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Zheng YN, Lou SY, Lu J, Zheng FL, Tang YM, Zhang EJ, Cui SL, Zhao HJ. Selective PI3Kδ inhibitor TYM-3-98 suppresses AKT/mTOR/SREBP1-mediated lipogenesis and promotes ferroptosis in KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:474. [PMID: 38956060 PMCID: PMC11220027 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06848-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common tumors of the digestive system worldwide. KRAS mutations limit the use of anti-EGFR antibodies in combination with chemotherapy for the treatment of CRC. Therefore, novel targeted therapies are needed to overcome the KRAS-induced oncogenesis. Recent evidence suggests that inhibition of PI3K led to ferroptosis, a nonapoptotic cell death closely related to KRAS-mutant cells. Here, we showed that a selective PI3Kδ inhibitor TYM-3-98 can suppress the AKT/mTOR signaling and activate the ferroptosis pathway in KRAS-mutant CRC cells in a concentration-dependent manner. This was evidenced by the lipid peroxidation, iron accumulation, and depletion of GSH. Moreover, the overexpression of the sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1), a downstream transcription factor regulating lipid metabolism, conferred CRC cells greater resistance to ferroptosis induced by TYM-3-98. In addition, the effect of TYM-3-98 was confirmed in a xenograft mouse model, which demonstrated significant tumor suppression without obvious hepatoxicity or renal toxicity. Taken together, our work demonstrated that the induction of ferroptosis contributed to the PI3Kδ inhibitor-induced cell death via the suppression of AKT/mTOR/SREBP1-mediated lipogenesis, thus displaying a promising therapeutic effect of TYM-3-98 in CRC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Si-Yue Lou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jun Lu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fan-Li Zheng
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Mei Tang
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - En-Jun Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Sun-Liang Cui
- Institute of Drug Discovery and Design, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hua-Jun Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China.
- Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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2
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Hassan AF, Hussein O, Al-Barazenji T, Allouch A, Kamareddine L, Malki A, Moustafa AA, Khalil A. The effect of novel nitrogen-based chalcone analogs on colorectal cancer cells: Insight into the molecular pathways. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27002. [PMID: 38463818 PMCID: PMC10923686 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In colorectal cancer (CRC), aberrations in KRAS are associated with aggressive tumorigenesis and an overall low survival rate because of chemoresistance and adverse effects. Ergo, complementary, and integrative medicines are being considered for CRC treatment. Among which is the use of natural chalcones that are known to exhibit anti-tumor activities in KRAS mutant CRC subtypes treatment regimens. Consequently, we examine the effect of two novel compounds (DK13 and DK14) having chalcones with nitrogen mustard moiety on CRC cell lines (HCT-116 and LoVo) with KRAS mutation. These compounds were synthesized in our lab and previously reported to exhibit potent activity against breast cancer cells. Our data revealed that DK13 and DK14 treatment suppress cell growth, disturb the progression of cell cycle, and trigger apoptosis in CRC cell lines. Besides, treatment with both compounds impedes cell invasion and colony formation in both cell lines as compared to 5-FU; this is accompanied by up and down regulations of E-cadherin and Vimentin, respectively. At the molecular level, both compounds deregulate the expression and phosphorylation of β-catenin, Akt and mTOR, which are the main likely molecular mechanisms underlying these biological occurrences. Our findings present DK13 and DK14 as novel chemotherapies against CRC, through β-catenin/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arij Fouzat Hassan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ola Hussein
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Tara Al-Barazenji
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Asma Allouch
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Layla Kamareddine
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ahmed Malki
- Department of Biomedical Science, College of Health Sciences, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Ala‐Eddin Al Moustafa
- Biomedical Research Centre, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- College of Medicine, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Oncology Department, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ashraf Khalil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
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3
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Huang R, Du H, Cheng L, Zhang P, Meng F, Zhong Z. Targeted nanodelivery of siRNA against KRAS G12D inhibits pancreatic cancer. Acta Biomater 2023; 168:529-539. [PMID: 37451658 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) stands as a most deadly malignancy due to few effective treatments in the clinics. KRAS G12D mutation is a major driver for most PC cases, and silencing of KRAS G12D is considered as a potential therapeutic strategy for PC, which is nevertheless crippled by lacking a pragmatic delivery system for siRNA against KRAS G12D (siKRAS). Here, we report that cRGD peptide-modified bioresponsive chimaeric polymersomes (cRGD-BCP) mediate highly efficient siKRAS delivery to PANC-1 tumor, potently silencing KRAS G12D mRNA in tumor cells and effectively suppressing PC tumor growth in mice. cRGD-BCP exhibited remarkable encapsulation of siKRAS (loading content > 14 wt.%, loading efficiency > 90%) to form stable and uniform (ca. 68 nm) nanovesicles (cRGD-BCP-siKRAS). Of note, cRGD density greatly impacted the cellular uptake and silencing efficiency of cRGD-BCP-siKRAS in PANC-1 cells, in which an optimal cRGD density of 15.7 mol.% achieved 3.7- and 3.6-fold enhancement of internalization and gene silencing, respectively, compared with non-targeted BCP-siKRAS. cRGD-BCP-siKRAS was practically intact after 3-week storage at 4°C. Intriguingly, cRGD-BCP-siKRAS markedly enhanced the uptake of siKRAS in PANC-1 tumor, and at a siKRAS dose of 3 mg/kg knocked down 90% KRAS G12D gene, resulting in potent tumor inhibition and extraordinary survival benefits (median survival time: 101 days versus 38 (PBS group) and 59 days (BCP-siKRAS)) with 40% mice achieved complete regression. It appears that cRGD-mediated nanodelivery of siKRAS provides a potential cure for pancreatic cancer. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Small interfering RNA (siRNA) emerges as a specific and powerful biopharmaceuticals against cancers; however, inefficient in vivo delivery impedes its clinical translation. In spite of the fact that KRAS G12D mutation has been identified as a major driver for most pancreatic cancer, its notorious non-druggability renders little success on development of molecular targeted drugs. Pancreatic cancer is deemed as current king-of-cancer. Here, we show that cyclic RGD peptide installed bioresponsive polymersomes are able to efficiently deliver siRNA against KRAS G12D to pancreatic tumor, resulting in 90% gene knock-down and effective tumor inhibition. Strikingly, two out of five mice have been cured. This targeted nanodelivery of siRNA provides a high-efficacy treatment strategy for pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ri Huang
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Hong Du
- Suzhou GenePharma Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Peizhuo Zhang
- Suzhou GenePharma Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Fenghua Meng
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
| | - Zhiyuan Zhong
- Biomedical Polymers Laboratory, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, and State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China; College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China.
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4
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Sheppard SE, March ME, Seiler C, Matsuoka LS, Kim SE, Kao C, Rubin AI, Battig MR, Khalek N, Schindewolf E, O’Connor N, Pinto E, Priestley JR, Sanders VR, Niazi R, Ganguly A, Hou C, Slater D, Frieden IJ, Huynh T, Shieh JT, Krantz ID, Guerrero JC, Surrey LF, Biko DM, Laje P, Castelo-Soccio L, Nakano TA, Snyder K, Smith CL, Li D, Dori Y, Hakonarson H. Lymphatic disorders caused by mosaic, activating KRAS variants respond to MEK inhibition. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e155888. [PMID: 37154160 PMCID: PMC10243805 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.155888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Central conducting lymphatic anomaly (CCLA) due to congenital maldevelopment of the lymphatics can result in debilitating and life-threatening disease with limited treatment options. We identified 4 individuals with CCLA, lymphedema, and microcystic lymphatic malformation due to pathogenic, mosaic variants in KRAS. To determine the functional impact of these variants and identify a targeted therapy for these individuals, we used primary human dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLECs) and zebrafish larvae to model the lymphatic dysplasia. Expression of the p.Gly12Asp and p.Gly13Asp variants in HDLECs in a 2‑dimensional (2D) model and 3D organoid model led to increased ERK phosphorylation, demonstrating these variants activate the RAS/MAPK pathway. Expression of activating KRAS variants in the venous and lymphatic endothelium in zebrafish resulted in lymphatic dysplasia and edema similar to the individuals in the study. Treatment with MEK inhibition significantly reduced the phenotypes in both the organoid and the zebrafish model systems. In conclusion, we present the molecular characterization of the observed lymphatic anomalies due to pathogenic, somatic, activating KRAS variants in humans. Our preclinical studies suggest that MEK inhibition should be studied in future clinical trials for CCLA due to activating KRAS pathogenic variants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christoph Seiler
- Zebrafish Core, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | - Adam I. Rubin
- Department of Dermatology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Nahla Khalek
- Richard D. Wood Jr. Center for Fetal Diagnosis and Treatment and
| | | | | | - Erin Pinto
- Jill and Mark Fishman Center for Lymphatic Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Rojeen Niazi
- Genetic Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Arupa Ganguly
- Genetic Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Joseph T. Shieh
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ian D. Krantz
- Division of Human Genetics, and
- Roberts Individualized Medical Genetics Center, Division of Human Genetics
| | | | | | | | | | - Leslie Castelo-Soccio
- Dermatology Section, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Taizo A. Nakano
- Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kristen Snyder
- Division of Oncology, Cancer Center, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher L. Smith
- Jill and Mark Fishman Center for Lymphatic Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Yoav Dori
- Jill and Mark Fishman Center for Lymphatic Disorders, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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5
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Sana-Eldine AO, Abdelgawad HM, Kotb NS, Shehata NI. The potential effect of Schisandrin-B combination with panitumumab in wild-type and mutant colorectal cancer cell lines: Role of apoptosis and autophagy. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2023; 37:e23324. [PMID: 36808796 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
Panitumumab is an approved monoclonal antibody for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC); however, mutations in EGFR signaling pathway resulted in poor response. Schisandrin-B (Sch-B) is a phytochemical that was suggested to protect against inflammation, oxidative stress, and cell proliferation. The present study aimed to investigate the potential effect of Sch-B on panitumumab-induced cytotoxicity in wild-type Caco-2, and mutant HCT-116 and HT-29 CRC cell lines, and the possible underlying mechanisms. CRC cell lines were treated with panitumumab, Sch-B, and their combination. The cytotoxic effect of drugs was determined by MTT assay. The apoptotic potential was assessed in-vitro by DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 activity. Additionally, autophagy was investigated via microscopic detection of autophagosomes and quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) measurement of Beclin-1, Rubicon, LC3-II, and Bcl-2 expression. The drug pair enhanced panitumumab cytotoxicity in all CRC cell lines where IC50 of panitumumab was decreased in Caco-2 cell line. Apoptosis was induced through caspase-3 activation, DNA fragmentation, and Bcl-2 downregulation. Caco-2 cell line treated with panitumumab showed stained acidic vesicular organelles, contrariwise, all cell lines treated with Sch-B or the drug pair displayed green fluorescence indicating the lack of autophagosomes. qRT-PCR revealed the downregulation of LC3-II in all CRC cell lines, Rubicon in mutant cell lines, and Beclin-1 in HT-29 cell line only. Sch-B at 6.5 µM promoted panitumumab-induced apoptotic cell death, in-vitro, via caspase-3 activation and Bcl-2 downregulation, rather than autophagic cell death. This novel combination therapy against CRC, allows the reduction of panitumumab dose to guard against its adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanan M Abdelgawad
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nahla S Kotb
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of postgraduate studies for advanced Biotechnology and life sciences, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Nagwa I Shehata
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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6
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Alam M, Hasan GM, Ansari MM, Sharma R, Yadav DK, Hassan MI. Therapeutic implications and clinical manifestations of thymoquinone. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2022; 200:113213. [PMID: 35472482 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2022.113213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thymoquinone (TQ), a natural phytochemical predominantly found in Nigella sativa, has been investigated for its numerous health benefits. TQ showed anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, validated in various disease models. The anti-cancer potential of TQ is goverened by anti-proliferation, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction, ROS production, anti-metastasis and anti-angiogenesis, inhibition of cell migration and invasion action. Additionally, TQ exhibited antitumor activity via the modulation of multiple pathways and molecular targets, including Akt, ERK1/2, STAT3, and NF-κB. The present review highlighted the anticancer potential of TQ . We summarize the anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of TQ, focusing on its molecular targets and its promising action in cancer therapy. We further described the molecular mechanisms by which TQ prevents signaling pathways that mediate cancer progression, invasion, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzar Alam
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India
| | - Gulam Mustafa Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Md Meraj Ansari
- Centre for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, SAS Nagar, Mohali, Punjab, 160062, India
| | - Rishi Sharma
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, 249203, India
| | - Dharmendra Kumar Yadav
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University of Medicine and Science, Hambakmoeiro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon City, 21924, South Korea.
| | - Md Imtaiyaz Hassan
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, 110025, India.
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7
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Kim SH, Choi S, Lee WS. Bevacizumab and anexelekto inhibitor, TP-0903 inhibits TGF-β1-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition of colon cancer cells. Anticancer Drugs 2022; 33:e453-e461. [PMID: 34538864 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) is reported to be increasing nowadays, with a large proportion of newly diagnosed CRC patients being affected by metastasis. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an important event in the development of metastasis of CRC. In this study, we investigated whether the anticancer drug bevacizumab and anexelekto inhibitor, TP-0903, regulate EMT of colon cancer cells induced by transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1). Using quantitative real-time PCR and western blot analysis, we found that bevacizumab and TP-0903 decreased the expression levels of fibronectin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and vimentin, whereas they restored E-cadherin expression in TGF-β1-exposed SW480 and HCT116 cells. In addition, we elucidated that bevacizumab and TP-0903 inhibited the migration and invasion of TGF-β1-exposed colon cancer cells using scratched wound healing, transwell migration, and Matrigel-coated invasion assays. Finally, we discovered that bevacizumab and TP-0903 inactivated the Smad 2/3 signaling pathway in TGF-β1-exposed SW480 and HCT116 cells. Therefore, we suggest that treatment of bevacizumab and TP-0903 inhibits TGF-β1-induced EMT of colon cancer cells through inactivation of the Smad 2/3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Hee Kim
- Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University
| | - Sangtae Choi
- Department of Surgery and Peritoneal Surface Malignancy Clinic, Gil Medical Center, Colloege of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Won-Suk Lee
- Department of Surgery and Peritoneal Surface Malignancy Clinic, Gil Medical Center, Colloege of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
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8
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Sanaei MJ, Baghery Saghchy Khorasani A, Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi A, Shahrokh S, Zali MR, Bashash D. The PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis in colorectal cancer: Oncogenic alterations, non-coding RNAs, therapeutic opportunities, and the emerging role of nanoparticles. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:1720-1752. [PMID: 34897682 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the deadliest human malignancies worldwide. Several molecular pathways have been demonstrated to be involved in the initiation and development of CRC which among them, the overactivation of the phosphatidyl-inositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mTOR axis is of importance. The current review aims to unravel the mechanisms by which the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway affects CRC progression; and also, to summarize the original data obtained from international research laboratories on the oncogenic alterations and polymorphisms affecting this pathway in CRC. Besides, we provide a special focus on the regulatory role of noncoding RNAs targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in this malignancy. Questions on how this axis is involved in the inhibition of apoptosis, in the induction of drug resistance, and the angiogenesis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, and metastasis are also responded. We also discussed the PI3K/Akt pathway-associated prognostic and predictive biomarkers in CRC. In addition, we provide a general overview of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibition whether by chemical-based drugs or by natural-based medications in the context of CRC, either as monotherapy or in combination with other therapeutic agents; however, those treatments might have life-threatening side effects and toxicities. To the best of our knowledge, the current review is one of the first ones highlighting the emerging roles of nanotechnology to overcome challenges related to CRC therapy in the hope that providing a promising platform for the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad-Javad Sanaei
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Atieh Pourbagheri-Sigaroodi
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shabnam Shahrokh
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zali
- Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Davood Bashash
- Department of Hematology and Blood Banking, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Cherri S, Libertini M, Zaniboni A. New drugs for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. World J Gastrointest Oncol 2021; 13:1551-1560. [PMID: 34853636 PMCID: PMC8603451 DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v13.i11.1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents one of the most frequent malignancies in terms of incidence and mortality, thus representing the third leading cause of cancer death worldwide. In the last decade, few drugs have enriched the treatment landscape of metastatic CRC and have significantly affected prognosis. Unlike other neoplasms, metastatic CRC patients who have exhausted treatment options often still maintain a good performance status. There are many challenges to increasing potential treatment options, notably a better understanding of disease biology and the mechanisms of resistance underlying cancer treatment failure. The development of new drugs for metastatic CRC certainly represents one of the most important challenges in medical oncology. This article discusses the main limitations in the development of new drugs and potential future scenarios. In particular, we addressed three questions: (1) The main limitations of targeted therapy in the treatment of metastatic CRC (mCRC); (2) New target armamentarium that could escape primary and secondary resistance and lead to more personalized mCRC therapy; and (3) Future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Cherri
- Department of Oncology, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia 25124, Italy
| | - Michela Libertini
- Department of Oncology, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia 25124, Italy
| | - Alberto Zaniboni
- Department of Oncology, Fondazione Poliambulanza, Brescia 25124, Italy
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10
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Zhou J, Ji Q, Li Q. Resistance to anti-EGFR therapies in metastatic colorectal cancer: underlying mechanisms and reversal strategies. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:328. [PMID: 34663410 PMCID: PMC8522158 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cetuximab and panitumumab are monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) that are effective agents for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Cetuximab can prolong survival by 8.2 months in RAS wild-type (WT) mCRC patients. Unfortunately, resistance to targeted therapy impairs clinical use and efficiency. The mechanisms of resistance refer to intrinsic and extrinsic alterations of tumours. Multiple therapeutic strategies have been investigated extensively to overcome resistance to anti-EGFR mAbs. The intrinsic mechanisms include EGFR ligand overexpression, EGFR alteration, RAS/RAF/PI3K gene mutations, ERBB2/MET/IGF-1R activation, metabolic remodelling, microsatellite instability and autophagy. For intrinsic mechanisms, therapies mainly cover the following: new EGFR-targeted inhibitors, a combination of multitargeted inhibitors, and metabolic regulators. In addition, new cytotoxic drugs and small molecule compounds increase the efficiency of cetuximab. Extrinsic alterations mainly disrupt the tumour microenvironment, specifically immune cells, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and angiogenesis. The directions include the modification or activation of immune cells and suppression of CAFs and anti-VEGFR agents. In this review, we focus on the mechanisms of resistance to anti-EGFR monoclonal antibodies (anti-EGFR mAbs) and discuss diverse approaches to reverse resistance to this therapy in hopes of identifying more mCRC treatment possibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qing Ji
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Institute, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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11
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Preparation of a novel EGFR specific immunotoxin and its efficacy of anti-colorectal cancer in vitro and in vivo. Clin Transl Oncol 2021; 23:1549-1560. [PMID: 33474678 DOI: 10.1007/s12094-020-02548-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR), as a malignancy marker, is overly expressed in multiple solid tumors including colorectal neoplasms, one of the most prevalent malignancies worldwide. The main objective of this study is to enhance the efficacy of anti-tumor therapy targeting EGFR by constructing a novel EGFR-specific immunotoxin (C-CUS245C) based on Cetuximab and recombinant Cucurmosin (CUS245C). METHODS E. coli BL21 (DE3) PlysS (E. coli) was used to express CUS245C with a cysteine residue inserting to the C-terminus of Cucurmosin. Then immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography (IMAC) was used to purify CUS245C. The chemical conjugation method was used for the preparation of C-CUS245C. Then dialysis and IMAC were used to purify C-CUS245C. Western blot as well as SDS-PAGE was carried out to characterize the formation of C-CUS245C. At last the anti-colorectal cancer activity of C-CUS245C was investigated in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS CUS245C with high purity could be obtained from the prokaryotic system. C-CUS245C was successfully constructed and highly purified. The cytotoxicity assays in vitro showed a significant proliferation inhibition of C-CUS245C on EGFR-positive cells for 120 h with IC50 values less than 0.1 pM. Besides, the anti-tumor efficacy of C-CUS245C was remarkably more potent than that of Cetuximab, CUS245C, and C + CUS245C (P < 0.001). Whereas the cytotoxicity of C-CUS245C could hardly be detected on EGFR-null cell line. Our results also showed that C-CUS245C had efficacy of anti-colorectal cancer in mouse xenograft model, indicating the therapeutic potential of C-CUS245C for the targeted therapy of colorectal neoplasms. CONCLUSIONS C-CUS245C exhibits potent and EGFR-specific cytotoxicity. Insertional mutagenesis technique is worthy to be adopted in the preparation of immunotoxin. Immunotoxin can be highly purified through dialysis followed by IMAC.
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12
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Kim KO, Park WJ, Jung Y, Lee WS. Chemotherapeutic effects of MEK kinase inhibitor and BRAF kinase inhibitor on KRAS-mutated human colon cancer cell lines with different microsatellite instability. J Chemother 2020; 32:437-444. [DOI: 10.1080/1120009x.2020.1829326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ok Kim
- Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Woo-Jae Park
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - YunJae Jung
- Gachon Advanced Institute for Health Science & Technology, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Won-Suk Lee
- Department of Surgery and Peritoneal Surface Malignancy Clinic, Gil Medical Center, College of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
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13
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Ferrandon S, DeVecchio J, Duraes L, Chouhan H, Karagkounis G, Davenport J, Orloff M, Liska D, Kalady MF. CoA Synthase ( COASY) Mediates Radiation Resistance via PI3K Signaling in Rectal Cancer. Cancer Res 2019; 80:334-346. [PMID: 31704889 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-19-1161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Neoadjuvant radiation is standard of care for locally advanced rectal cancer. Response to radiation is highly variable and directly linked with survival. However, there currently are no validated biomarkers or molecular targets to predict or improve radiation response, which would help develop personalized treatment and ideally targeted therapies. Here, we identified a novel biomarker, coenzyme A synthase (COASY), whose mRNA expression was consistently elevated in radioresistant human rectal cancers. This observation was validated in independent patient cohorts and further confirmed in colorectal cancer cell lines. Importantly, genetic overexpression and knockdown yielded radioresistant and sensitive phenotypes, respectively, in vitro and in vivo. COASY-knockdown xenografts were more vulnerable to radiation, showing delayed tumor growth, decreased proliferation, and increased apoptosis. Mechanistically, COASY protein directly interacted with the PI3K regulatory subunit PI3K-P85α, which increased AKT and mTOR phosphorylation, enhancing cell survival. Furthermore, shRNA COASY knockdown disrupted downstream PI3K pathway activation and also hindered DNA double-strand break repair, which both led to improved radiosensitivity. Collectively, this work reveals for the first time the biological relevance of COASY as a predictive rectal cancer biomarker for radiation response and offers mechanistic evidence to support COASY as a potential therapeutic target. SIGNIFICANCE: COASY is a novel radiotherapy response modulator in rectal cancer that regulates PI3K activation and DNA repair. Furthermore, COASY levels directly correlate with radiation response and serve as a predictive biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Ferrandon
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jennifer DeVecchio
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Leonardo Duraes
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Hanumant Chouhan
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Georgios Karagkounis
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Jacqueline Davenport
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Matthew Orloff
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - David Liska
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Matthew F Kalady
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
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14
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Angeles AKJ, Yu RTD, Cutiongco-De La Paz EM, Garcia RL. Phenotypic characterization of the novel, non-hotspot oncogenic KRAS mutants E31D and E63K. Oncol Lett 2019; 18:420-432. [PMID: 31289513 PMCID: PMC6540134 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS proto-oncogene, GTPase (KRAS) functions as a molecular switch at the apex of multiple signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival. Canonical KRAS mutants, such as those in codons 12 and 13, produce constitutively active oncoproteins that short-circuit epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-initiated signaling, resulting in dysregulated downstream effectors associated with cellular transformation. Therefore, anti-EGFR therapy provides little to no clinical benefit to patients with activating KRAS mutations. Current genotyping procedures based on canonical mutation detection only account for ~40% of non-responders, highlighting the need to identify additional predictive biomarkers. In the present study, two novel non-hotspot KRAS mutations were functionally characterized in vitro: KRAS E31D was identified from a genetic screen of colorectal cancer specimens at the UP-National Institutes of Health. KRAS E63K is curated in the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer database. Similar to the canonical mutants KRAS G12D and KRAS G13D, NIH3T3 cells overexpressing KRAS E31D and KRAS E63K showed altered morphology and were characteristically smaller, rounder, and highly refractile compared with their non-transformed counterparts. Filamentous actin staining also indicated cytoplasmic shrinkage, membrane ruffling, and formation of pseudopod protrusions. Further, they displayed higher proliferative rates and higher migratory rates in scratch wound assays compared with negative controls. These empirical findings suggest the activating impact of the novel KRAS mutations, which may contribute to resistance to anti-EGFR therapy. Complementary studies to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the transforming effect of the rare mutants are required. In parallel, their oncogenic capacity in vivo should also be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arlou Kristina J Angeles
- Disease Molecular Biology and Epigenetics Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, National Science Complex, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Ryan Timothy D Yu
- Disease Molecular Biology and Epigenetics Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, National Science Complex, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Eva Maria Cutiongco-De La Paz
- Institute of Human Genetics, National Institutes of Health, University of the Philippines Manila, Manila 1000, Philippines.,Philippine Genome Center, University of the Philippines System, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Reynaldo L Garcia
- Disease Molecular Biology and Epigenetics Laboratory, National Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, National Science Complex, University of the Philippines Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines.,Philippine Genome Center, University of the Philippines System, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
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15
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Zhu Z, Du S, Yin K, Ai S, Yu M, Liu Y, Shen Y, Liu M, Jiao R, Chen X, Guan W. Knockdown long noncoding RNA nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 suppresses colorectal cancer through modulating miR-193a-3p/KRAS. Cancer Med 2018; 8:261-275. [PMID: 30575330 PMCID: PMC6346262 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear paraspeckle assembly transcript 1 (abbreviated as NEAT1), a nuclear sufficient long noncoding RNA (abbreviated as lncRNA), has aroused a rising concern in recent years. As uncovered by reports, the increase in NEAT1 is related to the deteriorated prognosis of lung cancer, breast cancer, hepatocellular cancer, and colorectal cancer (abbreviated as CRC). Thus far, the mechanism of NEAT1 has not been elucidated by the existing researches. The impact of knockdown of both NEAT1 and its predicted downstream miR‐193a‐3p in CRC cells was examined here to delve into their interactions and mechanisms. Additionally, the target of miR‐193a‐3p, Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (abbreviated as KRAS), was also predicted by bioinformatics algorithms. Small interfering RNA and antisense oligonucleotides that inhibit NEAT1, as well as overexpression or knockdown of miR‐193a‐3p, were adequately drawn upon to confirm that NEAT1 serves as a miR‐193a‐3p sponge or competing endogenous RNA, to impact miR‐193a‐3p's further functions, including modulating KRAS proteins, both in vitro and in vivo. Generally, lncRNA NEAT1/hsa‐miR‐193a‐3p/KRAS axis was substantiated in CRC cells and could provide novel insight into both diagnostic and therapeutic advancement in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhouting Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shangce Du
- Department of General Surgery, Drum Tower Clinical Medical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Kai Yin
- Department of General Surgery, Taixing Hospital Affiliated to Yangzhou University, Taixing, China
| | - Shichao Ai
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Mengchao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yanqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Minghui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ruihua Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenxian Guan
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
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16
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Park J, Jang JH, Kim JH. Mediatory role of BLT2 in the proliferation of KRAS mutant colorectal cancer cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1866:329-336. [PMID: 30553812 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory lipid mediators play various roles in colorectal cancer progression through complex pathways. However, the mechanism by which lipoxygenase-derived inflammatory lipid mediators contribute to colorectal cancer progression remains elusive. In this study, we found that BLT2, a cell surface GPCR for leukotriene B4 and 12‑hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, is highly upregulated in KRAS mutant LOVO and SW480 colorectal cancer cells and plays critical roles in mediating proliferation through activation of phosphatidylinositol 3‑kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) and subsequent upregulation of cyclin D1. Exposure to BLT2 siRNA or LY255283, a specific BLT2 inhibitor, clearly suppressed the proliferation of KRAS mutant colorectal cancer cells and markedly increased cell cycle arrest by downregulating the PI3K/Akt-cyclin D1 cascade. Xenograft tumor formation by LOVO and SW480 cells in athymic mice was also substantially reduced by treatment with the BLT2 inhibitor in vivo. Together, our study demonstrates that BLT2 is necessary for the proliferation of LOVO and SW480 cells and thus may be a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of KRAS mutant colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- JaeIn Park
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Jang
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Park YL, Kim HP, Cho YW, Min DW, Cheon SK, Lim YJ, Song SH, Kim SJ, Han SW, Park KJ, Kim TY. Activation of WNT/β-catenin signaling results in resistance to a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor in colorectal cancer cells harboring PIK3CA mutations. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:389-401. [PMID: 29978469 PMCID: PMC6587482 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
PIK3CA is a frequently mutated gene in cancer, including about ~15 to 20% of colorectal cancers (CRC). PIK3CA mutations lead to activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, which plays pivotal roles in tumorigenesis. Here, we investigated the mechanism of resistance of PIK3CA-mutant CRC cell lines to gedatolisib, a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor. Out of a panel of 29 CRC cell lines, we identified 7 harboring one or more PIK3CA mutations; of these, 5 and 2 were found to be sensitive and resistant to gedatolisib, respectively. Both of the gedatolisib-resistant cell lines expressed high levels of active glycogen synthase kinase 3-beta (GSK3β) and harbored the same frameshift mutation (c.465_466insC; H155fs*) in TCF7, which encodes a positive transcriptional regulator of the WNT/β-catenin signaling pathway. Inhibition of GSK3β activity in gedatolisib-resistant cells by siRNA-mediated knockdown or treatment with a GSK3β-specific inhibitor effectively reduced the activity of molecules downstream of mTOR and also decreased signaling through the WNT/β-catenin pathway. Notably, GSK3β inhibition rendered the resistant cell lines sensitive to gedatolisib cytotoxicity, both in vitro and in a mouse xenograft model. Taken together, these data demonstrate that aberrant regulation of WNT/β-catenin signaling and active GSK3β induced by the TCF7 frameshift mutation cause resistance to the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor gedatolisib. Cotreatment with GSK3β inhibitors may be a strategy to overcome the resistance of PIK3CA- and TCF7-mutant CRC to PI3K/mTOR-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Lim Park
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hwang-Phill Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Young-Won Cho
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Min
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seul-Ki Cheon
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoo Joo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Song
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Jin Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Sae-Won Han
- Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyu Joo Park
- Department of Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae-You Kim
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.,Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
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18
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Evans JP, Winiarski BK, Sutton PA, Jones RP, Ressel L, Duckworth CA, Pritchard DM, Lin ZX, Fretwell VL, Tweedle EM, Costello E, Goldring CE, Copple IM, Park BK, Palmer DH, Kitteringham NR. The Nrf2 inhibitor brusatol is a potent antitumour agent in an orthotopic mouse model of colorectal cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:27104-27116. [PMID: 29930754 PMCID: PMC6007465 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Nrf2 is a transcription factor that regulates cellular stress response and irinotecan-metabolising pathways. Its aberrant activity has been reported in a number of cancers, although relatively few studies have explored a role for Nrf2 in colorectal cancer (CRC). This study assessed the expression of Nrf2 in patient CRC tissues and explored the effect of Nrf2 modulation alone, or in combination with irinotecan, in human (HCT116) and murine (CT26) cell lines in vitro and in an orthotopic syngeneic mouse model utilising bioluminescent imaging. Using a tissue microarray, Nrf2 was found to be overexpressed (p<0.01) in primary CRC and metastatic tissue relative to normal colon, with a positive correlation between Nrf2 expression in matched primary and metastatic samples. In vitro experiments in CRC cell lines revealed that Nrf2 siRNA and brusatol, which is known to inhibit Nrf2, decreased viability and sensitised cells to irinotecan toxicity. Furthermore, brusatol effectively abrogated CRC tumour growth in subcutaneously and orthotopically-allografted mice, resulting in an average 8-fold reduction in luminescence at the study end-point (p=0.02). Our results highlight Nrf2 as a promising drug target in the treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Evans
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Boleslaw K Winiarski
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Sutton
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Robert P Jones
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Ressel
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Carrie A Duckworth
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - D Mark Pritchard
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Zhi-Xiu Lin
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Vicky L Fretwell
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth M Tweedle
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Eithne Costello
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher E Goldring
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Ian M Copple
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - B Kevin Park
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel H Palmer
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,Clatterbridge Cancer Centre, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Neil R Kitteringham
- MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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19
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Schirripa M, Cohen SA, Battaglin F, Lenz HJ. Biomarker-driven and molecular targeted therapies for colorectal cancers. Semin Oncol 2018; 45:124-132. [PMID: 30262397 PMCID: PMC7496213 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminoncol.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Improved clinical selection and identification of new molecules and innovative strategies have widened treatment options and increased overall survival in metastatic colorectal cancer patients in recent years. Biomarker-driven therapies represent an emerging issue in this field and new targeted treatments are under investigation and probably will be soon adopted into daily clinical practice. In the present review, the role RAS, BRAF mutations, Her2 amplification, microsatellite instability, and CpG island methylator phenotype are discussed according to their possible roles as prognostic, predictive markers, as well as possible biomarker-driven treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Schirripa
- Division of Medical Oncology 1, Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Stacey A Cohen
- Division of Medical Oncology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Francesca Battaglin
- Division of Medical Oncology 1, Istituto Oncologico Veneto, IRCCS, Padova, Italy
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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20
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De Angelis ML, Bruselles A, Francescangeli F, Pucilli F, Vitale S, Zeuner A, Tartaglia M, Baiocchi M. Colorectal cancer spheroid biobanks: multi-level approaches to drug sensitivity studies. Cell Biol Toxicol 2018; 34:459-469. [PMID: 29478126 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-018-9423-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Biobanking of molecularly characterized colorectal cancer stem cells (CSCs) generated from individual patients and growing as spheroids in defined serum-free media offer a fast, feasible, and multi-level approach for the screening of targeted therapies and drug resistance molecular studies. By combining in vitro and in vivo analyses of cetuximab efficacy with genetic data on an ongoing collection of stem cell-enriched spheroids, we describe the identification and preliminary characterization of microsatellite stable (MSS) CSCs that, despite the presence of the KRAS (G12D) mutation, display epidermal growth factor (EGF)-dependent growth and are strongly inhibited by anti-EGF-receptor (EGFR) treatment. In parallel, we detected an increased resistance to anti-EGFR therapy of microsatellite instable (MSI) CSC lines irrespective of KRAS mutational status. MSI CSC lines carried mutations in genes coding for proteins with a role in RAS and calcium signaling, highlighting the role of a genomically unstable context in determining anti-EGFR resistance. Altogether, these results argue for a multifactorial origin of anti-EGFR resistance that emerges as the effect of multiple events targeting direct and indirect regulators of the EGFR pathway. An improved understanding of key molecular determinants of sensitivity/resistance to EGFR inhibition will be instrumental to optimize the clinical efficacy of anti-EGFR agents, representing a further step towards personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Laura De Angelis
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bruselles
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Francescangeli
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Flavia Pucilli
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Vitale
- Institute of General Pathology, Catholic University and A. Gemelli Polyclinic, Rome, Italy
| | - Ann Zeuner
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Tartaglia
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù, Rome, Italy
| | - Marta Baiocchi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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21
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Fernandes MS, Sanches JM, Seruca R. Targeting the PI3K Signalling as a Therapeutic Strategy in Colorectal Cancer. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1110:35-53. [PMID: 30623365 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-02771-1_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains one of the leading causes of cancer mortality worldwide. Regarded as a heterogeneous disease, a number of biomarkers have been proposed to help in the stratification of CRC patients and to enable the selection of the best therapy for each patient towards personalized therapy. However, although the molecular mechanisms underlying the development of CRC have been elucidated, the therapeutic strategies available for these patients are still quite limited. Thus, over the last few years, a multitude of novel targets and therapeutic strategies have emerged focusing on deregulated molecules and pathways that are implicated in cell growth and survival. Particularly relevant in CRC are the activating mutations in the oncogene PIK3CA that frequently occur in concomitancy with KRAS and BRAF mutations and that lead to deregulation of the major signalling pathways PI3K and MAPK, downstream of EGFR. This review focus on the importance of the PI3K signalling in CRC development, on the current knowledge of PI3K inhibition as a therapeutic approach in CRC and on the implications PI3K signalling molecules may have as potential biomarkers and as new targets for directed therapies in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sofia Fernandes
- Institute for Systems and Robotics (ISR), Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Lisboa, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal
| | - João Miguel Sanches
- Institute for Systems and Robotics (ISR), Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raquel Seruca
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Porto, Portugal.
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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22
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Xia LJ, Wu YL, Zhang FC. Combination of cecropinXJ and LY294002 induces synergistic cytotoxicity, and apoptosis in human gastric cancer cells via inhibition of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:7522-7528. [PMID: 29344198 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of cecropinXJ against human gastric cancer BGC823 cells, either alone, or in combination with a specific phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, LY294002. Cell viability and the apoptosis rate were measured using flow cytometry with Annexin-V staining. Additionally, the expression levels of several RAC-α serine/threonine kinase (Akt) phosphorylation-associated proteins and apoptosis-regulating proteins were evaluated by western blot analysis. It was observed that the combination of cecropinXJ and LY294002 resulted in significant synergistic cytotoxic and apoptosis effects, as compared with any single agent alone, in a dose-dependent manner. Corresponding to enhanced apoptosis, the expression levels of certain apoptosis-regulating proteins were changed, the most notable being the upregulation of caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2)-associated death promotor, Bcl-2 homologous antagonist killer, Bcl-2 interacting killer, Bcl-2-like protein 11, Bcl-2-like protein 4 and cytochrome c, and the downregulation of phosphorylated-Bad and Bcl-2 proteins. The present study provided a novel therapeutic regimen for the use of the cecropinXJ in combination with LY294002 for the treatment of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jie Xia
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Ling Wu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, P.R. China
| | - Fu-Chun Zhang
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Biological Resources and Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830046, P.R. China
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23
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Park KS, Yang H, Choi J, Seo S, Kim D, Lee CH, Jeon H, Kim SW, Lee DH. The HSP90 inhibitor, NVP-AUY922, attenuates intrinsic PI3K inhibitor resistance in KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer. Cancer Lett 2017; 406:47-53. [PMID: 28797845 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
More than 25% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) carry mutations in KRAS, one of the most common oncogenic drivers in this disease. KRAS-mutant NSCLC responds poorly to currently available therapies; therefore, novel treatment strategies are needed. Here, we describe a particularly promising targeted therapeutic strategy against KRAS mutation-harboring NSCLC intrinsically resistant to treatment by PI3K inhibition. We found that intrinsic resistance to PI3K inhibition derived from RAF/MEK/ERK and RSK activation, bypassing blockage of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. The HSP90 inhibitor AUY922 suppressed both PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAF/MEK/ERK signaling, rendering cells sensitive to a PI3K inhibitor (omipalisib, GSK458). Combining these two drugs achieved a synergistic effect, even using only sub-therapeutic concentrations. Dual inhibition of the HSP90 and PI3K signaling pathways with sub-therapeutic doses of these combined anticancer drugs may represent a potent treatment strategy for KRAS-mutant NSCLC with intrinsic resistance to PI3K inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang-Seo Park
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Hannah Yang
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyoung Choi
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Seyoung Seo
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Deokhoon Kim
- Center for Cancer Genome Discovery, Asan Institute for Life Science, Asan Medical Center, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hoon Lee
- Immunotherapy Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanwool Jeon
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-We Kim
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Ho Lee
- Department of Oncology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, 05505, Republic of Korea.
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24
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Abstract
AIM Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are a kind of very popular antidiabetes drugs. They promote cell proliferation and survival through activation of signaling pathways in human islet cells involving phosphate idylinositol 3 kinase (PI3K) and extracellular regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), which are frequently activated in human colon cancer cells. Then, it is possible that taking GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonists persistently would induce proliferation of β cells as well as colon cancer cells. So, clarifying the effects and mechanisms of GLP-1R agonists on colon cancer cells has important clinical implications. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated GLP-1R expression in human colon cancer tissue samples with immunohistochemisty analysis and explored the effects of exendin-4, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, on colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The results showed lack of GLP-1R expression in both human colon cancer tissues and colon cancer cell lines. Exendin-4 did not enhance the proliferation and migration of colon cancer cell lines in vitro, and nor did it inhibit apoptosis induced by cytotoxic agents such as 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or irinotecan. In addition, exendin-4 did not promote the propagation of colon cancer cells in vivo. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that GLP-1R agonists do not modify the growth or survival of human colon cancer cells and may be safe for diabetic patients with colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Wenjing
- a Department of Endocrinology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
- b Institute of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
| | - Yu Shuang
- a Department of Endocrinology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Li Weisong
- c Department of Pathology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
| | - Xiao Haipeng
- a Department of Endocrinology , The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou , China
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25
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Szarynska M, Olejniczak A, Wierzbicki P, Kobiela J, Laski D, Sledzinski Z, Adrych K, Guzek M, Kmiec Z. FasR and FasL in colorectal cancer. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:975-986. [PMID: 28766682 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common solid organ cancers prevalent worldwide causing, in spite of advancing therapeutic methodology, high rate of patient mortality, especially due to metastasis development. The cancer stem cell (CSC) theory of tumor growth indicates that CSCs within the tumor mass have great capacity to initiate and sustain tumor growth. Following the suggestion that Fas signaling can be engaged in apoptosis, tumor maintenance, senescence or DICE (death induced by CD95 or CD95L elimination), the attempts to broaden the knowledge concerning the relationships between CSCs features and FasR/FasL appeared to be necessary. The most important advantage of our study was the simultaneously analysis of CSCs from commonly used CRC lines (HCT116 and HT29) and tumor fragments collected from CRC patients. Moreover, the sphere-promoting expansion of CRC lines brought a specific three-dimensional specific environment for CSC exploration. We further investigated the function of Fas signaling in CRC lines depending on the culture mode as we incubated HCT116 and HT29 cells with anti-FasR agonistic antibodies. It appeared to act in a line-dependent and culture mode-dependent manner and influenced some particular features of CSCs such as spherogenicity, proliferation and phenotype. Additionally, the analysis of mRNA level showed that disease progression is associated with significantly increased expression of FasR and/or FasL. In conclusion, our observation seems to confirm that spherical model of cancer lines is more reliable for some sophisticated analysis because of their greater resemblance to the CSCs from human CRC samples in comparison to commonly used adherent cells, at least according to aspects of their biology analyzed in this study. That can be extended to the resemblance of in vitro sphere forming conditions to the in vivo environment. However, the greatest difference concerns the level of apoptosis, thus, this issue require further experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Szarynska
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agata Olejniczak
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Piotr Wierzbicki
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Kobiela
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, Invasive Medicine Centre, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dariusz Laski
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, Invasive Medicine Centre, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Sledzinski
- Department of General, Endocrine and Transplant Surgery, Medical University of Gdansk, Invasive Medicine Centre, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krystian Adrych
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medical University of Gdansk, Invasive Medicine Centre, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Marek Guzek
- Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Medical University of Gdansk, Invasive Medicine Centre, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Kmiec
- Department of Histology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
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26
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Abstract
Length of the telomere (TL), a structure at the tip of chromosome that protects and ensures stability, is determined by multi-protein complexes such as telosome/shelterin and telomerase. Earlier studies from our laboratory show that longer TL has potential to be positive predictive biomarker of clinical outcome to anti-epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody therapy in patients with KRAS WT metastatic colorectal cancer. Although there is extensive literature suggesting the role of shelterin and telomerase, not much literature exists that describes the role of EGFR and KRAS pathway in regulating TL. This detailed review focuses on an insight into various components, including proteins, enzymes and transcription factors, interlinking between EGFR pathways and telomerase that regulate TL.
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27
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Cho SY, Han JY, Na D, Kang W, Lee A, Kim J, Lee J, Min S, Kang J, Chae J, Kim JI, Park H, Lee WS, Lee C. A Novel Combination Treatment Targeting BCL-X L and MCL1 for KRAS/BRAF-mutated and BCL2L1-amplified Colorectal Cancers. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:2178-2190. [PMID: 28611106 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-16-0735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the world, and exhibits heterogeneous characteristics in terms of genomic alterations, expression signature, and drug responsiveness. Although there have been considerable efforts to classify this disease based on high-throughput sequencing techniques, targeted treatments for specific subgroups have been limited. KRAS and BRAF mutations are prevalent genetic alterations in colorectal cancers, and patients with mutations in either of these genes have a worse prognosis and are resistant to anti-EGFR treatments. In this study, we have found that a subgroup of colorectal cancers, defined by having either KRAS or BRAF (KRAS/BRAF) mutations and BCL2L1 (encoding BCL-XL) amplification, can be effectively targeted by simultaneous inhibition of BCL-XL (with ABT-263) and MCL1 (with YM-155). This combination treatment of ABT-263 and YM-155 was shown to have a synergistic effect in vitro as well as in in vivo patient-derived xenograft models. Our data suggest that combined inhibition of BCL-XL and MCL1 provides a promising treatment strategy for this genomically defined colorectal cancer subgroup. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(10); 2178-90. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Yup Cho
- Ewha Institute of Convergence Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jee Yun Han
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Deukchae Na
- Ewha Institute of Convergence Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonyoung Kang
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ahra Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jooyoung Kim
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jieun Lee
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seoyeon Min
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jinjoo Kang
- Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeesoo Chae
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Il Kim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hansoo Park
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju, Korea.
| | - Won-Suk Lee
- Department of Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.
| | - Charles Lee
- Ewha Institute of Convergence Medicine, Ewha Womans University Mokdong Hospital, Seoul, Korea. .,Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.,The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, Connecticut
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28
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Targeting PI3K Signaling in Combination Cancer Therapy. Trends Cancer 2017; 3:454-469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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29
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Huang TH, Wu SY, Huang YJ, Wei PL, Wu ATH, Chao TY. The identification and validation of Trichosstatin A as a potential inhibitor of colon tumorigenesis and colon cancer stem-like cells. Am J Cancer Res 2017; 7:1227-1237. [PMID: 28560069 PMCID: PMC5446486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the most prevalent cancer types in developed countries. Metastasis and drug resistance are two contributing factors to the high mortality rate. Accumulating evidence suggest that cancer stem-like cells (CSCs) represents as a major contributor to these malignant features. Here, we identified and isolated colon cancer stem-like cells using side-population (SP) method from human colon cancer cell lines. SP colon cells demonstrate cancer stem-like cell properties including enhanced sphere-forming ability and resistance towards fluorouracil (5-FU). The CSC properties were associated with the increased expression level of major oncogenic and stem cell markers including β-catenin, NF-kB, Akt/mTOR, KRAS and c-Myc. Trichostatin A (TSA), an antifungal antibiotic also a HDAC inhibitor, was found to function not only to decrease the expression of oncogenic markers but also the colon CSC properties. Importantly, TSA and 5-FU combined treatment synergistically suppressed colon cancer viability. Finally, in vivo results demonstrated that TSA alone and in combination with 5-FU effectively suppressed colon tumorigenesis. Collectively, this study provides preclinical evidence that TSA may function as a potential colon cancer therapeutic agent by targeting CSC and overcoming 5-FU resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Hung Huang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial HospitalKeelung, Taiwan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan
- School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health SciencesTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Yuan Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Yan-Jiun Huang
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Li Wei
- Division of Colorectal Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
| | - Alexander TH Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical CenterTaipei 114, Taiwan
| | - Tsu-Yi Chao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical UniversityTaipei, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research & Education, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho HospitalNew Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho HospitalNew Taipei, Taiwan
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30
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You C, Liang H, Sun W, Li J, Liu Y, Fan Q, Zhang H, Yue X, Li J, Chen X, Ba Y. Deregulation of the miR-16-KRAS axis promotes colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37459. [PMID: 27857191 PMCID: PMC5114589 DOI: 10.1038/srep37459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS plays a significant role in the etiology and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC), but the mechanism underlying this process has not been fully elucidated. In this study, we found that the KRAS protein levels were higher in CRC tissues than in the normal adjacent tissues, whereas its mRNA levels varied irregularly, suggesting that a post-transcriptional mechanism is involved in the regulation of KRAS. Then, we performed bioinformatic analyses to search for miRNAs that potentially target KRAS. We predicted and experimentally validated that miR-16 directly recognizes the 3'-UTR of the KRAS transcript and regulates KRAS expression. Furthermore, the in vitro results showed that the repression of KRAS by miR-16 suppressed the proliferation and invasion and induced the apoptosis of CRC cells, and the in vivo results revealed that miR-16 exerted a tumor-suppressive effect by negatively regulating KRAS in xenograft mice. Taken together, our findings provide evidence supporting the role of miR-16 as a tumor suppressor in CRC by targeting KRAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoying You
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Tianjin, 300060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Hongwei Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Wu Sun
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Tianjin, 300060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Jialu Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tianjin First Center Hospital, 24 Fukang Road, Tianjin, 300192, China
| | - Yanqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Qian Fan
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Tianjin, 300060, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Xin Yue
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Xi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210046, China
| | - Yi Ba
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Huanhuxi Road, Tiyuanbei, Tianjin, 300060, China
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31
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Hanna DL, Lenz HJ. Novel therapeutics in metastatic colorectal cancer: molecular insights and pharmacogenomic implications. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2016; 9:1091-108. [PMID: 27031164 PMCID: PMC7493705 DOI: 10.1586/17512433.2016.1172961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although the survival of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients has improved five-fold over the last century, CRC remains a significant global health burden. Impressive strides have been made in identifying new regimens, employing maintenance strategies to limit treatment toxicities, and combining multidisciplinary approaches to achieve cure in oligometastatic disease. Attempts at personalized integration of targeted agents have been limited by the ability to identify molecularly enriched patient populations most likely to benefit. In this review, we discuss novel therapeutics and regimens recently approved and in development for mCRC. In addition, we discuss using older agents in novel combination and maintenance strategies, and highlight evidence for implementing pharmacogenomic data and non-invasive monitoring into the personalized management of mCRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana L. Hanna
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Hoag Family Cancer Institute, Newport Beach, CA, USA
| | - Heinz-Josef Lenz
- Division of Medical Oncology, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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32
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Hong S, Kim S, Kim HY, Kang M, Jang HH, Lee WS. Targeting the PI3K signaling pathway in KRAS mutant colon cancer. Cancer Med 2015; 5:248-55. [PMID: 26715098 PMCID: PMC4735771 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) patients with v‐Ki‐ras2 Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) mutations are resistant to monoclonal antibody that targets the epidermal growth factor receptor such as cetuximab. BKM120 targets phosphatidylinositide‐3‐kinase (PIK3CA), but it is unknown whether BKM120 can reverse cetuximab resistance in KRAS mutant CRC. Human CRC cell lines with KRAS mutations (DLD‐1, HCT116, and LoVo) were used to test the effect of cetuximab, BKM120, and cetuximab plus BKM120 on cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo. BKM120 reduced cell proliferation in a concentration‐dependent manner in the LoVo (PI3KCA wild type) as well as the HCT116 and DLD1 cells (that carry a PI3KCA mutation). BKM120 only inhibited ERK phosphorylation in LoVo cells (PIK3CA wild type), but not in DLD1 or HCT116 cells at a concentration of 1 μmol/L. Treatment with cetuximab and BKM120 significantly reduced the growth of xenograft tumors originating from KRAS mutant cells compared with cetuximab alone (P = 0.034). BKM120 may overcome cetuximab resistance in colon cancer cells with KRAS mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suntaek Hong
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - SoYoung Kim
- Department of Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.,Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Hye Youn Kim
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Myunghee Kang
- Department of Pathology, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ho Hee Jang
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.,Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
| | - Won-Suk Lee
- Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.,Department of Surgery, Gil Medical Center, Gachon University, Incheon, Korea.,Gachon Medical Research Institute, Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Korea
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