1
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Selvaraj A, Cordier M, Devillard M, Alcaraz G. Synthesis of Photochromic Phosphines by Pd-Catalyzed Annulation Reaction of Alkynes Bearing Phosphinyl Substituent with a Silacyclopropene. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302374. [PMID: 37639287 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of phosphines with light controlled basicity is presented in this study. A methodological approach for the preparation of these unconventional photochromic phosphines based on a dithienylethene organic moiety is reported. It relies on the palladium-catalyzed annulation of alkynyl phosphines in the presence of a 2,3-Dithienylsilacyclopropene. Accordingly, a diphenyphosphino moiety is connected to the organic photochrome thanks to different linkers. Their influence on the photochromism and on the phosphinyl group basicity is studied and evaluated based on experimental an NMR descriptor as well as DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshitha Selvaraj
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, CNRS, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Marie Cordier
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, CNRS, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Marc Devillard
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, CNRS, 35000, Rennes, France
| | - Gilles Alcaraz
- ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, Univ Rennes, CNRS, 35000, Rennes, France
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2
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Hetzler B, Donthamsetti P, Peitsinis Z, Stanley C, Trauner D, Isacoff EY. Optical Control of Dopamine D2-like Receptors with Cell-Specific Fast-Relaxing Photoswitches. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:18778-18788. [PMID: 37586061 PMCID: PMC10472511 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c02735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine D2-like receptors (D2R, D3R, and D4R) control diverse physiological and behavioral functions and are important targets for the treatment of a variety of neuropsychiatric disorders. Their complex distribution and activation kinetics in the brain make it difficult to target specific receptor populations with sufficient precision. We describe a new toolkit of light-activatable, fast-relaxing, covalently taggable chemical photoswitches that fully activate, partially activate, or block D2-like receptors. This technology combines the spatiotemporal precision of a photoswitchable ligand (P) with cell type and spatial specificity of a genetically encoded membrane anchoring protein (M) to which the P tethers. These tools set the stage for targeting endogenous D2-like receptor signaling with molecular, cellular, and spatiotemporal precision using only one wavelength of light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belinda
E. Hetzler
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Prashant Donthamsetti
- Molecular
and Cell Biology, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Zisis Peitsinis
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
| | - Cherise Stanley
- Molecular
and Cell Biology, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department
of Chemistry, New York University, New York, New York 10003, United States
- Department
of Chemistry and Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational
Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Ehud Y. Isacoff
- Molecular
and Cell Biology, University of California,
Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Helen
Wills Neuroscience Institute, University
of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Weill Neurohub, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Molecular
Biophysics & Integrated Bioimaging Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
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3
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Yahya M, Metin R, Aydıner B, Seferoğlu N, Seferoğlu Z. The syntheses, photophysical properties and pH-sensitive studies of heterocyclic azo dyes bearing coumarin-thiophene-thiazole. ANAL SCI 2023; 39:829-842. [PMID: 36745323 DOI: 10.1007/s44211-023-00281-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the synthesis of two novel thiazolylazo dyes (4 and 5) bearing coumarin-thiophene moiety. UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to investigate the photophysical properties of 4 and 5 in different solvents. The dyes displayed good potential for hydroxide sensing in different mediums. The reversibility was also studied, and it was found that 4 and 5 could be reverted to their original state by adding acid. Furthermore, the acidochromic properties were studied in protic and aprotic media. Both dyes displayed a good acidochromic response in DCM. Moreover, 4 and 5 were investigated for pH sensing, and it was found that both compounds displayed changes in absorption spectra in a basic media. The theoretical calculations were carried out to investigate the deprotonation and protonation mechanisms using density functional theory (DFT). The thermal properties of the dyes were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results showed good thermal stability up to around 200 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Yahya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Yenimahalle, 06560, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Reno, 1664N. Virginia St, Reno, NV, 89557, USA
| | - Rumeysa Metin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Yenimahalle, 06560, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burcu Aydıner
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Yenimahalle, 06560, Ankara, Turkey. .,Technological Dyes and Materials Application and Research Center (TEBAM), Gazi University, 06560, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Nurgül Seferoğlu
- Technological Dyes and Materials Application and Research Center (TEBAM), Gazi University, 06560, Ankara, Turkey.,Department of Advanced Technology, Graduate School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Gazi University, Yenimahalle, 06560, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeynel Seferoğlu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Yenimahalle, 06560, Ankara, Turkey. .,Technological Dyes and Materials Application and Research Center (TEBAM), Gazi University, 06560, Ankara, Turkey.
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4
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Bartholomew AK, Stone IB, Steigerwald ML, Lambert TH, Roy X. Highly Twisted Azobenzene Ligand Causes Crystals to Continuously Roll in Sunlight. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16773-16777. [PMID: 36084324 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c08815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Direct conversion of solar energy to mechanical work promises higher efficiency than multistep processes, adding a key tool to the arsenal of energy solutions necessary for our global future. The ideal photomechanical material would convert sunlight into mechanical motion rapidly, without attrition, and proportionally to the stimulus. We describe crystals of a tetrahedral isocyanoazobenzene-copper complex that roll continuously when irradiated with broad spectrum white light, including sunlight. The rolling results from bending and straightening of the crystal due to blue light-driven isomerization of a highly twisted azobenzene ligand. These findings introduce geometrically constrained crystal packing as a strategy for manipulating the electronic properties of chromophores. Furthermore, the continuous, solar-driven motion of the crystals demonstrates direct conversion of solar energy to continuous physical motion using easily accessed molecular systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilana B Stone
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael L Steigerwald
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Tristan H Lambert
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xavier Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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5
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Grewal S, Kumar P, Roy S, Bala I, Sah C, Kumar Pal S, Venkataramani S. Deciphering Internal and External π-Conjugation in C 3 -Symmetric Multiple Azobenzene Connected Systems in Self-Assembly. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104602. [PMID: 35166400 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Two tripodal C3 -symmetric photoswitchable molecular systems T1 and T2 are reported that have extended conjugation at external and internal positions using an acryl group. The influence of the extended π-bonds in their absorption properties, thermal relaxation of the photoisomers and their propensities in forming supramolecular self-assemblies have been explored through spectroscopy, and microscopic studies. In particular, the investigations on the self-assembly have been carried out using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), polarized optical microscopy (POM), X-ray diffraction studies (XRD) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Remarkably, the position of the acryl group influences the behaviour of the two target molecules in supramolecular assembly, and also in the formation of photoresponsive organic hydrogels or microcrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Grewal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Pravesh Kumar
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Saonli Roy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Indu Bala
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Chitranjan Sah
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Santanu Kumar Pal
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
| | - Sugumar Venkataramani
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER), Mohali, Punjab, 140306, India
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6
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Leistner AL, Pianowski Z. Smart photochromic materials triggered with visible light. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202101271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Lena Leistner
- KIT: Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie Institute of Organic Chemistry Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe GERMANY
| | - Zbigniew Pianowski
- Karlsruher Institut fur Technologie Fakultat fur Chemie und Biowissenschaften Institute of Organic Chemistry Fritz-Haber-Weg 6 76131 Karlsruhe GERMANY
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7
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Volarić J, Szymanski W, Simeth NA, Feringa BL. Molecular photoswitches in aqueous environments. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:12377-12449. [PMID: 34590636 PMCID: PMC8591629 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00547a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches enable dynamic control of processes with high spatiotemporal precision, using light as external stimulus, and hence are ideal tools for different research areas spanning from chemical biology to smart materials. Photoswitches are typically organic molecules that feature extended aromatic systems to make them responsive to (visible) light. However, this renders them inherently lipophilic, while water-solubility is of crucial importance to apply photoswitchable organic molecules in biological systems, like in the rapidly emerging field of photopharmacology. Several strategies for solubilizing organic molecules in water are known, but there are not yet clear rules for applying them to photoswitchable molecules. Importantly, rendering photoswitches water-soluble has a serious impact on both their photophysical and biological properties, which must be taken into consideration when designing new systems. Altogether, these aspects pose considerable challenges for successfully applying molecular photoswitches in aqueous systems, and in particular in biologically relevant media. In this review, we focus on fully water-soluble photoswitches, such as those used in biological environments, in both in vitro and in vivo studies. We discuss the design principles and prospects for water-soluble photoswitches to inspire and enable their future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Volarić
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nadja A Simeth
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Göttingen, Tammannstr. 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, Faculty for Science and Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands.
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8
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Heiss TK, Dorn RS, Prescher JA. Bioorthogonal Reactions of Triarylphosphines and Related Analogues. Chem Rev 2021; 121:6802-6849. [PMID: 34101453 PMCID: PMC10064493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal phosphines were introduced in the context of the Staudinger ligation over 20 years ago. Since that time, phosphine probes have been used in myriad applications to tag azide-functionalized biomolecules. The Staudinger ligation also paved the way for the development of other phosphorus-based chemistries, many of which are widely employed in biological experiments. Several reviews have highlighted early achievements in the design and application of bioorthogonal phosphines. This review summarizes more recent advances in the field. We discuss innovations in classic Staudinger-like transformations that have enabled new biological pursuits. We also highlight relative newcomers to the bioorthogonal stage, including the cyclopropenone-phosphine ligation and the phospha-Michael reaction. The review concludes with chemoselective reactions involving phosphite and phosphonite ligations. For each transformation, we describe the overall mechanism and scope. We also showcase efforts to fine-tune the reagents for specific functions. We further describe recent applications of the chemistries in biological settings. Collectively, these examples underscore the versatility and breadth of bioorthogonal phosphine reagents.
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9
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Cazorla C, Casimiro L, Arif T, Deo C, Goual N, Retailleau P, Métivier R, Xie J, Voituriez A, Marinetti A, Bogliotti N. Synthesis and properties of photoswitchable diphosphines and gold(I) complexes derived from azobenzenes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:7284-7292. [PMID: 33955431 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01080h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diphosphines displaying azobenzene scaffolds and the corresponding bis-gold chloride complexes have been prepared and fully characterized by photophysical, spectroscopic and X-ray diffraction studies. DFT calculations provide complementary information on their electronic, structural and spectroscopic properties. Comparative investigations have been carried out on compounds featuring phosphorus functions in the meta- and para-positions, respectively, with respect to the azo functions, as well as on diphosphines with an ortho-tetrafluoro substituted azobenzene core. The effects of the substitution patterns on structural and spectroscopic properties are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clément Cazorla
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France. and Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Lorenzo Casimiro
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Tanzeel Arif
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France. and Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Claire Deo
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Nawel Goual
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Pascal Retailleau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Rémi Métivier
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Juan Xie
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Arnaud Voituriez
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Angela Marinetti
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Nicolas Bogliotti
- Université Paris-Saclay, ENS Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Photophysique et Photochimie Supramoléculaires et Macromoléculaires, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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10
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Rashidnejad H, Ramezanitaghartapeh M, Pesyan NN, Mahon PJ, Raposo M, Coelho PJ, Lup ANK, Soltani A. A comprehensive spectroscopic, solvatochromic and photochemical analysis of 5-hydroxyquinoline and 8-hydroxyquinoline mono-azo dyes. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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Medici F, Goual N, Delattre V, Voituriez A, Marinetti A. Photoswitchable phosphines in catalysis. ChemCatChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202000620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Medici
- Université Paris-Saclay CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Nawel Goual
- Université Paris-Saclay CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Vincent Delattre
- Université Paris-Saclay CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Arnaud Voituriez
- Université Paris-Saclay CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
| | - Angela Marinetti
- Université Paris-Saclay CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette France
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12
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Mazo N, Navo CD, Peregrina JM, Busto JH, Jiménez-Osés G. Selective modification of sulfamidate-containing peptides. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:6265-6275. [PMID: 32618321 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob01061h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid peptides whose N-terminal residues are activated in the form of α-methylisoserine-derived cyclic sulfamidates exhibit rich reactivity as electrophiles, allowing site- and stereoselective modifications at different backbone and side chain positions. The unique properties of this scaffold allow the stereocontrolled late-stage functionalization of the peptide backbone by nucleophilic ring opening with fluorescent probes, thiocarbohydrates and tags for strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition as well as by installing labile N-terminal affinity tags (biotin) and cytotoxic drugs (chlorambucil) for pH-controlled release. Finally, an unexpected base-promoted acyl group migration from the sulfamidate N-terminus allows fast and quantitative intramolecular modification of nucleophilic side chains on the fully unprotected peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Mazo
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, E-26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Claudio D Navo
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain.
| | - Jesús M Peregrina
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, E-26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Jesús H Busto
- Departamento de Química, Universidad de La Rioja, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química, E-26006 Logroño, Spain
| | - Gonzalo Jiménez-Osés
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biosciences (CIC bioGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Bizkaia Technology Park, Building 801A, 48160 Derio, Spain.
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13
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Tian T, Qian T, Sui X, Yu Q, Liu Y, Liu X, Chen Y, Wang YX, Hu W. Aggregation-Dependent Photoreactive Hemicyanine Assembly as a Photobactericide. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:22552-22559. [PMID: 32345006 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c03894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organic materials that show substantial reactivity under visible light have received considerable attention due to their wide applications in chemical and biological systems. Hemicyanine pigments possess a strong intramolecular donor-acceptor structure and thereby display intense absorption in the visible spectral region. However, most excitons are consumed via the twisted intramolecular charge-transfer (TICT) process, making hemicyanines generally inert to light. Herein, we describe the development of an amphiphilic hemicyanine dye whose aggregation could be easily regulated using salt or counterions. More importantly, its intrinsic photoreactivity was successfully induced by steric restriction and cofacial arrangement within the H-aggregate, thus creating an effective photobactericide. This strategy could be extended to the development of photocatalysts for photosynthesis and a photosensitizer for photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Tian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Tingjuan Qian
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xinyu Sui
- Division of Nanophotonics CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qilin Yu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yingxin Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Division of Nanophotonics CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yulan Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yi-Xuan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, Fuzhou International Campus, Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, Fuzhou International Campus, Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Bednarek
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ilona Wehl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Nicole Jung
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems—Functional Molecular Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ute Schepers
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, D-76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems—Functional Molecular Systems, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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15
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Murawska GM, Poloni C, Simeth NA, Szymanski W, Feringa BL. Comparative Study of Photoswitchable Zinc-Finger Domain and AT-Hook Motif for Light-Controlled Peptide-DNA Binding. Chemistry 2019; 25:4965-4973. [PMID: 30735272 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
DNA-peptide interactions are involved in key life processes, including DNA recognition, replication, transcription, repair, organization, and modification. Development of tools that can influence DNA-peptide binding non-invasively with high spatiotemporal precision could aid in determining its role in cells and tissues. Here, the design, synthesis, and study of photocontrolled tools for sequence-specific small peptide-DNA major and minor groove interactions are reported, shedding light on DNA binding by transcriptionally active peptides. In particular, photoswitchable moieties were implemented in the peptide backbone or turn region. In each case, DNA binding was affected by photochemical isomerization, as determined in fluorescent displacement assays on model DNA strands, which provides promising tools for DNA modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gosia M Murawska
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Claudia Poloni
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nadja A Simeth
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiktor Szymanski
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Radiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ben L Feringa
- Centre for Systems Chemistry, Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747, AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Komarov IV, Afonin S, Babii O, Schober T, Ulrich AS. Efficiently Photocontrollable or Not? Biological Activity of Photoisomerizable Diarylethenes. Chemistry 2018; 24:11245-11254. [PMID: 29633378 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diarylethene derivatives, the biological activity of which can be reversibly changed by irradiation with light of different wavelengths, have shown promise as scientific tools and as candidates for photocontrollable drugs. However, examples demonstrating efficient photocontrol of their biological activity are still relatively rare. This concept article discusses the possible reasons for this situation and presents a critical analysis of existing data and hypotheses in this field, in order to extract the design principles enabling the construction of efficient photocontrollable diarylethene-based molecules. Papers addressing biologically relevant interactions between diarylethenes and biomolecules are analyzed; however, in most published cases, the efficiency of photocontrol in living systems remains to be demonstrated. We hope that this article will encourage further discussion of design principles, primarily among pharmacologists, synthetic and medicinal chemists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor V Komarov
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, vul. Volodymyrska 60, 01601, Kyiv, Ukraine.,Lumobiotics GmbH, Auer Str. 2, 76227, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Sergii Afonin
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, POB 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Oleg Babii
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, POB 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tim Schober
- Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anne S Ulrich
- Institute of Biological Interfaces (IBG-2), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, POB 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Institute of Organic Chemistry (IOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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17
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Cameron D, Eisler S. Photoswitchable double bonds: Synthetic strategies for tunability and versatility. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Cameron
- Department of Chemistry; University of New Brunswick; Fredericton New Brunswick Canada
| | - Sara Eisler
- Department of Chemistry; University of New Brunswick; Fredericton New Brunswick Canada
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18
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Abstract
The last few years have witnessed significant advances in the use of light as a stimulus to control biomolecular interactions. Great efforts have been devoted to the development of genetically encoded optobiological and small photochromic switches. Newly discovered small molecules now allow researchers to build molecular systems that are sensitive to a wider range of wavelengths of light than ever before with improved switching fidelities and increased lifetimes of the photoactivated states. Because these molecules are relatively small and adopt predictable conformations they are well suited as tools to interrogate cellular function in a spatially and temporally contolled fashion and for applications in photopharmacology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Mart
- School of Chemistry & Cardiff Catalysis Institute, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Rudolf K Allemann
- School of Chemistry & Cardiff Catalysis Institute, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK.
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19
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Arif T, Cazorla C, Bogliotti N, Saleh N, Blanchard F, Gandon V, Métivier R, Xie J, Voituriez A, Marinetti A. Bimetallic gold(i) complexes of photoswitchable phosphines: synthesis and uses in cooperative catalysis. Catal Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cy01614j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first photoswitchable bimetallic gold catalysts based on an azobenzene backbone have been synthesized and their catalytic properties have been investigated.
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20
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Saavedra CJ, Hernández D, Boto A. Metal-Free, Site-Selective Peptide Modification by Conversion of “Customizable” Units into β-Substituted Dehydroamino Acids. Chemistry 2017; 24:599-607. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos J. Saavedra
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC (Spanish Research Council); Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3 38206 La Laguna Tenerife SPAIN
| | - Dácil Hernández
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC (Spanish Research Council); Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3 38206 La Laguna Tenerife SPAIN
| | - Alicia Boto
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, CSIC (Spanish Research Council); Avda. Astrofísico Fco. Sánchez 3 38206 La Laguna Tenerife SPAIN
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21
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Scholz MS, Bull JN, Coughlan NJA, Carrascosa E, Adamson BD, Bieske EJ. Photoisomerization of Protonated Azobenzenes in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:6413-6419. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b05902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James N. Bull
- School
of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Neville J. A. Coughlan
- School
of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Brian D. Adamson
- School
of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Evan J. Bieske
- School
of Chemistry, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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22
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Jaumann EA, Steinwand S, Klenik S, Plackmeyer J, Bats JW, Wachtveitl J, Prisner TF. A combined optical and EPR spectroscopy study: azobenzene-based biradicals as reversible molecular photoswitches. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017. [PMID: 28639638 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02088k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Azobenzene compounds are known as versatile examples for photoswitchable systems because of their isomeric cis- and trans-configurations. The switching between these isomers can be reversibly controlled by light excitation. In this study we characterize two members of this class by joining the azobenzene moiety with each two paramagnetic nitroxide spin labels. Two different linkers were chosen to tune the molecular properties. The combined approach using optical and EPR spectroscopy proved the reversibility of photoexcitation and high fatigue resistance. Furthermore, depending on the nature of the linker, PELDOR distance measurements monitored clearly the photo-induced structural changes of the azobenzene unit. Thus, a powerful concept is presented resulting from the combination of these two complementary spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva A Jaumann
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University, Max-von-Laue-Str. 7, D-60438 Frankfurt, Germany.
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23
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Patil SR, Choudhary AS, Sekar N. Synthesis and optical response to acids and bases of a new styryl—dihydro-benzo[a]phenazine chromophores. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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24
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25
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Goldau T, Murayama K, Brieke C, Asanuma H, Heckel A. Azobenzene C-Nucleosides for Photocontrolled Hybridization of DNA at Room Temperature. Chemistry 2015; 21:17870-6. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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26
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Gan SM, Pearl ZF, Yuvaraj AR, Lutfor MR, Gurumurthy H. Polarity dependent photoisomerization of ether substituted azodyes: Synthesis and photoswitching behavior. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 149:875-880. [PMID: 26004096 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2015.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Two new ether substituted azodyes were synthesized and characterized by different spectral analysis such as (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, FTIR and UV/Vis. Synthesized compounds were used to study the photoisomerization phenomenon by using UV-Vis spectro-photometer. Interesting polarity dependent effect is observed for the first time on these materials. Trans-cis (E-Z) and cis-trans (Z-E) conversion occurred within 41 s and 445 min, respectively for both the compounds in solutions. Polarizing optical microscopy studies revealed that there is no liquid crystal phase for both the compounds. The dramatic variation in the optical property is speculated to be the polarity of the chemical species. These derivatives are useful to fabricate optical data storage devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew Mei Gan
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Zynia Fernandes Pearl
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Kuantan, Malaysia; Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology, Karnataka, Mangalore, India
| | - A R Yuvaraj
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - M R Lutfor
- Faculty of Industrial Sciences and Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300, Gambang, Kuantan, Malaysia
| | - Hegde Gurumurthy
- BMS R and D Centre, BMS College of Engineering, Basavanagudi, Bangalore, India.
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27
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Nozaki D, Santana-Bonilla A, Dianat A, Gutierrez R, Cuniberti G. Switchable Negative Differential Resistance Induced by Quantum Interference Effects in Porphyrin-based Molecular Junctions. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:3950-3955. [PMID: 26722897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Charge transport signatures of a carbon-based molecular switch consisting of different tautomers of metal-free porphyrin embedded between graphene nanoribbons is studied by combining electronic structure and nonequilibrium transport. Different low-energy and low-bias features are revealed, including negative differential resistance (NDR) and antiresonances, both mediated by subtle quantum interference effects. Moreover, the molecular junctions can display moderate rectifying or nonlinear behavior depending on the position of the hydrogen atoms within the porphyrin core. We rationalize the mechanism leading to NDR and antiresonances by providing a detailed analysis of transmission pathways and frontier molecular orbital distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daijiro Nozaki
- Institute for Materials Science, TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science, TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Alejandro Santana-Bonilla
- Institute for Materials Science, TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems , 01187 Dresden, Germany
| | - Arezoo Dianat
- Institute for Materials Science, TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Rafael Gutierrez
- Institute for Materials Science, TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
| | - Gianaurelio Cuniberti
- Institute for Materials Science, TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Dresden Center for Computational Materials Science, TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
- Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden, TU Dresden , 01062 Dresden, Germany
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28
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Romero-Estudillo I, Boto A. Domino Process Achieves Site-Selective Peptide Modification with High Optical Purity. Applications to Chain Diversification and Peptide Ligation. J Org Chem 2015; 80:9379-91. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Romero-Estudillo
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Alicia Boto
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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29
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Cigáň M, Gáplovský M, Jakusová K, Donovalová J, Horváth M, Filo J, Gáplovský A. Isatin N2-diphenylhydrazones: new easily synthesized Vis-Vis molecular photoswitches. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra06625e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
An easily synthesized new type of Vis-Vis molecular switches based on hydrazone CN bond photoisomerization and isatin NH group deprotonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Cigáň
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Comenius University
- SK-842 15 Bratislava
- Slovakia
| | - M. Gáplovský
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Comenius University
- SK-842 15 Bratislava
- Slovakia
| | - K. Jakusová
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Comenius University
- SK-842 15 Bratislava
- Slovakia
| | - J. Donovalová
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Comenius University
- SK-842 15 Bratislava
- Slovakia
| | - M. Horváth
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Comenius University
- SK-842 15 Bratislava
- Slovakia
| | - J. Filo
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Comenius University
- SK-842 15 Bratislava
- Slovakia
| | - A. Gáplovský
- Faculty of Natural Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Comenius University
- SK-842 15 Bratislava
- Slovakia
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30
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Tatum LA, Su X, Aprahamian I. Simple hydrazone building blocks for complicated functional materials. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:2141-9. [PMID: 24766362 DOI: 10.1021/ar500111f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
CONSPECTUS: The ability to selectively and effectively control various molecular processes via specific stimuli is a hallmark of the complexity of biological systems. The development of synthetic structures that can mimic such processes, even on the fundamental level, is one of the main goals of supramolecular chemistry. Having this in mind, there has been a foray of research in the past two decades aimed at developing molecular architectures, whose properties can be modulated using external inputs. In most cases, reversible conformational, configurational, or translational motions, as well as bond formation or cleavage reactions have been used in such modulations, which are usually initiated using inputs including, irradiation, metalation, or changes in pH. This research activity has led to the development of a diverse array of impressive adaptive systems that have been used in showcasing the potential of molecular switches and machines. That being said, there are still numerous obstacles to be tackled in the field, ranging from difficulties in getting molecular switches to communicate and work together to complications in integrating and interfacing them with surfaces and bulk materials. Addressing these challenges will necessitate the development of creative new approaches in the field, the improvement of the currently available materials, and the discovery of new molecular switches. This Account will describe how our quest to design new molecular switches has led us to the development of structurally simple systems that can be used for complicated functions. Our focus on the modular and tunable hydrazone functional group was instigated by the desire to simplify the structure and design of molecular switches in order to circumvent multistep synthesis. We hypothesized that by avoiding this synthetic bottleneck, which is one of the factors that hinder fast progress in the field, we can expedite the development and deployment of our adaptive materials. It should be noted though that designing structurally simple switches cannot be an end goal by itself! Therefore, we showed that our molecules can be used in applications that are beyond a simple molecular switching event (i.e., the control of the photophysical properties of liquid crystals and multistep switching cascades). While focusing on these switches, we discovered that the hydrazones can be easily transformed, using straightforward one-step reactions, into visible light activated azo switches, and two different families of fluorophores that can be used in sensing applications. These findings demonstrate that our approach of developing simple systems for sophisticated functions is not limited to the field of molecular switches and machines but can also encompass other adaptive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke A. Tatum
- Department
of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Xin Su
- Department
of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Ivan Aprahamian
- Department
of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
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