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Guadix-Montero S, Sainna MA, Jin J, Reynolds J, Forsythe WG, Sheldrake GN, Willock D, Sankar M. Ruthenium ion catalysed C-C bond activation in lignin model compounds - towards lignin depolymerisation. Catal Sci Technol 2023; 13:5912-5923. [PMID: 38013724 PMCID: PMC10577544 DOI: 10.1039/d3cy00076a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is the most abundant renewable feedstock to produce aromatic chemicals, however its depolymerisation involves the breaking of several C-O and C-C inter-unit linkages that connect smaller aromatic units that are present in lignin. Several strategies have been reported for the cleavage of the C-O inter-unit linkages in lignin. However, till today, only a few methodologies have been reported for the effective breaking or the conversion of the recalcitrant C-C inter unit linkages in lignin. Here we report the ruthenium ion catalysed oxidative methodology as an effective system to activate or convert the most recalcitrant inter unit linkages such as β-5 and 5-5' present in lignin. Initially, we used biphenyl as a model compound to study the effectiveness of the RICO methodology to activate the 5-5' C-C linkage. After 4 h reaction at 22 °C, we achieved a 30% conversion with 75% selectivity towards benzoic acid and phenyl glyoxal as the minor product. To the best of our knowledge this is the first ever oxidative activation of the C-C bond that connects the two phenyl rings in biphenyl. DFT calculation revealed that the RuO4 forms a [3 + 2] adduct with one of the aromatic C-C bonds resulting in the opening of the phenyl ring. Biphenyl conversion could be increased by increasing the amount of oxidant; however, this is accompanied by a reduction in the carbon balance because of the formation of CO2 and other unknown products. We extended this RICO methodology for the oxidative depolymerisation of lignin model hexamer containing β-5, 5-5' and β-O-4 linkages. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the reaction mixture were done using 1H, 13C NMR spectroscopy methods along with GC-MS and Gel Permeation Chromatographic (GPC) methods. Advanced 2D NMR spectroscopic methods such as HSQC, HMBC and 31P NMR spectroscopy after phosphitylation of the mixture were employed to quantitatively analyse the conversion of the β-5, 5-5' and β-O-4 linkages and to identify the products. After 30 min, >90% of the 5-5' and linkages and >80% of the β-5' are converted with this methodology. This is the first report on the conversion of the 5-5' linkage in lignin model hexamer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Guadix-Montero
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Cardiff CF10 3AT UK +44 (0)2920 874 030 +44 (0)29 2087 5748
| | - Mala A Sainna
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Cardiff CF10 3AT UK +44 (0)2920 874 030 +44 (0)29 2087 5748
| | - Jiangpeiyun Jin
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Cardiff CF10 3AT UK +44 (0)2920 874 030 +44 (0)29 2087 5748
| | - Jack Reynolds
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Cardiff CF10 3AT UK +44 (0)2920 874 030 +44 (0)29 2087 5748
| | - W Graham Forsythe
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queens University Belfast David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road Belfast BT9 5AG Northern Ireland UK
| | - Gary N Sheldrake
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Queens University Belfast David Keir Building, Stranmillis Road Belfast BT9 5AG Northern Ireland UK
| | - David Willock
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Cardiff CF10 3AT UK +44 (0)2920 874 030 +44 (0)29 2087 5748
| | - Meenakshisundaram Sankar
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Cardiff CF10 3AT UK +44 (0)2920 874 030 +44 (0)29 2087 5748
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Nowicka E, Sankar M, Jenkins RL, Knight DW, Willock DJ, Hutchings GJ, Francisco M, Taylor SH. Controlled reduction of aromaticity of alkylated polyaromatic compounds by selective oxidation using H 2WO 4, H 3PO 4 and H 2O 2: a route for upgrading heavy oil fractions. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj01986d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Selectivity in the oxidation of alkylated polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon can be specifically controlled by the choice solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Nowicka
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
| | | | - Robert L. Jenkins
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
| | - David W. Knight
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
| | - David J. Willock
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
| | | | | | - Stuart H. Taylor
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute
- School of Chemistry
- Cardiff University
- Cardiff
- UK
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3
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Armstrong RD, Hirayama J, Knight DW, Hutchings GJ. Quantitative Determination of Pt- Catalyzed d-Glucose Oxidation Products Using 2D NMR. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b03838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. D. Armstrong
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF10 3AT
| | - J. Hirayama
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF10 3AT
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan
| | - D. W. Knight
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF10 3AT
| | - G. J. Hutchings
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, United Kingdom CF10 3AT
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Nowicka E, Hickey NW, Sankar M, Jenkins RL, Knight DW, Willock DJ, Hutchings GJ, Francisco M, Taylor SH. Mechanistic Insights into Selective Oxidation of Polyaromatic Compounds using RICO Chemistry. Chemistry 2018; 24:12359-12369. [PMID: 29790204 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ruthenium-ion-catalyzed oxidation (RICO) of polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been studied in detail using experimental and computational approaches to explore the reaction mechanism. DFT calculations show that regioselectivity in these reactions can be understood in terms of the preservation of aromaticity in the initial formation of a [3+2] metallocycle intermediate at the most-isolated double bond. We identify two competing pathways: C-C bond cleavage leading to a dialdehyde and C-H activation followed by H migration to the RuOx complex to give diketones. Experimentally, the oxidation of pyrene and phenanthrene has been carried out in monophasic and biphasic solvent systems. Our results show that diketones are the major product for both phenanthrene and pyrene substrates. These diketone products are shown to be stable under our reaction conditions so that higher oxidation products (acids and their derivatives) are assigned to the competing pathway through the dialdehyde. Experiments using 18 O-labelled water do show incorporation of oxygen from the solvents into products, but this may take place during the formation of the reactive RuO4 species rather than directly during PAH oxidation. When the oxidation of pyrene is carried out using D2 O, a kinetic isotope effect (KIE) is observed implying that water is involved in the rate-determining step leading to the diketone products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Nowicka
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623, Berlin, Germany.,Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Niamh W Hickey
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Meenakshisundaram Sankar
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Robert L Jenkins
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - David W Knight
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - David J Willock
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Graham J Hutchings
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Manuel Francisco
- ExxonMobil, Research & Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey, 08801, USA
| | - Stuart H Taylor
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
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Nowicka E, Clarke TJ, Sankar M, Jenkins RL, Knight DW, Golunski S, Hutchings GJ, Willock DJ, Francisco M, Taylor SH. Oxidation of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons using Ruthenium-Ion-Catalyzed Oxidation: The Role of Aromatic Ring Number in Reaction Kinetics and Product Distribution. Chemistry 2017; 24:655-662. [PMID: 29131412 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201704133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons with differing numbers of fused aromatic rings (2-5), have been studied in two solvent environments (monophasic and biphasic) using ruthenium-ion-catalyzed oxidation (RICO). RICO reduces the aromaticity of the polyaromatic core of the molecule in a controlled manner by selective oxidative ring opening. Moreover, the nature of the solvent system determines the product type and distribution, for molecules with more than two aromatic rings. Competitive oxidation between substrates with different numbers of aromatic rings has been studied in detail. It was found that the rate of polyaromatic hydrocarbon oxidation increases with the number of fused aromatic rings. A similar trend was also identified for alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons. The proof-of-concept investigation provides new insight into selective oxidation chemistry for upgrading of polyaromatic molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Nowicka
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Tomos J Clarke
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Meenakshisundaram Sankar
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Robert L Jenkins
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - David W Knight
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Stanislaw Golunski
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Graham J Hutchings
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - David J Willock
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Manuel Francisco
- ExxonMobil, Research & Engineering Company, 1545 Route 22 East, Annandale, New Jersey, 08801, USA
| | - Stuart H Taylor
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK
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Makgwane PR, Ray SS. Interface structural effect of ruthenium-cerium oxide nanocomposite on its catalytic activity for selective oxidation of bioterpenes-derived p-cymene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcata.2016.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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