for each of the "Big Five" predictors with corresponding positive and negative predictive values of 66.2% and 71.0%, using a predicted probability cutoff of 0.5. CONCLUSION The MCS is predictive of postoperative morbidity also in pediatric neuro-oncological surgery, although only two of its original five variables were significantly associated with poor outcome in children. The clinical value of the MCS is likely limited for the experienced pediatric neurosurgeon. Future clinically impactful risk-prediction tools should include a larger number of relevant variables and be tailored to the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Amund Henriksen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jane Skjøth-Rasmussen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - René Mathiasen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jon Foss-Skiftesvik
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark. .,Department of Neurosurgery, Rigshospitalet University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark.
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11
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Makuku R, Sinaei Far Z, Khalili N, Moyo A, Razi S, Keshavarz-Fathi M, Mahmoudi M, Rezaei N. The Role of Ketogenic Diet in the Treatment of Neuroblastoma. Integr Cancer Ther 2023; 22:15347354221150787. [PMID: 36752115 PMCID: PMC9909060 DOI: 10.1177/15347354221150787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The ketogenic diet (KD) was initially used in 1920 for drug-resistant epileptic patients. From this point onward, ketogenic diets became a pivotal part of nutritional therapy research. To date, KD has shown therapeutic potential in many pathologies such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, autism, brain cancers, and multiple sclerosis. Although KD is now an adjuvant therapy for certain diseases, its effectiveness as an antitumor nutritional therapy is still an ongoing debate, especially in Neuroblastoma. Neuroblastoma is the most common extra-cranial solid tumor in children and is metastatic at initial presentation in more than half of the cases. Although Neuroblastoma can be managed by surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy, its 5-year survival rate in children remains below 40%. Earlier studies have proposed the ketogenic diet as a possible adjuvant therapy for patients undergoing treatment for Neuroblastoma. In this study, we seek to review the possible roles of KD in the treatment of Neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangarirai Makuku
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Zeinab Sinaei Far
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Khalili
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Alistar Moyo
- Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Sepideh Razi
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsa Keshavarz-Fathi
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Nima Rezaei
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Stockholm, Sweden,Nima Rezaei, Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children’s Medical Center, Dr Qarib Street, Keshavarz Blvd, Tehran 14194, Iran. Emails: ;
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12
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Marie Baunsgaard M, Sophie Lind Helligsoe A, Tram Henriksen L, Stamm Mikkelsen T, Callesen M, Weber B, Hasle H, Birkebæk N. Growth hormone deficiency in adult survivors of childhood brain tumors treated with radiation. Endocr Connect 2023; 12:e220365. [PMID: 36507776 PMCID: PMC9874963 DOI: 10.1530/ec-22-0365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Objective Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is the most common endocrine late effect in irradiated survivors of childhood brain tumors. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of GHD in adults treated with proton or photon irradiation for a brain tumor in childhood and to detect undiagnosed GHD. Design This study is a cross-sectional study. Methods We investigated GHD in 5-year survivors from two health regions in Denmark treated for childhood brain tumors with cranial or craniospinal irradiation in the period 1997-2015. Medical charts were reviewed for endocrinological and other health data. Survivors without a growth hormone (GH) test at final height were invited to a GH stimulation test. Results Totally 41 (22 females) survivors with a median age of 21.7 years (range: 15.1-33.8 years) at follow-up and 14.8 years (range: 5.1-23.4 years) since diagnosis were included; 11 were treated with proton and 30 with photon irradiation; 18 of 21 survivors were previously found to have GHD; 16 of 20 survivors with no GH test at final height were tested, 8 (50 %) had GHD. In total, 26 of 41 patients (63%) had GHD. Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is associated poorly with the insulin tolerance test (ITT). Conclusion This study identified a high prevalence of undiagnosed GHD in survivors with no GH test at final height. The results stress the importance of screening for GHD at final height in survivors of childhood brain tumors with prior exposure to cranial irradiation, irrespective of radiation modality and IGF-1. Significance statement This cross-sectional study reports a prevalence of 63% of GHD in irradiated childhood brain tumor survivors. Furthermore, the study identified a considerable number of long-term survivors without a GH test at final height, of whom, 50% subsequently were shown to have undiagnosed GHD. Additionally, this study confirmed that a normal serum IGF-1 measurement cannot exclude the diagnosis of GHD in irradiated survivors. This illustrates the need for improvements in the diagnostic approach to GHD after reaching final height in childhood brain tumor survivors at risk of GHD. In summary, our study stresses the need for GHD testing in all adult survivors treated with cranial irradiation for a brain tumor in childhood irrespective of radiation modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Marie Baunsgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Sophie Lind Helligsoe
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Louise Tram Henriksen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Torben Stamm Mikkelsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Callesen
- Department of Paediatrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Funen, Denmark
| | - Britta Weber
- The Danish Center for Particle Therapy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Henrik Hasle
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Niels Birkebæk
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Steno Diabetes Center Aarhus, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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13
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Boethun A, Vissing NH, Mathiasen R, Skjøth-Rasmussen J, Foss-Skiftesvik J. CNS infection in children with brain tumors: adding ventriculostomy to brain tumor resection increases risk more than 20-fold. Childs Nerv Syst 2023; 39:387-394. [PMID: 36536059 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-022-05799-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the risk of central nervous system (CNS) infections in children undergoing neurosurgery for brain tumors. METHODS Single-center retrospective cohort study including all children with brain tumors undergoing neurosurgical treatment over an 11-year period. RESULTS A total of 274 patients undergoing 733 neurosurgical procedures were included. Overall, 12.8% of patients were diagnosed with a CNS infection during their course of treatment. CNS infections were more frequent among children treated with CSF diversion (p < 0.001) and independently associated with low age (OR/y 0.9 (CI 95% 0.769-0.941), intraventricular (OR 2.8, CI 95% 1.2-6.5), and high-grade tumors (OR 2.7, CI 95% 1.1-6.5). The majority of CNS infections occurred within 30 days of surgery, resulting in a postoperative CNS infection rate of 5.3%. Postoperative CNS infections were significantly more frequent following adjunct EVD placement during tumor resection compared to a stand-alone craniotomy (30.4% vs. 1.5%, RR 20.6, CI 95% 5.7-72.2). CONCLUSION CNS infections affect at least 12% of children with brain tumors and are associated with age, tumor location, and grade. Adding EVD to tumor surgery increases the risk of postoperative CNS infection, and reconsidering routine adjunct EVD placement is therefore advocated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Boethun
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Nadja Hawwa Vissing
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - René Mathiasen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jane Skjøth-Rasmussen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jon Foss-Skiftesvik
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark. .,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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14
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Petrenko D, Chubarev V, Syzrantsev N, Ismail N, Merkulov V, Sologova S, Grigorevskikh E, Smolyarchuk E, Alyautdin R. Temozolomide Efficacy and Metabolism: The Implicit Relevance of Nanoscale Delivery Systems. Molecules 2022; 27:3507. [PMID: 35684445 PMCID: PMC9181940 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The most common primary malignant brain tumors in adults are gliomas. Glioblastoma is the most prevalent and aggressive tumor subtype of glioma. Current standards for the treatment of glioblastoma include a combination of surgical, radiation, and drug therapy methods. The drug therapy currently includes temozolomide (TMZ), an alkylating agent, and bevacizumab, a recombinant monoclonal IgG1 antibody that selectively binds to and inhibits the biological activity of vascular endothelial growth factor. Supplementation of glioblastoma radiation therapy with TMZ increased patient survival from 12.1 to 14.6 months. The specificity of TMZ effect on brain tumors is largely determined by special aspects of its pharmacokinetics. TMZ is an orally bioavailable prodrug, which is well absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is converted to its active alkylating metabolite 5-(3-methyl triazen-1-yl)imidazole-4-carbozamide (MTIC) spontaneously in physiological condition that does not require hepatic involvement. MTIC produced in the plasma is not able to cross the BBB and is formed locally in the brain. A promising way to increase the effectiveness of TMZ chemotherapy for glioblastoma is to prevent its hydrolysis in peripheral tissues and thereby increase the drug concentration in the brain that nanoscale delivery systems can provide. The review discusses possible ways to increase the efficacy of TMZ using nanocarriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Petrenko
- Department of Pharmacology, Sechenov University, 119019 Moscow, Russia; (V.C.); (N.S.); (V.M.); (S.S.); (E.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Vladimir Chubarev
- Department of Pharmacology, Sechenov University, 119019 Moscow, Russia; (V.C.); (N.S.); (V.M.); (S.S.); (E.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Nikita Syzrantsev
- Department of Pharmacology, Sechenov University, 119019 Moscow, Russia; (V.C.); (N.S.); (V.M.); (S.S.); (E.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Nafeeza Ismail
- Department of Pharmacology, University Technology MARA, Kuala Lumpur 50450, Malaysia;
| | - Vadim Merkulov
- Department of Pharmacology, Sechenov University, 119019 Moscow, Russia; (V.C.); (N.S.); (V.M.); (S.S.); (E.G.); (E.S.)
- Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products, 127051 Moscow, Russia
| | - Susanna Sologova
- Department of Pharmacology, Sechenov University, 119019 Moscow, Russia; (V.C.); (N.S.); (V.M.); (S.S.); (E.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Ekaterina Grigorevskikh
- Department of Pharmacology, Sechenov University, 119019 Moscow, Russia; (V.C.); (N.S.); (V.M.); (S.S.); (E.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Elena Smolyarchuk
- Department of Pharmacology, Sechenov University, 119019 Moscow, Russia; (V.C.); (N.S.); (V.M.); (S.S.); (E.G.); (E.S.)
| | - Renad Alyautdin
- Department of Pharmacology, Sechenov University, 119019 Moscow, Russia; (V.C.); (N.S.); (V.M.); (S.S.); (E.G.); (E.S.)
- Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products, 127051 Moscow, Russia
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