1
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Andrews KG, Piskorz TK, Horton PN, Coles SJ. Enzyme-like Acyl Transfer Catalysis in a Bifunctional Organic Cage. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:17887-17897. [PMID: 38914009 PMCID: PMC11228979 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c03560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
Amide-based organic cage cavities are, in principle, ideal enzyme active site mimics. Yet, cage-promoted organocatalysis has remained elusive, in large part due to synthetic accessibility of robust and functional scaffolds. Herein, we report the acyl transfer catalysis properties of robust, hexaamide cages in organic solvent. Cage structural variation reveals that esterification catalysis with an acyl anhydride acyl carrier occurs only in bifunctional cages featuring internal pyridine motifs and two crucial antipodal carboxylic acid groups. 1H NMR data and X-ray crystallography show that the acyl carrier is rapidly activated inside the cavity as a covalent mixed-anhydride intermediate with an internal hydrogen bond. Michaelis-Menten (saturation) kinetics suggest weak binding (KM = 0.16 M) of the alcohol pronucleophile close to the internal anhydride. Finally, activation and delivery of the alcohol to the internal anhydride by the second carboxylic acid group forms ester product and releases the cage catalyst. Eyring analysis indicates a strong enthalpic stabilization of the transition state (5.5 kcal/mol) corresponding to a rate acceleration of 104 over background acylation, and an ordered, associative rate-determining attack by the alcohol, supported by DFT calculations. We conclude that internal bifunctional organocatalysis specific to the cage structural design is responsible for the enhancement over the background reaction. These results pave the way for organic-phase enzyme mimicry in self-assembled cavities with the potential for cavity elaboration to enact selective acylations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith G Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Lower Mount Joy, South Rd, Durham DH1 3LE, U.K
| | - Tomasz K Piskorz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3TA, U.K
| | - Peter N Horton
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Simon J Coles
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, U.K
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2
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Andrews KG, Horton PN, Coles SJ. Programmable synthesis of organic cages with reduced symmetry. Chem Sci 2024; 15:6536-6543. [PMID: 38699263 PMCID: PMC11062111 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc00889h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Integrating symmetry-reducing methods into self-assembly methodology is desirable to efficiently realise the full potential of molecular cages as hosts and catalysts. Although techniques have been explored for metal organic (coordination) cages, rational strategies to develop low symmetry organic cages remain limited. In this article, we describe rules to program the shape and symmetry of organic cage cavities by designing edge pieces that bias the orientation of the amide linkages. We apply the rules to synthesise cages with well-defined cavities, supported by evidence from crystallography, spectroscopy and modelling. Access to low-symmetry, self-assembled organic cages such as those presented, will widen the current bottleneck preventing study of organic enzyme mimics, and provide synthetic tools for novel functional material design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith G Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford Oxford OX1 3TA UK
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University Lower Mount Joy, South Rd Durham DH1 3LE UK
| | - Peter N Horton
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Simon J Coles
- UK National Crystallography Service, School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
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3
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Pausch T, David T, Fleck-Kunde T, Pols H, Gurke J, Schmidt BM. Multifold Post-Modification of Macrocycles and Cages by Isocyanate-Induced Azadefluorination Cyclisation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318362. [PMID: 38294139 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
We present the multiple post-modification of organic macrocycles and cages, introducing functional groups into two- and three-dimensional supramolecular scaffolds bearing fluorine substituents, which opens up new possibilities in multi-step supramolecular chemistry employing the vast chemical space of readily available isocyanates. The mechanism and scope of the reaction that proceeds after isocyanate addition to the benzylamine motif via an azadefluorination cyclisation (ADFC) were investigated using DFT calculations, and a series of aromatic isocyanates with different electronic properties were tested. The compounds show excellent chemical stability and were fully characterised. They can be used for subsequent cross-coupling reactions, and ADFC can be used directly to generate cross-linked membranes from macrocycles or cages when using ditopic isocyanates. Single-crystal X-ray (SC-XRD) analysis shows the proof of the formation of the desired supramolecular entity together with the connectivity predicted by calculations and from 19F NMR shifts, allowing the late-stage functionalisation of self-assembled macrocycles and cages by ADFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tim David
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Tom Fleck-Kunde
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Hendrik Pols
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Johannes Gurke
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Straße 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Universitätsstraße 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
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4
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Xu Z, Ye Y, Liu Y, Liu H, Jiang S. Design and assembly of porous organic cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2261-2282. [PMID: 38318641 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc05091b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Porous organic cages (POCs) represent a notable category of porous materials, showing remarkable material properties due to their inherent porosity. Unlike extended frameworks which are constructed by strong covalent or coordination bonds, POCs are composed of discrete molecular units held together by weak intermolecular forces. Their structure and chemical traits can be systematically tailored, making them suitable for a range of applications including gas storage and separation, molecular separation and recognition, catalysis, and proton and ion conduction. This review provides a comprehensive overview of POCs, covering their synthesis methods, structure and properties, computational approaches, and applications, serving as a primer for those who are new to the domain. A special emphasis is placed on the growing role of computational methods, highlighting how advanced data-driven techniques and automation are increasingly aiding the rapid exploration and understanding of POCs. We conclude by addressing the prevailing challenges and future prospects in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zezhao Xu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yangzhi Ye
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Yilan Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Huiyu Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Shan Jiang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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5
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Liu Q, Yu Y, Wu M, Yan X, Wu W, You J. Synthesis and application of a dual-functional fluorescent probe for sequential recognition of Zn 2+and glyphosate. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 303:123221. [PMID: 37544213 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel fluorescent probe QL was designed and synthesized based on Schiff base by 2-hydrazinobenzothiazole to sequentially recognize Zn2+ and glyphosate. The probe QL was capable to detect Zn2+ in DMSO solution via fluorescence enhancement, and exhibited good selectivity and anti-interference ability. The combination mode was 1:2 between probe QL and Zn2+ according to the method of job's plot, and the detection limit of probe QL for Zn2+ was found to be 4.51 × 10-8 M, which exhibited excellent sensitivity. Furthermore, the system QL-Zn2+ could detect glyphosate by causing fluorescence quenching response and with a color change from yellow to colorless for naked-eye detection. The detection limit for glyphosate was found to be 4.93 × 10-8 M, which was far below the Standards for Drinking Water Quality (GB5749-2006) acceptable limits (0.7 μg/mL for glyphosate). Notably, the probe QL and its complex QL-Zn2+ have been successfully applied to detect Zn2+ and glyphosate in water, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiye Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology of College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yanchao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology of College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Mianyuan Wu
- Institute of Petrochemistry Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences, Harbin 150040, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xuexue Yan
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology of College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wenju Wu
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology of College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jun You
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Engineering and Technology of College of Heilongjiang Province, College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150080, Heilongjiang, China.
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6
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Holsten M, Elbert SM, Rominger F, Zhang WS, Schröder RR, Mastalerz M. Single Crystals of Insoluble Porous Salicylimine Cages. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302116. [PMID: 37577877 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Porous organic cages (POCs) are meanwhile an established class of porous materials. Most of them are soluble to a certain extend and thus processable in or from solution. However, a few of larger salicylimine cages were reported to be insoluble in any organic solvents and thus characterized as amorphous materials. These cages were now synthesized as single-crystalline materials to get insight into packing motifs and preferred intermolecular interactions. Furthermore, the pairs of crystalline and amorphous materials for each cage allowed to compare their gas-sorption properties in both morphological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattes Holsten
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven M Elbert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wen-Shan Zhang
- Bioquant, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rasmus R Schröder
- Bioquant, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 267, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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7
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Abstract
Porous organic cages (POCs) are a relatively new class of low-density crystalline materials that have emerged as a versatile platform for investigating molecular recognition, gas storage and separation, and proton conduction, with potential applications in the fields of porous liquids, highly permeable membranes, heterogeneous catalysis, and microreactors. In common with highly extended porous structures, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and porous organic polymers (POPs), POCs possess all of the advantages of highly specific surface areas, porosities, open pore channels, and tunable structures. In addition, they have discrete molecular structures and exhibit good to excellent solubilities in common solvents, enabling their solution dispersibility and processability─properties that are not readily available in the case of the well-established, insoluble, extended porous frameworks. Here, we present a critical review summarizing in detail recent progress and breakthroughs─especially during the past five years─of all the POCs while taking a close look at their strategic design, precise synthesis, including both irreversible bond-forming chemistry and dynamic covalent chemistry, advanced characterization, and diverse applications. We highlight representative POC examples in an attempt to gain some understanding of their structure-function relationships. We also discuss future challenges and opportunities in the design, synthesis, characterization, and application of POCs. We anticipate that this review will be useful to researchers working in this field when it comes to designing and developing new POCs with desired functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Yang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zakir Ullah
- Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Cafer T Yavuz
- Oxide & Organic Nanomaterials for Energy & Environment Laboratory, Physical Science & Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center, PSE, KAUST, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
- KAUST Catalysis Center, PSE, KAUST, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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8
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S VB, Vadivel M, Singh DP, Raghunathan VA, Roy A, Kumar S. Benzopyrano-Fused Phenanthridine-Based Columnar Mesogens: Synthesis, Self-organization and Charge-Transport Properties. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300227. [PMID: 36856078 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Columnar mesogens constitute a fascinating class of supramolecular nano-architectures owing to the exceptional properties induced by their self-assembling behavior. Extending the π-conjugated core in such systems by incorporating heteroatoms extensively influences their mesomorphic, photophysical properties, etc., presenting them as potential candidates for optoelectronic applications. In the present work, a series of novel nitrogen and oxygen-incorporated chromenonaphthophenanthridine-based elliptical dimers have been synthesized through tandem Pictet-Spengler cyclization followed by ipso-aromatic substitution in one-pot. Mesophase characterization has been carried out by employing POM, DSC, and X-ray diffraction studies. Photophysical properties were investigated using UV-vis and emission spectroscopy. Furthermore, the charge transport properties were analyzed by time-of-flight measurements, and the observed ambipolar mobilities were found to be of the order of 10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1 . The high solubility, excellent thermal stability, self-organizing properties, and ambipolar charge transport characteristics make them promising candidates for applications in organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanishree Bhat S
- Soft Condensed Matter group, Raman Research Institute, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560080, India
| | - Marichandran Vadivel
- Soft Condensed Matter group, Raman Research Institute, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560080, India
| | - Dharmendra Pratap Singh
- UDSMM, Unité de Dynamique et Structure es Matériaux Moléculaires, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, UR 4476, Calais, 62228, France
| | - V A Raghunathan
- Soft Condensed Matter group, Raman Research Institute, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560080, India
| | - Arun Roy
- Soft Condensed Matter group, Raman Research Institute, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560080, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar
- Soft Condensed Matter group, Raman Research Institute, C. V. Raman Avenue, Bangalore, 560080, India
- Department of Chemistry, Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology, Yelahanka, Bangalore, 560064, India
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9
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Wang ZC, Tan YZ, Yu H, Bao WH, Tang LL, Zeng F. A Benzothiadiazole-Based Self-Assembled Cage for Cadmium Detection. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041841. [PMID: 36838835 PMCID: PMC9967857 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
A turn-on fluorescent probe, cage 1, was efficiently self-assembled by condensing 4,4'-(benzothiadiazole-4,7-diyl)dibenzaldehyde and TREN in chloroform. The formation of cage 1 was characterized and confirmed by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and theoretical calculations. The yield of cage 1 could be controlled by tuning the reaction conditions, such as the precursor concentration. Interestingly, the addition of 10 equiv of Cd2+ relative to cage 1 could increase the fluorescence almost seven-fold. 1H NMR and fluorescence experiments indicating fluorescence enhancement may be caused by the decomposition of cage 1. Such a high selectivity toward Cd2+ implies that the cage could potentially be employed in cadmium detection.
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10
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Anipa V, Tarzia A, Jelfs KE, Alexandrov EV, Addicoat MA. Pore topology analysis in porous molecular systems. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2023; 10:220813. [PMID: 36778946 PMCID: PMC9905991 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.220813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Porous molecular materials are constructed from molecules that assemble in the solid-state such that there are cavities or an interconnected pore network. It is challenging to control the assembly of these systems, as the interactions between the molecules are generally weak, and subtle changes in the molecular structure can lead to vastly different intermolecular interactions and subsequently different crystal packing arrangements. Similarly, the use of different solvents for crystallization, or the introduction of solvent vapour, can result in different polymorphs and pore networks being formed. It is difficult to uniquely describe the pore networks formed, and thus we analyse 1033 crystal structures of porous molecular systems to determine the underlying topology of their void spaces and potential guest diffusion networks. Material-agnostic topology definitions are applied. We use the underlying topological nets to examine whether it is possible to apply isoreticular design principles to porous molecular materials. Overall, our automatic analysis of a large dataset gives a general insight into the relationships between molecular topologies and the topological nets of their pore network. We show that while porous molecular systems tend to pack similarly to non-porous molecules, the topologies of their pore distributions resemble those of more prominent porous materials, such as metal-organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verity Anipa
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
| | - Andrew Tarzia
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Eugeny V. Alexandrov
- Samara Center for Theoretical Materials Science (SCTMS), Samara University, Ac. Pavlov Street 1, Samara 443011, Russia
- Samara Center for Theoretical Materials Science (SCTMS), Samara State Technical University, Molodogvardeyskaya Street 244, Samara 443100, Russia
- Laboratory of Coherent Optics, Samara Branch of P. N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novo-Sadovaya Street 221, Samara 443011, Russia
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Samara State Medical University, Chapayevskaya Street 89, Samara 443099, Russia
| | - Matthew A. Addicoat
- School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, UK
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11
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Montà-González G, Sancenón F, Martínez-Máñez R, Martí-Centelles V. Purely Covalent Molecular Cages and Containers for Guest Encapsulation. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13636-13708. [PMID: 35867555 PMCID: PMC9413269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cage compounds offer unique binding pockets similar to enzyme-binding sites, which can be customized in terms of size, shape, and functional groups to point toward the cavity and many other parameters. Different synthetic strategies have been developed to create a toolkit of methods that allow preparing tailor-made organic cages for a number of distinct applications, such as gas separation, molecular recognition, molecular encapsulation, hosts for catalysis, etc. These examples show the versatility and high selectivity that can be achieved using cages, which is impossible by employing other molecular systems. This review explores the progress made in the field of fully organic molecular cages and containers by focusing on the properties of the cavity and their application to encapsulate guests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Montà-González
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Félix Sancenón
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain,CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain,Centro
de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF
de Investigación de Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina,
Valencia, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46012 Valencia, Spain,Instituto
de Investigación Sanitaria la Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación
en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat
Politènica de València, 46026 València, Spain,Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain,CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain,Centro
de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF
de Investigación de Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina,
Valencia, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46012 Valencia, Spain,Instituto
de Investigación Sanitaria la Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación
en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat
Politènica de València, 46026 València, Spain,Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain,R.M.-M.: email,
| | - Vicente Martí-Centelles
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain,V.M.-C.:
email,
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12
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Tian K, Elbert SM, Hu XY, Kirschbaum T, Zhang WS, Rominger F, Schröder RR, Mastalerz M. Highly Selective Adsorption of Perfluorinated Greenhouse Gases by Porous Organic Cages. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2202290. [PMID: 35657163 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202202290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic greenhouse gases contribute to global warming. Among those gases, perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are thousands to tens of thousands of times more harmful to the environment than comparable amounts of carbon dioxide. To date, materials that selectively adsorb perfluorocarbons in favor of other less harmful gases have not been reported. Here, a series of porous organic cage compounds with alkyl-, fluoroalkyl-, and partially fluorinated alkyl groups is presented. Their isomorphic crystalline states allow the study of the structure-property relationship between the degree of fluorination of the alkyl chains and the gas sorption properties for PFCs and their selective uptakes in comparison to other, nonfluorinated gases. By this approach, one compound having superior selectivities of PFCs versus N2 or CO2 under ambient conditions is identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Tian
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven M Elbert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Xin-Yue Hu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tobias Kirschbaum
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wen-Shan Zhang
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rasmus R Schröder
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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13
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Wang F, Bucher C, He Q, Jana A, Sessler JL. Oligopyrrolic Cages: From Classic Molecular Constructs to Chemically Responsive Polytopic Receptors. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1646-1658. [PMID: 35500276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Conspectus"Functional molecular systems", discrete and self-assembled constructs where control over molecular recognition, structure, bonding, transport, release, catalytic activity, etc., is readily achieved, are a topic of current interest. Within this broad paradigm, oligopyrrolic cages have garnered attention due to their responsive recognition features. Due to the presence of slightly polar pyrrole subunits which can also behave as hydrogen-bonding donors, these oligopyrrolic cages are potential receptors for various polarized species. In this Account, we summarize recent advances involving the syntheses and study of (1) covalent oligopyrrolic macrobicyclic cages, (2) oligopyrrolic metallacages, and (3) oligopyrrolic noncovalently linked cages. Considered in concert, these molecular constructs have allowed advances in applied supramolecular chemistry; to date, they have been exploited for selective guest encapsulation studies, anion binding and ion-channel formation, and gas absorption, among other applications. While key findings from others will be noted, in this Account will focus on our own contributions to the chemistry of discrete oligopyrrolic macrocycles and their use in supramolecular host-guest chemistry and sensing applications. In terms of specifics, we will detail how oligopyrrole cages with well-defined molecular geometries permit reversible guest binding under ambient conditions and how the incorporation of pyrrole subunits within larger superstructures allows effective control over anion/conjugate acid binding activity under ambient conditions. We will also provide examples that show how derivatization of these rudimentary macrocyclic cores with various sterically congested β-substituted oligopyrroles can provide entry into more complex supramolecular architectures. In addition, we will detail how hybrid systems that include heterocycles other than pyrrole, such as pyridine and naphthyridine, can be used to create self-assembled materials that show promise as gas-absorbing materials and colorimetric reversible sensors. Studies involving oligopyrrolic polymetallic cages and oligopyrrolic supramolecular cages will also be reviewed. First, we will discuss all-carbon-linked oligopyrrolic bicycles and continue on to present systems linked via amines and imines linkages. Finally, we will summarize recent work on pyrrolic cages created through the use of metal centers or various noncovalent interactions. We hope that this Account will provide researchers with an initial foundation for understanding oligopyrrolic cage chemistry, thereby allowing for further advances in the area. It is expected that the fundamental design and recognition principles made in the area of oligopyrrole cages, as exemplified by our contributions, will be of general use to researchers targeting the design of functional molecular systems. As such, we have structured this Account so as to summarize the past while setting the stage for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, No. 2 South Lushan Road, Yuelu District, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Christophe Bucher
- Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS UMR 5182, Laboratoire de Chimie, 46 Allée d’Italie, Lyon 69364, France
| | - Qing He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, No. 2 South Lushan Road, Yuelu District, Changsha 410082, P. R. China
| | - Atanu Jana
- Applied Supramolecular Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Gandhi Institute of Technology and Management (GITAM), Gandhinagar, Rushikonda, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh 530045, India
| | - Jonathan L. Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street Stop A 5300, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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14
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Uhrmacher F, Elbert SM, Rominger F, Mastalerz M. Synthesis of Large [2+3] Salicylimine Cages with Embedded Metal‐Salphen Units. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Uhrmacher
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sven M. Elbert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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15
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Hu D, Zhang J, Liu M. Recent advances in the applications of porous organic cages. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11333-11346. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03692d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Porous organic cages (POCs) have emerged as a new sub-class of porous materials that stand out by virtue of their tunability, modularity, and processibility. Similar to other porous materials such...
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16
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Woźny M, Mames A, Ratajczyk T. Triptycene Derivatives: From Their Synthesis to Their Unique Properties. Molecules 2021; 27:250. [PMID: 35011478 PMCID: PMC8746337 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first preparation of triptycene, great progress has been made with respect to its synthesis and the understanding of its properties. Interest in triptycene-based systems is intense; in recent years, advances in the synthetic methodology and properties of new triptycenes have been reported by researchers from various fields of science. Here, an account of these new developments is given and placed in reference to earlier pivotal works that underpin the field. First, we discuss new approaches to the synthesis of new triptycenes. Progress in the regioselective synthesis of sterically demanding systems is discussed. The application of triptycenes in catalysis is also presented. Next, progress in the understanding of the relations between triptycene structures and their properties is discussed. The unique properties of triptycenes in the liquid and solid states are elaborated. Unique interactions, which involve triptycene molecular scaffolds, are presented. Molecular interactions within a triptycene unit, as well as between triptycenes or triptycenes and other molecules, are also evaluated. In particular, the summary of the synthesis and useful features will be helpful to researchers who are using triptycenes as building blocks in the chemical and materials sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Woźny
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Mames
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Ratajczyk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
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17
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Gu MJ, Wang YF, Han Y, Chen CF. Recent advances on triptycene derivatives in supramolecular and materials chemistry. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:10047-10067. [PMID: 34751696 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01818c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Triptycene derivatives, a type of specific aromatic compound, have been attracting much attention in many research areas. Over the past several years, triptycene and its derivatives have been described to be useful and efficient building blocks for the design and synthesis of novel supramolecular acceptors, porous materials and luminescent materials with specific structures and properties. In this review, recent researches on triptycene derivatives in supramolecular and materials chemistry are summarized. Especially, the construction of a new type of macrocyclic arenes and organic cages with triptycene and its derivatives as building blocks are focused on, and their applications in molecular recognition, self-assembly and gas selective sorption are highlighted. Moreover, the applications of triptycene and its derivatives in porous organic materials and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Jie Gu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yin-Feng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Chuan-Feng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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18
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Kunde T, Pausch T, Schmidt BM. Porous Organic Compounds – Small Pores on the Rise. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kunde
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
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19
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Bourguignon C, Schindler D, Zhou G, Rominger F, Mastalerz M. Cucurbitimines - imine cages with concave walls. Org Chem Front 2021; 8:3668-3674. [PMID: 34354838 PMCID: PMC8276630 DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00478f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The variety of shape-persistent organic cages by imine bond formation has tremendously enlarged in recent years by using different building blocks (aldehydes and amines) in the condensation reactions. Here, we describe the use of a kinked tetraldehyde to generate pumpkin-shaped cages with concave walls, similar to cucurbiturils. Kinked tetraaldehyde building blocks lead in condensation reactions with diamines to pumpkin shaped cages – the cucurbitimines.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Bourguignon
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Dorothee Schindler
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Gangxiang Zhou
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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20
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Holsten M, Feierabend S, Elbert SM, Rominger F, Oeser T, Mastalerz M. Soluble Congeners of Prior Insoluble Shape-Persistent Imine Cages. Chemistry 2021; 27:9383-9390. [PMID: 33848032 PMCID: PMC8362185 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the most applied reaction types to synthesize shape‐persistent organic cage compounds is the imine condensation reaction and it is assumed that the formed cages are thermodynamically controlled products due to the reversibility of the imine condensation. However, most of the synthesized imine cages reported are formed as precipitate from the reaction mixture and therefore rather may be kinetically controlled products. There are even examples in literature, where resulting cages are not soluble at all in common organic solvents to characterize or study their formation by NMR spectroscopy in solution. Here, a triptycene triamine containing three solubilizing n‐hexyloxy chains has been used to synthesize soluble congeners of prior insoluble cages. This allowed us to study the formation as well as the reversibility of cage formation in solution by investigating exchange of building blocks between the cages and deuterated derivatives thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattes Holsten
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Feierabend
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven M Elbert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Oeser
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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21
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Kunde T, Pausch T, Schmidt BM. Supramolecular Alloys from Fluorinated Hybrid Tri 4 Di 6 Imine Cages. Chemistry 2021; 27:8457-8460. [PMID: 33852171 PMCID: PMC8252657 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To create innovative materials, efficient control and engineering of pore sizes and their characteristics, crystallinity and stability is required. Eight hybrid Tri4 Di6 imine cages with a tunable degree of fluorination and one fully fluorinated Tri4 Di6 imine cage are investigated. Although the fluorinated and the non-fluorinated building blocks used herein differ vastly in reactivity, it was possible to gain control over the outcome of the self-assembly process, by carefully controlling the feed ratio. This represents the first hybrid material based on fluorinated/hydrogenated porous organic cages (POCs). These cages with unlimited miscibility in the solid state were obtained as highly crystalline samples after recrystallization and even showed retention of the crystal lattice, forming alloys. All mixtures and the fully fluorinated Tri4 Di6 imine cage were analyzed by MALDI-MS, single-crystal XRD, powder XRD and in regard to thermal stability (TGA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kunde
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
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22
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Schäfer N, Bühler M, Heyer L, Röhr MIS, Beuerle F. Endohedral Hydrogen Bonding Templates the Formation of a Highly Strained Covalent Organic Cage Compound*. Chemistry 2021; 27:6077-6085. [PMID: 33528845 PMCID: PMC8048910 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A highly strained covalent organic cage compound was synthesized from hexahydroxy tribenzotriquinacene (TBTQ) and a meta-terphenyl-based diboronic acid with an additional benzoic acid substituent in 2'-position. Usually, a 120° bite angle in the unsubstituted ditopic linker favors the formation of a [4+6] cage assembly. Here, the introduction of the benzoic acid group is shown to lead to a perfectly preorganized circular hydrogen-bonding array in the cavity of a trigonal-bipyramidal [2+3] cage, which energetically overcompensates the additional strain energy caused by the larger mismatch in bite angles for the smaller assembly. The strained cage compound was analyzed by mass spectrometry and 1 H, 13 C and DOSY NMR spectroscopy. DFT calculations revealed the energetic contribution of the hydrogen-bonding template to the cage stability. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations on early intermediates indicate an additional kinetic effect, as hydrogen bonding also preorganizes and rigidifies small oligomers to facilitate the exclusive formation of smaller and more strained macrocycles and cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Schäfer
- Institut für Organische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgTheodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Michael Bühler
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgTheodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Lisa Heyer
- Institut für Organische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgTheodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Merle I. S. Röhr
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgTheodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Florian Beuerle
- Institut für Organische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgTheodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
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23
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Huang HH, Song KS, Prescimone A, Aster A, Cohen G, Mannancherry R, Vauthey E, Coskun A, Šolomek T. Porous shape-persistent rylene imine cages with tunable optoelectronic properties and delayed fluorescence. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5275-5285. [PMID: 34163762 PMCID: PMC8179562 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc00347j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A simultaneous combination of porosity and tunable optoelectronic properties, common in covalent organic frameworks, is rare in shape-persistent organic cages. Yet, organic cages offer important molecular advantages such as solubility and modularity. Herein, we report the synthesis of a series of chiral imine organic cages with three built-in rylene units by means of dynamic imine chemistry and we investigate their textural and optoelectronic properties. Thereby we demonstrate that the synthesized rylene cages can be reversibly reduced at accessible potentials, absorb from UV up to green light, are porous, and preferentially adsorb CO2 over N2 and CH4 with a good selectivity. In addition, we discovered that the cage incorporating three perylene-3,4:9,10-bis(dicarboximide) units displays an efficient delayed fluorescence. Time-correlated single photon counting and transient absorption spectroscopy measurements suggest that the delayed fluorescence is likely a consequence of a reversible intracage charge-separation event. Rylene cages thus offer a promising platform that allows combining the porosity of processable materials and photochemical phenomena useful in diverse applications such as photocatalysis or energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hua Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Kyung Seob Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg Chemin Du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Alexander Aster
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Gabriel Cohen
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Rajesh Mannancherry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva CH-1211 Geneva Switzerland
| | - Ali Coskun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg Chemin Du Musée 9 1700 Fribourg Switzerland
| | - Tomáš Šolomek
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St. Johanns-Ring 19 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
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24
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Deegan MM, Dworzak MR, Gosselin AJ, Korman KJ, Bloch ED. Gas Storage in Porous Molecular Materials. Chemistry 2021; 27:4531-4547. [PMID: 33112484 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Molecules with permanent porosity in the solid state have been studied for decades. Porosity in these systems is governed by intrinsic pore space, as in cages or macrocycles, and extrinsic void space, created through loose, intermolecular solid-state packing. The development of permanently porous molecular materials, especially cages with organic or metal-organic composition, has seen increased interest over the past decade, and as such, incredibly high surface areas have been reported for these solids. Despite this, examples of these materials being explored for gas storage applications are relatively limited. This minireview outlines existing molecular systems that have been investigated for gas storage and highlights strategies that have been used to understand adsorption mechanisms in porous molecular materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meaghan M Deegan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Michael R Dworzak
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Aeri J Gosselin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Kyle J Korman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Eric D Bloch
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
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25
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Alexandre P, Zhang W, Rominger F, Elbert SM, Schröder RR, Mastalerz M. A Robust Porous Quinoline Cage: Transformation of a [4+6] Salicylimine Cage by Povarov Cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19675-19679. [PMID: 32521080 PMCID: PMC7689861 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Porous shape-persistent organic cages have become the object of interest in recent years because they are soluble and thus processable from solution. A variety of cages can be achieved by applying dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC), but they are less chemically stable. Here the transformation of a salicylimine cage into a quinoline cage by a twelve-fold Povarov reaction as the key step is described. Besides the chemical stability of the cage over a broad pH regime, it shows a unique absorption and emission depending on acid concentration. Furthermore, thin films for the vapor detection of acids were investigated, showing color switches from pale-yellow to red, and characteristic emission profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre‐Emmanuel Alexandre
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Wen‐Shan Zhang
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Sven M. Elbert
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Rasmus R. Schröder
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
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26
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Schick THG, Rominger F, Mastalerz M. Examination of the Dynamic Covalent Chemistry of [2 + 3]-Imine Cages. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13757-13771. [PMID: 32933246 PMCID: PMC7659045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of shape-persistent organic cage compounds by the formation of imine bonds opens the possibility to realize cages of different sizes, geometries, topologies, and functions. It is generally assumed that the imine bond is rather chemically labile allowing a self-correction mechanism until thermodynamic equilibrium is reached, which is often the case if a cage is formed. However, there are some contradictory experimental data to this assumption. To get a deeper insight into the imine bond dynamics of covalent organic cages, we studied the formation and exchange of both dialdehydes and triamines of two different [2 + 3] imine cages with the aid of a deuterated dialdehyde molecular building block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias H G Schick
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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27
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Alexandre P, Zhang W, Rominger F, Elbert SM, Schröder RR, Mastalerz M. A Robust Porous Quinoline Cage: Transformation of a [4+6] Salicylimine Cage by Povarov Cyclization. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierre‐Emmanuel Alexandre
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Wen‐Shan Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sven M. Elbert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Rasmus R. Schröder
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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28
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Feng GF, Geng J, Feng FD, Huang W. Solvent-controlled self-assembly of tetrapodal [4 + 4] phosphate organic molecular cage. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4712. [PMID: 32170278 PMCID: PMC7070053 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61813-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Two flexible subcomponents, namely tris(4-formylphenyl)phosphate and tris(2-aminoethyl)amine, are assembled into a tetrapodal [4 + 4] cage depending on the solvent effect. Single-crystal structure analysis reveals that the caivity is surrounded by four phosphate uints. Good selectivity of CO2 adsorption over CH4 is demonstrated by the gas adsorption experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen-Feng Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210093, P.R. China
| | - Jiao Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210093, P.R. China
| | - Fan-Da Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210093, P.R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Coordination Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210093, P.R. China. .,Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, 518057, P.R. China.
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29
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Lauer JC, Pang Z, Janßen P, Rominger F, Kirschbaum T, Elstner M, Mastalerz M. Host-Guest Chemistry of Truncated Tetrahedral Imine Cages with Ammonium Ions. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:183-190. [PMID: 32025463 PMCID: PMC6996569 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Three shape-persistent [4+4] imine cages with truncated tetrahedral geometry with different window sizes were studied as hosts for the encapsulation of tetra-n-alkylammonium salts of various bulkiness. In various solvents the cages behave differently. For instance, in dichloromethane the cage with smallest window size takes up NEt4+ but not NMe4+, which is in contrast to the two cages with larger windows hosting both ions. To find out the reason for this, kinetic experiments were carried out to determine the velocity of uptake but also to deduce the activation barriers for these processes. To support the experimental results, calculations for the guest uptakes have been performed by molecular mechanics' simulations. Finally, the complexation of pharmaceutical interested compounds, such as acetylcholine, muscarine or denatonium have been determined by NMR experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen C. Lauer
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Ziwei Pang
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Theoretische Chemische BiologieUniversität Karlsruhe Geb. 30.44Kaiserstr. 1276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Paul Janßen
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Tobias Kirschbaum
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Marcus Elstner
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Theoretische Chemische BiologieUniversität Karlsruhe Geb. 30.44Kaiserstr. 1276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
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30
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Yankin AN, Lukyanov DA, Beletskii EV, Bakulina OY, Vlasov PS, Levin OV. Aryl‐Aryl Coupling of Salicylic Aldehydes through Oxidative CH‐activation in Nickel Salen Derivatives. ChemistrySelect 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201902385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrei N. Yankin
- Institute of ChemistrySaint Petersburg State University, 17/9 Universitetskaya nab. St. Petersburg 199034 Russia
| | - Daniil A. Lukyanov
- Institute of ChemistrySaint Petersburg State University, 17/9 Universitetskaya nab. St. Petersburg 199034 Russia
| | - Evgenii V. Beletskii
- Institute of ChemistrySaint Petersburg State University, 17/9 Universitetskaya nab. St. Petersburg 199034 Russia
| | - Olga Yu. Bakulina
- Institute of ChemistrySaint Petersburg State University, 17/9 Universitetskaya nab. St. Petersburg 199034 Russia
| | - Petr S. Vlasov
- Institute of ChemistrySaint Petersburg State University, 17/9 Universitetskaya nab. St. Petersburg 199034 Russia
| | - Oleg V. Levin
- Institute of ChemistrySaint Petersburg State University, 17/9 Universitetskaya nab. St. Petersburg 199034 Russia
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31
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Wang F, Sikma E, Duan Z, Sarma T, Lei C, Zhang Z, Humphrey SM, Sessler JL. Shape-persistent pyrrole-based covalent organic cages: synthesis, structure and selective gas adsorption properties. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:6185-6188. [PMID: 31080980 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02490e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Two cryptand-like, shape persistent [2+3] imine cages (1 and 2) derived from oligopyrrolic precursors (diformyl dipyrrylpyridine 3 and diformyl bipyrrole 4) were prepared. These cages contain open cavities as inferred from solid state structural analyses and act as selective CO2 gas adsorbing materials in the solid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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32
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Mastalerz M. Porous Shape-Persistent Organic Cage Compounds of Different Size, Geometry, and Function. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:2411-2422. [PMID: 30203648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The interest in shape-persistent organic cages is nearly as old as the interest in supramolecular chemistry. In the beginning, organic cages have often been synthesized in a stepwise manner, which is not only laborious but very often also accompanied by low overall yields. In 1988, MacDowell published the one pot high-yielding synthesis of [2 + 3] imine cages based on TREN and aromatic dialdehydes, exploiting the reversible condensation of amines and aldehydes to imines, which was later used by others to make even larger cages on the basis of resorcinarenes. In 2008, the synthesis and characterization of an adamantoid [4 + 6] imine cage by condensation of a C3 v-symmetric triaminotriptycene and commercially available 4- tert-butyl salicyldialdehyde was introduced by the author, which was the ignition of our group activities in this research area. In 2011, we published the first gas-sorption data for this [4 + 6] imine cage: with a measured specific surface area of SABET = 1377 m2/g according to the model of Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) this was twice as high as for the reported smaller cages of Cooper. For a second desolvated polymorph of the same cage, an even higher SABET = 2071 m2/g was determined; still one of the highest surface areas until date for porous organic molecular materials. Subsequently, the influence of the substituent in 4-position of the salicyldialdehyde for the reaction to [4 + 6] imine cages was investigated as well as the role of the phenolic hydroxyl group. It turned out that the phenolic hydroxyl group is crucial as directing group to increase the formation of the cage as well as stabilize the structure by cyclic six-membered intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The concept was extended to other imine-based cages of different geometry and size. For instance, a [4 + 4] cubic structure from triptycene trissalicylaldehyde and triptycene triamine was accessible as an amorphous insoluble solid, able to adsorb 18.2 wt % CO2 at ambient conditions. To gain further insight into the structural needs of the molecular precursors, rigidity and preorientation of reacting sites were investigated on prismatic [2 + 3] and truncated tetrahedral [4 + 4] imine cages, showing that rigidity and preorientation is beneficial or even crucial for cage formation. Furthermore, chiral self-sorting was studied on the basic of racemic triamines. Besides imine condensation, we explored the reversible formation of boronic esters from boronic acids and diols. Triptycene tetraol with its 120° angle between the aromatic units has been used in the condensation with benzene triboronic acid to achieve a large cuboctahedral [12 + 8] cage with pore dimensions of 2 nm, which are by IUPAC definition mesoporous. After activation the measured specific surface area was SABET = 3758 m2/g, a number rarely achieved even for other porous compounds such as threedimensional framework materials. Smaller tetrahedral [4 + 6] boronic ester cages were synthesized too. These cages show a selective gas sorption with preference of saturated hydrocarbon ethane over ethylene and acetylene. What distinguishes porous materials derived from molecular cages from three-dimensional frameworks or networks the most is their solubility; thus, the cages are soluble porous units (SPUs) in a broader sense. Taking advantage of this, [4 + 6] imine cages were postfunctionalized in solution to change the gas sorption properties in the crystalline state. Furthermore, cage solutions were spray-coated onto quartz crystal microbalances to enhance affinity and selectivity for sensing of airborne analytes. In this Account, the contributions from our lab on porous organic cages are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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33
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Adeyemo AA, Mukherjee PS. Coordination-driven self-assembly of discrete Ru 6-Pt 6 prismatic cages. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:2242-2249. [PMID: 30202478 PMCID: PMC6122361 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The coordination-driven self-assembly of two new Ru6-Pt6 hexanuclear trigonal prismatic cages comprising arene-ruthenium(II) clips (1a(NO3)2 and 1b(NO3)2 ) and a tritopic platinum(II) metalloligand 2 has been performed in methanol at room temperature. The [3 + 2] hexanuclear cages 3a and 3b were isolated in good yields and characterized by well-known spectroscopic techniques including multinuclear NMR, mass spectrometry, UV-vis and infrared studies. Geometry optimization revealed the shapes and sizes of these hexanuclear prismatic cages. The combination of ruthenium and platinum metal center in a one-pot self-assembly reaction showcases the construction of aesthetically elegant heterometallic structures in supramolecular chemistry leading to the formation of a single major product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aderonke Ajibola Adeyemo
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560 012, India
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34
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Discrete Triptycene-Based Hexakis(metalsalphens): Extrinsic Soluble Porous Molecules of Isostructural Constitution. Chemistry 2018; 24:11433-11437. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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35
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Lar C, Woiczechowski-Pop A, Bende A, Grosu IG, Miklášová N, Bogdan E, Hădade ND, Terec A, Grosu I. A three-armed cryptand with triazine and pyridine units: synthesis, structure and complexation with polycyclic aromatic compounds. Beilstein J Org Chem 2018; 14:1370-1377. [PMID: 29977401 PMCID: PMC6009098 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.14.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The aromatic nucleophilic substitution reaction based synthesis of a three-armed cryptand displaying 2,4,6-triphenyl-1,3,5-triazine units as caps and pyridine rings in the bridges, along with NMR, MS and molecular modelling-based structural analysis of this compound are reported. Appropriate NMR and molecular modelling investigations proved the formation of 1:1 host–guest assemblies between the investigated cryptand and some polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons or their derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Lar
- Babes-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and SOOMCC, Cluj-Napoca, 11 Arany Janos str., 400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath str., RO-400293, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adrian Woiczechowski-Pop
- Babes-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and SOOMCC, Cluj-Napoca, 11 Arany Janos str., 400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Attila Bende
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath str., RO-400293, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Georgeta Grosu
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies, 67-103 Donath str., RO-400293, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Natalia Miklášová
- Department of Chemical Theory of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University in Bratislava, Kalinčiakova 8, 83104, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Elena Bogdan
- Babes-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and SOOMCC, Cluj-Napoca, 11 Arany Janos str., 400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Niculina Daniela Hădade
- Babes-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and SOOMCC, Cluj-Napoca, 11 Arany Janos str., 400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anamaria Terec
- Babes-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and SOOMCC, Cluj-Napoca, 11 Arany Janos str., 400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ion Grosu
- Babes-Bolyai University, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Department of Chemistry and SOOMCC, Cluj-Napoca, 11 Arany Janos str., 400028, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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36
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Moneypenny TP, Yang A, Walter NP, Woods TJ, Gray DL, Zhang Y, Moore JS. Product Distribution from Precursor Bite Angle Variation in Multitopic Alkyne Metathesis: Evidence for a Putative Kinetic Bottleneck. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:5825-5833. [PMID: 29672034 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b02184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the dynamic synthesis of covalent organic frameworks and molecular cages, the typical synthetic approach involves heuristic methods of discovery. While this approach has yielded many remarkable products, the ability to predict the structural outcome of subjecting a multitopic precursor to dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) remains a challenge in the field. The synthesis of covalent organic cages is a prime example of this phenomenon, where precursors designed with the intention of affording a specific product may deviate dramatically when the DCC synthesis is attempted. As such, rational design principles are needed to accelerate discovery in cage synthesis using DCC. Herein, we test the hypothesis that precursor bite angle contributes significantly to the energy landscape and product distribution in multitopic alkyne metathesis (AM). By subjecting a series of precursors with varying bite angles to AM, we experimentally demonstrate that the product distribution, and convergence toward product formation, is strongly dependent on this geometric attribute. Surprisingly, we discovered that precursors with the ideal bite angle (60°) do not afford the most efficient pathway to the product. The systematic study reported here illustrates how seemingly minor adjustments in precursor geometry greatly affect the outcome of DCC systems. This research illustrates the importance of fine-tuning precursor geometric parameters in order to successfully realize desirable targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Moneypenny
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Anna Yang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Nathan P Walter
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States.,Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Toby J Woods
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Danielle L Gray
- School of Chemical Sciences , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Yang Zhang
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States.,Department of Nuclear, Plasma, and Radiological Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
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37
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Beuerle F, Gole B. Covalent Organic Frameworks and Cage Compounds: Design and Applications of Polymeric and Discrete Organic Scaffolds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4850-4878. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Beuerle
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) &; Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI); Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Bappaditya Gole
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC) &; Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI); Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Germany
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38
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Beuerle F, Gole B. Kovalente organische Netzwerke und Käfigverbindungen: Design und Anwendungen von polymeren und diskreten organischen Gerüsten. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Beuerle
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Zentrum für Nanosystemchemie (CNC) &; Bayerisches Polymerinstitut (BPI); Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
| | - Bappaditya Gole
- Universität Würzburg; Institut für Organische Chemie; Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
- Zentrum für Nanosystemchemie (CNC) &; Bayerisches Polymerinstitut (BPI); Theodor-Boveri-Weg 97074 Würzburg Deutschland
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39
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Bravin C, Badetti E, Puttreddy R, Pan F, Rissanen K, Licini G, Zonta C. Binding Profiles of Self-Assembled Supramolecular Cages from ESI-MS Based Methodology. Chemistry 2018; 24:2936-2943. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bravin
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova (PD) Italy
| | - Elena Badetti
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova (PD) Italy
| | - Rakesh Puttreddy
- Nanoscience Center; Department of Chemistry; University of Jyvaskyla; P.O. Box 35 40014 Jyvaskyla Finland
| | - Fangfang Pan
- Nanoscience Center; Department of Chemistry; University of Jyvaskyla; P.O. Box 35 40014 Jyvaskyla Finland
| | - Kari Rissanen
- Nanoscience Center; Department of Chemistry; University of Jyvaskyla; P.O. Box 35 40014 Jyvaskyla Finland
| | - Giulia Licini
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova (PD) Italy
| | - Cristiano Zonta
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova (PD) Italy
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40
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Lauer JC, Zhang WS, Rominger F, Schröder RR, Mastalerz M. Shape-Persistent [4+4] Imine Cages with a Truncated Tetrahedral Geometry. Chemistry 2018; 24:1816-1820. [PMID: 29272048 PMCID: PMC5838406 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of shape-persistent organic cage compounds is often based on the usage of multiple dynamic covalent bond formation (such as imines) of readily available precursors. By careful choice of the precursors geometry, the geometry and size of the resulting cage can be accurately designed and indeed a number of different geometries and sizes have been realized to date. Despite of this fact, little is known about the precursors conformational rigidity and steric preorganization of reacting functional groups on the outcome of the reaction. Herein, the influence of conformational rigidity in the precursors on the formation of a [4+4] imine cage with truncated tetrahedral geometry is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen C Lauer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Wen-Shan Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rasmus R Schröder
- Centre for Advanced Materials, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 225, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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41
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Saha R, Samanta D, Bhattacharyya AJ, Mukherjee PS. Stepwise Construction of Self-Assembled Heterometallic Cages Showing High Proton Conductivity. Chemistry 2017; 23:8980-8986. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rupak Saha
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Department; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore- 560012 India
| | - Dipak Samanta
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Department; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore- 560012 India
| | | | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Department; Indian Institute of Science; Bangalore- 560012 India
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42
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Santolini V, Miklitz M, Berardo E, Jelfs KE. Topological landscapes of porous organic cages. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:5280-5298. [PMID: 28397915 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00703e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We define a nomenclature for the classification of porous organic cage molecules, enumerating the 20 most probable topologies, 12 of which have been synthetically realised to date. We then discuss the computational challenges encountered when trying to predict the most likely topological outcomes from dynamic covalent chemistry (DCC) reactions of organic building blocks. This allows us to explore the extent to which comparing the internal energies of possible reaction outcomes is successful in predicting the topology for a series of 10 different building block combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Santolini
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. www.twitter.com/JelfsChem
| | - Marcin Miklitz
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. www.twitter.com/JelfsChem
| | - Enrico Berardo
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. www.twitter.com/JelfsChem
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK. www.twitter.com/JelfsChem
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43
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Bera S, Basu A, Tothadi S, Garai B, Banerjee S, Vanka K, Banerjee R. Odd-Even Alternation in Tautomeric Porous Organic Cages with Exceptional Chemical Stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saibal Bera
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)Physical/Materials Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr.HomiBhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
| | - Arghya Basu
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)Physical/Materials Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr.HomiBhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
| | - Srinu Tothadi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)Physical/Materials Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr.HomiBhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
| | - Bikash Garai
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)Physical/Materials Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr.HomiBhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
| | - Subhrashis Banerjee
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)Physical/Materials Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr.HomiBhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
| | - Kumar Vanka
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)Physical/Materials Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr.HomiBhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
| | - Rahul Banerjee
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)Physical/Materials Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr.HomiBhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
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44
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Bera S, Basu A, Tothadi S, Garai B, Banerjee S, Vanka K, Banerjee R. Odd-Even Alternation in Tautomeric Porous Organic Cages with Exceptional Chemical Stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2123-2126. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saibal Bera
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)Physical/Materials Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr.HomiBhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
| | - Arghya Basu
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)Physical/Materials Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr.HomiBhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
| | - Srinu Tothadi
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)Physical/Materials Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr.HomiBhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
| | - Bikash Garai
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)Physical/Materials Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr.HomiBhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
| | - Subhrashis Banerjee
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)Physical/Materials Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr.HomiBhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
| | - Kumar Vanka
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)Physical/Materials Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr.HomiBhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
| | - Rahul Banerjee
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR)Physical/Materials Chemistry Division; CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory; Dr.HomiBhabha Road Pune- 411008 India
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45
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Wang QQ, Luo N, Wang XD, Ao YF, Chen YF, Liu JM, Su CY, Wang DX, Wang MX. Molecular Barrel by a Hooping Strategy: Synthesis, Structure, and Selective CO2 Adsorption Facilitated by Lone Pair−π Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:635-638. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b12386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Qiang Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Na Luo
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu-Dong Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu-Fei Ao
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yi-Fan Chen
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jun-Min Liu
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Cheng-Yong Su
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - De-Xian Wang
- Beijing
National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of
Molecular Recognition and Function, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mei-Xiang Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorous and Chemical Biology (Ministry
of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100184, China
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46
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Hu XY, Zhang WS, Rominger F, Wacker I, Schröder RR, Mastalerz M. Transforming a chemically labile [2+3] imine cage into a robust carbamate cage. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:8616-8619. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc03677a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Turning a pH labile porous cage into a highly pH stable porous organic cage by fixation with carbamate units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yue Hu
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Wen-Shan Zhang
- Center for Advanced Materials
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Irene Wacker
- Center for Advanced Materials
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Rasmus R. Schröder
- Center for Advanced Materials
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
- Cell Networks
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
- Center for Advanced Materials
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47
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Liu H, Li Q, Li Q, Jin W, Li X, Hameed A, Qiao S. Rational skeletal rigidity of conjugated microporous polythiophenes for gas uptake. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py01268c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A step by step increase of the skeleton rigidity of the polythiophene networks P-TTT, P-THIDT and P-DTBDT by monomer design. The monomers’ rigidity had intense influence on the stacking morphology and porosity structure of the obtained polythiophenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haining Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Qing Li
- Institute of Chemical Industry and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Hebei University of Science and Technology
- Shijiazhuang 050000
- China
| | - Qiqi Li
- Institute of Chemical Industry and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Hebei University of Science and Technology
- Shijiazhuang 050000
- China
| | - Wang Jin
- Institute of Chemical Industry and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Hebei University of Science and Technology
- Shijiazhuang 050000
- China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Institute of Chemical Industry and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Hebei University of Science and Technology
- Shijiazhuang 050000
- China
| | - Abdul Hameed
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology
- CAS Center for Excellence in NanoscienceNational Center for Nanoscience and Technology
- Beijing 100190
- P. R. China
| | - Shanlin Qiao
- Institute of Chemical Industry and Pharmaceutical Engineering
- Hebei University of Science and Technology
- Shijiazhuang 050000
- China
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48
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Beaudoin D, Rominger F, Mastalerz M. Chiral Self-Sorting of [2+3] Salicylimine Cage Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:1244-1248. [PMID: 28004471 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201610782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An inherently chiral C3 -symmetric triaminotribenzotriquinacene was condensed in racemic and enantiomerically pure form with a bis(salicylaldehyde) to form [2+3] salicylimine cage compounds. Investigations on the chiral self-sorting revealed that while entropy favors narcissistic self-sorting in solution, selective social self-sorting can be achieved by exploiting the difference in solubility between the homochiral and heterochiral cages. Gas sorption measurements further showed that seemingly small structural differences can have a significant impact on the surface area of microporous covalent cage compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Beaudoin
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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49
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Beaudoin D, Rominger F, Mastalerz M. Chiral Self‐Sorting of [2+3] Salicylimine Cage Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201610782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Beaudoin
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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50
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Howlader P, Das P, Zangrando E, Mukherjee PS. Urea-Functionalized Self-Assembled Molecular Prism for Heterogeneous Catalysis in Water. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1668-76. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prodip Howlader
- Department
of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Paramita Das
- Department
of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Ennio Zangrando
- Department
of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste 34127, Italy
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department
of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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