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Li R, Mou B, Yamada M, Li W, Nakashima T, Kawai T. From Visible to Near-Infrared Light-Triggered Photochromism: Negative Photochromism. Molecules 2023; 29:155. [PMID: 38202738 PMCID: PMC10780068 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29010155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Photochromic compounds, whose key molecular properties can be effectively modulated by light irradiation, have attracted significant attention for their potential applications in various research fields. The restriction of photoisomerization coloration induced by ultraviolet light limits their applications in the biomedical field and some other fields. Negative photochromism, wherein a relatively stable colored isomer transforms to a colorless metastable isomer under low-energy light irradiation, offers advantages in applications within materials science and life science. This review provides a summary of negatively photochromic compounds based on different molecular skeletons. Their corresponding design strategies and photochromic properties are presented to provide practical guidelines for future investigations. Negatively photochromic compounds can effectively expand the range of photochromic switches for future applications, offering unique properties such as responsiveness to visible to near-infrared light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiji Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao 276826, China; (B.M.); (W.L.)
| | - Bingzhao Mou
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao 276826, China; (B.M.); (W.L.)
| | - Mihoko Yamada
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medical University, Rizhao 276826, China; (B.M.); (W.L.)
| | - Takuya Nakashima
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawai
- Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology (NAIST), Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
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2
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Komura M, Sotome H, Miyasaka H, Ogawa T, Tani Y. Photoinduced crystal melting with luminescence evolution based on conformational isomerisation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5302-5308. [PMID: 37234907 PMCID: PMC10207888 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc00838j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of crystal melting by light irradiation, known as photo-induced crystal-to-liquid transition (PCLT), can dramatically change material properties with high spatiotemporal resolution. However, the diversity of compounds exhibiting PCLT is severely limited, which hampers further functionalisation of PCLT-active materials and the fundamental understandings of PCLT. Here, we report on heteroaromatic 1,2-diketones as the new class of PCLT-active compounds, whose PCLT is based on conformational isomerisation. In particular, one of the diketones demonstrates luminescence evolution prior to crystal melting. Thus, the diketone crystal exhibits dynamic multistep changes in the luminescence colour and intensity during continuous ultraviolet irradiation. This luminescence evolution can be ascribed to the sequential PCLT processes of crystal loosening and conformational isomerisation before macroscopic melting. Single-crystal X-ray structural analysis, thermal analysis, and theoretical calculations of two PCLT-active and one inactive diketones revealed weaker intermolecular interactions for the PCLT-active crystals. In particular, we observed a characteristic packing motif for the PCLT-active crystals, consisting of an ordered layer of diketone core and a disordered layer of triisopropylsilyl moieties. Our results demonstrate the integration of photofunction with PCLT, provide fundamental insights into the melting process of molecular crystals, and will diversify the molecular design of PCLT-active materials beyond classical photochromic scaffolds such as azobenzenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Komura
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Hikaru Sotome
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Centre for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyasaka
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Centre for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Takuji Ogawa
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
| | - Yosuke Tani
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-0043 Japan
- Innovative Catalysis Science Division, Institute for Open and Transdisciplinary Research Initiatives (ICS-OTRI), Osaka University Suita Osaka 565-0871 Japan
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3
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Kikkawa Y, Nagasaki M, Norikane Y. Two-dimensional self-assemblies of azobenzene derivatives: effects of methyl substitution of azobenzene core and alkyl chain length. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:29757-29764. [PMID: 36458744 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp05097h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Elucidating the correlation between the molecular arrangement and physical properties of organic compounds is critical to facilitating the development of advanced functional materials. X-ray structural analyses are generally performed to clarify this relationship. Several attempts have been made to ascertain the links between three-dimensional (3D) crystals and their two-dimensional (2D) structures, which can be revealed by scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) at the molecular level. Thus, 2D self-assemblies of a series of azobenzene derivatives were investigated in this study, and the effects of methyl substitution of the azobenzene core and alkyl chain length on the 2D molecular arrangements at the solid/liquid interface were revealed. Three types of azobenzene derivatives were prepared; these contained azobenzene (Az), 3-methyl azobenzene (MAz), or 3,3'-dimethyl azobenzene (DAz) as cores and alkyloxy chains of different lengths (C8-13) at their 4,4' positions. The 2D structures of the Az and DAz compounds were found to be modulated owing to the odd-even effect of the alkyl chains in a specific chain-length range; this effect was only weakly exhibited by the MAz compounds. This result suggests that only the methyl-group substitution of the azobenzene core significantly affected the 2D structures. The 2D structural features have been discussed in terms of molecular conformation, as well as their correlation with the photo-melting behaviour of the azobenzene derivatives, particularly the MAz compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kikkawa
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Mayumi Nagasaki
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
| | - Yasuo Norikane
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
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4
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Qiu Q, Yang S, Gerkman MA, Fu H, Aprahamian I, Han GGD. Photon Energy Storage in Strained Cyclic Hydrazones: Emerging Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage Compounds. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12627-12631. [PMID: 35801820 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c05384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The generally small Gibbs free energy difference between the Z and E isomers of hydrazone photoswitches has so far precluded their use in photon energy storing applications. Here, we report on a series of cyclic and acyclic hydrazones, which possess varied degrees of ring strain and, hence, stability of E isomers. The photoinduced isomerization and concurrent phase transition of the cyclic hydrazones from a crystalline to a liquid phase result in the storage of a large quantity of energy, comparable to that of azobenzene derivatives. We demonstrate that the macrocyclic photochrome design in combination with phase transition is a promising strategy for molecular solar thermal energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianfeng Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Sirun Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Mihael A Gerkman
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Heyifei Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Ivan Aprahamian
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Grace G D Han
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, 415 South Street, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
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5
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Grebenko AK, Motovilov KA, Bubis AV, Nasibulin AG. Gentle Patterning Approaches toward Compatibility with Bio-Organic Materials and Their Environmental Aspects. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2200476. [PMID: 35315215 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202200476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Advances in material science, bioelectronic, and implantable medicine combined with recent requests for eco-friendly materials and technologies inevitably formulate new challenges for nano- and micropatterning techniques. Overall, the importance of creating micro- and nanostructures is motivated by a large manifold of fundamental and applied properties accessible only at the nanoscale. Lithography is a crucial family of fabrication methods to create prototypes and produce devices on an industrial scale. The pure trend in the miniaturization of critical electronic semiconducting components has been recently enhanced by implementing bio-organic systems in electronics. So far, significant efforts have been made to find novel lithographic approaches and develop old ones to reach compatibility with delicate bio-organic systems and minimize the impact on the environment. Herein, such delicate materials and sophisticated patterning techniques are briefly reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem K Grebenko
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel str. 3, Moscow, 121205, Russia
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institute Lane 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Russia
| | - Konstantin A Motovilov
- Center for Photonics and 2D Materials, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Institute Lane 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Russia
| | - Anton V Bubis
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel str. 3, Moscow, 121205, Russia
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2 Academician Ossipyan str., Chernogolovka, 142432, Russia
| | - Albert G Nasibulin
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Nobel str. 3, Moscow, 121205, Russia
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto, FI-00076, Finland
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6
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Norikane Y, Hayashino M, Ohnuma M, Abe K, Kikkawa Y, Saito K, Manabe K, Miyake K, Nakano M, Takada N. Photo-Induced Crawling Motion of Azobenzene Crystals on Modified Gold Surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:14177-14185. [PMID: 34808058 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Photo-induced crawling motion of a crystal of 3,3'-dimethylazobenzene (DMAB) on gold surfaces having different surface properties and various patterns was studied. DMAB crystals crawl continuously when exposed to UV and visible lights simultaneously from different directions. On a gold surface functionalized by a thiol having a hydroxyl group at the terminal (16-hydroxy-1-hexadecanethiol (HOC16SH)), the crystals crawled with a relatively high velocity (ca. 4 μm min-1), and they changed the crystal shape while keeping a distinct crystal face. On a gold surface functionalized by a thiol having an alkyl chain terminal (1-hexadecanethiol (C16SH)), the crawling was observed with a slower velocity (ca. 1.5 μm min-1). However, the shape of the crystals became a droplet-like shape soon after the irradiation started, and the shape persisted during the motion. Light intensity dependence of the crawling velocity of the droplet-like crystal on this surface showed that UV light has stronger dependence for the motion than the visible light. On a substrate with a stripe pattern of alternating C16SH-modified gold and hexadecyltrimethylsilane (HDTMS)-modified glass, crystals crawled only on the surface of the C16SH-modified gold, which may be due to the wettability hysteresis at the surface. On a substrate with a stripe pattern of HOC16SH-modified gold and HDTMS-modified glass, crystals were attracted to the gold side. On a gold substrate with a periodic pattern of different height (ca. 50 nm) but having a uniform treatment with C16SH, crystals crawled up and down the steps without significant disturbance at the boundary of the step. Therefore, wettability of the surface has a greater impact on controlling the motion of the crystal than the surface structure. The present results not only unveil the crawling behavior on various surfaces but also offer a guide to controlling the motion toward applications for novel carriage vehicles to transport molecules/objects on a surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Norikane
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Masaru Hayashino
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
- Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8571, Japan
| | - Mio Ohnuma
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kikkawa
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Koichiro Saito
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kengo Manabe
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Koji Miyake
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan
| | - Miki Nakano
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan
| | - Naoki Takada
- Research Institute for Energy Conservation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8564, Japan
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7
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Norikane Y, Hayashino M, Ohnuma M, Abe K, Kikkawa Y, Saito K, Manabe K, Miyake K, Nakano M, Takada N. Effect of Surface Properties on the Photo-Induced Crawling Motion of Azobenzene Crystals on Glass Surfaces. Front Chem 2021; 9:684767. [PMID: 34422758 PMCID: PMC8374144 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.684767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Photo-induced crawling motion of a crystal of 3,3′-dimethylazobenzene (DMAB) on a glass substrate having different surface properties was studied. When exposed to UV and visible lights simultaneously from different directions, crystals crawl continuously on a glass surface. On a hydrophilic surface, the crystals crawled faster than those on other surfaces but crystals showed spreading while they moved. On hydrophobic surfaces, on the other hand, the crystals showed little shape change and slower crawling motion. The contact angles of the liquid phase of DMAB on surface-modified glass substrates showed positive correlation with the water contact angles. The interaction of melted azobenzene with glass surfaces plays an important role for the crawling motion. We proposed models to explain the asymmetric condition that leads to the directional motion. Specifically by considering the penetration length of UV and visible light sources, it was successfully shown that the depth of light penetration is different at the position of a crystal. This creates a nonequilibrium condition where melting and crystallization are predominant in the same crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Norikane
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masaru Hayashino
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan.,Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Mio Ohnuma
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Koji Abe
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Kikkawa
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Koichiro Saito
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Kengo Manabe
- Research Institute for Advanced Electronics and Photonics, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Koji Miyake
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Miki Nakano
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Naoki Takada
- Research Institute for Energy Conservation, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
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8
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Kim DY, Christoff-Tempesta T, Lamour G, Zuo X, Ryu KH, Ortony JH. Morphological Transitions of a Photoswitchable Aramid Amphiphile Nanostructure. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:2912-2918. [PMID: 33733794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c05048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembly of small amphiphilic molecules in water can lead to nanostructures of varying geometries with pristine internal molecular organization. Here we introduce a photoswitchable aramid amphiphile (AA), designed to exhibit extensive hydrogen bonding and robust mechanical properties upon self-assembly, while containing a vinylnitrile group for photoinduced cis-trans isomerization. We demonstrate spontaneous self-assembly of the vinylnitrile-containing AA in water to form nanoribbons. Upon UV irradiation, trans-to-cis isomerizations occur concomitantly with a morphological transition from nanoribbons to nanotubes. The nanotube structure persists in water for over six months, stabilized by strong and collective intermolecular interactions. We demonstrate that the nanoribbon-to-nanotube transition is reversible upon heating and that switching between states can be achieved repeatedly. Finally, we use electron microscopy to capture the transition and propose mechanisms for nanoribbon-to-nanotube rearrangement and vice versa. The stability and switchability of photoresponsive AA nanostructures make them viable for a range of future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Yoon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Bondong, JB 55324, Korea
| | - Ty Christoff-Tempesta
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Guillaume Lamour
- LAMBE, Université Paris-Saclay, University of Evry, CNRS, Evry-Courcouronnes, France
| | - Xiaobing Zuo
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ki-Hyun Ryu
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Bondong, JB 55324, Korea
| | - Julia H Ortony
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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9
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Liang SF, Nie C, Yan J, Zhang QJ, Wu S. Photoinduced Reversible Solid-to-Liquid Transitions and Directional Photofluidization of Azobenzene-containing Polymers. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2519-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Kuenstler AS, Clark KD, Read de Alaniz J, Hayward RC. Reversible Actuation via Photoisomerization-Induced Melting of a Semicrystalline Poly(Azobenzene). ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:902-909. [PMID: 35648524 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Photoisomerization of azobenzene in polymer matrices is a powerful method to convert photon energy into mechanical work. While most previous studies have focused on incorporating azobenzene within amorphous or liquid crystalline materials, the limited extents of molecular ordering and correspondingly modest enthalpy changes upon switching in such systems has limited the achievable energy densities. In this work, we introduce a semicrystalline main-chain poly(azobenzene), where photoisomerization is capable of reversibly triggering melting and recrystallization under essentially isothermal conditions. These materials can be drawn into aligned fibers, yielding optically driven two-way shape memory actuators capable of reversible bending.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexa S. Kuenstler
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Kyle D. Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Javier Read de Alaniz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Ryan C. Hayward
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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11
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Vialetto J, Groppi J, La Rosa M, Silvi S, Credi A, Baroncini M. Solution and solid state photochromism in a family of shape persistent azobenzene tetramers functionalized with alkyloxy substituents. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:2281-2286. [PMID: 30968923 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00022d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Shape-persistent azobenzene tetramers functionalized at the periphery with alkyloxy substituents of different lengths have been synthesized and their photochemical behaviour has been investigated. Efficient E→Z photoisomerization of the azobenzene units takes place both in solution and in the solid state, a highly desirable yet uncommon property for azobenzene-type photochromic compounds. The solid state E→Z photoisomerization is accompanied by an isothermal crystal-amorphous phase transformation; successively, anisotropic crystals can be grown upon promoting the Z→E isomerization by thermal annealing of the irradiated samples. These results validate the strategy of engineering multiphotochromic architectures with a rigid star-shaped geometry to preserve the solution-based photoreactivity also in the solid state. The observed unexpected photoinduced alignment makes these materials potentially attractive for the development of photo-patternable and photo-responsive surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacopo Vialetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jessica Groppi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy. and Istituto ISOF-CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marcello La Rosa
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Serena Silvi
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy. and Istituto ISOF-CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Baroncini
- CLAN-Center for Light Activated Nanostructures, Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Agro-alimentari, Università di Bologna, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy. and Istituto ISOF-CNR, Via Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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12
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Kim DY, Jeong KU. Light responsive liquid crystal soft matters: structures, properties, and applications. LIQUID CRYSTALS TODAY 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/1358314x.2019.1653588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Yoon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Kwang-Un Jeong
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonbuk, Korea
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13
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Xu WC, Sun S, Wu S. Photoinduced Reversible Solid-to-Liquid Transitions for Photoswitchable Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9712-9740. [PMID: 30737869 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Heating and cooling can induce reversible solid-to-liquid transitions of matter. In contrast, athermal photochemical processes can induce reversible solid-to-liquid transitions of some newly developed azobenzene compounds. Azobenzene is photoswitchable. UV light induces trans-to-cis isomerization; visible light or heat induces cis-to-trans isomerization. Trans and cis isomers usually have different melting points (Tm ) or glass transition temperatures (Tg ). If Tm or Tg of an azobenzene compound in trans and cis forms are above and below room temperature, respectively, light may induce reversible solid-to-liquid transitions. In this Review, we introduce azobenzene compounds that exhibit photoinduced reversible solid-to-liquid transitions, discuss the mechanisms and design principles, and show their potential applications in healable coatings, adhesives, transfer printing, lithography, actuators, fuels, and gas separation. Finally, we discuss remaining challenges in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Cong Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Shaodong Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Si Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Jinzhai Road 96, Hefei, 230026, China
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14
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Xu W, Sun S, Wu S. Photoinduzierte, reversible Fest‐flüssig‐Übergänge unter Verwendung photoschaltbarer Materialien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201814441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wen‐Cong Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryHefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleAnhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and TechnologyDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of China Jinzhai Road 96 Hefei 230026 China
| | - Shaodong Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryHefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleAnhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and TechnologyDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of China Jinzhai Road 96 Hefei 230026 China
| | - Si Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter ChemistryHefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the MicroscaleAnhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and TechnologyDepartment of Polymer Science and EngineeringUniversity of Science and Technology of China Jinzhai Road 96 Hefei 230026 China
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15
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Yamauchi M, Miyamoto Y, Suzuki M, Yamada H, Masuo S. Photoconversion of 6,13-α-diketopentacene single crystals exhibiting light intensity-dependent morphological change. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:6348-6353. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp06594b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoconversion of diketopentacene single crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuaki Yamauchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment
- Kwansei Gakuin University
- Sanda
- Japan
| | - Yuya Miyamoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment
- Kwansei Gakuin University
- Sanda
- Japan
| | - Mitsuharu Suzuki
- Graduate School of Materials Science
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology
- Ikoma 630-0192
- Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Graduate School of Materials Science
- Nara Institute of Science and Technology
- Ikoma 630-0192
- Japan
| | - Sadahiro Masuo
- Department of Applied Chemistry for Environment
- Kwansei Gakuin University
- Sanda
- Japan
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16
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Abstract
Photoresponsive polymers with multi-azobenzene groups are reviewed and their potential applications in photoactuation, photo-patterning, and photoinduced birefringence are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodong Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Shuofeng Liang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Wen-Cong Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Guofeng Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology of China
| | - Si Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Science and Technology
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology of China
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17
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Yamakado R, Haketa Y, Hara M, Nagano S, Seki T, Maeda H. Photo-responsive dimension-controlled ion-pairing assemblies based on anion complexes of π-electronic systems. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:10269-10272. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc05632g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Negatively charged π-electronic systems, prepared by the complexation of dipyrrolyldiketone BF2 complexes with an azobenzene bearing an alkanoate and an aliphatic chain, provided dimension-controlled assemblies, showing the photo-responsive behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Yamakado
- Department of Organic Materials Science
- Graduate School of Organic Materials Science
- Yamagata University
- Yonezawa 992-8510
- Japan
| | - Yohei Haketa
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Life Sciences
- Ritsumeikan University
- Kusatsu 525-8577
- Japan
| | - Mitsuo Hara
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8603
- Japan
| | - Shusaku Nagano
- Nagoya University Venture Business Laboratory
- Nagoya 464-8603
- Japan
| | - Takahiro Seki
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry
- Graduate School of Engineering
- Nagoya University
- Nagoya 464-8603
- Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- College of Life Sciences
- Ritsumeikan University
- Kusatsu 525-8577
- Japan
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18
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Dong L, Feng Y, Wang L, Feng W. Azobenzene-based solar thermal fuels: design, properties, and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7339-7368. [PMID: 30168543 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00470f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Development of renewable energy technologies has been a significant area of research amongst scientists with the aim of attaining a sustainable world society. Solar thermal fuels that can capture, convert, store, and release solar energy in the form of heat through reversible photoisomerization of molecular photoswitches such as azobenzene derivatives are currently in the limelight of research. Herein, we provide a state-of-the-art account on the recent advancements in solar thermal fuels based on azobenzene photoswitches. We begin with an overview on the importance of azobenzene-based solar thermal fuels and their fundamentals. Then, we highlight the recent advances in diverse azobenzene materials for solar thermal fuels such as pure azobenzene derivatives, nanocarbon-templated azobenzene, and polymer-templated azobenzene. The basic design concepts of these advanced solar energy storage materials are discussed, and their promising applications are highlighted. We then introduce the recent endeavors in the molecular design of azobenzene derivatives toward efficient solar thermal fuels, and conclude with new perspectives on the future scope, opportunities and challenges. It is expected that continuous pioneering research involving scientists and engineers from diverse technological backgrounds could trigger the rapid advancement of this important interdisciplinary field, which embraces chemistry, physics, engineering, nanoscience, nanotechnology, materials science, polymer science, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqi Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
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19
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Geng WC, Sun H, Guo DS. Macrocycles containing azo groups: recognition, assembly and application. J INCL PHENOM MACRO 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10847-018-0819-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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20
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Yamamoto T, Norikane Y, Akiyama H. Photochemical liquefaction and softening in molecular materials, polymers, and related compounds. Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-018-0064-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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21
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Vlasceanu A, Koerstz M, Skov AB, Mikkelsen KV, Nielsen MB. Multistate Photoswitches: Macrocyclic Dihydroazulene/Azobenzene Conjugates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Vlasceanu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Mads Koerstz
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Anders B. Skov
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
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22
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Vlasceanu A, Koerstz M, Skov AB, Mikkelsen KV, Nielsen MB. Multistate Photoswitches: Macrocyclic Dihydroazulene/Azobenzene Conjugates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6069-6072. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Vlasceanu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Mads Koerstz
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Anders B. Skov
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
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23
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Vlasceanu A, Frandsen BN, Skov AB, Hansen AS, Rasmussen MG, Kjaergaard HG, Mikkelsen KV, Nielsen MB. Photoswitchable Dihydroazulene Macrocycles for Solar Energy Storage: The Effects of Ring Strain. J Org Chem 2017; 82:10398-10407. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b01760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Vlasceanu
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Benjamin N. Frandsen
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Anders B. Skov
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Anne Schou Hansen
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mads Georg Rasmussen
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Henrik G. Kjaergaard
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry,
Center for Exploitation of Solar Energy, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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24
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Honda S, Toyota T. Photo-triggered solvent-free metamorphosis of polymeric materials. Nat Commun 2017; 8:502. [PMID: 28894097 PMCID: PMC5593861 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Liquefaction and solidification of materials are the most fundamental changes observed during thermal phase transitions, yet the design of organic and polymeric soft materials showing isothermal reversible liquid-nonliquid conversion remains challenging. Here, we demonstrate that solvent-free repeatable molecular architectural transformation between liquid-star and nonliquid-network polymers that relies on cleavage and reformation of a covalent bond in hexaarylbiimidazole. Liquid four-armed star-shaped poly(n-butyl acrylate) and poly(dimethyl siloxane) with 2,4,5-triphenylimidazole end groups were first synthesized. Subsequent oxidation of the 2,4,5-triphenylimidazoles into 2,4,5-triphenylimidazoryl radicals and their coupling with these liquid star polymers to form hexaarylbiimidazoles afforded the corresponding nonliquid network polymers. The resulting nonliquid network polymers liquefied upon UV irradiation and produced liquid star-shaped polymers with 2,4,5-triphenylimidazoryl radical end groups that reverted to nonliquid network polymers again by recoupling of the generated 2,4,5-triphenylimidazoryl radicals immediately after terminating UV irradiation.The design of organic and polymeric soft materials showing isothermal reversible liquid-nonliquid conversion is challenging. Here, the authors show solvent-free repeatable molecular architectural transformation between liquid-star and non-liquid-network polymers by the cleavage and reformation of covalent bonds in the polymer chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Honda
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
| | - Taro Toyota
- Department of Basic Science, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 3-8-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 153-8902, Japan.
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25
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Yamakado R, Hara M, Nagano S, Seki T, Maeda H. Photo-Responsive Soft Ionic Crystals: Ion-Pairing Assemblies of Azobenzene Carboxylates. Chemistry 2017; 23:9244-9248. [PMID: 28543683 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201701925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This report delineates the design and synthesis of negatively charged azobenzene derivatives that form photo-responsive ion-pairing assemblies. The azobenzene carboxylates possessing aliphatic chains were prepared as photo-responsive anions that promote the formation of ion-pairing dimension-controlled assemblies, including mesophases, when used in conjunction with a tetrabutylammonium (TBA) cation. The photo-responsive properties of the ion pairs and the precursory carboxylic acids in the bulk state were examined by polarized optical microscopy (POM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), demonstrating that liquid crystal (LC)-liquid and crystal-liquid phase transitions occurred, depending on the number and lengths of the aliphatic chains of each assembly. An ion pair exhibited photo-induced crystal-crystal phase transitions upon switching between two irradiation wavelengths (365/436 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Yamakado
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan.,Current affiliation: Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, 992-8510, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Hara
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shusaku Nagano
- Nagoya University Venture Business Laboratory, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Takahiro Seki
- Department of Molecular and Macromolecular Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8603, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
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26
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Bobrovsky A, Shibaev V, Piryazev A, Anokhin DV, Ivanov DA, Sinitsyna O, Hamplova V, Kaspar M, Bubnov A. Photo-Orientation Phenomena in Photochromic Liquid Crystalline Azobenzene-Containing Polymethacrylates with Different Spacer Length. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Bobrovsky
- Faculty of Chemistry; Moscow State University; Leninskie gory Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Valery Shibaev
- Faculty of Chemistry; Moscow State University; Leninskie gory Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Alexey Piryazev
- Faculty of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering; Moscow State University; Leninskie gory Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Denis V. Anokhin
- Faculty of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering; Moscow State University; Leninskie gory Moscow 119991 Russia
- Institute of Problems of Chemical Physics RAS; Semenov Prospect 1 Chernogolovka Moscow region 142432 Russia
| | - Dimitri A. Ivanov
- Faculty of Fundamental Physical and Chemical Engineering; Moscow State University; Leninskie gory Moscow 119991 Russia
- Institut de Sciences des Matériaux de Mulhouse; CNRS UMR 7361, Jean Starcky 15 F-68057 Mulhouse France
| | - Olga Sinitsyna
- Faculty of Chemistry; Moscow State University; Leninskie gory Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Vera Hamplova
- Institute of Physics; The Czech Academy of Sciences; 182 21 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Kaspar
- Institute of Physics; The Czech Academy of Sciences; 182 21 Prague 8 Czech Republic
| | - Alexej Bubnov
- Institute of Physics; The Czech Academy of Sciences; 182 21 Prague 8 Czech Republic
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27
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Baroncini M, Bergamini G. Azobenzene: A Photoactive Building Block for Supramolecular Architectures. CHEM REC 2017; 17:700-712. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Baroncini
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; Università di Bologna; via Selmi 2 I-40126 Bologna Italy
| | - Giacomo Bergamini
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”; Università di Bologna; via Selmi 2 I-40126 Bologna Italy
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28
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Ghosh A, Nakanishi T. Frontiers of solvent-free functional molecular liquids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:10344-10357. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc05883g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The breakthrough of functional molecular liquids (FMLs) in cutting-edge research and their fundamental liquid features on the basis of molecular architectures are highlighted in this Feature Article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Ghosh
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba 305-0044
- Japan
| | - Takashi Nakanishi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA)
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS)
- Tsukuba 305-0044
- Japan
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29
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Kikkawa Y, Tanaka S, Norikane Y. Photo-triggered enzymatic degradation of biodegradable polymers. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10598c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Control over the initiation of enzymatic degradation of biodegradable polymers was demonstrated by tuning the solid-molten state of a surface coated azo-compound with light irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kikkawa
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Satoko Tanaka
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Tsukuba
- Japan
| | - Yasuo Norikane
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
- Tsukuba
- Japan
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30
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Kimizuka N, Yanai N, Morikawa MA. Photon Upconversion and Molecular Solar Energy Storage by Maximizing the Potential of Molecular Self-Assembly. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:12304-12322. [PMID: 27759402 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of functional molecules into ordered molecular assemblies and the fulfillment of potentials unique to their nanotomesoscopic structures have been one of the central challenges in chemistry. This Feature Article provides an overview of recent progress in the field of molecular self-assembly with the focus on the triplet-triplet annihilation-based photon upconversion (TTA-UC) and supramolecular storage of photon energy. On the basis of the integration of molecular self-assembly and photon energy harvesting, triplet energy migration-based TTA-UC has been achieved in varied molecular systems. Interestingly, some molecular self-assemblies dispersed in solution or organogels revealed oxygen barrier properties, which allowed TTA-UC even under aerated conditions. The elements of molecular self-assembly were also introduced to the field of molecular solar thermal fuel, where reversible photoliquefaction of ionic crystals to ionic liquids was found to double the molecular storage capacity with the simultaneous pursuit of switching ionic conductivity. A future prospect in terms of innovating molecular self-assembly toward molecular systems chemistry is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University , 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University , 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- PRESTO, JST, Honcho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Masa-Aki Morikawa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University , 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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31
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Novotná V, Bobrovsky A, Shibaev V, Pociecha D, Kašpar M, Hamplová V. Synthesis, phase behaviour and photo-optical properties of bent-core methacrylate with azobenzene group and corresponding side-chain polymethacrylate. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11656f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel LC monomer and corresponding polymethacrylate are synthesized and their phase behaviour, photooptical properties and photoorientation under polarized-light action are studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Novotná
- Institute of Physics
- The Czech Academy of Sciences
- 182 21 Prague 8
- Czech Republic
| | - A. Bobrovsky
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Moscow State University
- Moscow
- 119992 Russia
| | - V. Shibaev
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Moscow State University
- Moscow
- 119992 Russia
| | - D. Pociecha
- Laboratory of Dielectrics and Magnetics
- Chemistry Department
- University of Warsaw
- 02-089 Warsaw
- Poland
| | - M. Kašpar
- Institute of Physics
- The Czech Academy of Sciences
- 182 21 Prague 8
- Czech Republic
| | - V. Hamplová
- Institute of Physics
- The Czech Academy of Sciences
- 182 21 Prague 8
- Czech Republic
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32
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Norikane Y, Uchida E, Tanaka S, Fujiwara K, Nagai H, Akiyama H. Photoinduced Phase Transitions in Rod-shaped Azobenzene with Different Alkyl Chain Length. J PHOTOPOLYM SCI TEC 2016. [DOI: 10.2494/photopolymer.29.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Norikane
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Emi Uchida
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Satoko Tanaka
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Kyoko Fujiwara
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Hideki Nagai
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
| | - Haruhisa Akiyama
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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33
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Zhang R, Ji YJ, Yang L, Zhang Y, Kuang GC. A ferrocene–azobenzene derivative showing unprecedented phase transition and better solubility upon UV irradiation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:9914-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00507a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A ferrocene–azobenzene derivative showing unprecedented crystal–liquid phase transition at an elevated temperature and better solubility in organic solvents after UV irradiation has been successfully reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- State Key laboratory of Power metallurgy
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering
- Central South University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Ya-Jian Ji
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Central South University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Lan Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Central South University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Yi Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Central South University
- Changsha
- China
| | - Gui-Chao Kuang
- State Key laboratory of Power metallurgy
- Department of Polymer Materials and Engineering
- Central South University
- Changsha
- China
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34
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Norikane Y, Tanaka S, Uchida E. Azobenzene crystals swim on water surface triggered by light. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce00738d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Wöhrle T, Wurzbach I, Kirres J, Kostidou A, Kapernaum N, Litterscheidt J, Haenle JC, Staffeld P, Baro A, Giesselmann F, Laschat S. Discotic Liquid Crystals. Chem Rev 2015; 116:1139-241. [PMID: 26483267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Wöhrle
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Iris Wurzbach
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jochen Kirres
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Antonia Kostidou
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Nadia Kapernaum
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Juri Litterscheidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Johannes Christian Haenle
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Peter Staffeld
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Angelika Baro
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Frank Giesselmann
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, and ‡Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart , Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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36
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Photoinduced reversible switching of porosity in molecular crystals based on star-shaped azobenzene tetramers. Nat Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 196] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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37
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Light-induced crawling of crystals on a glass surface. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7310. [PMID: 26084483 PMCID: PMC4557305 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Motion is an essential process for many living organisms and for artificial robots and machines. To date, creating self-propelled motion in nano-to-macroscopic-sized objects has been a challenging issue for scientists. Herein, we report the directional and continuous motion of crystals on a glass surface when irradiated simultaneously with two different wavelengths, using simple azobenzenes as a photoresponsive organic compound. The direction of the motion can be controlled by the position of the light sources, and the crystals can even climb vertical surfaces. The motion is driven by crystallization and melting at the front and rear edges of the crystal, respectively, via photochemical conversion between the crystal and liquid phases induced by the trans–cis isomerization of azobenzenes. This finding could lead to remote-controlled micrometre-sized vehicles and valves on solid substrates. Creating the motion of nanosized or microsized objects is essential for building robots at small scales. Here, Uchida et al. move photoresponsive organic crystals on a glass substrate using two lamps, which crystallize and melt the crystal front and the rear, respectively, to generate the moving force.
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38
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Hoshino M, Adachi SI, Koshihara SY. Crystal structure analysis of molecular dynamics using synchrotron X-rays. CrystEngComm 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce01128k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
X-ray crystallography using synchrotron X-rays enables observation of molecular dynamics in a crystal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Hoshino
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Tokyo Institute of Technology and CREST-JST
- Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Adachi
- Photon Factory
- High Energy Accelerator Research Organization and PRESTO-JST
- Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Shin-ya Koshihara
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Tokyo Institute of Technology and CREST-JST
- Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
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39
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Kim DY, Lee SA, Kim H, Min Kim S, Kim N, Jeong KU. An azobenzene-based photochromic liquid crystalline amphiphile for a remote-controllable light shutter. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:11080-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc02834e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
By considering intramolecular conformations and intermolecular interactions, a photochromic liquid crystalline amphiphile is synthesized for a remote-controllable light shutter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Yoon Kim
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju
- Korea
| | - Sang-A Lee
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju
- Korea
| | - Huisu Kim
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju
- Korea
| | - Soo Min Kim
- Soft Innovative Materials Research Center
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials
- Korea Institute of Science and Technology
- Jeollabuk-do
- Republic of Korea
| | - Namil Kim
- Smart Materials R&D Center
- Korea Automotive Technology Institute
- Cheonan
- Korea
| | - Kwang-Un Jeong
- Polymer Materials Fusion Research Center & Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology
- Chonbuk National University
- Jeonju
- Korea
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40
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Ishiba K, Morikawa MA, Chikara C, Yamada T, Iwase K, Kawakita M, Kimizuka N. Photoliquefiable Ionic Crystals: A Phase Crossover Approach for Photon Energy Storage Materials with Functional Multiplicity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201410184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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41
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Ishiba K, Morikawa MA, Chikara C, Yamada T, Iwase K, Kawakita M, Kimizuka N. Photoliquefiable Ionic Crystals: A Phase Crossover Approach for Photon Energy Storage Materials with Functional Multiplicity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1532-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201410184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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42
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Norikane Y, Uchida E, Tanaka S, Fujiwara K, Koyama E, Azumi R, Akiyama H, Kihara H, Yoshida M. Photoinduced Crystal-to-Liquid Phase Transitions of Azobenzene Derivatives and Their Application in Photolithography Processes through a Solid–Liquid Patterning. Org Lett 2014; 16:5012-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ol502223u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Norikane
- Electronics
and Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Emi Uchida
- Electronics
and Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Satoko Tanaka
- Electronics
and Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Kyoko Fujiwara
- Electronics
and Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Emiko Koyama
- Electronics
and Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Reiko Azumi
- Electronics
and Photonics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Akiyama
- Nanosystem
Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Kihara
- Nanosystem
Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
| | - Masaru Yoshida
- Nanosystem
Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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43
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Hoshino M, Uchida E, Norikane Y, Azumi R, Nozawa S, Tomita A, Sato T, Adachi SI, Koshihara SY. Crystal melting by light: X-ray crystal structure analysis of an azo crystal showing photoinduced crystal-melt transition. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:9158-64. [PMID: 24918317 DOI: 10.1021/ja503652c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Trans-cis photoisomerization in an azo compound containing azobenzene chromophores and long alkyl chains leads to a photoinduced crystal-melt transition (PCMT). X-ray structure analysis of this crystal clarifies the characteristic coexistence of the structurally ordered chromophores through their π···π interactions and disordered alkyl chains around room temperature. These structural features reveal that the PCMT starts near the surface of the crystal and propagates into the depth, sacrificing the π···π interactions. A temporal change of the powder X-ray diffraction pattern under light irradiation and a two-component phase diagram allow qualitative analysis of the PCMT and the following reconstructive crystallization of the cis isomer as a function of product accumulation. This is the first structural characterization of a compound showing the PCMT, overcoming the low periodicity that makes X-ray crystal structure analysis difficult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Hoshino
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Tokyo Institute of Technology , Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8551, Japan
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Akiyama H, Kanazawa S, Okuyama Y, Yoshida M, Kihara H, Nagai H, Norikane Y, Azumi R. Photochemically reversible liquefaction and solidification of multiazobenzene sugar-alcohol derivatives and application to reworkable adhesives. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:7933-7941. [PMID: 24818772 DOI: 10.1021/am501227y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Multiazobenzene compounds, hexakis-O-[4-(phenylazo)phenoxyalkylcarboxyl]-D-mannitols and hexakis-O-[4-(4-hexylphenylazo)phenoxyalkylcarboxyl]-D-mannitols, exhibit photochemically reversible liquefaction and solidification at room temperature. Their photochemical and thermal phase transitions were investigated in detail through thermal analysis, absorption spectroscopy, and dynamic viscoelasticity measurements, and were compared with those of other sugar-alcohol derivatives. Tensile shear strength tests were performed to determine the adhesions of the compounds sandwiched between two glass slides to determine whether the compounds were suitable for application as adhesives. The adhesions were varied by alternately irradiating the compounds with ultraviolet and visible light to photoinduce phase transitions. The azobenzene hexyl tails, lengths of the methylene spacers, and differences in the sugar-alcohol structures affected the photoresponsive properties of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruhisa Akiyama
- Nanosystem Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan
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