1
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Schneider P, Scherzer AC, Ney L, Kwon HK, Storey BD, Gerteisen D, Zamel N. In-Situ Characterization of Cathode Catalyst Degradation in PEM Fuel Cells. Sci Data 2024; 11:828. [PMID: 39068152 PMCID: PMC11283493 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-024-03662-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The composition and morphology of the cathode catalyst layer (CCL) have a significant impact on the performance and stability of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFC). Understanding the primary degradation mechanism of the CCL and its influencing factors is crucial for optimizing PEMFC performance and durability. Within this work, we present comprehensive in-situ characterization data focused on cathode catalyst degradation. The dataset consists of 36 unique durability tests with over 4000 testing hours, including variations in the cathode ionomer to carbon ratio, platinum on carbon ratio, ionomer equivalent weight, and carbon support type. The applied accelerated stress tests were conducted with different upper potential limits and relative humidities. Characterization techniques including IV-curves, limiting current measurements, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, and cyclic voltammetry were employed to analyse changes in performance, charge and mass transfer, and electrochemically active surface area of the catalyst. The aim of the dataset is to improve the understanding of catalyst degradation by allowing comparisons across material variations and provide practical information for other researchers in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Schneider
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, ISE, Freiburg, Germany.
| | | | - Linda Ney
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, ISE, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Dietmar Gerteisen
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, ISE, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nada Zamel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems, ISE, Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Choi JS, Fortunato GV, Jung DC, Lourenço JC, Lanza MRV, Ledendecker M. Catalyst durability in electrocatalytic H 2O 2 production: key factors and challenges. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2024; 9:1250-1261. [PMID: 38847073 DOI: 10.1039/d4nh00109e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
On-demand electrocatalytic hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production is a significant technological advancement that offers a promising alternative to the traditional anthraquinone process. This approach leverages electrocatalysts for the selective reduction of oxygen through a two-electron transfer mechanism (ORR-2e-), holding great promise for delivering a sustainable and economically efficient means of H2O2 production. However, the harsh operating conditions during the electrochemical H2O2 production lead to the degradation of both structural integrity and catalytic efficacy in these materials. Here, we systematically examine the design strategies and materials typically utilized in the electroproduction of H2O2 in acidic environments. We delve into the prevalent reactor conditions and scrutinize the factors contributing to catalyst deactivation. Additionally, we propose standardised benchmarking protocols aimed at evaluating catalyst stability under such rigorous conditions. To this end, we advocate for the adoption of three distinct accelerated stress tests to comprehensively assess catalyst performance and durability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Sik Choi
- Department of Technical Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
- Sustainable Energy Materials, Technical University Munich, Campus Straubing, Schulgasse 22, 94315 Straubing, Germany.
| | - Guilherme V Fortunato
- Department of Technical Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
- Sustainable Energy Materials, Technical University Munich, Campus Straubing, Schulgasse 22, 94315 Straubing, Germany.
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Daniele C Jung
- Department of Technical Chemistry, Technical University of Darmstadt, Peter-Grünberg-Straße 8, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
| | - Julio C Lourenço
- Sustainable Energy Materials, Technical University Munich, Campus Straubing, Schulgasse 22, 94315 Straubing, Germany.
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Marcos R V Lanza
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Avenida Trabalhador São-Carlense 400, São Carlos, SP 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Marc Ledendecker
- Sustainable Energy Materials, Technical University Munich, Campus Straubing, Schulgasse 22, 94315 Straubing, Germany.
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Mymoona P, Shibu ES, Jeyabharathi C. Adsorbed Carbon Monoxide-Enabled Self-Terminated Au-Grafting on Pt 6 Nanoclusters for Enhanced Methanol Electrooxidation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2401998. [PMID: 38973636 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202401998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
The study presents the first example of an adsorbed carbon monoxide (CO) enabled self-terminated Au-grafting on triphenylphosphine (PPh3) stabilized Pt6 nanoclusters (NCs) (Pt6 (PPh3)4Cl5 NCs or Pt6 NCs). Adsorbed PPh3 ligands weaken the Pt-CO bond enabling the self-terminated Au-grafting on Pt6 NCs. The Au-grafted Pt6 NCs exhibit enhanced methanol electrooxidation (MOR) in acidic solutions. The surface is composed of a PtAu ensemble exhibiting enhanced MOR and CO tolerance due to the synergistic interaction of Pt with Au and PPh3. The hydrogen underpotential deposition (H-UPD) signal from a CO-covered surface reveals the existence of free-Pt sites on the PtAu ensemble causing higher MOR reactivity. The Au and PPh3 ensure electrocatalytic activity of the NCs, depriving of them at anodic potentials results in "a death-valley" trend.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloli Mymoona
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Edakkattuparambil Sidharth Shibu
- Smart Materials Lab, Department of Nanoscience and Technology (DNST), University of Calicut (UoC), Malappuram, Kerala, 673635, India
| | - Chinnaiah Jeyabharathi
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, 630003, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
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4
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Kormanyos A, Büttner P, Bosch M, Minichova M, Körner A, Jenewein KJ, Hutzler A, Mayrhofer KJJ, Bachmann J, Cherevko S. Stability of Bimetallic Pt xRu y - From Model Surfaces to Nanoparticulate Electrocatalysts. ACS MATERIALS AU 2024; 4:286-299. [PMID: 38737117 PMCID: PMC11083114 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.3c00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
Fundamental research campaigns in electrocatalysis often involve the use of model systems, such as single crystals or magnetron-sputtered thin films (single metals or metal alloys). The downsides of these approaches are that oftentimes only a limited number of compositions are picked and tested (guided by chemical intuition) and that the validity of trends is not verified under operating conditions typically present in real devices. These together can lead to deficient conclusions, hampering the direct application of newly discovered systems in real devices. In this contribution, the stability of magnetron-sputtered bimetallic PtxRuy thin film electrocatalysts (0 at. % to 100 at. % Ru content) along with three commercially available carbon-supported counterparts (50-67 at. % Ru content) was mapped under electrocatalytic conditions in acidic electrolytes using online ICP-MS. We found several differences between the two systems in the amount of metals dissolved along with the development of the morphology and composition. While the Pt-rich PtxRuy compositions remained unchanged, 30-50 nm diameter surface pits were detected in the case of the Ru-rich sputtered thin films. Contrastingly, the surface of the carbon-supported NPs enriched in Pt accompanied by the leaching of a significant amount of Ru from the alloy structure was observed. Change in morphology was accompanied by a mass loss reaching around 1-2 wt % in the case of the sputtered samples and almost 10 wt % for the NPs. Since PtxRuy has prime importance in driving alcohol oxidation reactions, the stability of all investigated alloys was screened in the presence of isopropanol. While Pt dissolution was marginally affected by the presence of isopropanol, several times higher Ru dissolution was detected, especially in the case of the Ru-rich compositions. Our results underline that trends in terms of electrocatalytic activity and stability cannot always be transferred from model samples to systems that are closer to the ones applied in real devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Kormanyos
- Helmholtz
Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Szeged, Aradi sq. 1, Szeged 6720, Hungary
| | - Pascal Büttner
- Chemistry
of Thin Film Materials, IZNF, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Bosch
- Chemistry
of Thin Film Materials, IZNF, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maria Minichova
- Helmholtz
Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Körner
- Helmholtz
Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ken J. Jenewein
- Helmholtz
Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hutzler
- Helmholtz
Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl J. J. Mayrhofer
- Helmholtz
Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Julien Bachmann
- Chemistry
of Thin Film Materials, IZNF, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Cauerstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz
Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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5
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Đukić T, Moriau L, Klofutar I, Šala M, Pavko L, González López FJ, Ruiz-Zepeda F, Pavlišič A, Hotko M, Gatalo M, Hodnik N. Adjusting the Operational Potential Window as a Tool for Prolonging the Durability of Carbon-Supported Pt-Alloy Nanoparticles as Oxygen Reduction Reaction Electrocatalysts. ACS Catal 2024; 14:4303-4317. [PMID: 38510667 PMCID: PMC10949198 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c06251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
A current trend in the investigation of state-of-the-art Pt-alloys as proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) electrocatalysts is to study their long-term stability as a bottleneck for their full commercialization. Although many parameters have been appropriately addressed, there are still certain issues that must be considered. Here, the stability of an experimental Pt-Co/C electrocatalyst is investigated by high-temperature accelerated degradation tests (HT-ADTs) in a high-temperature disk electrode (HT-DE) setup, allowing the imitation of close-to-real operational conditions in terms of temperature (60 °C). Although the US Department of Energy (DoE) protocol has been chosen as the basis of the study (30,000 trapezoidal wave cycling steps between 0.6 and 0.95 VRHE with a 3 s hold time at both the lower potential limit (LPL) and the upper potential limit (UPL)), this works demonstrates that limiting both the LPL and UPL (from 0.6-0.95 to 0.7-0.85 VRHE) can dramatically reduce the degradation rate of state-of-the-art Pt-alloy electrocatalysts. This has been additionally confirmed with the use of an electrochemical flow cell coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (EFC-ICP-MS), which enables real-time monitoring of the dissolution mechanisms of Pt and Co. In line with the HT-DE methodology observations, a dramatic decrease in the total dissolution of Pt and Co has once again been observed upon narrowing the potential window to 0.7-0.85 VRHE rather than 0.6-0.95 VRHE. Additionally, the effect of the potential hold time at both LPL and UPL on metal dissolution has also been investigated. The findings demonstrate that the dissolution rate of both metals is proportional to the hold time at UPL regardless of the applied potential window, whereas the hold time at the LPL does not appear to be as detrimental to the stability of metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Đukić
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna
pot 113, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Léonard
Jean Moriau
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
| | - Iva Klofutar
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
| | - Martin Šala
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
| | - Luka Pavko
- ReCatalyst
d.o.o., Hajdrihova Ulica
19, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
| | | | - Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
| | - Andraž Pavlišič
- Department
of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
| | - Miha Hotko
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
- University
of Nova Gorica, Vipavska
13, Nova Gorica 5000, Slovenia
| | - Matija Gatalo
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
- ReCatalyst
d.o.o., Hajdrihova Ulica
19, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
- University
of Nova Gorica, Vipavska
13, Nova Gorica 5000, Slovenia
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6
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Birkner L, Foreta M, Rinaldi A, Orekhov A, Willinger MG, Eichelbaum M. Dynamic accelerated stress test and coupled on-line analysis program to elucidate aging processes in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3999. [PMID: 38369606 PMCID: PMC10874950 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The application of hydrogen proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFC) in greenhouse gas emission free heavy-duty vehicles requires extremely durable PEMFC components with service lives in the range of 30,000 h. Hence suitable test and analysis methods are required that reflect realistic operation scenarios, but significantly accelerate aging. For this purpose, a dynamic accelerated stress test was developed, which is coupled with a comprehensive in-depth in-situ and ex-situ analysis program to determine the aging processes of a PEMFC membrane electrode assembly (MEA). The test comprehends dynamic cycling between low, moderate and high load, different temperature and humidity conditions as well as recovery sequences to distinguish between reversible and irreversible failure modes. All phases of the PEMFC system (i.e. solid, liquid and gaseous) are monitored on-line during aging by sophisticated electrochemical, mass spectrometric and ion chromatographic analytical methods. The structural and elemental composition of the MEA before and after the aging program (post-mortem) are investigated by X-ray fluorescence, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. This program was able to age a commercial PEMFC to end-of-life in 1000 h, while providing an accurate picture of the aging processes involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Birkner
- Nuremberg Institute of Technology, Institute for Applied Hydrogen Research, Electro- and Thermochemical Energy Systems (H2OHM), 90489, Nuremberg, Germany
- MAN Truck & Bus SE, Material Technology and Applied Chemistry (EOMC), 90441, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Michael Foreta
- MAN Truck & Bus SE, Material Technology and Applied Chemistry (EOMC), 90441, Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Ali Rinaldi
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Electron Microscopy, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Anton Orekhov
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Electron Microscopy, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Marc-Georg Willinger
- Technical University of Munich, Chair of Electron Microscopy, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Maik Eichelbaum
- Nuremberg Institute of Technology, Institute for Applied Hydrogen Research, Electro- and Thermochemical Energy Systems (H2OHM), 90489, Nuremberg, Germany.
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7
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Sawant KJ, Zeng Z, Greeley JP. Origin of Stability and Activity Enhancements in Pt-based Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts via Defect-Mediated Dopant Adsorption. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202312747. [PMID: 38133533 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202312747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Platinum alloys are highly efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in acidic conditions. However, these alloys are susceptible to metal loss through leaching and degradation, leading to reduced catalyst stability and activity. Recently, it has been shown that doping with oxophilic elements can significantly alleviate these problems, with a prominent example being Mo-doped Pt alloys. Here, to achieve atomic scale understanding of the exceptional activity and stability of these alloys, we present a detailed density functional theory description of the dopants' structures and impact on electrocatalyst properties. Beginning with the Mo/Pt system, we demonstrate that Mo can be stabilized in the form of low-dimensional oxyhydroxide moieties on Pt defects. The resulting structures enhance stability and activity via distinct physical processes, with the Mo moieties both directly inhibiting Pt dissolution at defects and indirectly enhancing ORR activity by generation of strain fields on surrounding Pt terraces. We then generalize these analyses to other metal dopant elements, and we demonstrate that similar low-dimensional oxyhydroxide structures control the electrocatalytic properties through an intricate interplay of the structures' acid stability, intrinsic activity for the ORR, and ability to induce ORR-promoting strain fields on Pt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustubh J Sawant
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Zhenhua Zeng
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jeffrey P Greeley
- Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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8
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Linge J, Briega-Martos V, Hutzler A, Fritsch B, Erikson H, Tammeveski K, Cherevko S. Stability of Carbon Supported Silver Electrocatalysts for Alkaline Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2023; 6:11497-11509. [PMID: 38037630 PMCID: PMC10685861 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.3c01717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Ag-based electrocatalysts are promising candidates to catalyze the sluggish oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in anion exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFC) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in unitized regenerative fuel cells. However, to be competitive with existing technologies, the AEMFC with Ag electrocatalyst must demonstrate superior performance and long-term durability. The latter implies that the catalyst must be stable, withstanding harsh oxidizing conditions. Moreover, since Ag is typically supported by carbon, the strict stability requirements extend to the whole Ag/C catalyst. In this work, Ag supported on Vulcan carbon (Ag/VC) and mesoporous carbon (Ag/MC) materials is synthesized, and their electrochemical stability is studied using a family of complementary techniques. We first employ an online scanning flow cell combined with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SFC-ICP-MS) to estimate the kinetic dissolution stability window of Ag. Strong correlations between voltammetric features and the dissolution processes are discovered. Very high silver dissolution during the OER renders this material impractical for regenerative fuel cell applications. To address Ag stability during AEMFC load cycles, accelerated stress tests (ASTs) in O2-saturated solutions are carried out in rotating disk electrode (RDE) and rotating ring-disk electrode (RRDE) setups. Besides tracking the ORR performance evolution, an ex situ long-term Ag dissolution study is performed. Moreover, morphological changes in the catalyst/support are tracked by identical-location transmission electron microscopy (RDE-IL-TEM). Voltammetry analysis before and after AST reveals a smaller change in ORR activity for Ag/MC, confirming its higher stability. RRDE results reveal a higher increase in the H2O2 yield for Ag/VC after the ASTs. The RDE-IL-TEM measurements demonstrate different degradation processes that can explain the changes in the long term performance. The results in this work point out that the stability of carbon-supported Ag catalysts depends strongly on the morphology of the Ag nanoparticles, which, in turn, can be tuned depending on the chosen carbon support and synthesis method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas
Mart Linge
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Valentín Briega-Martos
- Helmholtz
Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hutzler
- Helmholtz
Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Birk Fritsch
- Helmholtz
Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heiki Erikson
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kaido Tammeveski
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz
Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Cauerstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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9
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Srivastava RR, Gautam D, Sahu R, Shukla PK, Mukherjee B, Srivastava A. Mechanistic insights on Bi-potentiodynamic control towards atomistic synthesis of electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16433. [PMID: 37777645 PMCID: PMC10542813 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43301-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, electrochemically assisted dissolution-deposition (EADD) is utilized over a three-electrode assembly to prepare an electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Cyclic voltammetry is performed to yield atomistic loading of platinum (Pt) over SnS2 nanostructures via Pt dissolution from the counter electrode (CE). Astonishingly, the working electrode (WE) swept at 50 mV/s is found to compel Pt CE to experience 1000-3000 mV/s. The effect of different potential scan rates at the WE have provided insight into the change in Pt dissolution and its deposition behaviour over SnS2 in three electrode assembly. However, uncontrolled overpotentials at CE in a three-electrode assembly made Pt dissolution-deposition behavior complex. Here, for the first time, we have demonstrated bi-potentiodynamic control for dissolution deposition of Pt in four-electrode assembly over Nickel (Ni) foam. The dual cyclic voltammetry is applied to achieve better control and efficiency of the EADD process, engendering it as a pragmatically versatile and scalable synthesis technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Ranjan Srivastava
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Divyansh Gautam
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Rajib Sahu
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - P K Shukla
- Vindhya Institute of Technology and Science, Satna, MP, 485001, India
| | - Bratindranath Mukherjee
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology-BHU, Varanasi, 221005, India
| | - Anchal Srivastava
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221005, India.
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10
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Lüchtefeld J, Lee MY, Hemmelmann H, Wachs S, Behling C, Mayrhofer KJJ, Elm MT, Berkes BB. Contribution of Electrolyte Decomposition Products and the Effect of Temperature on the Dissolution of Transition Metals from Cathode Materials. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:32606-32614. [PMID: 37720733 PMCID: PMC10500674 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental understanding of aging processes in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) is imperative in the development of future battery architectures for widespread electrification. Herein, dissolution of transition metals from cathode active materials of LIBs is among the most important degradation processes. Research has demonstrated that elevated operating temperatures accelerate battery degradation. However, the exact mechanism of transition-metal dissolution at elevated temperatures has still to be clarified. Current literature suggests that the reaction rate of dissolution increases with increasing temperature; moreover, the decomposition of electrolytes results in products that also accelerate dissolution processes. Most studies focus on ex situ analyses of thermally treated full cells. This approach is not appropriate to get detailed insights and to distinguish between different contributions. In this work, with the help of real-time dissolution analysis using an electroanalytical flow cell (EFC) coupled to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), we present novel details of the temperature effects on in situ dissolution at the cathode electrolyte interface. With fresh electrolytes, we find increased Mn dissolution even at open-circuit conditions as well as with constant voltage polarization when the electrode sample is heated at constant temperatures between 50 and 80 °C. The release of transition metals also responds in a nuanced manner when applying temperature transients. Utilizing electrolytes preheated at 60 and 100 °C, we demonstrate that decomposition products in the bulk electrolyte have no influence on transition-metal (TM) dissolution when constantly flushing the cell with the thermally aged electrolyte samples. Only when keeping the cathode temperature at 60 °C, the dissolution increases by a factor of 2-3. Our findings highlight the interplay between the cathode and electrolyte and provide new insights into the dissolution mechanism of cathode materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janik Lüchtefeld
- Non-Aqueous
Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis Department, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ming-Yu Lee
- Non-Aqueous
Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis Department, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Hemmelmann
- Center
for Materials Research, Justus-Liebig-University
Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Susanne Wachs
- Non-Aqueous
Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis Department, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christopher Behling
- Non-Aqueous
Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis Department, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl J. J. Mayrhofer
- Non-Aqueous
Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis Department, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias T. Elm
- Center
for Materials Research, Justus-Liebig-University
Gießen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Balázs B. Berkes
- Non-Aqueous
Electrochemistry, Electrocatalysis Department, Helmholtz Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Cauerstr. 1, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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11
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Raut A, Fang H, Lin YC, Fu S, Sprouster D, Shimogawa R, Frenkel AI, Bae C, Douglin JC, Lillojad J, Tammeveski K, Zeng Z, Bliznakov S, Rafailovich M, Dekel DR. Migration and Precipitation of Platinum in Anion-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202306754. [PMID: 37464925 PMCID: PMC10640718 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202306754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite the recent progress in increasing the power generation of Anion-exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs), their durability is still far lower than that of Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Using the complementary techniques of X-ray micro-computed tomography (CT), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy, we have identified Pt ion migration as an important factor to explain the decay in performance of AEMFCs. In alkaline media Pt+2 ions are easily formed which then either undergo dissolution into the carbon support or migrate to the membrane. In contrast to PEMFCs, where hydrogen cross over reduces the ions forming a vertical "Pt line" within the membrane, the ions in the AEM are trapped by charged groups within the membrane, leading to disintegration of the membrane and failure. Diffusion of the metal components is still observed when the Pt/C of the cathode is substituted with a FeCo-N-C catalyst, but in this case the Fe and Co ions are not trapped within the membrane, but rather migrate into the anode, thereby increasing the stability of the membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aniket Raut
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States of America
| | - Haoyan Fang
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States of America
| | - Yu-Chung Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States of America
| | - Shi Fu
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States of America
| | - David Sprouster
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States of America
| | - Ryuichi Shimogawa
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States of America
- Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation, Science & Innovation Center, 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama 227-8502, Japan
| | - Anatoly I. Frenkel
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States of America
- Division of Chemistry, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, United States of America
| | - Chulsung Bae
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States of America
| | - John C. Douglin
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion –Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Jaana Lillojad
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Kaido Tammeveski
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Zhiqiao Zeng
- Center for Clean Energy Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States of America
| | - Stoyan Bliznakov
- Center for Clean Energy Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States of America
| | - Miriam Rafailovich
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, State University of New York at Stony Brook, New York 11794, United States of America
| | - Dario R. Dekel
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion –Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- The Nancy & Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
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12
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Moriau L, Stojanovski K, Jovanovič P, Escalera-López D, Cherevko S, Hodnik N. Towards electrochemical iridium recycling in acidic media: effect of the presence of organic molecules and chloride ions. RSC Adv 2023; 13:7980-7987. [PMID: 36909751 PMCID: PMC9997448 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07142h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The utilization of iridium is expected to surge in the next few years, notably due to the rising implementation of water electrolyzer devices in the energy transition. However, the natural resources of this noble metal are extremely limited and thus its recycling will become of high importance. Unfortunately, iridium is also the most corrosion resistant platinum group metal, making its recovery from waste a difficult and energy-demanding process. Hereby, we study the impact of organics and chloride ions on the electrochemical dissolution of iridium in order to pave the way towards green recycling of this precious metal. We present a 40 times increased dissolution when cycling iridium in presence of HCl and 1 M ethanol compared to HClO4. Our results point towards the direction of destabilizing Ir at relatively mild conditions in acidic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Moriau
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- Center of Excellence Low-Carbon Technologies 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - K Stojanovski
- Helmotz-Institute Erlangen Nümberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschunszentrum Jülich GmbH Erlangen Germany
| | - P Jovanovič
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
| | - D Escalera-López
- Helmotz-Institute Erlangen Nümberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschunszentrum Jülich GmbH Erlangen Germany
| | - S Cherevko
- Helmotz-Institute Erlangen Nümberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschunszentrum Jülich GmbH Erlangen Germany
| | - N Hodnik
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry 1000 Ljubljana Slovenia
- University of Nova Gorica 5000 Nova Gorica Slovenia
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13
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Kwag J, Kim S, Kang S, Park J. Multiple‐length scale investigation of Pt/C degradation by identical‐location transmission electron microscopy. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jimin Kwag
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sungin Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsu Kang
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwon Park
- Center for Nanoparticle Research Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Seoul Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, College of Engineering Seoul National University Seoul Republic of Korea
- Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology Seoul National University Gyeonggi‐do Republic of Korea
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14
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Cho J, Kim H, Oh HS, Choi CH. Elucidation of Electrochemically Induced but Chemically Driven Pt Dissolution. JACS AU 2023; 3:105-112. [PMID: 36711079 PMCID: PMC9875222 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.2c00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Securing the electrochemical durability of noble metal platinum is of central importance for the successful implementation of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). Pt dissolution, a major cause of PEMFC degradation, is known to be a potential-dependent transient process, but its underlying mechanism is puzzling. Herein, we elucidate a chemical Pt dissolution process that can occur in various electrocatalytic conditions. This process intensively occurs during potential perturbations with a millisecond timescale, which has yet to be seriously considered. The open circuit potential profiles identify the dominant formation of metastable Pt species at such short timescales and their simultaneous dissolution. Considering on these findings, a proof-of-concept strategy for alleviating chemical Pt dissolution is further studied by tuning electric double layer charging. These results suggest that stable Pt electrocatalysis can be achieved if rational synthetic or systematic strategies are further developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junsic Cho
- Department
of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science
and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Haesol Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science
and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung-Suk Oh
- Clean
Energy Research Center, Korea Institute
of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic
of Korea
| | - Chang Hyuck Choi
- Department
of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science
and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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15
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Xie X, Briega-Martos V, Farris R, Dopita M, Vorokhta M, Skála T, Matolínová I, Neyman KM, Cherevko S, Khalakhan I. Optimal Pt-Au Alloying for Efficient and Stable Oxygen Reduction Reaction Catalysts. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:1192-1200. [PMID: 36578102 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Stabilization of cathode catalysts in hydrogen-fueled proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is paramount to their widespread commercialization. Targeting that aim, Pt-Au alloy catalysts with various compositions (Pt95Au5, Pt90Au10, and Pt80Au20) prepared by magnetron sputtering were investigated. The promising stability improvement of the Pt-Au catalyst, manifested in suppressed platinum dissolution with increasing Au content, was documented over an extended potential range up to 1.5 VRHE. On the other hand, at elevated concentrations, Au showed a detrimental effect on oxygen reduction reaction activity. A systematic study involving complementary characterization techniques, electrochemistry, and Monte Carlo simulations based on density functional theory data enabled us to gain a comprehensive understanding of the composition-activity-stability relationship to find optimal Pt-Au alloying for maintaining the activity of platinum and improving its resistance to dissolution. According to the results, Pt-Au alloy with 10% gold represent the most promising composition retaining the activity of monometallic Pt while suppressing Pt dissolution by 50% at the upper potential limit of 1.2 VRHE and by 20% at devastating 1.5 VRHE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxian Xie
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, Prague 8 18000, Czech Republic
| | - Valentín Briega-Martos
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstr. 1, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Riccardo Farris
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Quimica Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Milan Dopita
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, Prague 2 12116, Czech Republic
| | - Mykhailo Vorokhta
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, Prague 8 18000, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Skála
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, Prague 8 18000, Czech Republic
| | - Iva Matolínová
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, Prague 8 18000, Czech Republic
| | - Konstantin M Neyman
- Departament de Ciència de Materials i Química Física & Institut de Quimica Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB), Universitat de Barcelona, c/Martí i Franquès 1, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats), Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Cauerstr. 1, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Ivan Khalakhan
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, Prague 8 18000, Czech Republic
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16
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Takimoto D, Toma S, Suda Y, Shirokura T, Tokura Y, Fukuda K, Matsumoto M, Imai H, Sugimoto W. Platinum nanosheets synthesized via topotactic reduction of single-layer platinum oxide nanosheets for electrocatalysis. Nat Commun 2023; 14:19. [PMID: 36624103 PMCID: PMC9829898 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35616-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing the performance of Pt-based electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is essential for the widespread commercialization of polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Here we show the synthesis of double-layer Pt nanosheets with a thickness of 0.5 nm via the topotactic reduction of 0.9 nm-thick single-layer PtOx nanosheets, which are exfoliated from a layered platinic acid (HyPtOx). The ORR activity of the Pt nanosheets is two times greater than that of conventionally used state-of-the-art 3 nm-sized Pt nanoparticles, which is attributed to their large electrochemically active surface area (124 m2 g-1). These Pt nanosheets show excellent potential in reducing the amount of Pt used by enhancing its ORR activity. Our results unveil strategies for designing advanced catalysts that are considerably superior to traditional nanoparticle systems, allowing Pt catalysts to operate at their full potential in areas such as fuel cells, rechargeable metal-air batteries, and fine chemical production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Takimoto
- grid.263518.b0000 0001 1507 4692Research Initiative for Supra-Materials (RISM), Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567 Japan ,grid.267625.20000 0001 0685 5104Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1-Senbaru, Nishihara, Nakagami, Okinawa, 903-0213 Japan
| | - Shino Toma
- grid.267625.20000 0001 0685 5104Faculty of Science, University of the Ryukyus, 1-Senbaru, Nishihara, Nakagami, Okinawa, 903-0213 Japan
| | - Yuya Suda
- grid.263518.b0000 0001 1507 4692Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567 Japan
| | - Tomoki Shirokura
- grid.263518.b0000 0001 1507 4692Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567 Japan
| | - Yuki Tokura
- grid.263518.b0000 0001 1507 4692Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567 Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Fukuda
- grid.258799.80000 0004 0372 2033Office of Society-Academia Collaboration for Innovation, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501 Japan
| | - Masashi Matsumoto
- Device-functional Analysis Department, NISSAN ARC LTD., 1 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061 Japan
| | - Hideto Imai
- Device-functional Analysis Department, NISSAN ARC LTD., 1 Natsushima, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-0061 Japan
| | - Wataru Sugimoto
- grid.263518.b0000 0001 1507 4692Research Initiative for Supra-Materials (RISM), Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567 Japan ,grid.263518.b0000 0001 1507 4692Faculty of Textile Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1 Tokida, Ueda, Nagano, 386-8567 Japan
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17
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Validation of Voltammetric Methods for Online Analysis of Platinum Dissolution in a Hydrogen PEM Fuel Cell Stack. ELECTROCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/electrochem3040048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Platinum dissolution in PEM fuel cells is an increasingly important indicator for the state-of-health and lifetime prediction of fuel cells in real applications. For this reason, portable online analysis tools are needed that can detect and quantify platinum with high sensitivity, selectivity, and accuracy in the product water of fuel cells. We validated the hanging mercury drop electrode (HMDE) and non-toxic bismuth film electrodes for the voltammetric determination of platinum for this purpose. Bismuth films were prepared by reductive deposition on both a glassy carbon solid state electrode and on a screen-printed electrode (film on-chip electrode). Both bismuth film electrodes could be successfully validated for the determination of platinum by adsorptive stripping voltammetry. An LOD of 7.9 μg/L and an LOQ of 29.1 μg/L were determined for the bismuth film solid state electrode, values of 22.5 μg/L for the LOD and of 79.0 μg/L for the LOQ were obtained for the bismuth film on-chip electrode. These numbers are still much higher than the results measured with the HMDE (LOD: 0.76 ng/L; LOQ: 2.8 ng/L) and are not sufficient to detect platinum in the product water of a fuel cell run in different load tests. The amount of dissolved platinum produced by a 100 W fuel cell stack upon dynamic and continuous high load cycling, respectively, was in the range of 2.9–4.1 ng/L, which could only be detected by the HMDE.
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18
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Sharma S, Zagalskaya A, Weitzner SE, Eggart L, Cho S, Hsu T, Chen X, Varley JB, Alexandrov V, Orme CA, Pham TA, Wood BC. Metal dissolution from first principles: Potential-dependent kinetics and charge transfer. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.141443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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19
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Gatalo M, Bonastre AM, Moriau L, Burdett H, Ruiz-Zepeda F, Hughes E, Hodgkinson A, Šala M, Pavko L, Bele M, Hodnik N, Sharman J, Gaberšček M. Importance of Chemical Activation and the Effect of Low Operation Voltage on the Performance of Pt-Alloy Fuel Cell Electrocatalysts. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2022; 5:8862-8877. [PMID: 35909804 PMCID: PMC9326812 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.2c01359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Pt-alloy (Pt-M) nanoparticles (NPs) with less-expensive 3d transition metals (M = Ni, Cu, Co) supported on high-surface-area carbon supports are currently the state-of-the-art (SoA) solution to reach the production phase in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). However, while Pt-M electrocatalysts show promise in terms of increased activity for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and, thus, cost reductions from the significantly lower use of expensive and rare Pt, key challenges in terms of synthesis, activation, and stability remain to unlock their true potential. This work systematically tackles them with a combination of electrocatalyst synthesis and characterization methodologies including thin-film rotating disc electrodes (TF-RDEs), an electrochemical flow cell linked to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (EFC-ICP-MS), and testing in 50 cm2 membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs). In the first part of the present work, we highlight the crucial importance of the chemical activation (dealloying) step on the performance of Pt-M electrocatalysts in the MEA at high current densities (HCDs). In addition, we provide the scientific community with a preliminary and facile method of distinguishing between a "poorly" and "adequately" dealloyed (activated) Pt-alloy electrocatalyst using a much simpler and affordable TF-RDE methodology using the well-known CO-stripping process. Since the transition-metal cations can also be introduced in a PEMFC due to the degradation of the Pt-M NPs, the second part of the work focuses on presenting clear evidence on the direct impact of the lower voltage limit (LVL) on the stability of Pt-M electrocatalysts. The data suggests that in addition to intrinsic improvements in stability, significant improvements in the PEMFC lifetime can also be obtained via the correct MEA design and applied limits of operation, namely, restricting not just the upper but equally important also the lower operation voltage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matija Gatalo
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- ReCatalyst
d.o.o., Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Léonard
Jean Moriau
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Harriet Burdett
- Johnson
Matthey Technology Centre, Blount’s Court, Sonning
Common, Reading RG4 9NH, U.K.
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Edwin Hughes
- Johnson
Matthey Technology Centre, Blount’s Court, Sonning
Common, Reading RG4 9NH, U.K.
| | - Adam Hodgkinson
- Johnson
Matthey Fuel Cells, Lydiard
Fields, Great Western Way, Swindon SN5 8AT, U.K.
| | - Martin Šala
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Luka Pavko
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjan Bele
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University
of Nova Gorica, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Jonathan Sharman
- Johnson
Matthey Technology Centre, Blount’s Court, Sonning
Common, Reading RG4 9NH, U.K.
| | - Miran Gaberšček
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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20
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Chatenet M, Pollet BG, Dekel DR, Dionigi F, Deseure J, Millet P, Braatz RD, Bazant MZ, Eikerling M, Staffell I, Balcombe P, Shao-Horn Y, Schäfer H. Water electrolysis: from textbook knowledge to the latest scientific strategies and industrial developments. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:4583-4762. [PMID: 35575644 PMCID: PMC9332215 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01079k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 98.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Replacing fossil fuels with energy sources and carriers that are sustainable, environmentally benign, and affordable is amongst the most pressing challenges for future socio-economic development. To that goal, hydrogen is presumed to be the most promising energy carrier. Electrocatalytic water splitting, if driven by green electricity, would provide hydrogen with minimal CO2 footprint. The viability of water electrolysis still hinges on the availability of durable earth-abundant electrocatalyst materials and the overall process efficiency. This review spans from the fundamentals of electrocatalytically initiated water splitting to the very latest scientific findings from university and institutional research, also covering specifications and special features of the current industrial processes and those processes currently being tested in large-scale applications. Recently developed strategies are described for the optimisation and discovery of active and durable materials for electrodes that ever-increasingly harness first-principles calculations and machine learning. In addition, a technoeconomic analysis of water electrolysis is included that allows an assessment of the extent to which a large-scale implementation of water splitting can help to combat climate change. This review article is intended to cross-pollinate and strengthen efforts from fundamental understanding to technical implementation and to improve the 'junctions' between the field's physical chemists, materials scientists and engineers, as well as stimulate much-needed exchange among these groups on challenges encountered in the different domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marian Chatenet
- University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering and Management University Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Bruno G Pollet
- Hydrogen Energy and Sonochemistry Research group, Department of Energy and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) NO-7491, Trondheim, Norway
- Green Hydrogen Lab, Institute for Hydrogen Research (IHR), Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières (UQTR), 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec G9A 5H7, Canada
| | - Dario R Dekel
- The Wolfson Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, 3200003, Israel
- The Nancy & Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program (GTEP), Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Fabio Dionigi
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering Division, Technical University Berlin, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan Deseure
- University Grenoble Alpes, University Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP (Institute of Engineering and Management University Grenoble Alpes), LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre Millet
- Paris-Saclay University, ICMMO (UMR 8182), 91400 Orsay, France
- Elogen, 8 avenue du Parana, 91940 Les Ulis, France
| | - Richard D Braatz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Martin Z Bazant
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Michael Eikerling
- Chair of Theory and Computation of Energy Materials, Division of Materials Science and Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Intzestraße 5, 52072 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, IEK-13: Modelling and Simulation of Materials in Energy Technology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Iain Staffell
- Centre for Environmental Policy, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Paul Balcombe
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Renewable Energy, School of Engineering and Material Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Yang Shao-Horn
- Research Laboratory of Electronics and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Helmut Schäfer
- Institute of Chemistry of New Materials, The Electrochemical Energy and Catalysis Group, University of Osnabrück, Barbarastrasse 7, 49076 Osnabrück, Germany.
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21
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Ranninger J, Nikolaienko P, Mayrhofer KJJ, Berkes BB. On-line Electrode Dissolution Monitoring during Organic Electrosynthesis: Direct Evidence of Electrode Dissolution during Kolbe Electrolysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102228. [PMID: 35114080 PMCID: PMC9304240 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electrode dissolution was monitored in real-time during Kolbe electrolysis along with the characteristic products. The fast determination of appropriate reaction conditions in electro-organic chemistry enables the minimization of electrode degradation while keeping an eye on the optimal formation rate and distribution of products. Herein, essential parameters influencing the dissolution of the electrode material platinum in a Kolbe electrolysis were pinpointed. The formation of reaction products and soluble platinum species were monitored during potentiodynamic and potentiostatic experiments using an electroanalytical flow cell coupled to two different mass spectrometers. The approach opens new vistas in the field of electro-organic chemistry because it enables precise and quick quantification of dissolved metals during electrosynthesis, also involving electrode materials other than platinum. Furthermore, it draws attention to the vital topic of electrode stability in electro-organic synthesis, which becomes increasingly important for the implementation of green chemical processes utilizing renewable energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Ranninger
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Pavlo Nikolaienko
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Karl J. J. Mayrhofer
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Balázs B. Berkes
- Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
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22
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Bai J, Ke S, Song J, Wang K, Sun C, Zhang J, Dou M. Surface Engineering of Carbon-Supported Platinum as a Route to Electrocatalysts with Superior Durability and Activity for PEMFC Cathodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:5287-5297. [PMID: 35072443 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c20823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen fuel cells are regarded as a promising new carbon mitigation strategy to realize carbon neutrality. The exploitation of robust and efficient cathode catalysts is thus vital to the commercialization of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Herein, we demonstrate a facile and scalable surface engineering route to achieve superior durability and high activity of a Pt-based material as a PEMFC cathode catalyst through a controllable liquid-phase reduction approach. The proposed surface engineering strategy by modifying Pt/C reduces the oxygen content on the carbon support and also decreases the surface defects on Pt nanoparticles (NPs), which effectively alleviate the corrosion of carbon and inhibit the detachment, agglomeration, and growth of Pt NPs. The resulting catalyst exhibits superior durability after a 10,000 potential cycling test in an acid electrolyte─outperforming commercial Pt/C. Moreover, the catalyst also demonstrates an improved oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity in comparison to commercial Pt/C by virtue of the high content of metallic Pt and the weakened Pt-OH bonding that releases more Pt active sites for ORR catalysis. Most importantly, the developed catalyst shows outstanding PEMFC performance and excellent long-term durability over 50 h of a constant-current test and 100 h of a load-cycling operation. This effective route provides a new avenue for exploiting robust Pt-based catalysts with superior activity in practical applications of PEMFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Bai
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Shaojie Ke
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jie Song
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Transmission Technology, Global Energy Interconnection Research Institute Limited Company, Beijing 102209, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chaoyong Sun
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jiakun Zhang
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Meiling Dou
- Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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23
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Smiljanić M, Bele M, Moriau L, Vélez Santa JF, Menart S, Šala M, Hrnjić A, Jovanovič P, Ruiz-Zepeda F, Gaberšček M, Hodnik N. Suppressing Platinum Electrocatalyst Degradation via a High-Surface-Area Organic Matrix Support. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:3540-3548. [PMID: 35128261 PMCID: PMC8811926 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of carbon-supported Pt nanocatalysts in fuel cells and electrolyzers hinders widespread commercialization of these green technologies. Transition between oxidized and reduced states of Pt during fast potential spikes triggers significant Pt dissolution. Therefore, designing Pt-based catalysts able to withstand such conditions is of critical importance. We report here on a strategy to suppress Pt dissolution by using an organic matrix tris(aza)pentacene (TAP) as an alternative support material for Pt. The major benefit of TAP is its potential-dependent conductivity in aqueous media, which was directly evidenced by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. At potentials below ∼0.45 VRHE, TAP is protonated and its conductivity is improved, which enables supported Pt to run hydrogen reactions. At potentials corresponding to Pt oxidation/reduction (>∼0.45 VRHE), TAP is deprotonated and its conductivity is restricted. Tunable conductivity of TAP enhanced the durability of the Pt/TAP with respect to Pt/C when these two materials were subjected to the same degradation protocol (0.1 M HClO4 electrolyte, 3000 voltammetric scans, 1 V/s, 0.05-1.4 VRHE). The exceptional stability of Pt/TAP composite on a nanoscale level was confirmed by identical location TEM imaging before and after the used degradation protocol. Suppression of transient Pt dissolution from Pt/TAP with respect to the Pt/C benchmark was directly measured in a setup consisting of an electrochemical flow cell connected to inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milutin Smiljanić
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory
for Atomic Physics, Institute for Nuclear Sciences Vinča, University of Belgrade, Mike Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marjan Bele
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Léonard
Jean Moriau
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef
Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - John Fredy Vélez Santa
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Materials
Physics Center (CSIC-UPV/EHU), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 5, Donostia-San
Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Svit Menart
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Šala
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Armin Hrnjić
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Jovanovič
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miran Gaberšček
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of
Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna
pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef
Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University
of Nova Gorica, Vipavska
13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
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24
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Understanding the performance losses and “invasiveness” of in situ characterization steps during carbon corrosion experiments in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyao Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Graeme Henkelman
- Department of Chemistry and the Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-0165, United States
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26
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Stumm C, Kastenmeier M, Waidhas F, Bertram M, Sandbeck DJ, Bochmann S, Mayrhofer KJ, Bachmann J, Cherevko S, Brummel O, Libuda J. Model electrocatalysts for the oxidation of rechargeable electrofuels - carbon supported Pt nanoparticles prepared in UHV. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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27
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Abstract
Platinum and other metals are very scarce materials widely used in the energy and transportation sector among other sectors. Obtaining Platinum is becoming more difficult due to its scarcity on earth and because of the high amount of energy and water used for its extraction. In this regard, the recycling of platinum is necessary for sustainable technologies and for reaching a circular economy towards this expensive and rare metal. Conventional methods for platinum recycling make use of enormous amounts of energy for its recovery, which makes them not very attractive for industry implementation. Furthermore, these processes generate very toxic liquid streams and gas wastes that must be further treated, which do not meet the green environmental point of view of platinum recycling. Consequently, new advanced technologies are arising aiming to reach very high platinum recovery rates while being environmentally friendly and making a huge reduction of energy use compared with the conventional methods. In this review, conventional platinum recovery methods are summarized showing their limitations. Furthermore, new and promising approaches for platinum recovery are reviewed to shed light on about new and greener ways for a platinum circular economy.
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28
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Hersbach TJP, Garcia AC, Kroll T, Sokaras D, Koper MTM, Garcia-Esparza AT. Base-Accelerated Degradation of Nanosized Platinum Electrocatalysts. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c02468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. P. Hersbach
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States of America
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Amanda C. Garcia
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Kroll
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States of America
| | - Dimosthenis Sokaras
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States of America
| | - Marc T. M. Koper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Angel T. Garcia-Esparza
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States of America
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29
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Identifiability Analysis of Degradation Model Parameters from Transient CO2 Release in Low-Temperature PEM Fuel Cell under Various AST Protocols. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14144380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The detrimental effects of the catalyst degradation on the overall envisaged lifetime of low-temperature proton-exchange membrane fuel cells (LT-PEMFCs) represent a significant challenge towards further lowering platinum loadings and simultaneously achieving a long cycle life. The elaborated physically based modeling of the degradation processes is thus an invaluable step in elucidating causal interaction between fuel cell design, its operating conditions, and degradation phenomena. However, many parameters need to be determined based on experimental data to ensure plausible simulation results of the catalyst degradation models, which proves to be challenging with the in situ measurements. To fill this knowledge gap, this paper demonstrates the application of a mechanistically based PEMFC modeling framework, comprising real-time capable fuel cell performance, and platinum and carbon support degradation models, to model transient CO2 release rates in the LT-PEMFCs with the consistent calibration of reaction rate parameters under multiple different accelerated stress tests at once. The results confirm the credibility of the physical and chemical modeling basis of the proposed modeling framework, as well as its prediction and extrapolation capabilities. This is confirmed by an increase of only 29% of root mean square deviations values when using a model calibrated on all three data sets at once in comparison to a model calibrated on only one data set. Furthermore, the unique identifiability and interconnection of individual model calibration parameters are determined via Fisher information matrix analysis. This analysis enables optimal reduction of the set of calibration parameters, which results in the speed up of both the calibration process and the general simulation time while retaining the full extrapolation capabilities of the framework.
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30
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Liu Q, Meissel H, Sadykov I, Jones S, Van Dijk N, Rzepka P, Artiglia L, Ranocchiari M, Bokhoven JA. On the Stability of Pt‐Based Catalysts in HBr/Br
2
Solution. Helv Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202100082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich Vladimir Prelog Weg 1 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Hubert Meissel
- TFP Hydrogen Products Ltd. Unit 5 & 6 Merchants Quay Pennygillam Industrial Estate UK-Launceston PL15 7QA United Kingdom
| | - Ilia Sadykov
- Operando spectroscopy group Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Simon Jones
- TFP Hydrogen Products Ltd. Unit 5 & 6 Merchants Quay Pennygillam Industrial Estate UK-Launceston PL15 7QA United Kingdom
| | - Nick Van Dijk
- TFP Hydrogen Products Ltd. Unit 5 & 6 Merchants Quay Pennygillam Industrial Estate UK-Launceston PL15 7QA United Kingdom
| | - Przemyslaw Rzepka
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich Vladimir Prelog Weg 1 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Luca Artiglia
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Marco Ranocchiari
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
| | - Jeroen A. Bokhoven
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zurich Vladimir Prelog Weg 1 CH-8093 Zurich Switzerland
- Laboratory for Catalysis and Sustainable Chemistry Paul Scherrer Institute CH-5232 Villigen PSI Switzerland
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31
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Jin S, Yang SY, Lee JM, Kang MS, Choi SM, Ahn W, Fuku X, Modibedi RM, Han B, Seo MH. Fluorine-Decorated Graphene Nanoribbons for an Anticorrosive Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:26936-26947. [PMID: 34082533 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c04132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pt-supported carbon material-based electrocatalysts are formidably suffering from carbon corrosion when H2O and O2 molecules are present at high voltages in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). In this study, we discovered that the edge site of a fluorine-doped graphene nanoribbon (F-GNR) was slightly adsorbed with H2O and was thermodynamically unfavorable with O atoms after defining the thermodynamically stable structure of the F-GNR from DFT calculations. Based on computational predictions, the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of F-GNRs with/without Pt nanoparticles derived from a modified Hummer's method and the polyol process were investigated as support materials for electrocatalysts and additives in the cathode of a PEMFC, respectively. The Pt/F-GNR showed the lowest degradation rate in carbon corrosion and was effective in the cathode as additives, resulting from the enhanced carbon corrosion durability owing to the improved structural stability and water management. Notably, the F-GNR with highly stable carbon corrosion contributed to achieving a more durable PEMFC for long-term operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Jin
- Fuel Cell Research and Demonstration Center, New and Renewable Energy Institute, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do 56332, Republic of Korea
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), 261 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yong Yang
- Fuel Cell Research and Demonstration Center, New and Renewable Energy Institute, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do 56332, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03772, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Min Lee
- Fuel Cell Research and Demonstration Center, New and Renewable Energy Institute, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do 56332, Republic of Korea
| | - Mun Seon Kang
- Fuel Cell Research and Demonstration Center, New and Renewable Energy Institute, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do 56332, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Storage and Conversion Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeollabuk-do 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Mook Choi
- Department of Energy & Electronic Materials, Surface Materials Division Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), Changwon 51508, Republic of Korea
| | - Wook Ahn
- Department of Energy Systems Engineering, SoonChunHyang University, 22 Soonchunhyang-ro, Asan-si, Chungnam, 31538, Republic of Korea
| | - Xolile Fuku
- Energy Materials, Energy Centre, The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Remegia Mmalewane Modibedi
- Energy Materials, Energy Centre, The Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Pretoria 0001, South Africa
| | - Byungchan Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03772, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Ho Seo
- Fuel Cell Research and Demonstration Center, New and Renewable Energy Institute, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), Buan-gun, Jeollabuk-do 56332, Republic of Korea
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32
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Uvarov IV, Shlepakov PS, Postnikov AV, Svetovoy VB. Highly energetic impact of H 2 and O 2 nanobubbles on Pt surface. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 582:167-176. [PMID: 32818712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.07.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypothesis Water electrolysis performed by short (≲5μs) voltage pulses of alternating polarity generates a dense cloud of H2 and O2 nanobubbles. Platinum electrodes turn black in this process, while they behave differently when the polarity is not altered. We prove that the modification of Pt is associated with highly energetic impact of nanobubbles rather than with any electrochemical process. Experiments Nanobubbles are generated by planar Pt or Ti microelectrodes. The process is driven by a series of alternating or single polarity pulses. In the case of Ti electrodes a Pt plate is separated by a gap from the electrodes. Nanoparticles on the surface of platinum are investigated with a scanning electron microscope and elemental composition is analysed using an energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer. Findings Vigorous formation of Pt nanoparticles with a size of 10 nm is observed when the process is driven by the alternating polarity pulses. The effects of Pt corrosion have different character and cannot explain the phenomenon. Similar nanoparticles are observed when the Pt plate is exposed to a stream of nanobubbles. The process is explained by spontaneous combustion of hydrogen and oxygen nanobubbles on Pt surface. The phenomenon can be used to remove strongly adhered particles from solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilia V Uvarov
- Valiev Institute of Physics and Technology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yaroslavl Branch, Universitetskaya 21, 150007 Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Pavel S Shlepakov
- Valiev Institute of Physics and Technology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yaroslavl Branch, Universitetskaya 21, 150007 Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Alexander V Postnikov
- Valiev Institute of Physics and Technology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Yaroslavl Branch, Universitetskaya 21, 150007 Yaroslavl, Russia
| | - Vitaly B Svetovoy
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics, University of Twente, PO 217, 7500 AE Enschede, the Netherlands; A. N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciencies, Leninsky prospect 31 bld. 4, 119071 Moscow, Russia.
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33
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Smiljanić M, Petek U, Bele M, Ruiz-Zepeda F, Šala M, Jovanovič P, Gaberšček M, Hodnik N. Electrochemical Stability and Degradation Mechanisms of Commercial Carbon-Supported Gold Nanoparticles in Acidic Media. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:635-647. [PMID: 33488908 PMCID: PMC7818511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c10033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical stability of a commercial Au/C catalyst in an acidic electrolyte has been investigated by an accelerated stress test (AST), which consisted of 10,000 voltammetric scans (1 V/s) in the potential range between 0.58 and 1.41 VRHE. Loss of Au electrochemical surface area (ESA) during the AST pointed out to the degradation of Au/C. Coupling of an electrochemical flow cell with ICP-MS showed that only a minor amount of gold is dissolved despite the substantial loss of gold ESA during the AST (∼35% of initial value remains at the end of the AST). According to the electrochemical mass spectrometry experiments, carbon corrosion occurs during the AST but to a minor extent. By using identical location scanning electron microscopy and identical location transmission electron microscopy, it was possible to discern that the dissolution of small Au particles (<5 nm) within the polydisperse Au/C sample is the main degradation mechanism. The mass of such particles gives only a minor contribution to the overall Au mass of the polydisperse sample while giving a major contribution to the overall ESA, which explains a significant loss of ESA and minor loss of mass during the AST. The addition of low amounts of chloride anions (10-4 M) substantially promoted the degradation of gold nanoparticles. At an even higher concentration of chlorides (10-2 M), the dissolution of gold was rather effective, which is useful from the recycling point of view when rapid leaching of gold is desirable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milutin Smiljanić
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Laboratory
for Atomic Physics, Institute for Nuclear Sciences Vinča, University of Belgrade, Mike Alasa 12-14, 11001 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Urša Petek
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marjan Bele
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department
of Physics and Chemistry of Materials, Institute
of Metals and Technology, Lepi pot 11, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Šala
- Department
of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Primož Jovanovič
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miran Gaberšček
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University
of Ljubljana, Večna
pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, National Institute
of Chemistry, Hajdrihova
19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- University
of Nova Gorica, Vipavska
13, 5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
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Lopes PP, Li D, Lv H, Wang C, Tripkovic D, Zhu Y, Schimmenti R, Daimon H, Kang Y, Snyder J, Becknell N, More KL, Strmcnik D, Markovic NM, Mavrikakis M, Stamenkovic VR. Eliminating dissolution of platinum-based electrocatalysts at the atomic scale. NATURE MATERIALS 2020; 19:1207-1214. [PMID: 32690912 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-020-0735-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A remaining challenge for the deployment of proton-exchange membrane fuel cells is the limited durability of platinum (Pt) nanoscale materials that operate at high voltages during the cathodic oxygen reduction reaction. In this work, atomic-scale insight into well-defined single-crystalline, thin-film and nanoscale surfaces exposed Pt dissolution trends that governed the design and synthesis of durable materials. A newly defined metric, intrinsic dissolution, is essential to understanding the correlation between the measured Pt loss, surface structure, size and ratio of Pt nanoparticles in a carbon (C) support. It was found that the utilization of a gold (Au) underlayer promotes ordering of Pt surface atoms towards a (111) structure, whereas Au on the surface selectively protects low-coordinated Pt sites. This mitigation strategy was applied towards 3 nm Pt3Au/C nanoparticles and resulted in the elimination of Pt dissolution in the liquid electrolyte, which included a 30-fold durability improvement versus 3 nm Pt/C over an extended potential range up to 1.2 V.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro P Lopes
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Dongguo Li
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Haifeng Lv
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, John Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dusan Tripkovic
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
- Faculty for Technology and Metallurgy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Yisi Zhu
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Roberto Schimmenti
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Hideo Daimon
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yijin Kang
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Joshua Snyder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nigel Becknell
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Karren L More
- Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Dusan Strmcnik
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Nenad M Markovic
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, USA
| | - Manos Mavrikakis
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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35
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Feiten FE, Takahashi S, Sekizawa O, Wakisaka Y, Sakata T, Todoroki N, Uruga T, Wadayama T, Iwasawa Y, Asakura K. Model building analysis - a novel method for statistical evaluation of Pt L 3-edge EXAFS data to unravel the structure of Pt-alloy nanoparticles for the oxygen reduction reaction on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:18815-18823. [PMID: 32323675 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06891k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) is a powerful tool to determine the local structure in Pt nanoparticles (NP) on carbon supports, active catalysts for fuel cells. Highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) covered with Pt NP gives samples with flat surfaces that allow application of surface science techniques. However, the low concentration of Pt makes it difficult to obtain good quality EXAFS data. We have performed in situ highly sensitive BCLA-empowered Back Illuminated EXAFS (BCLA + BI-EXAFS) measurements on Pt alloy nanoparticles. We obtained high quality Pt L3-edge data. We have devised a novel analytical method (model building analysis) to determine the structure of multi-component nanoparticles from just a single absorption edge. The generation of large numbers of structural models and their comparison with EXAFS fits allows us to determine the structures of Pt-containing nanoparticles, catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. Our results show that PtCo, PtCoN and AuPtCoN form a Pt-shell during electrochemical dealloying and that the ORR activity is directly proportional to the Pt-Pt bond length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix E Feiten
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0021, Hokkaido, Japan.
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36
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Speck FD, Paul MTY, Ruiz-Zepeda F, Gatalo M, Kim H, Kwon HC, Mayrhofer KJJ, Choi M, Choi CH, Hodnik N, Cherevko S. Atomistic Insights into the Stability of Pt Single-Atom Electrocatalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:15496-15504. [PMID: 32794757 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Single-atom catalysts (SACs) have quickly emerged as a new class of catalytic materials. When confronted with classical carbon-supported nanoparticulated catalysts (Pt/C), SACs are often claimed to have superior electrocatalytic properties, e.g., stability. In this study, we critically assess this statement by investigating S-doped carbon-supported Pt SACs as a representative example of noble-metal-based SACs. We use a set of complementary techniques, which includes online inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (online ICP-MS), identical location transmission electron microscopy (IL-TEM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It is shown by online ICP-MS that the dissolution behavior of as-synthesized Pt SACs is significantly different from that of metallic Pt/C. Moreover, Pt SACs are, indeed, confirmed to be more stable toward Pt dissolution. When cycled to potentials of up to 1.5 VRHE, however, the dissolution profiles of Pt SACs and Pt/C become similar. IL-TEM and XPS show that this transition is due to morphological and chemical changes caused by cycling. The latter, in turn, is a consequence of the relatively poor stability of S ligands. As monitored by online ICP-MS and XPS, significant amounts of sulfur leave the catalyst during oxidation. Hence, in case catalysts with improved stability in the anodic potential region are desired, more robust supports and ligands must be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian D Speck
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Egerlandstrasse, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael T Y Paul
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Egerlandstrasse, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Francisco Ruiz-Zepeda
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matija Gatalo
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Haesol Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Chang Kwon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Karl J J Mayrhofer
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Egerlandstrasse, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Minkee Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyuck Choi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Nejc Hodnik
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, SI-1001 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Egerlandstrasse, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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37
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Kormányos A, Speck FD, Mayrhofer KJJ, Cherevko S. Influence of Fuels and pH on the Dissolution Stability of Bifunctional PtRu/C Alloy Electrocatalysts. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c02094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Attila Kormányos
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian D. Speck
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstaße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl J. J. Mayrhofer
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstaße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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38
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Dam AP, Papakonstantinou G, Sundmacher K. On the role of microkinetic network structure in the interplay between oxygen evolution reaction and catalyst dissolution. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14140. [PMID: 32839461 PMCID: PMC7445268 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69723-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the pathways of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and the mechanisms of catalyst degradation is of essential importance for developing efficient and stable OER catalysts. Experimentally, a close coupling between OER and catalyst dissolution on metal oxides is reported. In this work, it is analysed how the microkinetic network structure of a generic electrocatalytic cycle, in which a common intermediate causes catalyst dissolution, governs the interplay between electrocatalytic activity and stability. Model discrimination is possible based on the analysis of incorporated microkinetic network structures and the comparison to experimental data. The derived concept is used to analyse the coupling of OER and catalyst dissolution on rutile and reactively sputtered Iridium oxides. For rutile Iridium oxide, the characteristic activity and stability behaviour can be well described by a mono-nuclear, adsorbate evolution mechanism and the chemical type of both competing dissolution and rate-determining OER-step. For the reactively sputtered Iridium oxide surface, experimentally observed characteristics can be captured by the assumption of an additional path via a low oxidation state intermediate, which explains the observed characteristic increase in OER over dissolution selectivity with potential by the competition between electrochemical re-oxidation and chemical dissolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Phuc Dam
- Department Process Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr.1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Georgios Papakonstantinou
- Department Process Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr.1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Kai Sundmacher
- Department Process Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Sandtorstr.1, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany. .,Department of Process Systems Engineering, Otto-Von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Universitätsplatz 2, 39106, Magdeburg, Germany.
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39
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Sharma R, Morgen P, Andersen SM. Platinum recycling through electroless dissolution under mild conditions using a surface activation assisted Pt-complexing approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:13030-13040. [PMID: 32478339 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06066a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
High industrial demand and limited global abundance of precious metals (PMs) make their recycling essential for industrial and societal sustainability. Owing to their high surface-to-volume ratio, recycling of nanoparticulate precious metals through dissolution in dilute acids at room temperature is quite relevant. However, their dissolution by approaches such as the cyclic oxidation-reduction of metal surfaces through surface potential manipulation may not be suitable for large-scale production. Here, we demonstrate fast dissolution of Pt-nanoparticles under mild conditions (normal temperature and pressure) in Cl- containing dilute acidic/neutral baths without using cyclic oxidation-reduction. We demonstrate that the dissolution of Pt nanoparticles through [PtClx]2- complexing is hindered by blockage of the Pt surface due to adsorption of non-oxide species (impurities), a phenomenon termed herein as non-oxide passivation (NOP). The nanoparticles can be kept active for the [PtClx]2- complexing through removal of the adsorbed species by surface activation, a process to remove the NOP layer by application of cyclic/continuous perturbation. As an example, average % dissolution rate (calculated on initial Pt loading) increases from ∼10% per h (∼30% dissolution in 3 h) for dissolution without NOP removal to ∼19% per h (∼55% dissolution in 3 h) for dissolution through cyclic activation of the Pt surface by HCl-water cycling. The approach may be implemented with a range of cost-efficient and non-toxic reagents for industrial-scale and environmentally friendly recycling of Pt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghunandan Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Per Morgen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
| | - Shuang Ma Andersen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Biotechnology and Environmental Technology, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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40
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Sandbeck DJS, Secher NM, Speck FD, Sørensen JE, Kibsgaard J, Chorkendorff I, Cherevko S. Particle Size Effect on Platinum Dissolution: Considerations for Accelerated Stability Testing of Fuel Cell Catalysts. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. S. Sandbeck
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Niklas Mørch Secher
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Florian D. Speck
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Jakob Kibsgaard
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ib Chorkendorff
- Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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41
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Electrochemical hydrogen compression and purification versus competing technologies: Part II. Challenges in electrocatalysis. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(19)63438-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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42
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Kang S, Fan Xia, Zhuofeng Hu, Hu W, She Y, Wang L, Fu X, Lu W. Platinum nanoparticles with TiO2–skin as a durable catalyst for photoelectrochemical methanol oxidation and electrochemical oxygen reduction reactions. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2020.136119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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43
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Khalakhan I, Bogar M, Vorokhta M, Kúš P, Yakovlev Y, Dopita M, Sandbeck DJS, Cherevko S, Matolínová I, Amenitsch H. Evolution of the PtNi Bimetallic Alloy Fuel Cell Catalyst under Simulated Operational Conditions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:17602-17610. [PMID: 32191029 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c02083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Comprehensive understanding of the catalyst corrosion dynamics is a prerequisite for the development of an efficient cathode catalyst in proton-exchange membrane fuel cells. To reach this aim, the behavior of fuel cell catalysts must be investigated directly under reaction conditions. Herein, we applied a strategic combination of in situ/online techniques: in situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy, in situ grazing incidence small angle X-ray scattering, and electrochemical scanning flow cell with online detection by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. This combination of techniques allows in-depth investigation of the potential-dependent surface restructuring of a PtNi model thin film catalyst during potentiodynamic cycling in an aqueous acidic electrolyte. The study reveals a clear correlation between the upper potential limit and structural behavior of the PtNi catalyst, namely, its dealloying and coarsening. The results show that at 0.6 and 1.0 VRHE upper potentials, the PtNi catalyst essentially preserves its structure during the entire cycling procedure. The crucial changes in the morphology of PtNi layers are found to occur at 1.3 and 1.5 VRHE cycling potentials. Strong dealloying at the early stage of cycling is substituted with strong coarsening of catalyst particles at the later stage. The coarsening at the later stage of cycling is assigned to the electrochemical Ostwald ripening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Khalakhan
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Marco Bogar
- Graz University of Technology, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
- CERIC-ERIC c/o Elettra Synchrotron, S.S. 14 Km 163.5, 34149 Basovizza, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mykhailo Vorokhta
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Kúš
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Yurii Yakovlev
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Dopita
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Condensed Matter Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel John Seale Sandbeck
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH. Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH. Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Iva Matolínová
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Department of Surface and Plasma Science, Charles University, V Holešovičkách 2, 18000 Prague 8, Czech Republic
| | - Heinz Amenitsch
- Graz University of Technology, Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Stremayrgasse 9, 8010 Graz, Austria
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44
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Prokop M, Kodym R, Bystron T, Drakselova M, Paidar M, Bouzek K. Degradation kinetics of Pt during high-temperature PEM fuel cell operation part II: Dissolution kinetics of Pt incorporated in a catalyst layer of a gas-diffusion electrode. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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45
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Ji SG, Kim H, Choi H, Lee S, Choi CH. Overestimation of Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reactivity Induced by Noble Metal Impurities Dissolved from Counter/Reference Electrodes. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b04229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang Gu Ji
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Haesol Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Hojoong Choi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghan Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Hyuck Choi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
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46
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Rost MJ, Jacobse L, Koper MTM. The dualism between adatom- and vacancy-based single crystal growth models. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5233. [PMID: 31748552 PMCID: PMC6868172 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13188-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In homoepitaxial crystal growth, four basic growth morphologies (idealized growth modes) have been established that describe the deposition of atoms on single crystal surfaces: step-flow, layer-by-layer, mound formation, and random/self-affine growth. Mound formation leads to nano-scale surface patterning. However, the formation of (nano)-islands, patterns, and roughness occurs also during ion bombardment, electrochemical etching and oxidation/reduction cycling. Here we show, in analogy to many particle/anti-particle formalisms in physics, the existence of the dualism between individual adatom and single vacancy growth modes. We predict that all standard adatom growth modes do exist also in their counter, vacancy version. For the particular case of mound formation, we derive the theoretical equations and show the inverse similarity of the solution. We furthermore treat simultaneous growth by adatoms and vacancies, and derive the analytical solution of the growth shape evolution of the mounds. Finally, we present an experimental verification, in which both adatom and vacancy mound formation are active. The theoretically predicted mound shape nicely fits the experimental observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel J Rost
- Huygens-Kamerlingh Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Leon Jacobse
- DESY NanoLab, Deutsches Elektronensynchrotron DESY, Notkestrasse 85, D-22607, Hamburg, Germany
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marc T M Koper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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Sandbeck DJS, Brummel O, Mayrhofer KJJ, Libuda J, Katsounaros I, Cherevko S. Dissolution of Platinum Single Crystals in Acidic Medium. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:2997-3003. [PMID: 31603611 PMCID: PMC6899853 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Platinum single crystal basal planes consisting of Pt(111), Pt(100), Pt(110) and reference polycrystalline platinum Pt(poly) were subjected to various potentiodynamic and potentiostatic electrochemical treatments in 0.1 M HClO4 . Using the scanning flow cell coupled to an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (SFC-ICP-MS) the transient dissolution was detected on-line. Clear trends in dissolution onset potentials and quantities emerged which can be related to the differences in the crystal plane surface structure energies and coordination. Pt(111) is observed to have a higher dissolution onset potential while the generalized trend in dissolution rates and quantities was found to be Pt(110)>P(100)≈Pt(poly)>Pt(111).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. S. Sandbeck
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource CenterFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Karl J. J. Mayrhofer
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource CenterFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Ioannis Katsounaros
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11)Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHEgerlandstr. 391058ErlangenGermany
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George M, Zhang GR, Schmitt N, Brunnengräber K, Sandbeck DJS, Mayrhofer KJJ, Cherevko S, Etzold BJM. Effect of Ionic Liquid Modification on the ORR Performance and Degradation Mechanism of Trimetallic PtNiMo/C Catalysts. ACS Catal 2019; 9:8682-8692. [PMID: 31534827 PMCID: PMC6740176 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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Ionic
liquids (ILs) modification, following the concept of “solid
catalyst with ionic liquid layer (SCILL)”, has been demonstrated
to be an effective approach to improving both activity and stability
of Pt-based catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. In this work,
the SCILL concept has been applied to a trimetallic PtNiMo/C system,
which has been documented recently to be significantly advantageous
over the benchmark PtNi-based catalysts for oxygen reduction. To achieve
this, two hydrophobic ILs ([BMIM][NTF2] and [MTBD][BETI]) were used
to modify PtNiMo/C with four IL-loading amounts between 7 and 38 wt
%. We found that the Pt mass activity (@0.9 V) could be improved by
up to 50% with [BMIM][NTF2] and even 70% when [MTBD][BETI] is used.
Exceeding a specific IL loading amount, however, leads to a mass transport
related activity drop. Moreover, it is also disclosed that both ILs
can effectively suppress the formation of nonreactive oxygenated species,
while at the same time imposing little effect on the electrochemical
active surface area. For a deeper understanding of the degradation
mechanism of pristine and IL modified PtNiMo/C, we applied identical
location transmission electron microscopy and in situ scanning flow cell coupled to inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
techniques. It is disclosed that the presence of ILs has selectively
accelerated the dissolution of Mo and eventually results in a more
severe degradation of PtNiMo/C. This shows that future research needs
to identify ILs that prevent the Mo dissolution to leverage the potential
of the IL modification of PtNiMo catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael George
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universitát Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Gui-Rong Zhang
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universitát Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Nicolai Schmitt
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universitát Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kai Brunnengräber
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universitát Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Daniel J. S. Sandbeck
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Karl J. J. Mayrhofer
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Serhiy Cherevko
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (IEK-11), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Bastian J. M. Etzold
- Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universitát Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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49
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Degradation kinetics of Pt during high-temperature PEM fuel cell operation part I: Kinetics of Pt surface oxidation and dissolution in concentrated H3PO4 electrolyte at elevated temperatures. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.04.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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50
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Yi J, Lee WH, Choi CH, Lee Y, Park KS, Min BK, Hwang YJ, Oh HS. Effect of Pt introduced on Ru-based electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution activity and stability. Electrochem commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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