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Complement 1q/Tumor Necrosis Factor-Related Proteins (CTRPs): Structure, Receptors and Signaling. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11020559. [PMID: 36831095 PMCID: PMC9952994 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11020559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Adiponectin and the other 15 members of the complement 1q (C1q)/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related protein (CTRP) family are secreted proteins composed of an N-terminal variable domain followed by a stalk region and a characteristic C-terminal trimerizing globular C1q (gC1q) domain originally identified in the subunits of the complement protein C1q. We performed a basic PubMed literature search for articles mentioning the various CTRPs or their receptors in the abstract or title. In this narrative review, we briefly summarize the biology of CTRPs and focus then on the structure, receptors and major signaling pathways of CTRPs. Analyses of CTRP knockout mice and CTRP transgenic mice gave overwhelming evidence for the relevance of the anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects of CTRPs in autoimmune diseases, obesity, atherosclerosis and cardiac dysfunction. CTRPs form homo- and heterotypic trimers and oligomers which can have different activities. The receptors of some CTRPs are unknown and some receptors are redundantly targeted by several CTRPs. The way in which CTRPs activate their receptors to trigger downstream signaling pathways is largely unknown. CTRPs and their receptors are considered as promising therapeutic targets but their translational usage is still hampered by the limited knowledge of CTRP redundancy and CTRP signal transduction.
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Zhang Y, Xu G, Huang B, Chen D, Ye R. Astragaloside IV Regulates Insulin Resistance and Inflammatory Response of Adipocytes via Modulating CTRP3 and PI3K/AKT Signaling. Diabetes Ther 2022; 13:1823-1834. [PMID: 36103112 PMCID: PMC9663774 DOI: 10.1007/s13300-022-01312-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Emerging evidence showed that adipocytes are important regulators in controlling insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). So far, compounds isolated from natural plants have been widely studied for their roles in alleviating T2DM-associated complications. This work evaluated the actions of astragaloside IV (AS-IV) on insulin resistance and inflammatory biomarker expression in adipocytes and explored the potential mechanisms. METHODS Glucose consumption of the adipocytes was determined by a glucose assay kit; the mRNA expression levels of glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT-4), interleukin-6 (IL-6), TNF-α and C1q tumor necrosis factor-related protein 3 (CTRP3) were measured by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR); the protein levels were determined by western blot assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS AS-IV concentration-dependently increased glucose consumption in the insulin resistance adipocytes. Further qRT-PCR results showed that AS-IV concentration-dependently reduced adipocyte IL-6 and TNF-α expression. Moreover, GLUT-4 expression in adipocytes was also significantly upregulated by AS-IV. Furthermore, we found that AS-IV concentration-dependently increased CTRP3 expression in adipocytes. CTRP3 silence decreased glucose consumption, upregulated IL-6 and TNF-α expression and downregulated GLUT-4 mRNA expression in 200 µM AS-IV-treated adipocytes. Moreover, AS-IV treatment enhanced the activity of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling in adipocytes, which was markedly attenuated by CTRP3 silencing. Importantly, inhibition of PI3K/AKT signaling also attenuated AS-IV induced an increase in glucose consumption and GLUT-4 expression and a decrease in IL-6 and TNF-α expression of adipocytes. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our data indicated that AS-IV attenuated insulin resistance and inflammation in adipocytes via targeting CTRP3/PI3K/Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhang
- Department of Endocriology, Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518100 China
| | - Guangning Xu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen Shekou People’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Baoyi Huang
- Department of Endocriology, Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518100 China
| | - Dongni Chen
- Department of Endocriology, Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518100 China
| | - Renqun Ye
- Department of Endocriology, Shenzhen Bao’an Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, the Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, 518100 China
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Micallef P, Vujičić M, Wu Y, Peris E, Wang Y, Chanclón B, Ståhlberg A, Cardell SL, Wernstedt Asterholm I. C1QTNF3 is Upregulated During Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue Remodeling and Stimulates Macrophage Chemotaxis and M1-Like Polarization. Front Immunol 2022; 13:914956. [PMID: 35720277 PMCID: PMC9202579 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.914956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The adipose tissue undergoes substantial tissue remodeling during weight gain-induced expansion as well as in response to the mechanical and immunological stresses from a growing tumor. We identified the C1q/TNF-related protein family member C1qtnf3 as one of the most upregulated genes that encode secreted proteins in tumor-associated inguinal adipose tissue - especially in high fat diet-induced obese mice that displayed 3-fold larger tumors than their lean controls. Interestingly, inguinal adipose tissue C1qtnf3 was co-regulated with several macrophage markers and chemokines and was primarily expressed in fibroblasts while only low levels were detected in adipocytes and macrophages. Administration of C1QTNF3 neutralizing antibodies inhibited macrophage accumulation in tumor-associated inguinal adipose tissue while tumor growth was unaffected. In line with this finding, C1QTNF3 exerted chemotactic actions on both M1- and M2-polarized macrophages in vitro. Moreover, C1QTNF3 treatment of M2-type macrophages stimulated the ERK and Akt pathway associated with increased M1-like polarization as judged by increased expression of M1-macrophage markers, increased production of nitric oxide, reduced oxygen consumption and increased glycolysis. Based on these results, we propose that macrophages are recruited to adipose tissue sites with increased C1QTNF3 production. However, the impact of the immunomodulatory effects of C1QTNF3 in adipose tissue remodeling warrants future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Micallef
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Milica Vujičić
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Yanling Wu
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Eduard Peris
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Belén Chanclón
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anders Ståhlberg
- Sahlgrenska Center for Cancer Research, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Susanna L Cardell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Wernstedt Asterholm
- Department of Physiology/Metabolic Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
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CTRP15 promotes macrophage cholesterol efflux and attenuates atherosclerosis by increasing the expression of ABCA1. J Physiol Biochem 2022; 78:653-666. [PMID: 35286626 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-022-00885-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
C1q tumor necrosis factor-related protein 15 (CTRP15), a newly identified myokine, is closely implicated in cardiovascular disease. However, the role of CTRP15 in atherosclerosis is still unclear. This study aims to determine the role of CTRP15 in atherosclerosis and explore the underlying mechanisms. Our findings revealed that lentivirus-mediated CTRP15 overexpression significantly decreased atherosclerotic plaque lesions and increased reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) efficiency and circulating HDL-C levels in apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE-/-) mice. Consistently, in vitro, overexpression of CTRP15 also inhibited intracellular lipid accumulation and promoted cholesterol efflux from macrophages. Mechanistically, CTRP15 decreased the expression of miR-101-3p by upregulating T-cadherin, thereby facilitating ABCA1 expression and cholesterol efflux. In summary, these data indicate that CTRP15 inhibits the development of atherosclerosis by enhancing RCT efficiency and increasing plasma HDL-C levels via the T-cadherin/miR-101-3p/ABCA1 pathway. Targeting CTRP15 may serve as a novel and promising therapeutic strategy for atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases.
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Song Y, Zhang Y, Wan Z, Pan J, Gao F, Li F, Zhou J, Chen J. CTRP3 alleviates cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury via LAMP1/JIP2/JNK signaling pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:1321-1335. [PMID: 35114641 PMCID: PMC8876908 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Background: C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 3 (CTRP3) has been reported to be a crucial regulator in myocardial infarction. Nevertheless, the potential molecular mechanism of CTRP3 in ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury remains largely unclear. Methods: The cell model of myocardial I/R injury was established by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) of rat cardiomyocyte H9C2. Expression of CTRP3 and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) was detected in H9C2 cells treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R). H9C2 cells were transfected with overexpression plasmids of CTRP3 (pcDNA-CTRP3) and LAMP1 (pcDNA-LAMP1), or CTRP3 small interfering RNA (si-CTRP3) or/and pcDNA-LAMP1, and cell proliferation, apoptosis and oxidative stress were testified. Co-IP assay was performed to validate the relationship among CTRP3, LAMP1 and JIP2. The role of CTRP3 and LAMP1 in JIP2/JNK pathway was evaluated with Western blot assay. Furthermore, in vivo myocardial I/R injury model was constructed to investigate the effect of CTRP3. Results: Overexpression of CTRP3 and LAMP1 both significantly promoted cell proliferation, inhibited apoptosis and the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MAD) and cardiac troponin (cTn-I), while silencing CTRP3 exerted the opposite effects, and LAMP1 overexpression reversed the effect of silencing CTRP3 on the aspects above. CTRP3 interacted with LAMP1, and both CTRP3 and LAMP1 bound with JIP2. SP600125 (JNK inhibitor) could restore the effects of CTRP3 or LAMP1 overexpression on the expression of JIP2 and phosphorylated-JNK (p-JNK), proliferation and apoptosis. Moreover, overexpression of CTRP3 improved cardiac I/R injury in vivo. Conclusion: CTRP3 alleviates cardiac I/R injury by elevating LAMP1 and activating JIP2/JNK signaling pathway, which may serve as a potential therapeutic target for I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Song
- Department of Cardiovasology, Yan'an University Affiliated Hospital, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Yunqing Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Yan'an University Affiliated Hospital, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Zhaofei Wan
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710038, China
| | - Junqiang Pan
- Department of Cardiology, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Cardiovasology, Yan'an University Affiliated Hospital, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Cardiovasology, Yan'an University Affiliated Hospital, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Cardiovasology, Yan'an University Affiliated Hospital, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Junmin Chen
- Department of Cardiovasology, Yan'an University Affiliated Hospital, Yan'an 716000, China
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Ren Y, Zhao H, Yin C, Lan X, Wu L, Du X, Griffiths HR, Gao D. Adipokines, Hepatokines and Myokines: Focus on Their Role and Molecular Mechanisms in Adipose Tissue Inflammation. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:873699. [PMID: 35909571 PMCID: PMC9329830 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.873699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic low-grade inflammation in adipose tissue (AT) is a hallmark of obesity and contributes to various metabolic disorders, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Inflammation in ATs is characterized by macrophage infiltration and the activation of inflammatory pathways mediated by NF-κB, JNK, and NLRP3 inflammasomes. Adipokines, hepatokines and myokines - proteins secreted from AT, the liver and skeletal muscle play regulatory roles in AT inflammation via endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine pathways. For example, obesity is associated with elevated levels of pro-inflammatory adipokines (e.g., leptin, resistin, chemerin, progranulin, RBP4, WISP1, FABP4, PAI-1, Follistatin-like1, MCP-1, SPARC, SPARCL1, and SAA) and reduced levels of anti-inflammatory adipokines such as adiponectin, omentin, ZAG, SFRP5, CTRP3, vaspin, and IL-10. Moreover, some hepatokines (Fetuin A, DPP4, FGF21, GDF15, and MANF) and myokines (irisin, IL-6, and DEL-1) also play pro- or anti-inflammatory roles in AT inflammation. This review aims to provide an updated understanding of these organokines and their role in AT inflammation and related metabolic abnormalities. It serves to highlight the molecular mechanisms underlying the effects of these organokines and their clinical significance. Insights into the roles and mechanisms of these organokines could provide novel and potential therapeutic targets for obesity-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Ren
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Hao Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Chunyan Yin
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, China
| | - Xi Lan
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Litao Wu
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Xiaojuan Du
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
| | - Helen R. Griffiths
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | - Dan Gao
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Xian Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi’an, China
- Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong University Health Center, Xi’an, China
- *Correspondence: Dan Gao,
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Morgan BP, Gommerman JL, Ramaglia V. An "Outside-In" and "Inside-Out" Consideration of Complement in the Multiple Sclerosis Brain: Lessons From Development and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 14:600656. [PMID: 33488361 PMCID: PMC7817777 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.600656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The last 15 years have seen an explosion of new findings on the role of complement, a major arm of the immune system, in the central nervous system (CNS) compartment including contributions to cell migration, elimination of synapse during development, aberrant synapse pruning in neurologic disorders, damage to nerve cells in autoimmune diseases, and traumatic injury. Activation of the complement system in multiple sclerosis (MS) is typically thought to occur as part of a primary (auto)immune response from the periphery (the outside) against CNS antigens (the inside). However, evidence of local complement production from CNS-resident cells, intracellular complement functions, and the more recently discovered role of early complement components in shaping synaptic circuits in the absence of inflammation opens up the possibility that complement-related sequelae may start and finish within the brain itself. In this review, the complement system will be introduced, followed by evidence that implicates complement in shaping the developing, adult, and normal aging CNS as well as its contribution to pathology in neurodegenerative conditions. Discussion of data supporting "outside-in" vs. "inside-out" roles of complement in MS will be presented, concluded by thoughts on potential approaches to therapies targeting specific elements of the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Paul Morgan
- UK Dementia Research Institute at Cardiff, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Valeria Ramaglia
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Guo B, Zhuang T, Xu F, Lin X, Li F, Shan SK, Wu F, Zhong JY, Wang Y, Zheng MH, Xu QS, Ehsan UMH, Yuan LQ. New Insights Into Implications of CTRP3 in Obesity, Metabolic Dysfunction, and Cardiovascular Diseases: Potential of Therapeutic Interventions. Front Physiol 2020; 11:570270. [PMID: 33343381 PMCID: PMC7744821 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.570270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue, as the largest endocrine organ, secretes many biologically active molecules circulating in the bloodstream, collectively termed adipocytokines, which not only regulate the metabolism but also play a role in pathophysiological processes. C1q tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related protein 3 (CTRP3) is a member of C1q tumor necrosis factor-related proteins (CTRPs), which is a paralog of adiponectin. CTRP3 has a wide range of effects on glucose/lipid metabolism, inflammation, and contributes to cardiovascular protection. In this review, we comprehensively discussed the latest research on CTRP3 in obesity, diabetes, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bei Guo
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tongtian Zhuang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Feng Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Radiology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fuxingzi Li
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Su-Kang Shan
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-Yu Zhong
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Wang
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ming-Hui Zheng
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiu-Shuang Xu
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ullah Muhammad Hasnain Ehsan
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ling-Qing Yuan
- National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Metabolic Bone Diseases, and Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Maeda T, Wakisaka S. Deficiency of C1q/TNF-related protein 3 (CTRP3) decreases adipose tissue weight in diet-induced obesity mice. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9219-9224. [PMID: 33057992 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05905-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adipokines are important regulators of lipid and glucose metabolism. A family of adiponectin paralogs is known as C1q and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related proteins (CTRPs). One line of Ctrp3-deficient mice shows reduced liver size in response to obesity. We generated and characterized another line of Ctrp3 knockout (KO) mice to reveal novel physiological functions of CTRP3. Interestingly, high fat diet (HFD)-fed Ctrp3 KO mice displayed a decrease in the epididymal white adipose tissue (WAT) weight to total body weight ratio. Histologically, adipocyte size was significantly smaller in the epididymal WAT of HFD-fed Ctrp3 KO mice than wild-type (WT) controls. The expression of several genes involved in lipogenesis, lipolysis and adipogenesis in the epididymal WAT of Ctrp3 KO mice fed a HFD was decreased. The present findings provide new insight into the role of CTRP3 as adipokine in the regulation of adipose tissue in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Maeda
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Wakisaka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, 1-8 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
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Masoodian SM, Toolabi K, Omidifar A, Zabihi H, Rahimipour A, Shanaki M. Increased mRNA Expression of CTRP3 and CTRP9 in Adipose Tissue from Obese Women: Is it Linked to Obesity-Related Parameters and mRNA Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines? Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 9:71-81. [PMID: 32821754 DOI: 10.29252/rbmb.9.1.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Obesity, a medical condition with impaired adipokine secretion and function, has a detrimental effect on insulin and glucose metabolism. CTRP3 and CTRP9 are adipokines with possible roles in energy homeostasis regulation. We sought to compare CTRP3, CTRP9, and inflammatory gene expression in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) from obese women who underwent bariatric surgery and non-obese women as controls. Methods For this study, the investigators recruited 20 morbidly obese women (BMI> 35) who qualified for bariatric surgery and 20 normal-weight women (BMI< 25) who underwent elective surgeries. Real-time PCR was performed to investigate mRNA expression of CTRP3, CTRP9, and the inflammatory genes IL1-β, IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF-α in SAT and VAT from both obese patients and controls. Results We observed that CTRP3 mRNA levels were significantly greater in VAT from obese patients than from controls (P< 0.0003). Also, patient group had higher levels of CTRP9 that control group (P< 0.0026). Inflammatory cytokines were markedly increased in SAT of obese patients compared to controls (P< 0.05). In addition, our results revealed a positive correlation of CTRP9 with HOMA-IR and waist circumference in VAT and CTRP3 with IL-1β, MCP-1, and TNF-α in SAT. Conclusion Both CTRP3 and CTRP9 expression were significantly higher in VAT from obese patients than from controls, and CTRP3 expression positively correlated with inflammatory parameters. Our findings indicate that CTRP3 and CTRP9 might be important in regulating glucose metabolism and obesity-related conditions such as inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Masoodian
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Karamollah Toolabi
- Department Surgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Omidifar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Student Research Committee, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Zabihi
- Sina Hospital, Department of Surgery, school of medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Rahimipour
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehrnoosh Shanaki
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Ji M, Xu K, Zhang D, Chen T, Shen L, Wu W, Zhang J. Adipose-Tissue-Specific Expression of Pig ApoR Protects Mice from Diet-Induced Obesity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:2256-2262. [PMID: 31927923 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b06995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Fat deposition is one of the most important economic traits of pigs. Decreasing the subcutaneous fat and increasing the intramuscular fat are believed to be an effective way to improve pork quality, which is one of the main goals of pig breeding. Identifying key genes that control porcine lipid metabolism is essential for achieving this goal. Apolipoprotein R (apoR) was identified as the crucial molecule in the process of pig adipose reduction by clenbuterol. In this study, transgenic mice with adipose-tissue-specific overexpression of pig apoR (apoR mice) were constructed. The apoR mice gained less weight than wild-type (WT) mice after 18 weeks of feeding a high-fat diet. A comparison of organs between the two genotypes revealed that the weight of white adipose tissue, including inguinal and epididymal fat tissue, was significantly decreased and the weight of liver tissue was increased in apoR mice compared with WT mice. Glucose and insulin intolerance tests showed that the glucose metabolism of apoR mice was similar to that of WT mice. Histological staining proved that the adipocytes of apoR mice had a reduced average size, and gene expression analysis indicated that lipolysis in the adipose tissue of apoR mice was enhanced. Finally, the primary culture of inguinal adipocytes revealed that apoR promotes lipolysis via the Erk1/2 pathway. Taken together, the results indicate that adipose-tissue-specific expression of pig apoR protects mice from diet-induced obesity by enhancing lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Ji
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering , Jiaxing University , Jiaxing 314001 , China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology , Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology , Qinhuangdao 066000 , China
| | - Ke Xu
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering , Jiaxing University , Jiaxing 314001 , China
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology , Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology , Qinhuangdao 066000 , China
| | - Dawei Zhang
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering , Jiaxing University , Jiaxing 314001 , China
| | - Tingting Chen
- Jiaxing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital , Jiaxing 314001 , China
| | - Liangcai Shen
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology , Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology , Qinhuangdao 066000 , China
| | - Wenjing Wu
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering , Jiaxing University , Jiaxing 314001 , China
| | - Jin Zhang
- College of Biological, Chemical Sciences and Engineering , Jiaxing University , Jiaxing 314001 , China
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12
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Funcke JB, Scherer PE. Beyond adiponectin and leptin: adipose tissue-derived mediators of inter-organ communication. J Lipid Res 2019; 60:1648-1684. [PMID: 31209153 PMCID: PMC6795086 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r094060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The breakthrough discoveries of leptin and adiponectin more than two decades ago led to a widespread recognition of adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Many more adipose tissue-secreted signaling mediators (adipokines) have been identified since then, and much has been learned about how adipose tissue communicates with other organs of the body to maintain systemic homeostasis. Beyond proteins, additional factors, such as lipids, metabolites, noncoding RNAs, and extracellular vesicles (EVs), released by adipose tissue participate in this process. Here, we review the diverse signaling mediators and mechanisms adipose tissue utilizes to relay information to other organs. We discuss recently identified adipokines (proteins, lipids, and metabolites) and briefly outline the contributions of noncoding RNAs and EVs to the ever-increasing complexities of adipose tissue inter-organ communication. We conclude by reflecting on central aspects of adipokine biology, namely, the contribution of distinct adipose tissue depots and cell types to adipokine secretion, the phenomenon of adipokine resistance, and the capacity of adipose tissue to act both as a source and sink of signaling mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Bernd Funcke
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Philipp E Scherer
- Touchstone Diabetes Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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13
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Saleh J, Al-Maqbali M, Abdel-Hadi D. Role of Complement and Complement-Related Adipokines in Regulation of Energy Metabolism and Fat Storage. Compr Physiol 2019; 9:1411-1429. [PMID: 31688967 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c170037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue releases many cytokines and inflammatory factors described as adipokines. In obesity, adipokines released from expanding adipose tissue are implicated in disease progression and metabolic dysfunction. However, mechanisms controlling the progression of adiposity and metabolic complications are not fully understood. It has been suggested that expanding fat mass and sustained release of inflammatory adipokines in adipose tissue lead to hypoxia, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and cellular damage. These changes trigger an immune response involving infiltration of adipose tissue with immune cells, complement activation and generation of factors involved in opsonization and clearance of damaged cells. Abundant evidence now indicates that adipose tissue is an active secretory source of complement and complement-related adipokines that, in addition to their inflammatory role, contribute to the regulation of metabolic function. This article highlights advances in knowledge regarding the role of these adipokines in energy regulation of adipose tissue through modulating lipogenic and lipolytic pathways. Several adipokines will be discussed including adipsin, Factor H, properdin, C3a, Acylation-Stimulating Protein, C1q/TNF-related proteins, and response gene to complement-32 (RGC-32). Interactions between these factors will be described considering their immune-metabolic roles in the adipose tissue microenvironment and their potential contribution to progression of adiposity and metabolic dysfunction. The differential expression and the role of complement factors in gender-related fat partitioning will also be addressed. Identifying lipogenic adipokines and their specific autocrine/paracrine roles may provide means for adipose-tissue-targeted therapeutic interventions that may disrupt the vicious circle of adiposity and disease progression. © 2019 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 9:1411-1429, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumana Saleh
- Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine & Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Muna Al-Maqbali
- Biochemistry Department, College of Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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14
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Jain NB, Yadav A, Shankar N, Ahmed R. Correlation of C1q/TNF-Related Protein-3 with Cardiac Autonomic Tone and Metabolic Parameters in Obesity. Int J Endocrinol Metab 2019; 17:e74250. [PMID: 31372167 PMCID: PMC6628617 DOI: 10.5812/ijem.74250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The current study aimed at investigating the correlation of circulating levels of serum C1q/TNF-related protein-3 (CTRP3) with cardiac autonomic functions and metabolic parameters in obesity. METHODS Thirty drug naïve subjects newly diagnosed with obesity and body mass index (BMI) 25 - 35 kg/m2 of both genders aged 19 - 40 years, with no associated comorbidity were recruited as cases. Same number of age, gender and socioeconomic status matched subjects with BMI 19 - 23 kg/m2 were taken as controls. Autonomic function test results including heart rate variability (HRV) were recorded in both groups. Serum metabolic parameters -CTRP3, leptin, adiponectin, insulin, blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol, and triglycerides were also determined and compared between the groups. RESULTS Significantly lower circulating levels of CTRP3 (P ≤ 0.001) and adiponectin (P = 0.025), and significantly higher mean of BMI (P < 0.001), fasting blood glucose (P < 0.001), LDL-cholesterol (P < 0.05), serum triglycerides (P < 0.001), insulin (P = 0.003), HOMA-IR (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance) (P < 0.001), and leptin (P = 0.043) were observed in the group with obesity compared to the controls. CTRP3 levels inversely correlated with serum triglyceride (r = -0.09, P < 0.001), atherogenic index (r = -0.37, P = 0.04), leptin (r = -0.39, P = 0.02), and positively with adiponectin (r = 0.42, P = 0.02) in the group with obesity. Significant reduction in the results of parasympathetic autonomic function tests (pNN50, RMSSD, excitation: inhibition (E:I) ratio, 30:15 ratio, and Valsalva ratio) and an increase in sympathovagal balance (low frequency to high frequency (LF:HF) ratio) was also observed (P < 0.05). CTRP3 levels were also positively correlated with parasympathetic indices (pNN50: r = 0.17, P < 0.05); 30:15 ratio: (r = 0.62, P < 0.01), and inversely correlated with LF: HF ratio (r = -0.35, P < 0.01) in the group with obesity. CONCLUSIONS Higher circulating levels of CTRP3 promoted a favorable autonomic and metabolic profile in obesity. Hence, CTRP3 may be considered as a potential novel biomarker to facilitate the prognosis of obesity and its comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Bindlish Jain
- Department of Physiology, University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Asha Yadav
- Department of Physiology, University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
- Corresponding Author: Department of Physiology, University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India.
| | - Nilima Shankar
- Department of Physiology, University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Rafat Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, University College of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
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15
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Elsaid HH, Elgohary MN, Elshabrawy AM. Complement c1q tumor necrosis factor-related protein 3 a novel adipokine, protect against diabetes mellitus in young adult Egyptians. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2019; 13:434-438. [PMID: 30641739 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED C1q/TNF-related protein-3 (CTRP3) is a novel adipokine with anti-inflammatory and a multitude of biological effects on glucose and lipid metabolism however, the influence of CTRP3 on incidence of diabetes mellitus remain unclear. This study investigated the effects of CTRP3 levels in obese and normal body weight young adults on insulin resistance and occurrence of diabetes mellitus. SUBJECTS AND METHODS In this case control study, Serum levels of CTRP3, HbA1c, Lipid profile, glucose and insulin levels were determined in 75 obese and 68 normal body weight individuals. RESULTS In obese young adults CTRP3 concentrations were decreased compared to normal body weight young adults (NBW). The association between reduction of CTRP3 concentrations and the presence of diabetes is statistically significant. CTRP3 showed significant negative correlation with BMI, HOMA-IR and triglycerides as well as positive correlations with HDL - cholesterol while there is no association between CTRP3 and BMI within the NBW group. Higher HbA1C, HOMA-IR, and risk of diabetes development within obese subjects were related to lower CTRP3 concentration. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that reduction of CTRP3 concentrations is likely to bring a concomitant increase in risk of diabetes in obese and normal body weight young adults. Decrease in CTRP3 concentration may have an essential role in the pathophysiology of metabolic disorders concomitant to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa H Elsaid
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Marwan N Elgohary
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Arafa M Elshabrawy
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.
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Intracellular complement - the complosome - in immune cell regulation. Mol Immunol 2017; 89:2-9. [PMID: 28601357 PMCID: PMC7112704 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The complement system was defined over a century ago based on its ability to "complement" the antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immune responses against pathogens. Today our understanding of this ancient part of innate immunity has changed substantially and we know now that complement plays an undisputed pivotal role in the regulation of both innate and adaptive immunity. The complement system consists of over 50 blood-circulating, cell-surface expressed and intracellular proteins. It is key in the recognition and elimination of invading pathogens, also in the removal of self-derived danger such as apoptotic cells, and it supports innate immune responses and the initiation of the general inflammatory reactions. The long prevailing classic view of complement was that of a serum-operative danger sensor and first line of defence system, however, recent experimental and clinical evidences have demonstrated that "local" tissue and surprisingly intracellular complement (the complosome) activation impacts on normal cell physiology. This review will focus on novel aspects of intracellular complement activation and its unexpected roles in basic cell processes such as metabolism. We also discuss what the existence of the complosome potentially means for how the host handles intracellular pathogens such as viruses.
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