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Fouad AM, Abd El-Lateif RSA, Abo-Al-Ela HG, Abdel-Hakeem SS. Cytotoxicity and immunological impact of Trypanosoma sp. infection on blood parameters of wild African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Parasitol Res 2023; 123:10. [PMID: 38057596 PMCID: PMC10700209 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-08026-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Fish trypanosomiasis is a common blood parasitic disease transmitted by aquatic invertebrates, such as leeches. This study aims to shed light on the cytotoxicity of Trypanosoma sp. on erythrocytes and its impacts on the innate immune response (serum lysozyme activity, nitric oxide production, phagocytic activity, serum total protein, and globulin) in wild African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. One hundred catfish were examined using blood smears stained with Giemsa and confirmed with PCR. The prevalence of infection was found to be 10% by microscope detection and 15% by PCR. The morphological identification of Trypanosoma as Trypanosoma mukasai was determined. Additionally, this study included previously undescribed features of Trypanosoma, such as the width of the anterior and posterior body, the length of the posterior pale region, and the number of folds. Various alterations in erythrocytes were observed, totaling 54.57%. Nuclear abnormalities, including fragmented nuclei, eccentric nuclei, and micronuclei, were also reported. Infected fish showed a reduction in serum total protein and globulin levels, while nitric oxide production, lysozyme activity, and phagocytic activity exhibited a significant increase compared to non-infected fish. We believe that our findings will contribute valuable data to the morphological and molecular identification of Trypanosoma sp. in African catfish, as well as their cytotoxic impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alamira Marzouk Fouad
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
| | - Rasha S A Abd El-Lateif
- Unit of Fish Diseases and Management, Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI) Agriculture Research Center (ARC), Assiut Lab, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Haitham G Abo-Al-Ela
- Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fish Resources, Suez University, Suez, 43221, Egypt.
| | - Sara Salah Abdel-Hakeem
- Parasitology Lab., Zoology and Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, 71526, Egypt
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Morrison LJ, Steketee PC, Tettey MD, Matthews KR. Pathogenicity and virulence of African trypanosomes: From laboratory models to clinically relevant hosts. Virulence 2023; 14:2150445. [PMID: 36419235 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2150445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomes are vector-borne protozoa, which cause significant human and animal disease across sub-Saharan Africa, and animal disease across Asia and South America. In humans, infection is caused by variants of Trypanosoma brucei, and is characterized by varying rate of progression to neurological disease, caused by parasites exiting the vasculature and entering the brain. Animal disease is caused by multiple species of trypanosome, primarily T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. brucei. These trypanosomes also infect multiple species of mammalian host, and this complexity of trypanosome and host diversity is reflected in the spectrum of severity of disease in animal trypanosomiasis, ranging from hyperacute infections associated with mortality to long-term chronic infections, and is also a main reason why designing interventions for animal trypanosomiasis is so challenging. In this review, we will provide an overview of the current understanding of trypanosome determinants of infection progression and severity, covering laboratory models of disease, as well as human and livestock disease. We will also highlight gaps in knowledge and capabilities, which represent opportunities to both further our fundamental understanding of how trypanosomes cause disease, as well as facilitating the development of the novel interventions that are so badly needed to reduce the burden of disease caused by these important pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam J Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Pieter C Steketee
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, UK
| | - Mabel D Tettey
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Keith R Matthews
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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3
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Aminu S, Danazumi AU, Alhafiz ZA, Gorna MW, Ibrahim MA. β-Sitosterol could serve as a dual inhibitor of Trypanosoma congolense sialidase and phospholipase A 2: in vitro kinetic analyses and molecular dynamic simulations. Mol Divers 2023; 27:1645-1660. [PMID: 36042119 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-022-10517-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of Trypanosoma congolense sialidase alongside phospholipase A2 has been widely accepted as the major contributing factor to anemia during African animal trypanosomiasis. The enzymes aid the parasite in scavenging sialic acid and fatty acids necessary for survival in the infected host, but there are no specific drug candidates against the two enzymes. This study investigated the inhibitory effects of β-sitosterol on the partially purified T. congolense sialidase and phospholipase A2. Purification of the enzymes using DEAE cellulose column led to fractions with highest specific activities of 8016.41 and 39.26 µmol/min/mg for sialidase and phospholipase A2, respectively. Inhibition kinetics studies showed that β-sitosterol is non-competitive and an uncompetitive inhibitor of sialidase and phospholipase A2 with inhibition binding constants of 0.368 and 0.549 µM, respectively. Molecular docking of the compound revealed binding energies of - 8.0 and - 8.6 kcal/mol against the sialidase and phospholipase A2, respectively. Furthermore, 100 ns molecular dynamics simulation using GROMACS revealed stable interaction of β-sitosterol with both enzymes. Hydrogen bond interactions between the ligand and Glu284 and Leu102 residues of the sialidase and phospholipase A2, respectively, were found to be the major stabilizing forces. In conclusion, β-sitosterol could serve as a dual inhibitor of T. congolense sialidase and phospholipase A2; hence, the compound could be exploited further in the search for newer trypanocides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleiman Aminu
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Ammar Usman Danazumi
- Biological and Chemical Research Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zainab Aliyu Alhafiz
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University, Gusau, Nigeria
| | - Maria Wiktoria Gorna
- Biological and Chemical Research Center, Department of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Abdulrashid NI, Aminu S, Adamu RM, Tajuddeen N, Isah MB, Jatau ID, Aliyu AB, Simelane MBC, Onyike E, Ibrahim MA. Phloroglucinol as a Potential Candidate against Trypanosoma congolense Infection: Insights from In Vivo, In Vitro, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamic Simulation Analyses. Molecules 2022; 27:469. [PMID: 35056785 PMCID: PMC8781988 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sub-Saharan Africa is profoundly challenged with African Animal Trypanosomiasis and the available trypanocides are faced with drawbacks, necessitating the search for novel agents. Herein, the chemotherapeutic potential of phloroglucinol on T. congolense infection and its inhibitory effects on the partially purified T. congolense sialidase and phospholipase A2 (PLA2) were investigated. Treatment with phloroglucinol for 14 days significantly (p < 0.05) suppressed T. congolense proliferation, increased animal survival and ameliorated anemia induced by the parasite. Using biochemical and histopathological analyses, phloroglucinol was found to prevent renal damages and splenomegaly, besides its protection against T. congolense-associated increase in free serum sialic acids in infected animals. Moreover, the compound inhibited bloodstream T. congolense sialidase via mixed inhibition pattern with inhibition binding constant (Ki) of 0.181 µM, but a very low uncompetitive inhibitory effects against PLA2 (Ki > 9000 µM) was recorded. Molecular docking studies revealed binding energies of -4.9 and -5.3 kcal/mol between phloroglucinol with modeled sialidase and PLA2 respectively, while a 50 ns molecular dynamics simulation using GROMACS revealed the sialidase-phloroglucinol complex to be more compact and stable with higher free binding energy (-67.84 ± 0.50 kJ/mol) than PLA2-phloroglucinol complex (-77.17 ± 0.52 kJ/mol), based on MM-PBSA analysis. The sialidase-phloroglucinol complex had a single hydrogen bond interaction with Ser453 while none was observed for the PLA2-phloroglucinol complex. In conclusion, phloroglucinol showed moderate trypanostatic activity with great potential in ameliorating some of the parasite-induced pathologies and its anti-anemic effects might be linked to inhibition of sialidase rather than PLA2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suleiman Aminu
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810241, Nigeria; (N.I.A.); (S.A.); (E.O.)
| | - Rahma Muhammad Adamu
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India;
| | - Nasir Tajuddeen
- Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810241, Nigeria; (N.T.); (A.B.A.)
| | - Murtala Bindawa Isah
- Department of Biochemistry, Umaru Musa Yar’adua University, Katsina 820241, Nigeria;
| | - Isa Danladi Jatau
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810241, Nigeria;
| | - Abubakar Babando Aliyu
- Department of Chemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810241, Nigeria; (N.T.); (A.B.A.)
| | | | - Elewechi Onyike
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810241, Nigeria; (N.I.A.); (S.A.); (E.O.)
| | - Mohammed Auwal Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 810241, Nigeria; (N.I.A.); (S.A.); (E.O.)
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Saad SB, Ibrahim MA, Jatau ID, Shuaibu MN. The therapeutic potential of phytol towards Trypanosoma congolense infection and the inhibitory effects against trypanosomal sialidase. Exp Parasitol 2020; 216:107943. [PMID: 32598890 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2020.107943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The search for novel therapeutic candidates against animal trypanosomiasis is an ongoing scientific endevour because of the negative impacts of the disease to the African livestock industry. In this study, the in vivo therapeutic potentials of phytol toward Trypanosoma congolense infection and the inhibitory effects on trypanosomal sialidase were investigated. Rats were infected with T. congolense and administered daily oral treatment of 50 and 100 mg/kg BW of phytol. Within the first 10 days of the treatment, no antitrypanosomal activity was recorded but a moderate trypanostatic activity was observed from day 17-day 21 pi. However, at 100 mg/kg BW, phytol demonstrated a significant (p < 0.05) ameliorative potentials toward T. congolense-induced host-associated pathological damages such as anaemia, hepatic and renal damages; and the data was comparable to diminazine aceturate. Moreover, the T. congolense caused a significant (p < 0.05) increase in free serum sialic acid level which was significantly (p < 0.05) prevented in the presence of phytol (100 mg/kg BW). In an in vitro analysis, phytol inhibited partially purified T. congolense sialidase using an uncompetitive inhibition pattern with inhibition binding constant of 261.24 μmol/mL. Subsequently, molecular docking revealed that the compound binds to homology modelled trypanosomal sialidase with a binding free energy of -6.7 kcal/mol which was mediated via a single hydrogen bond while Trp324 and Pro274 were the critical binding residues. We concluded that phytol has moderate trypanostatic activity but with a great potential in mitigating the host-associated cellular damages while the anaemia amelioration was mediated, in part, through the inhibition of sialidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Bello Saad
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Yusuf Maitama Sule University, Kano, Nigeria
| | | | - Isa Danladi Jatau
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Saad SB, Ibrahim MA, Jatau ID, Shuaibu MN. Trypanostatic activity of geranylacetone: Mitigation of Trypanosoma congolense-associated pathological pertubations and insight into the mechanism of anaemia amelioration using in vitro and in silico models. Exp Parasitol 2019; 201:49-56. [PMID: 31029700 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Trypanosoma congolense is an important pathogen that wreaks havoc in the livestock industry of the African continent. This study evaluated the in vivo antitrypanosomal activity of geranylacetone and its ameliorative effect on the disease-induced anaemia and organ damages as well as its inhibitory effects against trypanosomal sialidase using in vitro and in silico techniques. Geranylacetone was used to treat T. congolense infected rats, at a dose of 50 and 100 mg/kg BW, for 14 days where it was found to reduce the parasite burden in the infected animals. Moreover, 100 mg/kg BW of geranylacetone significantly (p < 0.05) ameliorated the anaemia, hepatic and renal damages caused by the parasite. This is in addition to the alleviation of the parasite-induced hepatosplenomegaly and upsurge in free serum sialic acid levels in the infected animals which were associated with the observed anaemia amelioration by the compound. Consequently, bloodstream T. congolense sialidase was partially purified on DEAE cellulose column and inhibition kinetic studies revealed that the enzyme was inhibited by geranylacetone via an uncompetitive inhibition pattern. In silico analysis using molecular docking with Autodock Vina indicated that geranylacetone binds to trypanosomal sialidase with a minimum free binding energy of -5.8 kcal/mol which was mediated by 26 different kinds of non-covalent interactions excluding hydrogen bond whilst Asp163 and Phe421 had the highest number of the interactions. The data suggests that geranylacetone has trypanostatic activity and could protect animals against the T. congolense-induced anaemia through the inhibition of sialidase and/or the protection of the parasite-induced hepatosplenomegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saad Bello Saad
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria; Department of Biochemistry, Yusuf Maitama Sule University, Kano, Nigeria
| | | | - Isa Danladi Jatau
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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7
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Perturbations of erythrocyte membrane integrity by subchronic low-level lead exposure in New Zealand white rabbits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-018-2679-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Aminu R, Ibrahim MA, Rahman MA, Dash R, Umar IA. Trypanosuppresive effects of ellagic acid and amelioration of the trypanosome-associated pathological features coupled with inhibitory effects on trypanosomal sialidase in vitro and in silico. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2017; 30:67-73. [PMID: 28545671 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2017.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The search for novel antitrypanosomal agents had previously led to the isolation of ellagic acid as a bioactive antitrypanosomal compound using in vitro studies. However, it is not known whether this compound will elicit antitrypanosomal activity in in vivo condition which is usually the next step in the drug discovery process. PURPOSE Herein, we investigated the in vivo activity of ellagic acid against bloodstream form of Trypanosoma congolense and its ameliorative effects on trypanosome-induced anemia and organ damage as well as inhibitory effects on trypanosomal sialidase. METHODS Rats were infected with T. congolense and were treated with 100 and 200mg/kg body weight (BW) of ellagic acid for fourteen days. The levels of parasitemia, packed cell volume and biochemical parameters were measured. Subsequently, T. congolense sialidase was partially purified on DEAE cellulose column and the mode of inhibition of ellagic acid on the T. congolense sialidase determined. Molecular docking study was also conducted to determine the mode of interaction of the ellagic acid to the catalytic domain of T. rangeli sialidase. RESULTS At a dose of 100 and 200mg/kg (BW), ellagic acid demonstrated significant (P < 0.05) trypanosuppressive effect for most of the 24 days experimental period. Further, the ellagic acid significantly (P < 0.05) ameliorated the trypanosome-induced anemia, hepatic and renal damages as well as hepatomegaly, splenomegaly and renal hypertrophy. The trypanosome-associated free serum sialic acid upsurge alongside the accompanied membrane bound sialic acid reduction were also significantly (P < 0.05) prevented by the ellagic acid treatment. The T. congolense sialidase was purified to a fold of 6.6 with a yield of 83.8%. The enzyme had a KM and Vmax of 70.12mg/ml and 0.04µmol/min respectively, and was inhibited in a non-competitive pattern by ellagic acid with an inhibition binding constant of 1986.75μM. However, in molecular docking study, ellagic acid formed hydrogen bonding interaction with major residues R39, R318, and W124 at the active site of T. rangeli sialidase with a predicted binding free energy of -25.584kcal/mol. CONCLUSION We concluded that ellagic acid possesses trypanosuppressive effects and could ameliorate the trypanosome-induced pathological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Aminu
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | | | - Md Atiar Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong 4331, Bangladesh
| | - Raju Dash
- Molecular Modeling and Drug Design Laboratory, Bangladesh Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Chittagong, Bangladesh
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Stigmasterol retards the proliferation and pathological features of Trypanosoma congolense infection in rats and inhibits trypanosomal sialidase in vitro and in silico. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 89:482-489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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Haynes CLF, Ameloot P, Remaut H, Callewaert N, Sterckx YGJ, Magez S. Production, purification and crystallization of a trans-sialidase from Trypanosoma vivax. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:577-85. [PMID: 25945712 PMCID: PMC4427168 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15002496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialidases and trans-sialidases play important roles in the life cycles of various microorganisms. These enzymes can serve nutritional purposes, act as virulence factors or mediate cellular interactions (cell evasion and invasion). In the case of the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma vivax, trans-sialidase activity has been suggested to be involved in infection-associated anaemia, which is the major pathology in the disease nagana. The physiological role of trypanosomal trans-sialidases in host-parasite interaction as well as their structures remain obscure. Here, the production, purification and crystallization of a recombinant version of T. vivax trans-sialidase 1 (rTvTS1) are described. The obtained rTvTS1 crystals diffracted to a resolution of 2.5 Å and belonged to the orthorhombic space group P212121, with unit-cell parameters a = 57.3, b = 78.4, c = 209.0 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole L. F. Haynes
- Structural Biology Research Center (SBRC), VIB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Research Unit for Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM), VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research (DMBR), UGent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul Ameloot
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research (DMBR), UGent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Han Remaut
- Structural Biology Research Center (SBRC), VIB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Structural and Molecular Microbiology (SMM), VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nico Callewaert
- Department for Molecular Biomedical Research (DMBR), UGent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yann G.-J. Sterckx
- Structural Biology Research Center (SBRC), VIB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Research Unit for Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM), VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Structural Biology Research Center (SBRC), VIB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Research Unit for Cellular and Molecular Immunology (CMIM), VUB, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Balogun EO, Balogun JB, Yusuf S, Inuwa HM, Ndams IS, Sheridan P, Inaoka DK, Shiba T, Harada S, Kita K, Esievo KAN, Nok AJ. Anemia amelioration by lactose infusion during trypanosomosis could be associated with erythrocytes membrane de-galactosylation. Vet Parasitol 2013; 199:259-63. [PMID: 24238624 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2013.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
African trypanosomosis is a potentially fatal disease that is caused by extracellular parasitic protists known as African trypanosomes. These parasites inhabit the blood stream of their mammalian hosts and produce a number of pathological features, amongst which is anemia. Etiology of the anemia has been partly attributed to an autoimmunity-like mediated erythrophagocytosis of de-sialylated red blood cells (dsRBCs) by macrophages. Lactose infusion to infected animals has proven effective at delaying progression of the anemia. However, the mechanism of this anemia prevention is yet to be well characterized. Here, the hypothesis of a likely induced further modification of the dsRBCs was investigated. RBC membrane galactose (RBC m-GAL) and packed cell volume (PCV) were measured during the course of experimental trypanosomosis in mice infected with Trypanosoma congolense (stb 212). Intriguingly, while the membrane galactose on the RBCs of infected and lactose-treated mice (group D) decreased as a function of parasitemia, that of the lactose-untreated infected group (group C) remained relatively constant, as was recorded for the uninfected lactose-treated control (group B) animals. At the peak of infection, the respective cumulative percent decrease in PCV and membrane galactose were 30 and 185 for group D, and 84 and 13 for group C. From this observed inverse relationship between RBCs membrane galactose and PCV, it is logical to rationalize that the delay of anemia progression during trypanosomosis produced by lactose might have resulted from an induction of galactose depletion from dsRBCs, thereby preventing their recognition by the macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- E O Balogun
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 2222, Nigeria; Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan; Department of Applied Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | - J B Balogun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Federal University Dutse, P.M.B. 7156, Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria
| | - S Yusuf
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University, Uganda
| | - H M Inuwa
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 2222, Nigeria
| | - I S Ndams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 2222, Nigeria
| | - P Sheridan
- Laboratory of DNA Information Analysis, Human Genome Center, Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan
| | - D K Inaoka
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - T Shiba
- Department of Applied Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - S Harada
- Department of Applied Biology, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan
| | - K Kita
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - K A N Esievo
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 2222, Nigeria
| | - A J Nok
- Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria 2222, Nigeria
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Identification of trans-sialidases as a common mediator of endothelial cell activation by African trypanosomes. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003710. [PMID: 24130501 PMCID: PMC3795030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding African Trypanosomiasis (AT) host-pathogen interaction is the key to an "anti-disease vaccine", a novel strategy to control AT. Here we provide a better insight into this poorly described interaction by characterizing the activation of a panel of endothelial cells by bloodstream forms of four African trypanosome species, known to interact with host endothelium. T. congolense, T. vivax, and T. b. gambiense activated the endothelial NF-κB pathway, but interestingly, not T. b. brucei. The parasitic TS (trans-sialidases) mediated this NF-κB activation, remarkably via their lectin-like domain and induced production of pro-inflammatory molecules not only in vitro but also in vivo, suggesting a considerable impact on pathogenesis. For the first time, TS activity was identified in T. b. gambiense BSF which distinguishes it from the subspecies T. b. brucei. The corresponding TS were characterized and shown to activate endothelial cells, suggesting that TS represent a common mediator of endothelium activation among trypanosome species with divergent physiopathologies.
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Guegan F, Plazolles N, Baltz T, Coustou V. Erythrophagocytosis of desialylated red blood cells is responsible for anaemia during Trypanosoma vivax infection. Cell Microbiol 2013; 15:1285-303. [PMID: 23421946 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosomal infection-induced anaemia is a devastating scourge for cattle in widespread regions. Although Trypanosoma vivax is considered as one of the most important parasites regarding economic impact in Africa and South America, very few in-depth studies have been conducted due to the difficulty of manipulating this parasite. Several hypotheses were proposed to explain trypanosome induced-anaemia but mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. Here, we characterized a multigenic family of trans-sialidases in T. vivax, some of which are released into the host serum during infection. These enzymes are able to trigger erythrophagocytosis by desialylating the major surface erythrocytes sialoglycoproteins, the glycophorins. Using an ex vivo assay to quantify erythrophagocytosis throughout infection, we showed that erythrocyte desialylation alone results in significant levels of anaemia during the acute phase of the disease. Characterization of virulence factors such as the trans-sialidases is vital to develop a control strategy against the disease or parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Guegan
- Microbiologie fondamentale et Pathogénicité, UMR 5234, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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Natala AJ, Balogun EO, Balogun JAB, Inuwa HM, Nok AJ, Shiba T, Harada S, Kita K, Agbede RIS, Esievo KAN. Identification and characterization of sialidase-like activity in the developmental stages of Amblyomma variegatum. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2013; 50:85-93. [PMID: 23427656 DOI: 10.1603/me12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Amblyomma variegatum F. are obligate hematophagous ectoparasites of livestock that serve as the vectors of Ehrlichia ruminantium (formerly known as Cowdria ruminantium), the causative agent of heartwater disease. In the light of the fact that they are blood-feeding, their salivary glands play prominent role in their acquisition of nutrients from the bloodmeal. Sialic acids are a major component of glycoprotein in mammalian blood fluid and cells. Sialome of hard ticks is still sparse. Here, for the first time, the possible expression of sialidase in A. variegatum was investigated. Our finding established the presence of type II sialidase-like activity in the three stages (larva, nymph, and adult) of the fed and unfed tick. There was no statistically significant difference in sialidase activity in the various stages of this ectoparasite (P > 0.05). The enzyme was purified by combination of salting out and ion exchange chromatography on DEAE--cellulose and hydroxylapatite columns. Characterization of the enzyme revealed that it is optimally active at 40 degrees C and pH 5.5, and is activated by bivalent cations Zn2+ or Fe2+. The enzyme has a Km of 0.023 mM and Vmax of 0.16 millimol/min with Fetuin as the substrate. To assess the susceptibility of some mammalian cells to the tick sialidase, we prepared erythrocyte ghost cells from different animals, which were incubated with the enzyme. Results revealed that the ruminant cells were better substrates. Our work and findings contribute to the preliminary characterization of the A. variegatum salivary proteome, and may pave way to the development of new acaricides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audu J Natala
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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Park JK, Choi DJ, Kim SM, Choi HN, Park JW, Jang SJ, Choo YK, Lee CG, Park YI. Purification and characterization of a polysialic acid-specific sialidase from Pseudomonas fluorescens JK-0412. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-011-0495-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Coustou V, Plazolles N, Guegan F, Baltz T. Sialidases play a key role in infection and anaemia in Trypanosoma congolense animal trypanosomiasis. Cell Microbiol 2012; 14:431-45. [PMID: 22136727 DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2011.01730.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Animal African trypanosomiasis is a major constraint to livestock productivity and has an important impact on millions of people in developing African countries. This parasitic disease, caused mainly by Trypanosoma congolense, results in severe anaemia leading to animal death. In order to characterize potential targets for an anti-disease vaccine, we investigated a multigenic trans-sialidase family (TcoTS) in T. congolense. Sialidase and trans-sialidase activities were quantified for the first time, as well as the tightly regulated TcoTS expression pattern throughout the life cycle. Active enzymes were expressed in bloodstream form parasites and released into the blood during infection. Using genetic tools, we demonstrated a significant correlation between TcoTS silencing and impairment of virulence during experimental infection with T. congolense. Reduced TcoTS expression affected infectivity, parasitaemia and pathogenesis development. Immunization-challenge experiments using recombinant TcoTS highlighted their potential protective use in an anti-disease vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie Coustou
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Microbiologie fondamentale et Pathogénicité, Bordeaux, France.
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Chamond N, Cosson A, Blom-Potar MC, Jouvion G, D'Archivio S, Medina M, Droin-Bergère S, Huerre M, Goyard S, Minoprio P. Trypanosoma vivax infections: pushing ahead with mouse models for the study of Nagana. I. Parasitological, hematological and pathological parameters. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2010; 4:e792. [PMID: 20706595 PMCID: PMC2919405 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomiasis is a severe parasitic disease that affects both humans and livestock. Several different species may cause animal trypanosomosis and although Trypanosoma vivax (sub-genus Duttonella) is currently responsible for the vast majority of debilitating cases causing great economic hardship in West Africa and South America, little is known about its biology and interaction with its hosts. Relatively speaking, T. vivax has been more than neglected despite an urgent need to develop efficient control strategies. Some pioneering rodent models were developed to circumvent the difficulties of working with livestock, but disappointedly were for the most part discontinued decades ago. To gain more insight into the biology of T. vivax, its interactions with the host and consequently its pathogenesis, we have developed a number of reproducible murine models using a parasite isolate that is infectious for rodents. Firstly, we analyzed the parasitical characteristics of the infection using inbred and outbred mouse strains to compare the impact of host genetic background on the infection and on survival rates. Hematological studies showed that the infection gave rise to severe anemia, and histopathological investigations in various organs showed multifocal inflammatory infiltrates associated with extramedullary hematopoiesis in the liver, and cerebral edema. The models developed are consistent with field observations and pave the way for subsequent in-depth studies into the pathogenesis of T. vivax - trypanosomosis. While most research efforts have focused on T. b. brucei trypanosomosis, infections caused by T. vivax and T. congolense which predominate in livestock and small ruminants have been subject to little study. In order to circumvent the major constraints inherent to studying T. vivax/host interactions in the field, we developed in vivo murine models of T. vivax trypanosomosis. We show here that the mouse experimental model reproduce most features of the infection in cattle. More than reflecting only the main parasitological parameters of the animal infection, the mouse model can be used to elucidate the immunopathological mechanisms involved in parasite evasion and persistence, and the tissue damage seen during infection and disease. Studies planned for the future will allow us to further investigate T. vivax–induced immunopathology in an experimental context for which all the necessary tools are now available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Chamond
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Alain Cosson
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Marie Christine Blom-Potar
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Grégory Jouvion
- Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise Histotechnologie et Pathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Simon D'Archivio
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Medina
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sabrina Droin-Bergère
- Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise Histotechnologie et Pathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Michel Huerre
- Unité de Recherche et d'Expertise Histotechnologie et Pathologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Goyard
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Paola Minoprio
- Laboratoire d'Immunobiologie des Infections à Trypanosoma, Département d'Immunologie, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
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Host-parasite interactions in trypanosomiasis: on the way to an antidisease strategy. Infect Immun 2009; 77:1276-84. [PMID: 19168735 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01185-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Useh NM, Aina AI, Adeiza AA, Nok AJ. Erythrocyte surface sialic acid levels of clinically healthy mongrel and exotic (alsatian and terrier) breeds of dogs. Glycoconj J 2007; 24:491-5. [PMID: 17505881 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-007-9041-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2007] [Accepted: 04/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The erythrocyte surface sialic acid concentration of clinically healthy mongrel and exotic (Alsatian i.e. German shepherd and Terrier) breeds of dogs was analyzed in order to determine their role in the genetic resistance of these breeds of dogs to diseases that cause anaemia. The mean erythrocyte surface sialic acid (ESA) concentration was 57.08 +/- 1.67, 34.50 +/- 2.30 and 20.20 +/- 3.54 mg/dl for Mongrel, Alsatian (German shepherd) and Terrier breeds of dogs, respectively, on acid hydrolysis. The mean values of ESA obtained following enzymic hydrolysis of haemoglobin-free erythrocyte membranes using Clostridium chauvoei (Jakari strain) sialidase were 49.08 +/- 0.41, 30.97 +/- 1.82 and 18.64 +/- 0.75 mg/dl for Mongrel, Alsatian (German shepherd) and Terrier dogs respectively. When Trypanosoma vivax sialidase was used the ESA values obtained were 50.81 +/- 0.37, 41.70 +/- 0.94 and 19.65 + 0.65 mg/dl for Mongrel, Alsatian (German shepherd) and Terrier breeds of dogs respectively. This represents a statistically significant difference (P < 0.001) between the mean ESA concentration of all the breeds of dogs investigated in this study. The higher mean ESA concentration in Mongrel dogs, compared to the exotic breeds may be responsible for their resistance to disease conditions, whose aetiologic agents produce neuraminidase and also cause anaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicodemus M Useh
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria.
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