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Krebs J, Brändler L, Krummenacher I, Friedrich A, Braunschweig H, Finze M, Curchod BFE, Marder TB. Synthesis, Photophysical and Electronic Properties of a D-π-A Julolidine-Like Pyrenyl-o-Carborane. Chemistry 2024:e202401704. [PMID: 38758081 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
We synthesized 2-(1-1,2-dicarbadodecaboranyl(12))-6,6,12,12-tetramethyl-7,8,11,12-tetrahydro-6H,10H-phenaleno[1,9-fg]pyrido[3,2,1-ij]quinoline (4), a julolidine-like pyrenyl-o-carborane, with pyrene substituted at the 2,7-positions on the HOMO/LUMO nodal plane. Using solid state molecular structures, photophysical data, cyclic voltammetry, DFT and LR-TDDFT calculations, we compare o-carborane and B(Mes)2 (Mes=2,4,6-Me3C6H2) as acceptor groups. Whereas the π-acceptor strength of B(Mes)2 is sufficient to drop the pyrene LUMO+1 below the LUMO, the carborane does not do this. We confirm the π-donor strength of the julolidine-like moiety, however, which raises the pyrene HOMO-1 above the HOMO. In contrast to the analogous pyrene-2-yl-o-carborane, 2-(1-1,2-dicarbadodecaboranyl(12))-pyrene VI, which exhibits dual fluorescence, because the rate of internal conversion between locally-excited (LE) and charge transfer (CT) (from the pyrene to the carborane) states is faster than the radiative decay rate, leading to a thermodynamic equilibrium between the 2 states, 4 shows only single fluorescence, as the CT state involving the carborane as the acceptor moiety in not kinetically accessible, so a more localized CT emission involving the julolidine-like pyrene moiety is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Krebs
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Brändler
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra Friedrich
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Maik Finze
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Basile F E Curchod
- Centre for Computational Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, United Kingdom
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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Para-N-Methylpyridinium Pyrenes: Impact of Positive Charge on ds-DNA/RNA and Protein Recognition, Photo-Induced Bioactivity, and Intracellular Localisation. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14112499. [PMID: 36432689 PMCID: PMC9696974 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2- and 2,7- substituted para-N-methylpyridinium pyrene cations show high-affinity intercalation into ds-DNAs, whereas their non-methylated analogues interacted with ds-DNA/RNA only in the protonated form (at pH 5), but not at physiological conditions (pH 7). The fluorescence from non-methylated analogues was strongly dependent on the protonation of the pyridines; consequently, they act as fluorescence ratiometric probes for simultaneous detection of both ds-DNA and BSA at pH 5, relying on the ratio between intensities at 420 nm (BSA specific) and 520 nm (DNA specific), whereby exclusively ds-DNA sensing could be switched-off by adjustment to pH 7. Only methylated, permanently charged pyrenes show photoinduced cleavage of circular DNA, attributed to pyrene-mediated irradiation-induced production of singlet oxygen. Consequently, the moderate toxicity of these cations against human cell lines is strongly increased upon irradiation. Detailed studies revealed increased total ROS production in cells treated by the compounds studied, accompanied by cell swelling and augmentation of cellular complexity. The most photo-active 2-para-N-methylpyridinium pyrene showed significant localization at mitochondria, its photo-bioactivity likely due to mitochondrial DNA damage. Other derivatives were mostly non-selectively distributed between various cytoplasmic organelles, thus being less photoactive.
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Shellaiah M, Sun KW. Pyrene-Based AIE Active Materials for Bioimaging and Theranostics Applications. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12070550. [PMID: 35884351 PMCID: PMC9313392 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation-induced emission (AIE) is a unique research topic and property that can lead to a wide range of applications, including cellular imaging, theranostics, analyte quantitation and the specific detection of biologically important species. Towards the development of the AIE-active materials, many aromatic moieties composed of tetraphenylethylene, anthracene, pyrene, etc., have been developed. Among these aromatic moieties, pyrene is an aromatic hydrocarbon with a polycyclic flat structure containing four fused benzene rings to provide an unusual electron delocalization feature that is important in the AIE property. Numerous pyrene-based AIE-active materials have been reported with the AIE property towards sensing, imaging and theranostics applications. Most importantly, these AIE-active pyrene moieties exist as small molecules, Schiff bases, polymers, supramolecules, metal-organic frameworks, etc. This comprehensive review outlines utilizations of AIE-active pyrene-based materials on the imaging and theranostics studies. Moreover, the design and synthesis of these pyrene-based molecules are delivered with discussions on their future scopes.
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Wawi MJ, Mahler C, Inguimbert N, Marder TB, Ribou AC. A new mitochondrial probe combining pyrene and a triphenylphosphonium salt for cellular oxygen and free radical detection via fluorescence lifetime measurements. Free Radic Res 2022; 56:258-272. [PMID: 35772434 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2022.2077202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
To improve and diversify the quantification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in mitochondria of single cells, we connected pyrene derivatives (PB) to a triphenylphosphonium salt (TPP+) as a mitochondrial vector forming PB-TPP+ probes. Two pyrene isomers with the n-butyltriphenylphosphonium moieties attached at their 1- or 2- positions were synthesized and characterized. Using the long fluorescence lifetime of pyrene, it was possible to monitor the variation of cellular free radicals and oxygen and to follow the reversibility of both quenchers in real-time. We compared the behavior of these new probes to the previously published pyrene-probes, functionalized by a mitochondrial-penetrating peptide, allowing their transfer to the mitochondria (Mito-PB) or to the cytosolic membrane for pyrene butyric acid (PBA). The high cellular uptake of the new probes allows cells to be loaded with an initial concentration 40 times lower than that for Mito-PB probes, without inducing perturbations in cell growth. The variation in free radicals and oxygen levels was monitored within cells under different stress conditions through the fluorescence lifetime of the new TPP+-based probes giving comparable results to those obtained for MPP-based probes. However, at a loading concentration as low as 25 nM, our technique allows the detection of increased production of free radicals in the mitochondria in the presence of the TPP+ vector, a warning to the user of this well-known vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Jamal Wawi
- Espace-Dev, Univ Montpellier, IRD, Univ Guyane, Univ la Réunion, Univ Antilles, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire IMAGES-ESPACE-DEV, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Christoph Mahler
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicolas Inguimbert
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE-UPVD-CNRS, USR 3278 CRIOBE, Université de Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anne-Cécile Ribou
- Espace-Dev, Univ Montpellier, IRD, Univ Guyane, Univ la Réunion, Univ Antilles, Montpellier, France.,Laboratoire IMAGES-ESPACE-DEV, Univ. Perpignan Via Domitia, Perpignan, France
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Krošl I, Košćak M, Ribičić K, Žinić B, Majhen D, Božinović K, Piantanida I. Impact of the Histidine-Triazole and Tryptophan-Pyrene Exchange in the WHW Peptide: Cu(II) Binding, DNA/RNA Interactions and Bioactivity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137006. [PMID: 35806009 PMCID: PMC9266797 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In three novel peptidoids based on the tryptophan—histidine—tryptophan (WHW) peptide, the central histidine was replaced by Ala-(triazole), and two derivatives also had one tryptophan replaced with pyrene-alkyls of different lengths and flexibility. Pyrene analogues show strong fluorescence at 480–500 nm, attributed to intramolecular exciplex formation with tryptophan. All three peptidoids bind Cu2+ cation in water with strong affinity, with Trp- Ala-(triazole)-Trp binding comparably to the parent WHW, and the pyrene analogues even stronger, demonstrating that replacement of histidine with triazole in peptides does not hamper Cu2+ coordination. The studied peptidoids strongly bind to ds-DNA and ds-RNA, whereby their complexes with Cu2+ exhibit distinctively different interactions in comparison to metal-free analogues, particularly in the stabilization of ds-DNA against thermal denaturation. The pyrene peptidoids efficiently enter living cells with no apparent cytotoxic effect, whereby their red-shifted emission compared to the parent pyrene allows intracellular confocal microscopy imaging, showing accumulation in cytoplasmic organelles. However, irradiation with 350 nm light resulted in evident antiproliferative effect on cells treated with micromolar concentrations of the pyrene analogues, presumably attributed to pyrene-induced production of singlet oxygen and consecutive cellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivona Krošl
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.K.); (M.K.); (K.R.); (B.Ž.)
| | - Marta Košćak
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.K.); (M.K.); (K.R.); (B.Ž.)
| | - Karla Ribičić
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.K.); (M.K.); (K.R.); (B.Ž.)
| | - Biserka Žinić
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.K.); (M.K.); (K.R.); (B.Ž.)
| | - Dragomira Majhen
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.M.); (K.B.)
| | - Ksenija Božinović
- Division of Molecular Biology, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (D.M.); (K.B.)
| | - Ivo Piantanida
- Division of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.K.); (M.K.); (K.R.); (B.Ž.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-1-4571-326
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Ji L, Riese S, Schmiedel A, Holzapfel M, Fest M, Nitsch J, Curchod BFE, Friedrich A, Wu L, Al Mamari HH, Hammer S, Pflaum J, Fox MA, Tozer DJ, Finze M, Lambert C, Marder TB. Thermodynamic equilibrium between locally excited and charge-transfer states through thermally activated charge transfer in 1-(pyren-2'-yl)- o-carborane. Chem Sci 2022; 13:5205-5219. [PMID: 35655553 PMCID: PMC9093154 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06867a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible conversion between excited-states plays an important role in many photophysical phenomena. Using 1-(pyren-2'-yl)-o-carborane as a model, we studied the photoinduced reversible charge-transfer (CT) process and the thermodynamic equilibrium between the locally-excited (LE) state and CT state, by combining steady state, time-resolved, and temperature-dependent fluorescence spectroscopy, fs- and ns-transient absorption, and DFT and LR-TDDFT calculations. Our results show that the energy gaps and energy barriers between the LE, CT, and a non-emissive 'mixed' state of 1-(pyren-2'-yl)-o-carborane are very small, and all three excited states are accessible at room temperature. The internal-conversion and reverse internal-conversion between LE and CT states are significantly faster than the radiative decay, and the two states have the same lifetimes and are in thermodynamic equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ji
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University 127 West Youyi Road Xi'an Shaanxi China .,Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Stefan Riese
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Alexander Schmiedel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Marco Holzapfel
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Maximillian Fest
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Jörn Nitsch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Basile F E Curchod
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham South Road Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | - Alexandra Friedrich
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Lin Wu
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics (IFE), Northwestern Polytechnical University 127 West Youyi Road Xi'an Shaanxi China
| | - Hamad H Al Mamari
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany .,Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Sultan Qaboos University PO Box 36, Al Khoudh 123 Muscat Sultanate of Oman
| | - Sebastian Hammer
- Experimentelle Physik VI, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Jens Pflaum
- Experimentelle Physik VI, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Mark A Fox
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham South Road Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | - David J Tozer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Durham South Road Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | - Maik Finze
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Christoph Lambert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Todd B Marder
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie and Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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Belovari M, Nestić D, Marić I, Majhen D, Cametti M, Džolić Z. Photophysical characterization and the self-assembly properties of mono- and bis-pyrene derivatives for cell imaging applications. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj03843a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Seven newly designed mono- and bis-pyrene derivatives with varying amino acid units self-assembled into fluorescent organic nanoparticles and were used for imaging in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateja Belovari
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Davor Nestić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Marić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dragomira Majhen
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Massimo Cametti
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via Luigi Mancinelli 7, Milano, Italy
| | - Zoran Džolić
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička Cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Mitchell M, Liyana Gunawardana VW, Ramakrishna G, Mezei G. Pyrene-Functionalized Fluorescent Nanojars: Synthesis, Mass Spectrometric, and Photophysical Studies. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:33180-33191. [PMID: 34901669 PMCID: PMC8656208 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nanojars are a class of supramolecular coordination complexes based on pyrazolate, Cu2+, and OH- ions that self-assemble around highly hydrophilic anions and serve as efficient anion binding and extraction agents. In this work, the synthesis, characterization, and photophysical properties of pyrene-functionalized fluorescent nanojars are presented. Three pyrene derivatives, 4-(pyren-1-yl)pyrazole (HL1), 4-(5-(pyren-1-yl)pent-4-yn-1-yl)pyrazole (HL2), and 4-(3-(pyrazol-4-yl)propyl)-1-(pyren-1-yl)-1,2,3-triazole (HL3), and the corresponding nanojars were synthesized and characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Electronic absorption, steady-state, and time-resolved fluorescence measurements were carried out to understand the interaction between the pyrene fluorophore and copper nanojars. Optical absorption measurements have shown minor ground state interaction between the fluorophore and nanojars. The fluorescence of pyrene is significantly quenched when attached to nanojars, suggesting strong contribution from the paramagnetic Cu2+ ions. Significant static quenching is observed in the case of L1, when pyrene is directly bound to the nanojar, whereas in the case of L2 and L3, when pyrene is attached to the nanojars using flexible tethers, both static and dynamic quenching are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie
M. Mitchell
- Department of Chemistry, Western
Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA
| | | | - Guda Ramakrishna
- Department of Chemistry, Western
Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA
| | - Gellert Mezei
- Department of Chemistry, Western
Michigan University, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49008, USA
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