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Abdalla AN, Di Stefano M, Poli G, Tuccinardi T, Bader A, Vassallo A, Abdallah ME, El-Readi MZ, Refaat B, Algarni AS, Ahmad R, Alkahtani HM, Abdel-Aziz AAM, El-Azab AS, Alqathama A. Co-Inhibition of P-gp and Hsp90 by an Isatin-Derived Compound Contributes to the Increase of the Chemosensitivity of MCF7/ADR-Resistant Cells to Doxorubicin. Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010090. [PMID: 35011321 PMCID: PMC8746493 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer is a complex and multi-drug resistant (MDR) disease, which could result in the failure of many chemotherapeutic clinical agents. Discovering effective molecules from natural products or by derivatization from known compounds is the interest of many research studies. The first objective of the present study is to investigate the cytotoxic combinatorial, chemosensitizing, and apoptotic effects of an isatin derived compound (5,5-diphenylimidazolidine-2,4-dione conjugated with 5-substituted isatin, named HAA2021 in the present study) against breast cancer cells (MCF7) and breast cancer cells resistant to doxorubicin (MCF7/ADR) when combined with doxorubicin. The second objective is to investigate the binding mode of HAA2021 withP-glycoprotein (P-gp) and heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90), and to determine whether their co-inhibition by HAA2021 contribute to the increase of the chemosensitization of MCF7/ADR cells to doxorubicin. The combination of HAA2021, at non-toxic doses, with doxorubicin synergistically inhibited the proliferation while inducing significant apoptosis in MCF7 cells. Moreover, HAA2021 increased the chemosensitization of MCF7/ADR cells to doxorubicin, resulting in increased cytotoxicity/selectivity and apoptosis-inducing efficiency compared with the effect of doxorubicin or HAA2021 alone against MCF7/ADR cells. Molecular modeling showed that two molecules of HAA2021 bind to P-gp at the same time, causing P-gp inhibitory effect of the MDR efflux pump, and accumulation of Rhodamine-123 (Rho123) in MCF7/ADR cells. Furthermore, HAA2021 stably interacted with Hsp90α more efficiently compared with 17-N-allylamino-17-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), which was confirmed with the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and molecular modeling studies. Additionally, HAA2021 showed multi-target effects via the inhibition of Hsp90 and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-𝜅B) proteins in MCF7 and MCF7/ADR cells. Results of real time-PCR also confirmed the synergistic co-inhibition of P-gp/Hsp90α genes in MCF7/ADR cells. Further pharmacokinetic and in vivo studies are warranted for HAA2021 to confirm its anticancer capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf N. Abdalla
- College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.B.); (A.S.A.); (A.A.)
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Institute, National Center for Research, Khartoum 2404, Sudan
- Correspondence: or
| | - Miriana Di Stefano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.D.S.); (G.P.); (T.T.)
| | - Giulio Poli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.D.S.); (G.P.); (T.T.)
| | - Tiziano Tuccinardi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy; (M.D.S.); (G.P.); (T.T.)
| | - Ammar Bader
- College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.B.); (A.S.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Antonio Vassallo
- Dipartimento di Scienze, Università Degli Studi della Basilicata, 85100 Potenza, Italy;
| | - Mohamed E. Abdallah
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (M.E.A.); (M.Z.E.-R.)
| | - Mahmoud Zaki El-Readi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (M.E.A.); (M.Z.E.-R.)
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Bassem Refaat
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Alanood S. Algarni
- College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.B.); (A.S.A.); (A.A.)
| | - Rizwan Ahmad
- Natural Products and Alternative Medicines, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hamad M. Alkahtani
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.A.); (A.A.-M.A.-A.); (A.S.E.-A.)
| | - Alaa A.-M. Abdel-Aziz
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.A.); (A.A.-M.A.-A.); (A.S.E.-A.)
| | - Adel S. El-Azab
- College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (H.M.A.); (A.A.-M.A.-A.); (A.S.E.-A.)
| | - Aljawharah Alqathama
- College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (A.B.); (A.S.A.); (A.A.)
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Sasso FC, Zuchegna C, Tecce MF, Capasso A, Adinolfi LE, Romano A, Bartollino S, Porcellini A, Costagliola C. High glucose concentration produces a short-term increase in pERK1/2 and p85 proteins, having a direct angiogenetic effect by an action similar to VEGF. Acta Diabetol 2020; 57:947-958. [PMID: 32130518 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-020-01501-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Excessive glucose serum concentration, endothelial dysfunction and microangiopathy are key features of diabetes mellitus, being both diagnostic parameters and pathogenetic mechanisms. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is importantly implicated in the physiology and pathology of blood vessels, including diabetic vascular damage. METHODS These factors certainly affect endothelial cells, and to evaluate mechanisms involved, we took advantage of telomerase-immortalized human microvascular endothelial (TIME) cells. TIME cells were exposed to different glucose concentrations and to VEGF treatments. Culture conditions also included the use of basement membrane extract, as an in vitro differentiation model. Cell morphology was then evaluated in the different conditions, and cellular proteins were extracted to analyze specific protein products by Western blot. RESULTS High glucose concentrations and VEGF did substantially affect neither morphology nor growth of cultured TIME cells, while both considerably increased differentiation into "capillary-like" structures when cells were cultured on basement membrane extract. CONCLUSIONS Under these conditions, high glucose concentration and VEGF also produced a short-term increase in pERK1/2 and p85 proteins, while total and phosphorylated AKT were not affected. These data suggest a direct angiogenetic effect of glucose, affecting intracellular transduction mechanisms with an action similar to that of VEGF. This effect on endothelial cell proliferation and differentiation could be part of pathogenetic mechanisms producing diabetic microvascular alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinando Carlo Sasso
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, Università Dalla Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Piazza Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Candida Zuchegna
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cinthia, 4, 80126, Naples, Italy.
| | | | - Anna Capasso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Luigi Elio Adinolfi
- Department of Advanced Medical and Surgical Sciences, School of Medicine and Surgery, Università Dalla Campania "L. Vanvitelli", Piazza Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Romano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cinthia, 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Bartollino
- Department of Medicine and Health Science "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Antonio Porcellini
- Department of Biology, University of Naples "Federico II", Via Cinthia, 4, 80126, Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Costagliola
- Department of Medicine and Health Science "V. Tiberio", University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
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Synergistic Anti Leukemia Effect of a Novel Hsp90 and a Pan Cyclin Dependent Kinase Inhibitors. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092220. [PMID: 32397330 PMCID: PMC7248782 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is among the top four malignancies in Saudi nationals, and it is the top leukemia subtype worldwide. Resistance to available AML drugs requires the identification of new targets and agents. Hsp90 is one of the emerging important targets in AML, which has a central role in the regulation of apoptosis and cell proliferation through client proteins including the growth factor receptors and cyclin dependent kinases. The objective of the first part of this study is to investigate the putative Hsp90 inhibition activity of three novel previously synthesized quinazolines, which showed HL60 cytotoxicity and VEGFR2 and EGFR kinases inhibition activities. Using surface plasmon resonance, compound 1 (HAA2020) showed better Hsp90 inhibition compared to 17-AAG, and a docking study revealed that it fits nicely into the ATPase site. The objective of the second part is to maximize the anti-leukemic activity of HAA2020, which was combined with each of the eleven standard inhibitors. The best resulting synergistic effect in HL60 cells was with the pan cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) inhibitor dinaciclib, using an MTT assay. Furthermore, the inhibiting effect of the Hsp90α gene by the combination of HAA2020 and dinaciclib was associated with increased caspase-7 and TNF-α, leading to apoptosis in HL60 cells. In addition, the combination upregulated p27 simultaneously with the inhibition of cyclinD3 and CDK2, leading to abolished HL60 proliferation and survival. The actions of HAA2020 propagated the apoptotic and cell cycle control properties of dinaciclib, showing the importance of co-targeting Hsp90 and CDK, which could lead to the better management of leukemia.
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Shi P, Meng R, Liao K, Li S, Hu J, Xu J, Zhang L, Cao J, Ran Z, Wang D, Xu S, Wang Y, Yan X. Cadmium transcriptionally regulates Scd1 expression in silver pomfret. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:404-413. [PMID: 31738477 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the major contaminants in aquatic ecosystem. Stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (Scd1) has been implicated in adaptive responses to environmental stressors. The objectives of this study are (a) to characterize scd1 mRNA from silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus); (b) to investigate the expression and activity of Scd1 in silver pomfret exposed to Cd; and (c) to investigate how Cd modifies scd1 gene transcription in silver pomfret. Results indicated that Scd1 was generally conserved across fish species and scd1 mRNA level was higher by far in the brain and liver, followed by the kidney and intestine. Exposure to Cd led to significant changes of the expression and activity of Scd1 in in the liver and intestine. The liver mRNA abundance of scd1 was significantly lower in the Cd-treated groups than in the control group. The 10 days treatment with 1 mg/L Cd significantly upregulated the intestinal scd1 mRNA level, an approximately 9-fold higher in the 1 mg/L Cd-treated group as compared with the control group. Accordingly, Scd1 activity indices (18:1n-9/18:0) in the liver were significantly decreased in the 0.5 mg/L group compared with the control group, while Scd1 activity indices in the intestine were significantly increased in the 1 mg/L group compared with the control group. Moreover, overexpression of sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (Srebp1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (Pparγ )in HEK 293T cells produced a 2-fold increment in the activity of the scd1 promoter. Furthermore, srebp1 had a similar expression pattern to scd1 in the liver and intestine of silver pomfret exposed to Cd. These results indicated that Cd could regulate scd1 expression, possibly through the transcriptional factor Srebp1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Shi
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ran Meng
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Kai Liao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shuang Li
- Ningbo Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau Technology Center, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiabao Hu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jilin Xu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Jiayi Cao
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Zhaoshou Ran
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Danli Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Shanliang Xu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Hansmann E, Mennillo E, Yoda E, Verreault M, Barbier O, Chen S, Tukey RH. Differential Role of Liver X Receptor (LXR) α and LXR β in the Regulation of UDP-Glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 in Humanized UGT1 Mice. Drug Metab Dispos 2020; 48:255-263. [PMID: 31980500 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.119.090068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver X receptors (LXRs), LXRα and LXRβ, are nuclear receptors that regulate the metabolism of cholesterol and bile acids and are activated by oxysterols. Humanized UGT1 (hUGT1) mice express the 9-human UGT1A genes associated with the UGT1 locus in a Ugt1-null background. The expression of UGT1A1 is developmentally delayed in the liver and intestines, resulting in the accumulation of serum bilirubin during the neonatal period. Induction of UGT1A1 in newborn hUGT1 mice leads to rapid reduction in total serum bilirubin (TSB) levels, a phenotype measurement that allows for an accurate prediction on UGT1A1 expression. When neonatal hUGT1 mice were treated by oral gavage with the LXR agonist T0901317, TSB levels were dramatically reduced. To determine the LXR contribution to the induction of UGT1A1 and the lowering of TSB levels, experiments were conducted in neonatal hUGT1/Lxrα -/- , hUGT1/Lxrβ -/- , and hUGT1/Lxrαβ -/- mice treated with T0901317. Induction of liver UGT1A1 was dependent upon LXRα, with the induction pattern paralleling induction of LXRα-specific stearoyl CoA desaturase 1. However, the actions of T0901317 were also shown to display a lack of specificity for LXR, with the induction of liver UGT1A1 in hUGT1/Lxrαβ -/- mice, a result associated with activation of both pregnane X receptor and constitutive androstane receptor. However, the LXR agonist GW3965 was highly selective toward LXRα, showing no impact on lowering TSB values or inducing UGT1A1 in hUGT1/Lxrα -/- mice. An LXR-specific enhancer site on the UGT1A1 gene was identified, along with convincing evidence that LXRα is crucial in maintaining constitutive expression of UGT1A1 in adult hUGT1 mice. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: It has been established that activation of LXRα, and not LXRβ, is responsible for the induction of liver UGT1A1 and metabolism of serum bilirubin in neonatal hUGT1 mice. Although induction of the human UGT1A1 gene is initiated at a newly characterized LXR enhancer site, allelic deletion of the Lxrα gene drastically reduces the constitutive expression of liver UGT1A1 in adult hUGT1 mice. Combined, these findings indicate that LXRα is critical for the developmental expression of UGT1A1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hansmann
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (E.H., E.M., E.Y., S.C., R.H.T.); Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.Y.); and Laboratory of Moléculaire Pharmacology, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculté of Pharmacie, Université Laval Québec, Québec, Canada (M.V., O.B.)
| | - Elvira Mennillo
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (E.H., E.M., E.Y., S.C., R.H.T.); Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.Y.); and Laboratory of Moléculaire Pharmacology, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculté of Pharmacie, Université Laval Québec, Québec, Canada (M.V., O.B.)
| | - Emiko Yoda
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (E.H., E.M., E.Y., S.C., R.H.T.); Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.Y.); and Laboratory of Moléculaire Pharmacology, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculté of Pharmacie, Université Laval Québec, Québec, Canada (M.V., O.B.)
| | - Mélanie Verreault
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (E.H., E.M., E.Y., S.C., R.H.T.); Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.Y.); and Laboratory of Moléculaire Pharmacology, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculté of Pharmacie, Université Laval Québec, Québec, Canada (M.V., O.B.)
| | - Olivier Barbier
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (E.H., E.M., E.Y., S.C., R.H.T.); Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.Y.); and Laboratory of Moléculaire Pharmacology, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculté of Pharmacie, Université Laval Québec, Québec, Canada (M.V., O.B.)
| | - Shujuan Chen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (E.H., E.M., E.Y., S.C., R.H.T.); Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.Y.); and Laboratory of Moléculaire Pharmacology, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculté of Pharmacie, Université Laval Québec, Québec, Canada (M.V., O.B.)
| | - Robert H Tukey
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California (E.H., E.M., E.Y., S.C., R.H.T.); Division of Health Chemistry, Department of Healthcare and Regulatory Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan (E.Y.); and Laboratory of Moléculaire Pharmacology, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec, Faculté of Pharmacie, Université Laval Québec, Québec, Canada (M.V., O.B.)
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Alterations of Fatty Acid Profile May Contribute to Dyslipidemia in Chronic Kidney Disease by Influencing Hepatocyte Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102470. [PMID: 31109090 PMCID: PMC6566623 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with atherogenic dyslipidemia. Our aim was firstly to investigate patterns of fatty acids (FA) composition through various stages of CKD, and secondly, to evaluate the effect of CKD-specific FA disturbances on the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism at a cellular level. Serum FA composition was analyzed in 191 patients with consecutive severity stages of CKD, and 30 healthy controls free from CKD. Next, HepG2 human hepatic cells were treated with major representatives of various FA groups, as well as with FA extracted from a mix of serums of controls and of CKD stage 5 patients. Across worsening stages of CKD severity, there was an increasing monounsaturated FA (MUFA) content. It was associated with a concomitant decrease in n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated FA. The incubation of hepatocytes with FA from CKD patients (compared to that of healthy subjects), resulted in significantly higher mRNA levels of genes involved in FA synthesis (fatty acid synthase (FASN) increased 13.7 ± 3.5 times, stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) increased 4.26 ± 0.36 times), and very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) formation (apolipoprotein B (ApoB) increased 7.35 ± 1.5 times, microsomal triacylglycerol transfer protein (MTTP) increased 2.74 ± 0.43 times). In conclusion, there were progressive alterations in serum FA composition of patients with CKD. These alterations may partly contribute to CKD hypertriglyceridemia by influencing hepatocyte expression of genes of lipid synthesis and release.
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Cruz-Color LDL, Hernández-Nazará ZH, Maldonado-González M, Navarro-Muñíz E, Domínguez-Rosales JA, Torres-Baranda JR, Ruelas-Cinco EDC, Ramírez-Meza SM, Ruíz-Madrigal B. Association of the PNPLA2, SCD1 and Leptin Expression with Fat Distribution in Liver and Adipose Tissue From Obese Subjects. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2019; 128:715-722. [PMID: 30754064 DOI: 10.1055/a-0829-6324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The expansion of adipose tissue is regulated by insulin and leptin through sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c), up-regulating lipogenesis in tissues by Stearoylcoenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1) enzyme, while adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) enzyme is key in lipolysis. The research objective was to evaluate the expression of Sterol Regulatory Element Binding Transcription Factor 1 (SREBF1), SCD1, Patatin Like Phospholipase Domain Containing 2 (PNPLA2), and leptin (LEP) genes in hepatic-adipose tissue, and related them with the increment and distribution of fat depots of individuals without insulin resistance. Thirty-eight subjects undergoing elective cholecystectomy with liver and adipose tissue biopsies (subcutaneous-omental) are included. Tissue gene expression was assessed by qPCR and biochemical parameters determined. Individuals are classified according to the body mass index, classified as lean (control group, n=12), overweight (n=11) and obesity (n=15). Abdominal adiposity was determined by anthropometric and histopathological study of the liver. Increased SCD1 expression in omental adipose tissue (p=0.005) and PNPLA2 in liver (p=0.01) were found in the obesity group. PNPLA2 decreased expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue was significant in individuals with abdominal adiposity (p=0.017). Anthropometric parameters positively correlated with liver PNPLA2 and the expression of liver PNPLA2 with serum leptin. SCD1 increased levels may represent lipid storage activity in omental adipose tissue. Liver PNPLA2 increased expression could function as a primary compensatory event of visceral fat deposits associated to the leptin hormone related to the increase of adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía De la Cruz-Color
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias en Biología Molecular en Medicina, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara. Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Zamira Helena Hernández-Nazará
- Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas del Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara. Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Montserrat Maldonado-González
- Laboratorio de Investigación del Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara. Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Eliseo Navarro-Muñíz
- División de Cirugía Nuevo Hospital Civil de Guadalajara "Dr. Juan I. Menchaca". Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - José Alfredo Domínguez-Rosales
- Instituto de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónico-Degenerativas del Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara. Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - José Rodrigo Torres-Baranda
- Laboratorio de Investigación del Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara. Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Elizabeth Del Carmen Ruelas-Cinco
- Laboratorio de Investigación del Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara. Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Sandra Margarita Ramírez-Meza
- Laboratorio de Investigación del Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara. Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
| | - Bertha Ruíz-Madrigal
- Laboratorio de Investigación del Departamento de Microbiología y Patología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara. Guadalajara, Jalisco, México
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Shang J, Brust R, Mosure SA, Bass J, Munoz-Tello P, Lin H, Hughes TS, Tang M, Ge Q, Kamenekca TM, Kojetin DJ. Cooperative cobinding of synthetic and natural ligands to the nuclear receptor PPARγ. eLife 2018; 7:43320. [PMID: 30575522 PMCID: PMC6317912 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Crystal structures of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) have revealed overlapping binding modes for synthetic and natural/endogenous ligands, indicating competition for the orthosteric pocket. Here we show that cobinding of a synthetic ligand to the orthosteric pocket can push natural and endogenous PPARγ ligands (fatty acids) out of the orthosteric pocket towards an alternate ligand-binding site near the functionally important omega (Ω)-loop. X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, all-atom molecular dynamics simulations, and mutagenesis coupled to quantitative biochemical functional and cellular assays reveal that synthetic ligand and fatty acid cobinding can form a 'ligand link' to the Ω-loop and synergistically affect the structure and function of PPARγ. These findings contribute to a growing body of evidence indicating ligand binding to nuclear receptors can be more complex than the classical one-for-one orthosteric exchange of a natural or endogenous ligand with a synthetic ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsai Shang
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - Richard Brust
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - Sarah A Mosure
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States.,Summer Undergraduate Research Fellows (SURF) program, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States.,Skaggs Graduate School of Chemical and Biological Sciences, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - Jared Bass
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - Paola Munoz-Tello
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - Hua Lin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - Travis S Hughes
- Center for Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, The University of Montana, Missoula, United States.,Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, United States
| | - Miru Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, United States
| | - Qingfeng Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, United States
| | - Theodore M Kamenekca
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
| | - Douglas J Kojetin
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States.,Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, United States
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9
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Rescigno T, Capasso A, Bisceglia B, Tecce MF. Short Exposures to an Extremely Low-Frequency Magnetic Field (ELF MF) Enhance Protein but not mRNA Alkaline Phosphatase Expression in Human Osteosarcoma Cells. Open Biochem J 2018; 12:65-77. [PMID: 29760814 PMCID: PMC5906974 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x01812010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Among electromagnetic fields treatments used in orthopedics, extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELF MF) need more detailed information about the molecular mechanisms of their effects and exposure conditions. Objective Evaluation of the effects of an ELF MF exposure system, recently introduced among current clinical treatments for fracture healing and other bone diseases, on Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) activity and expression in a human osteosarcoma cell line (SaOS-2), as marker typically associated to osteogenesis and bone tissue regeneration. Method Cells were exposed to the ELF MF physical stimulus (75 Hz, 1.5 mT) for 1h. Cell viability, enzymatic activity, protein and mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase were then measured at different times after exposure (0, 4 and 24 h). Results Data demonstrate that this signal is active on an osteogenic process already one hour after exposure. Treatment was, in fact, capable, even after an exposure shorter than those commonly used in clinical applications, to significantly up-regulate alkaline phosphatase enzymatic activity. This regulation is produced essentially through an increase of ALP protein level, without changes of its mRNA concentration, while assessed magnetic field did not affect cell growth and viability and did not produce temperature variations. Conclusion Tested low-frequency magnetic field affects cellular ALP expression with a posttranslational mechanism, without the involvement of regulations at gene transcription and mRNA level. This molecular effect is likely produced even within treated tissues during therapies with this signal and may be implicated in the induction of observed effects in treated patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Rescigno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Anna Capasso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Bruno Bisceglia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
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10
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Rescigno T, Tecce MF, Capasso A. Protective and Restorative Effects of Nutrients and Phytochemicals. Open Biochem J 2018; 12:46-64. [PMID: 29760813 PMCID: PMC5906970 DOI: 10.2174/1874091x01812010046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intoroduction: Dietary intake fundamentally provides reintegration of energy and essential nutrients to human organisms. However, its qualitative and quantitative composition strongly affects individual’s health, possibly being either a preventive or a risk factor. It was shown that nutritional status resulting from long-term exposition to specific diet formulations can outstandingly reduce incidences of most common and most important diseases of the developed world, such as cardiovascular and neoplastic diseases. Diet formulations result from different food combinations which bring specific nutrient molecules. Numerous molecules, mostly but not exclusively from vegetal foods, have been characterized among nutritional components as being particularly responsible for diet capabilities to exert risk reduction. These “bioactive nutrients” are able to produce effects which go beyond basic reintegration tasks, i.e. energetic and/or structural, but are specifically pharmacologically active within pathophysiological pathways related to many diseases, being able to selectively affect processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, inflammation, differentiation, angiogenesis, DNA repair and carcinogens activation. Conclusion: The present review was aimed to know the molecular mechanisms and pathways of activity of bioactive molecules; which will firstly allow search for optimal food composition and intake, and then use them as possible therapeutical targets and/or diagnostics. Also, the present review discussed the therapeutic effect of both nutrients and phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Rescigno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Mario F Tecce
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Anna Capasso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
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11
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Maguire M, Larsen MC, Foong YH, Tanumihardjo S, Jefcoate CR. Cyp1b1 deletion and retinol deficiency coordinately suppress mouse liver lipogenic genes and hepcidin expression during post-natal development. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 454:50-68. [PMID: 28583802 PMCID: PMC5985816 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cyp1b1 deletion and gestational vitamin A deficiency (GVAD) redirect adult liver gene expression. A matched sufficient pre- and post-natal diet, which has high carbohydrate and normal iron content (LF12), increased inflammatory gene expression markers in adult livers that were suppressed by GVAD and Cyp1b1 deletion. At birth on the LF12 diet, Cyp1b1 deletion and GVAD each suppress liver expression of the iron suppressor, hepcidin (Hepc), while increasing stellate cell activation markers and suppressing post-natal increases in lipogenesis. Hepc was less suppressed in Cyp1b1-/- pups with a standard breeder diet, but was restored by iron supplementation of the LF12 diet. CONCLUSIONS The LF12 diet delivered low post-natal iron and attenuated Hepc. Hepc decreases in Cyp1b1-/- and GVAD mice resulted in stellate activation and lipogenesis suppression. Endothelial BMP6, a Hepc stimulant, is a potential coordinator and Cyp1b1 target. These neonatal changes in Cyp1b1-/- mice link to diminished adult obesity and liver inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan Maguire
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Michele Campaigne Larsen
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Yee Hoon Foong
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Sherry Tanumihardjo
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Colin R Jefcoate
- Endocrinology and Reproductive Physiology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States; Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53705, United States.
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12
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Rescigno T, Capasso A, Tecce MF. Involvement of nutrients and nutritional mediators in mitochondrial 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase gene expression. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3306-3314. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tania Rescigno
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Salerno; Fisciano Salerno Italy
| | - Anna Capasso
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Salerno; Fisciano Salerno Italy
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13
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Jack-Roberts C, Joselit Y, Nanobashvili K, Bretter R, Malysheva OV, Caudill MA, Saxena A, Axen K, Gomaa A, Jiang X. Choline Supplementation Normalizes Fetal Adiposity and Reduces Lipogenic Gene Expression in a Mouse Model of Maternal Obesity. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9080899. [PMID: 28820499 PMCID: PMC5579692 DOI: 10.3390/nu9080899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity increases fetal adiposity which may adversely affect metabolic health of the offspring. Choline regulates lipid metabolism and thus may influence adiposity. This study investigates the effect of maternal choline supplementation on fetal adiposity in a mouse model of maternal obesity. C57BL/6J mice were fed either a high-fat (HF) diet or a control (NF) diet and received either 25 mM choline supplemented (CS) or control untreated (CO) drinking water for 6 weeks before timed-mating and throughout gestation. At embryonic day 17.5, HF feeding led to higher (p < 0.05) percent total body fat in fetuses from the HFCO group, while the choline supplemented HFCS group did not show significant difference versus the NFCO group. Similarly, HF feeding led to higher (p < 0.05) hepatic triglyceride accumulation in the HFCO but not the HFCS fetuses. mRNA levels of lipogenic genes such as Acc1, Fads1, and Elovl5, as well as the transcription factor Srebp1c that favors lipogenesis were downregulated (p < 0.05) by maternal choline supplementation in the HFCS group, which may serve as a mechanism to reduce fat accumulation in the fetal liver during maternal HF feeding. In summary, maternal choline supplementation improves indices of fetal adiposity in obese dams at late gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chauntelle Jack-Roberts
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
| | - Yaelle Joselit
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
| | - Khatia Nanobashvili
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
| | - Rachel Bretter
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
| | - Olga V Malysheva
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Marie A Caudill
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
| | - Anjana Saxena
- Department of Biology, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
| | - Kathleen Axen
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
| | - Ahmed Gomaa
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
| | - Xinyin Jiang
- Department of Health and Nutrition Sciences, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.
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14
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Yao DW, Luo J, He QY, Li J, Wang H, Shi HB, Xu HF, Wang M, Loor JJ. Characterization of the liver X receptor-dependent regulatory mechanism of goat stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 gene by linoleic acid. J Dairy Sci 2017; 99:3945-3957. [PMID: 26947306 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Stearoyl-coenzyme A desaturase 1 (SCD1) is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of palmitoleic and oleic acid. Although the transcriptional regulatory mechanism of SCD1 via polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) has been extensively explored in nonruminants, the existence of such mechanism in ruminant mammary gland remains unknown. In this study, we used goat genomic DNA to clone and sequence a 1,713-bp fragment of the SCD1 5' flanking region. Deletion assays revealed a core region of the promoter located between -415 and -109 bp upstream of the transcription start site, and contained the highly conserved PUFA response region. An intact PUFA response region was required for the basal transcriptional activity of SCD1. Linoleic acid reduced endogenous expression of SCD1 and sterol regulatory element binding factor-1 (SREBF1) in goat mammary epithelial cells. Further analysis indicated that both the sterol response element (SRE) and the nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) binding site in the SCD1 promoter were responsible for the inhibition effect by linoleic acid, whereas the effect was abrogated once NF-Y was deleted. In addition, SRE and NF-Y were partly responsible for the transcriptional activation induced via the liver X receptor agonist T 4506585 (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO). When goat mammary epithelial cells were cultured with linoleic acid, addition of T 4506585 markedly increased SCD1 transcription in controls, but had no effect on cells with a deleted SRE promoter. These results demonstrated that linoleic acid can regulate SCD1 expression at the transcriptional level through SRE and NF-Y in a liver X receptor-dependent fashion in the goat mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Yao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China 712100
| | - J Luo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China 712100.
| | - Q Y He
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China 712100
| | - J Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan, P. R. China 450046
| | - H Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China 712100
| | - H B Shi
- College of Animal Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, P. R. China 310058
| | - H F Xu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China 712100
| | - M Wang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Agriculture, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, P. R. China 712100
| | - J J Loor
- Mammalian NutriPhysioGenomics, Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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15
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The anti-atherogenic effects of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid are dependent on the stage of THP-1 macrophage differentiation. J Funct Foods 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2014.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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16
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Rescigno T, Capasso A, Tecce MF. Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid on Cell Cycle Pathways in Breast Cell Lines With Different Transformation Degree. J Cell Physiol 2015; 231:1226-36. [PMID: 26480024 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), abundant in fish, have been shown to affect development and progression of some types of cancer, including breast cancer. The aim of our study was to further analyze and clarify the effects of these nutrients on the molecular mechanisms underlying breast cancer. Following treatments with DHA we examined cell viability, death, cell cycle, and some molecular effects in breast cell lines with different transformation, phenotypic, and biochemical characteristics (MCF-10A, MCF-7, SK-BR-3, ZR-75-1). These investigations showed that DHA is able to affect cell viability, proliferation, and cell cycle progression in a different way in each assayed breast cell line. The activation of ERK1/2 and STAT3 pathways and the expression and/or activation of molecules involved in cell cycle regulation such as p21(Waf1/Cip1) and p53, are very differently regulated by DHA treatments in each cell model. DHA selectively: (i) arrests non tumoral MCF-10A breast cells in G0 /G1 cycle phase, activating p21(Waf1/Cip1) , and p53, (ii) induces to death highly transformed breast cells SK-BR-3, reducing ERK1/2 and STAT3 phosphorylation and (iii) only slightly affects each analyzed process in MCF-7 breast cell line with transformation degree lower than SK-BR-3 cells. These findings suggest a more relevant inhibitory role of DHA within early development and late progression of breast cancer cell transformation and a variable effect in the other phases, depending on individual molecular properties and degree of malignancy of each clinical case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Rescigno
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Anna Capasso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
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