1
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Shiogai Y, Oka M, Miyake H, Iida H. Aerobic oxidative synthesis of benzimidazoles by flavin photocatalysis. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:4450-4454. [PMID: 38753213 DOI: 10.1039/d4ob00360h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Flavin photocatalysis were utilised for an aerobic oxidative reaction between arylamines and o-phenylenediamine. This metal-free reaction proceeded in methanol under visible light irradiation and consumed only atmospheric molecular oxygen, providing a novel eco-friendly method for the synthesis of benzimidazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Shiogai
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, 690-8504 Japan.
| | - Marina Oka
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, 690-8504 Japan.
| | - Hazuki Miyake
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, 690-8504 Japan.
| | - Hiroki Iida
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Shimane University, 1060 Nishikawatsu, Matsue, 690-8504 Japan.
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2
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Guo H, Qiu Y, Liu S, Zhang X, Zhao J. Tailoring flavin-based photosensitizers for efficient photooxidative coupling of benzylic amines. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 26:161-173. [PMID: 38086643 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp04579j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Photooxidative coupling of benzylic amines using naturally abundant O2 as an oxidant under visible light irradiation is an alternative green approach to synthesis imines and is of both fundamental and practical significance. We investigated the photophysical properties of flavin (FL) that is a naturally available sensitizer and its derivatives, i.e. 9-bromoflavin (MB-FL), 7,8-dibromoflavin (DB-FL) and 10-phenylflavin (Ph-FL), as well as the performance of these FL-based sensitizers (FLPSs) in the photooxidative coupling of benzylic amines to imines combining experimental and theoretical efforts. We showed that chemical functionalization with Br and phenyl effectively improves the photophysical properties of these FLPSs, in terms of absorption in the visible light range, singlet oxygen quantum yields, triplet lifetime, etc. Apart from nearly quantitative selectivity for the production of imines, the performance of DB-FL is superior to those of other FLPSs, and it is among the best photocatalysts for imine synthesis. Specifically, 0.5 mol% DB-FL is capable of converting 91% of 0.2 mmol benzylamine and more than 80% of 0.2 mmol fluorobenzylic amine derivatives into their corresponding imines in 5 h batch runs. Mechanistic investigation finely explained the observed photophysical properties of FLPSs and highlighted the dominant role of electron transfer in FLPS sensitized coupling of benzylic amines to imines. This work not only helps to understand the pathways for photocatalysis with FLPSs but also paves the way for the design of novel and efficient PSs to promote organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Guo
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Yang Qiu
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Siyu Liu
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China.
| | - Jianzhang Zhao
- School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2, Linggong Road, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China.
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3
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Pfund B, Hutskalova V, Sparr C, Wenger OS. Isoacridone dyes with parallel reactivity from both singlet and triplet excited states for biphotonic catalysis and upconversion. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11180-11191. [PMID: 37860649 PMCID: PMC10583676 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02768f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal-based photosensitizers commonly undergo quantitative intersystem crossing into photoactive triplet excited states. In contrast, organic photosensitizers often feature weak spin-orbit coupling and low intersystem crossing efficiencies, leading to photoactive singlet excited states. By modifying the well-known acridinium dyes, we obtained a new family of organic photocatalysts, the isoacridones, in which both singlet- and triplet-excited states are simultaneously photoactive. These new isoacridone dyes are synthetically readily accessible and show intersystem crossing efficiencies of up to 52%, forming microsecond-lived triplet excited states (T1), storing approximately 1.9 eV of energy. Their photoactive singlet excited states (S1) populated in parallel have only nanosecond lifetimes, but store ∼0.4 eV more energy and act as strong oxidants. Consequently, the new isoacridone dyes are well suited for applications requiring parallel triplet-triplet energy transfer and photoinduced electron transfer elementary steps, which have become increasingly important in modern photocatalysis. In proof-of-principle experiments, the isoacridone dyes were employed for Birch-type arene reductions and C-C couplings via sensitization-initiated electron transfer, substituting the commonly used iridium or ruthenium based photocatalysts. Further, in combination with a pyrene-based annihilator, sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion was achieved in an all-organic system, where the upconversion quantum yield correlated with the intersystem crossing quantum yield of the photosensitizer. This work seems relevant in the greater contexts of developing new applications that utilize biphotonic photophysical and photochemical behavior within metal-free systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Pfund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Valeriia Hutskalova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Christof Sparr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Oliver S Wenger
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 4056 Basel Switzerland
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4
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Bera N, Lenka BS, König B, Sarkar D. Riboflavin Photocatalyzed Dearomative Spiro-Etherification of Naphthols. J Org Chem 2023. [PMID: 37356110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c03037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
The dearomative spiro-etherification of naphthols is achieved using catalytic amounts of riboflavin tetracetate (RFTA) as a photosensitizer and molecular oxygen as a terminal oxidizing agent under blue light (440 nm) irradiation in the presence of acid. The presence of acid increases the photooxidation power of RFTA and facilitates the dearomatization reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabakumar Bera
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Rourkela 769008, India
| | - Bhabani Sankar Lenka
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
| | - Burkhard König
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmazie, University of Regensburg, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Debayan Sarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Indore, Madhya Pradesh 453552, India
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5
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Li K, Lu D, Tan JP, Ren X, Wang T. Chemoselective Annulation of 2‐Benzothiazolimines Enabled by Bifunctional Phosphonium Salt: Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Indole‐fused Cyclic Thiourea Scaffolds. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202200368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kehan Li
- Sichuan University - Wangjiang Campus: Sichuan University College of Chemistry CHINA
| | - Dongming Lu
- Sichuan University - Wangjiang Campus: Sichuan University College of chemistry CHINA
| | - Jian-Ping Tan
- Sichuan University - Wangjiang Campus: Sichuan University college of chemistry CHINA
| | - Xiaoyu Ren
- Sichuan University - Wangjiang Campus: Sichuan University college of chemistry CHINA
| | - Tianli Wang
- Sichuan University College of Chemistry 29 Wangjiang Road 610064 Chengdu CHINA
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6
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Kersting L, Kuhn L, Anokhin M, Schuster F, Häberli C, Sambyal S, Sampath Kumar HM, Keiser J, Alabugin I, Tsogoeva SB. Visible Light‐driven Metal‐free C–H Functionalization: Access to New Bioactive Tetrahydroisoquinoline‐Butenolide Hybrids via Domino Amine Oxidation/Vinylogous Mannich Reaction. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Kersting
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Leah Kuhn
- Florida State University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Maksim Anokhin
- Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Florian Schuster
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy GERMANY
| | - Cécile Häberli
- University of Basel: Universitat Basel Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute SWITZERLAND
| | - Shainy Sambyal
- IICT CSIR: Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Divison INDIA
| | - Halmuthur M. Sampath Kumar
- IICT CSIR: Indian Institute of Chemical Technology Organic Synthesis and Process Chemistry Division INDIA
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- University of Basel: Universitat Basel Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute SWAZILAND
| | - Igor Alabugin
- Florida State University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Svetlana B. Tsogoeva
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Department Chemie und Pharmazie Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen GERMANY
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7
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Buglioni L, Raymenants F, Slattery A, Zondag SDA, Noël T. Technological Innovations in Photochemistry for Organic Synthesis: Flow Chemistry, High-Throughput Experimentation, Scale-up, and Photoelectrochemistry. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2752-2906. [PMID: 34375082 PMCID: PMC8796205 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Photoinduced chemical transformations have received in recent years a tremendous amount of attention, providing a plethora of opportunities to synthetic organic chemists. However, performing a photochemical transformation can be quite a challenge because of various issues related to the delivery of photons. These challenges have barred the widespread adoption of photochemical steps in the chemical industry. However, in the past decade, several technological innovations have led to more reproducible, selective, and scalable photoinduced reactions. Herein, we provide a comprehensive overview of these exciting technological advances, including flow chemistry, high-throughput experimentation, reactor design and scale-up, and the combination of photo- and electro-chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Buglioni
- Micro
Flow Chemistry and Synthetic Methodology, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, Het Kranenveld, Bldg 14—Helix, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Raymenants
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aidan Slattery
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan D. A. Zondag
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Timothy Noël
- Flow
Chemistry Group, van ’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
(HIMS), Universiteit van Amsterdam (UvA), Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Guo H, Lei Z, Ma X, Liu S, Qiu Y, Zhao J. Boosting Sulfides Photooxidation by Fusing Naphthalimide and Flavin together. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:15255-15264. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp01368a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Efficient and selective photocatalytic conversion of chemicals with visible light and naturally abundant resources has long been desired, but this requires finely designed sensitizers that are capable to convert light...
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9
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Trenker S, Grunenberg L, Banerjee T, Savasci G, Poller LM, Muggli KIM, Haase F, Ochsenfeld C, Lotsch BV. A flavin-inspired covalent organic framework for photocatalytic alcohol oxidation. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15143-15150. [PMID: 34909156 PMCID: PMC8612393 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc04143f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) offer a number of key properties that predestine them to be used as heterogeneous photocatalysts, including intrinsic porosity, long-range order, and light absorption. Since COFs can be constructed from a practically unlimited library of organic building blocks, these properties can be precisely tuned by choosing suitable linkers. Herein, we report the construction and use of a novel COF (FEAx-COF) photocatalyst, inspired by natural flavin cofactors. We show that the functionality of the alloxazine chromophore incorporated into the COF backbone is retained and study the effects of this heterogenization approach by comparison with similar molecular photocatalysts. We find that the integration of alloxazine chromophores into the framework significantly extends the absorption spectrum into the visible range, allowing for photocatalytic oxidation of benzylic alcohols to aldehydes even with low-energy visible light. In addition, the activity of the heterogeneous COF photocatalyst is less dependent on the chosen solvent, making it more versatile compared to molecular alloxazines. Finally, the use of oxygen as the terminal oxidant renders FEAx-COF a promising and “green” heterogeneous photocatalyst. In this manuscript, we report the development of a novel alloxazine COF inspired by naturally occurring flavin cofactors for photoredox catalysis.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Trenker
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany .,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany.,Center for Nanoscience Schellingstr. 4 80799 Munich Germany
| | - Lars Grunenberg
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany .,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Tanmay Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science Pilani, Pilani Campus Rajasthan 333031 India
| | - Gökcen Savasci
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany .,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany.,Center for Nanoscience Schellingstr. 4 80799 Munich Germany.,Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), IFG - Institute for Functional Interfaces Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Laura M Poller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Katharina I M Muggli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Frederik Haase
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), IFG - Institute for Functional Interfaces Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Christian Ochsenfeld
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany .,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany.,Center for Nanoscience Schellingstr. 4 80799 Munich Germany.,e-conversion Cluster of Excellence Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Bettina V Lotsch
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research Heisenbergstr. 1 70569 Stuttgart Germany .,Department of Chemistry, University of Munich (LMU) Butenandtstr. 5-13 81377 Munich Germany.,Center for Nanoscience Schellingstr. 4 80799 Munich Germany.,e-conversion Cluster of Excellence Lichtenbergstr. 4a, 85748 Garching Germany
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10
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Neveselý T, Wienhold M, Molloy JJ, Gilmour R. Advances in the E → Z Isomerization of Alkenes Using Small Molecule Photocatalysts. Chem Rev 2021; 122:2650-2694. [PMID: 34449198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Geometrical E → Z alkene isomerization is intimately entwined in the historical fabric of organic photochemistry and is enjoying a renaissance (Roth et al. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. Engl. 1989 28, 1193-1207). This is a consequence of the fundamental stereochemical importance of Z-alkenes, juxtaposed with frustrations in thermal reactivity that are rooted in microscopic reversibility. Accessing excited state reactivity paradigms allow this latter obstacle to be circumnavigated by exploiting subtle differences in the photophysical behavior of the substrate and product chromophores: this provides a molecular basis for directionality. While direct irradiation is operationally simple, photosensitization via selective energy transfer enables augmentation of the alkene repertoire to include substrates that are not directly excited by photons. Through sustained innovation, an impressive portfolio of tailored small molecule catalysts with a range of triplet energies are now widely available to facilitate contra-thermodynamic and thermo-neutral isomerization reactions to generate Z-alkene fragments. This review is intended to serve as a practical guide covering the geometric isomerization of alkenes enabled by energy transfer catalysis from 2000 to 2020, and as a logical sequel to the excellent treatment by Dugave and Demange (Chem. Rev. 2003 103, 2475-2532). The mechanistic foundations underpinning isomerization selectivity are discussed together with induction models and rationales to explain the counterintuitive directionality of these processes in which very small energy differences distinguish substrate from product. Implications for subsequent stereospecific transformations, application in total synthesis, regioselective polyene isomerization, and spatiotemporal control of pre-existing alkene configuration in a broader sense are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Neveselý
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Max Wienhold
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - John J Molloy
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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11
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Rehpenn A, Walter A, Storch G. Molecular Editing of Flavins for Catalysis. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2021. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1458-2419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe diverse activity of flavoenzymes in organic transformations has fascinated researchers for a long time. However, when applied outside an enzyme environment, the isolated flavin cofactor only shows largely reduced activity. This highlights the importance of embedding the reactive isoalloxazine core of flavins in defined surroundings. The latter include crucial non-covalent interactions with amino acid side chains or backbone as well as controlled access to reactants such as molecular oxygen. Nevertheless, molecular flavins are increasingly applied in the organic laboratory as valuable organocatalysts. Chemical modification of the parent isoalloxazine structure is of particular interest in this context in order to achieve reactivity and selectivity in transformations, which are so far only known with flavoenzymes or even unprecedented. This review aims to give a systematic overview of the reported designed flavin catalysts and highlights the impact of each structural alteration. It is intended to serve as a source of information when comparing the performance of known catalysts, but also when designing new flavins. Over the last few decades, molecular flavin catalysis has emerged from proof-of-concept reactions to increasingly sophisticated transformations. This stimulates anticipating new flavin catalyst designs for solving contemporary challenges in organic synthesis.1 Introduction2 N1-Modification3 N3-Modification4 N5-Modification5 C6–C9-Modification6 N10-Modification7 Conclusion
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12
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Liu J, Guðmundsson A, Bäckvall J. Efficient Aerobic Oxidation of Organic Molecules by Multistep Electron Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202012707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Hunan University 410082 Changsha China
- Department of Organic Chemistry Arrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Arnar Guðmundsson
- Department of Organic Chemistry Arrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Jan‐E. Bäckvall
- Department of Organic Chemistry Arrhenius Laboratory Stockholm University SE-10691 Stockholm Sweden
- Department of Natural Sciences Mid Sweden University Holmgatan 10 SE-85170 Sundsvall Sweden
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13
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Liu J, Guðmundsson A, Bäckvall JE. Efficient Aerobic Oxidation of Organic Molecules by Multistep Electron Transfer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:15686-15704. [PMID: 33368909 PMCID: PMC9545650 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202012707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This Minireview presents recent important homogenous aerobic oxidative reactions which are assisted by electron transfer mediators (ETMs). Compared with direct oxidation by molecular oxygen (O2), the use of a coupled catalyst system with ETMs leads to a lower overall energy barrier via stepwise electron transfer. This cooperative catalytic process significantly facilitates the transport of electrons from the reduced form of the substrate‐selective redox catalyst (SSRCred) to O2, thereby increasing the efficiency of the aerobic oxidation. In this Minireview, we have summarized the advances accomplished in recent years in transition‐metal‐catalyzed as well as metal‐free aerobic oxidations of organic molecules in the presence of ETMs. In addition, the recent progress of photochemical and electrochemical oxidative functionalization using ETMs and O2 as the terminal oxidant is also highlighted. Furthermore, the mechanisms of these transformations are showcased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, 410082, Changsha, China.,Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Arnar Guðmundsson
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan-E Bäckvall
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, SE-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Natural Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Holmgatan 10, SE-85170, Sundsvall, Sweden
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14
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Walter A, Storch G. Synthetic C6-Functionalized Aminoflavin Catalysts Enable Aerobic Bromination of Oxidation-Prone Substrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:22505-22509. [PMID: 32790228 PMCID: PMC7756793 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202009657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Flavoenzymes catalyze oxidations via hydroperoxide intermediates that result from activation of molecular O2. These reactions—such as hydroxylation and halogenation—depend on the additional catalytic activity of functional groups in the peptide environment of the flavin cofactor. We report synthetic flavin catalysts that contain C6 amino modifications at the isoalloxazine core and are consequently capable of mediating halogenations outside the peptide surrounding. The catalysts are competent in the selective, biomimetic bromination of oxidation‐prone phenols, flavones, and flavanones using a halide salt in combination with 2,6‐lutidinium oxalate as a flavin reductant under visible‐light irradiation. Our studies show the beneficial effect of stacked bisflavins as well as the catalytic activity of the flavin modifications. The designed flavin catalysts outperform isolated natural (−)‐riboflavin and contribute to the continuing search for tailored flavins in oxidation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Walter
- Department ChemieTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstr. 485747GarchingGermany
| | - Golo Storch
- Department ChemieTechnische Universität MünchenLichtenbergstr. 485747GarchingGermany
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15
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Walter A, Storch G. Synthetische, C6‐funktionalisierte Aminoflavinkatalysatoren ermöglichen die aerobe Bromierung oxidationsanfälliger Substrate. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202009657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Walter
- Department Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
| | - Golo Storch
- Department Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstr. 4 85747 Garching Deutschland
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16
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Barham JP, König B. Synthetic Photoelectrochemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11732-11747. [PMID: 31805216 PMCID: PMC7383880 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201913767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Photoredox catalysis (PRC) and synthetic organic electrochemistry (SOE) are often considered competing technologies in organic synthesis. Their fusion has been largely overlooked. We review state-of-the-art synthetic organic photoelectrochemistry, grouping examples into three categories: 1) electrochemically mediated photoredox catalysis (e-PRC), 2) decoupled photoelectrochemistry (dPEC), and 3) interfacial photoelectrochemistry (iPEC). Such synergies prove beneficial not only for synthetic "greenness" and chemical selectivity, but also in the accumulation of energy for accessing super-oxidizing or -reducing single electron transfer (SET) agents. Opportunities and challenges in this emerging and exciting field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Barham
- Universität RegensburgFakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie93040RegensburgGermany
| | - Burkhard König
- Universität RegensburgFakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie93040RegensburgGermany
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17
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Arakawa Y, Mihara T, Fujii H, Minagawa K, Imada Y. An uncommon use of irradiated flavins: Brønsted acid catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:5661-5664. [PMID: 32315001 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01960g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We present that thioacetalization of aldehydes can be induced by blue light irradiation in the presence of a catalytic amount of riboflavin tetraacetate (RFTA) under aerobic conditions. Several control experiments have suggested that the reaction is more likely to be catalyzed by acidic species generated in situ upon light irradiation. We have proposed that single electron transfer from a thiol (RSH) to the excited state of RFTA can take place to give a one-electron oxidized thiol (RSH+˙) and the one-electron reduced RFTA (RFTA-˙), which can be trapped by molecular oxygen to be stabilized as Brønsted acids including the protonated RFTA-˙ (RFTAH˙). Finally, we have demonstrated that such acidic species can be prepared in advance as a solution and used as Brønsted acid catalysts for not only thioacetalization but also Mannich-type reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Arakawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Mihara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Hiroki Fujii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
| | - Keiji Minagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan. and Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | - Yasushi Imada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.
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18
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Baker Dockrey SA, Narayan ARH. Photocatalytic Oxidative Dearomatization of Orcinaldehyde Derivatives. Org Lett 2020; 22:3712-3716. [PMID: 32293185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
For decades, oxidative dearomatization has been employed as a key step in the synthesis of complex molecules. Challenges in controlling the chemo- and site-selectivity of this transformation have sparked the development of a variety of specialized oxidants; however, these result in stoichiometric amounts of organic byproducts. Herein, we describe a photocatalytic method for oxidative dearomatization using molecular oxygen as the stoichiometric oxidant. This provides environmentally benign entry to highly substituted o-quinols, reactive intermediates which can be elaborated to a number of natural product families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Summer A Baker Dockrey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Alison R H Narayan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Program in Chemical Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P. Barham
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
| | - Burkhard König
- Universität Regensburg Fakultät für Chemie und Pharmazie 93040 Regensburg Deutschland
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20
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21
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Zhang W, Carpenter KL, Lin S. Electrochemistry Broadens the Scope of Flavin Photocatalysis: Photoelectrocatalytic Oxidation of Unactivated Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:409-417. [PMID: 31617271 PMCID: PMC6923568 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201910300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Riboflavin-derived photocatalysts have been extensively studied in the context of alcohol oxidation. However, to date, the scope of this catalytic methodology has been limited to benzyl alcohols. In this work, mechanistic understanding of flavin-catalyzed oxidation reactions, in either the absence or presence of thiourea as a cocatalyst, was obtained. The mechanistic insights enabled development of an electrochemically driven photochemical oxidation of primary and secondary aliphatic alcohols using a pair of flavin and dialkylthiourea catalysts. Electrochemistry makes it possible to avoid using O2 and an oxidant and generating H2 O2 as a byproduct, both of which oxidatively degrade thiourea under the reaction conditions. This modification unlocks a new mechanistic pathway in which the oxidation of unactivated alcohols is achieved by thiyl radical mediated hydrogen-atom abstraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Keith L Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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22
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Tolba AH, Vávra F, Chudoba J, Cibulka R. Tuning Flavin-Based Photocatalytic Systems for Application in the Mild Chemoselective Aerobic Oxidation of Benzylic Substrates. European J Org Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amal Hassan Tolba
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague; Technická 5 166 28 Prague Czech Republic
| | - František Vávra
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague; Technická 5 166 28 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Josef Chudoba
- Central Laboratories; University of Chemistry and Technology Prague; Technická 5 166 28 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Radek Cibulka
- Department of Organic Chemistry; University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague; Technická 5 166 28 Prague Czech Republic
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23
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Zhang W, Carpenter KL, Lin S. Electrochemistry Broadens the Scope of Flavin Photocatalysis: Photoelectrocatalytic Oxidation of Unactivated Alcohols. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201910300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Keith L. Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - Song Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
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24
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Xia Q, Shi Z, Yuan J, Bian Q, Xu Y, Liu B, Huang Y, Yang X, Xu H. Visible‐Light‐Enabled Selective Oxidation of Primary Alcohols through Hydrogen‐Atom Transfer and its Application in the Synthesis of Quinazolinones. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiangqiang Xia
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan University Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Zuodong Shi
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan University Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Jiangpei Yuan
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan University Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Qilong Bian
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan University Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Yuanqing Xu
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan University Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Baoying Liu
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan University Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Yongwei Huang
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan University Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Xiaobo Yang
- Institute of Catalysis for Energy and EnvironmentCollege ofChemistry and Chemical EngineeringShenyang Normal University Shenyang, Liaoning 110034 China
| | - Hao Xu
- Institute of Functional Organic Molecular EngineeringCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan University Kaifeng 475004 China
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25
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Tagami T, Arakawa Y, Minagawa K, Imada Y. Efficient Use of Photons in Photoredox/Enamine Dual Catalysis with a Peptide-Bridged Flavin-Amine Hybrid. Org Lett 2019; 21:6978-6982. [PMID: 31403307 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.9b02567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
An isoalloxazine (flavin) ring system and a secondary amine have been integrated through a short peptide linker with the aim of using photons as efficiently as possible in photoredox/enamine dual catalysis. We herein report a peptide-bridged flavin-amine hybrid that can catalyze α-oxyamination of aldehydes with TEMPO under weak blue light irradiation to achieve an extremely high quantum yield of reaction (Φ = 0.80).
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Tagami
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Arakawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
| | - Keiji Minagawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan.,Institute of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8502, Japan
| | - Yasushi Imada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokushima University, Minamijosanjima, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan
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26
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Mühldorf B, Lennert U, Wolf R. Coupling photoredox and biomimetic catalysis for the visible-light-driven oxygenation of organic compounds. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Recent advances in the development of coupled photoredox systems for the oxygenation of organic compounds are reviewed.
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27
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Bracker M, Dinkelbach F, Weingart O, Kleinschmidt M. Impact of fluorination on the photophysics of the flavin chromophore: a quantum chemical perspective. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:9912-9923. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp00805e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
10-Methylisoalloxazine (MIA) and its fluorinated derivatives (6-9F-MIA) were investigated by means of quantum chemistry, looking into the influence of fluorination on fluorescence, absorption and inter-system crossing (ISC) in vacuum and in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Bracker
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Fabian Dinkelbach
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Oliver Weingart
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Martin Kleinschmidt
- Institut für Theoretische Chemie und Computerchemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- 40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
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28
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Abstract
Abstract
Thanks to rapid development in the last decades, flavins have been recognized as promising photoactive compounds to design new valuable synthetic methodologies based on photoredox catalysis. The review summarizes general photochemical properties of flavins as well as their early applications in transformations mediated by visible light. Special attention has been paid to the catalyst design for benzylic oxidations as well as to recent flavin applications, for example in E/Z-isomerization, [2+2] cycloaddition, cycloelimination, electrophilic chlorination and sulfide oxidation.
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29
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Reiffers A, Torres Ziegenbein C, Engelhardt A, Kühnemuth R, Gilch P, Czekelius C. Impact of Mono-Fluorination on the Photophysics of the Flavin Chromophore. Photochem Photobiol 2018; 94:667-676. [DOI: 10.1111/php.12921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Reiffers
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf Germany
| | | | - Alyn Engelhardt
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Ralf Kühnemuth
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Peter Gilch
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Constantin Czekelius
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie; Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf; Düsseldorf Germany
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30
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Visible light mediated aerobic photocatalytic activation of C H bond by riboflavin tetraacetate and N -hydroxysuccinimide. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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31
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32
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Gui HZ, Wei Y, Shi M. Construction of spirothioureas having an amino quaternary stereogenic center via a [3 + 2] annulation of 3-isothiocyanato oxindoles with 2-aminoacrylates. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:9218-9222. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02748j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A [3 + 2] annulation of 3-isothiocyanato oxindoles with 2-aminoacrylates was disclosed, affording the corresponding spirocyclic oxindoles containing a spirothiourea structure and an amino quaternary stereogenic center in good to excellent yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hou-Ze Gui
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Yin Wei
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
- P. R. China
| | - Min Shi
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals
- School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
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33
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Flavin derivatives immobilized on mesoporous silica: a versatile tool in visible-light photooxidation reactions. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-017-2127-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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34
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Oxidation of alkyl benzenes by a flavin photooxidation catalyst on nanostructured metal-oxide films. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:9279-9283. [PMID: 28802257 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1707318114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe here a surface-bound, oxide-based procedure for the photooxidation of a family of aromatic hydrocarbons by a phosphate-bearing flavin mononucleotide (FMN) photocatalyst on high surface area metal-oxide films.
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35
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Metternich JB, Artiukhin DG, Holland MC, von Bremen-Kühne M, Neugebauer J, Gilmour R. Photocatalytic E → Z Isomerization of Polarized Alkenes Inspired by the Visual Cycle: Mechanistic Dichotomy and Origin of Selectivity. J Org Chem 2017; 82:9955-9977. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan B. Metternich
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Denis G. Artiukhin
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mareike C. Holland
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Maximilian von Bremen-Kühne
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Neugebauer
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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36
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Mühldorf B, Wolf R. Visible-Light-Driven Aerobic Photooxidation of Aldehydes to Methyl Esters Catalyzed by Riboflavin Tetraacetate. ChemCatChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201601504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Mühldorf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; 93040 Regensburg Germany
| | - Robert Wolf
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry; University of Regensburg; 93040 Regensburg Germany
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37
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März M, Chudoba J, Kohout M, Cibulka R. Photocatalytic esterification under Mitsunobu reaction conditions mediated by flavin and visible light. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:1970-1975. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob02770a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Excited flavin facilitates stereoselective coupling of alcohols and acids to esters in the presence of triphenylphosphine and catalytic amount of dialkyl hydrazinedicarboxylate.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. März
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chemistry and Technology
- Prague
- 166 28 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - J. Chudoba
- Central Laboratories
- University of Chemistry and Technology
- Prague
- 166 28 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - M. Kohout
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chemistry and Technology
- Prague
- 166 28 Prague
- Czech Republic
| | - R. Cibulka
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- University of Chemistry and Technology
- Prague
- 166 28 Prague
- Czech Republic
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38
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Wróbel Z, Gulko C, Plichta K, Kwast A. A two-step oxidative aromatic substitution of hydrogen as a convenient way to 2-nitrodiarylamines. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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39
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Obst M, König B. Solvent-free, visible-light photocatalytic alcohol oxidations applying an organic photocatalyst. Beilstein J Org Chem 2016; 12:2358-2363. [PMID: 28144303 PMCID: PMC5238574 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.12.229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A method for the solvent-free photocatalytic conversion of solid and liquid substrates was developed, using a novel rod mill apparatus. In this setup, thin liquid films are realized which is crucial for an effective photocatalytic conversion due to the low penetration depth of light in heterogeneous systems. Several benzylic alcohols were oxidized with riboflavin tetraacetate as photocatalyst under blue light irradiation of the reaction mixture. The corresponding carbonyl compounds were obtained in moderate to good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Obst
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard König
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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40
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Korvinson KA, Hargenrader GN, Stevanovic J, Xie Y, Joseph J, Maslak V, Hadad CM, Glusac KD. Improved Flavin-Based Catalytic Photooxidation of Alcohols through Intersystem Crossing Rate Enhancement. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:7294-300. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b08405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirill A. Korvinson
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - George N. Hargenrader
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Jelena Stevanovic
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Yun Xie
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Jojo Joseph
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Veselin Maslak
- Faculty
of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, Belgrade 11000, Serbia
| | - Christopher M. Hadad
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Ksenija D. Glusac
- Department
of Chemistry, Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
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41
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Wei G, Basheer C, Tan CH, Jiang Z. Visible light photocatalysis in chemoselective functionalization of C(sp 3 ) H bonds enabled by organic dyes. Tetrahedron Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2016.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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42
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A. Romero
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
| | - David A. Nicewicz
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-3290, United States
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43
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Vallavoju N, Selvakumar S, Pemberton BC, Jockusch S, Sibi MP, Sivaguru J. Organophotocatalysis: Insights into the Mechanistic Aspects of Thiourea‐Mediated Intermolecular [2+2] Photocycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201600596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Vallavoju
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108-6050 USA
| | - Sermadurai Selvakumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108-6050 USA
| | - Barry C. Pemberton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108-6050 USA
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry Columbia University New York NY 10025 USA
| | - Mukund P. Sibi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108-6050 USA
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry North Dakota State University Fargo ND 58108-6050 USA
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44
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Vallavoju N, Selvakumar S, Pemberton BC, Jockusch S, Sibi MP, Sivaguru J. Organophotocatalysis: Insights into the Mechanistic Aspects of Thiourea-Mediated Intermolecular [2+2] Photocycloadditions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:5446-51. [PMID: 27005562 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic investigations of the intermolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition of coumarin with tetramethylethylene mediated by thiourea catalysts reveal that the reaction is enabled by a combination of minimized aggregation, enhanced intersystem crossing, and altered excited-state lifetime(s). These results clarify how the excited-state reactivity can be manipulated through catalyst-substrate interactions and reveal a third mechanistic pathway for thiourea-mediated organo-photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Vallavoju
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA
| | - Sermadurai Selvakumar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA
| | - Barry C Pemberton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA
| | - Steffen Jockusch
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10025, USA
| | - Mukund P Sibi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA.
| | - Jayaraman Sivaguru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108-6050, USA.
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Metternich JB, Gilmour R. A Bio-Inspired, Catalytic E → Z Isomerization of Activated Olefins. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:11254-7. [PMID: 26310905 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Herein, Nature's flavin-mediated activation of complex (poly)enes has been translated to a small molecule paradigm culminating in a highly (Z)-selective, catalytic isomerization of activated olefins using (-)-riboflavin (up to 99:1 Z/E). In contrast to the prominent Z → E isomerization of the natural system, it was possible to invert the directionality of the isomerization (E → Z) by simultaneously truncating the retinal scaffold, and introducing a third olefin substituent to augment A1,3-strain upon isomerization. Consequently, conjugation is reduced in the product chromophore leading to a substrate/product combination with discrete photophysical signatures. The operationally simple isomerization protocol has been applied to a variety of enone-derived substrates and showcased in the preparation of the medically relevant 4-substituted coumarin scaffold. A correlation of sensitizer triplet energy (ET) and reaction efficiency, together with the study of additive effects and mechanistic probes, is consistent with a triplet energy transfer mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan B Metternich
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ryan Gilmour
- Institute for Organic Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Mühldorf B, Wolf R. Photocatalytic benzylic C–H bond oxidation with a flavin scandium complex. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:8425-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc00178a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Riboflavin tetraacetate–scandium triflate (RFTH+–2Sc3+) is an efficient photocatalyst for the aerobic oxidation of alkylbenzenes and benzyl alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes or ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Mühldorf
- University of Regensburg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- D-93040 Regensburg
- Germany
| | - Robert Wolf
- University of Regensburg
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- D-93040 Regensburg
- Germany
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Iida H, Imada Y, Murahashi SI. Biomimetic flavin-catalysed reactions for organic synthesis. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:7599-613. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00854a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Using simple riboflavin related compounds as biomimetic catalysts, catalytic oxidation of various substrates with hydrogen peroxide or molecular oxygen can be performed selectively under mild conditions. The principle of these reactions is fundamental and will provide a wide scope for environmentally benign future practical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Iida
- Department of Chemistry
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Science and Engineering
- Shimane University
- Matsue 690-8504
- Japan
| | - Y. Imada
- Department of Chemical Science and Technology
- Tokushima University
- Tokushima 770-8506
- Japan
| | - S.-I. Murahashi
- Department of Chemistry
- Okayama University of Science
- Okayama 700-0005
- Japan
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Feldmeier C, Bartling H, Magerl K, Gschwind RM. LED-beleuchtete NMR-Spektroskopie Flavin-katalysierter Photooxidationen zeigt Lösungsmittelkontrolle des Elektronentransfermechanismus. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Feldmeier C, Bartling H, Magerl K, Gschwind RM. LED-Illuminated NMR Studies of Flavin-Catalyzed Photooxidations Reveal Solvent Control of the Electron-Transfer Mechanism. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1347-51. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Imada Y, Osaki M, Noguchi M, Maeda T, Fujiki M, Kawamorita S, Komiya N, Naota T. Flavin-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles as an Efficient Catalyst for Aerobic Organic Transformations. ChemCatChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201402619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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