1
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Robson ME, Johnson AL. Zinc and cadmium thioamidate complexes: rational design of single-source precursors for the AACVD of ZnS. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11380-11392. [PMID: 38896487 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt01278j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
A series of zinc(II) thioamidate complexes [Zn{SC(iPr)NR}2]n for R = iPr (n = 2) (2), tBu (3) (n = 1), Ph (4) (n = 2) and Cy (5) (n = 2) and one cadmium(II) thioamidate complex [Cd{SC(iPr)NtBu}2]3, (6), were designed and synthesised as single-source precursors for AACVD ZnS and CdS. Solid-state structures of all four zinc(II) compounds revealed distorted tetrahedral or trigonal bipyramidal geometries, with varying tendencies for dimeric association, mediated by {Zn-S} bridging bonds. The thermogravimetric analysis identified the {tBu} derivertive, 3, as the most promising precursor based on its low decomposition onset (118 °C) and clean conversion to ZnS. This was attributed to the greater availability of β-hydrogen atoms promoting the pyrolysis mechanism. The corresponding cadmium thioamide 6 was found to crystallise as a trimetallic molecule which lacked the thermal stability to be considered viable for AACVD. Hence, 3 was used to deposit ZnS thin films by AACVD at 200-300 °C. Powder X-ray diffraction confirmed phase-pure growth of hexagonal wurtzite ZnS, with approximate crystallite sizes of 15-20 nm. Scanning electron microscopy revealed densely packed spherical nanoclusters. The morphology and crystallinity were most consistent for depositions between 250-300 °C. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy indicated slightly sulfur-deficient stoichiometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max E Robson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
- Centre of Doctoral Training in Aerosol Science, University of Bristol, School of Chemistry, Cantock's Close, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Andrew L Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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2
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Gudun KA, Tussupbayev S, Slamova A, Khalimon AY. Hydroboration of isocyanates: cobalt-catalyzed vs. catalyst-free approaches. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:6821-6830. [PMID: 35968649 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01192a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hydroboration of isocyanates with HBPin was demonstrated using both catalytic and catalyst-free approaches. In arene solvents, the reactions employed the commercially available and bench-stable Co(acac)2/dpephos (dpephos = bis[(2-diphenylphosphino)phenyl] ether) pre-catalyst and proved chemodivergent, showing the formation of either formamides or N-methylamines, depending on the concentration of HBPin and the reaction conditions used. Catalytic monohydroboration of isocyanates to formamides was found to be highly chemoselective, tolerating alkenes, alkynes, aryl halides, esters, carboxamides, nitriles, nitroarenes and heteroaromatic functionalities. The catalyst-free hydroboration reactions have been demonstrated in neat HBPin. Whereas monohydroboration proved less selective compared with Co(acac)2/dpephos-catalyzed transformations, selective deoxygenative hydroboration of isocyanates to N-methylamines was observed under catalyst-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A Gudun
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr. Avenue, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan.
| | - Samat Tussupbayev
- Institute of Polymer Materials and Technologies, 3/1 Atyrau 1, Almaty 050019, Kazakhstan
| | - Ainur Slamova
- Core Facilities, Office of the Provost, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr. Avenue, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Andrey Y Khalimon
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr. Avenue, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan. .,The Environment and Resource Efficiency Cluster (EREC), Nazarbayev University, 53 Kabanbay Batyr. Avenue, Nur-Sultan 010000, Kazakhstan
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3
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Wang C, Han C, Yang J, Zhang Z, Zhao Y, Zhao J. Ynamide-Mediated Thioamide and Primary Thioamide Syntheses. J Org Chem 2022; 87:5617-5629. [PMID: 35394769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.1c03076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Environmentally friendly ynamide-mediated thioamidation of monothiocarboxylic acids with amines or ammonium hydroxide for the syntheses of thioamides and primary thioamides is described. Simple and mild reaction conditions enable the reaction to tolerate a wide variety of functional groups such as hydroxyl group, ester, tertiary amine, ketone, and amide moieties. Readily available NaSH served as the sulfur source, avoiding the use of toxic, expensive, and malodorous organic sulfur reagents and making this strategy environmentally friendly and practical. Importantly, the stereochemical integrity of α-chiral monothiocarboxylic acids was maintained during the activation step and subsequent aminolysis process, thus offering a racemization-free strategy for peptide C-terminal modification. Furthermore, a number of thioamide-modified drugs were prepared in good yields by using this protocol and the synthesized primary thioamides were transformed into backbone thiazolyl modified peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changliu Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Chunyu Han
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the NMPA & State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jinhua Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, P. R. China
| | - Zhenjia Zhang
- National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Yongli Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, P. R. China
| | - Junfeng Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering & National Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, Jiangxi, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology and the NMPA & State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences & The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511436, Guangdong, P. R. China
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4
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Jordan A, Hall CGJ, Thorp LR, Sneddon HF. Replacement of Less-Preferred Dipolar Aprotic and Ethereal Solvents in Synthetic Organic Chemistry with More Sustainable Alternatives. Chem Rev 2022; 122:6749-6794. [PMID: 35201751 PMCID: PMC9098182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Dipolar aprotic and ethereal solvents comprise just over 40% of all organic solvents utilized in synthetic organic, medicinal, and process chemistry. Unfortunately, many of the common "go-to" solvents are considered to be "less-preferable" for a number of environmental, health, and safety (EHS) reasons such as toxicity, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, or for practical handling reasons such as flammability and volatility. Recent legislative changes have initiated the implementation of restrictions on the use of many of the commonly employed dipolar aprotic solvents such as dimethylformamide (DMF) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone (NMP), and for ethers such as 1,4-dioxane. Thus, with growing legislative, EHS, and societal pressures, the need to identify and implement the use of alternative solvents that are greener, safer, and more sustainable has never been greater. Within this review, the ubiquitous nature of dipolar aprotic and ethereal solvents is discussed with respect to the physicochemical properties that have made them so appealing to synthetic chemists. An overview of the current legislative restrictions being imposed on the use of dipolar aprotic and ethereal solvents is discussed. A variety of alternative, safer, and more sustainable solvents that have garnered attention over the past decade are then examined, and case studies and examples where less-preferable solvents have been successfully replaced with a safer and more sustainable alternative are highlighted. Finally, a general overview and guidance for solvent selection and replacement are included in the Supporting Information of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Jordan
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, GlaxoSmithKline Carbon Neutral Laboratory, 6 Triumph Road, Nottingham, NG7 2GA, U.K
| | - Callum G J Hall
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland G1 1XL, U.K.,GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Lee R Thorp
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K
| | - Helen F Sneddon
- Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, University of York, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
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5
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Senatore R, Malik M, Langer T, Holzer W, Pace V. Consecutive and Selective Double Methylene Insertion of Lithium Carbenoids to Isothiocyanates: A Direct Assembly of Four-Membered Sulfur-Containing Cycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:24854-24858. [PMID: 34534400 PMCID: PMC9293044 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202110641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A formal CH2−CH2 homologation conducted with C1 carbenoids on a carbon electrophile for the obtainment of a four‐membered cycle is reported. The logic proposes the consecutive delivery of two single nucleophilic CH2 units to an isothiocyanate—as competent electrophilic partner—resulting in the assembling of a rare imino‐thietane cluster. The single synthetic operation procedure documents genuine chemocontrol, as indicated by the tolerance to various reactive elements decorating the starting materials. Significantly, the double homologation protocol is accomplished directly on a carbon electrophile, thus not requiring the installation of heteroatom‐centered manifolds (e.g. boron).
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Senatore
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Monika Malik
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.,University of Turin, Department of Chemistry, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
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6
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Senatore R, Malik M, Langer T, Holzer W, Pace V. Consecutive and Selective Double Methylene Insertion of Lithium Carbenoids to Isothiocyanates: A Direct Assembly of Four‐Membered Sulfur‐Containing Cycles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202110641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Senatore
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Althanstrasse, 14 A-1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Monika Malik
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Althanstrasse, 14 A-1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Althanstrasse, 14 A-1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Althanstrasse, 14 A-1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences Althanstrasse, 14 A-1090 Vienna Austria
- University of Turin Department of Chemistry Via P. Giuria 7 10125 Turin Italy
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7
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Di JQ, Wang HJ, Cui ZS, Hu JY, Zhang ZH. Catalyst-free Synthesis of Aminomethylphenol Derivatives in Cyclopentyl Methyl Ether via Petasis Borono-Mannich Reaction. Curr Org Synth 2021; 18:294-300. [PMID: 33327919 DOI: 10.2174/1570179417666201216161143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aminomethylphenol molecules have wider applications in pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, plant protection and promising functional materials. The development of an efficient and practical method to prepare this class of compound is highly desirable from both environmental and economical points of view. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to establish an effective synthetic method for preparing aminomethylphenol derivatives, the Petasis borono-Mannich reaction of salicylaldehyde, phenylboronic acid and 1,2,3,4- tetrahydroisoquinoline was selected as a model reaction. A variety of reaction conditions are investigated, including solvent and temperature. The generality and limitation of the established method were also evaluated. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION It was found that model reaction can be carried out in cyclopentyl methyl ether at 80 oC under catalyst-free conditions. This protocol, with broad substrate applicability, the reaction of various arylboronic acid, secondary amine and salicylaldehyde proceeded smoothly under optimal reaction conditions to afford various aminomethylphenol derivatives in high yields. A practical, scalable, and high-yielding synthesis of aminomethylphenol derivatives was successfully accomplished. CONCLUSION A catalyst-free practical method for the synthesis of minomethylphenol derivatives based on Petasis borono-Mannich (PBM) reaction of various arylboronic acid, secondary amine and salicylaldehyde in cyclopentyl methyl ether has been developed. The salient features of this protocol are avoidance of any additive/catalyst and toxic organic solvents, use of cyclopentyl methyl ether as the reaction medium, clean reaction profiles, easy operation, and high to excellent yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qi Di
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Hao-Jie Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhen-Shui Cui
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Jin-Yong Hu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
| | - Zhan-Hui Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Organic Functional Molecules, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Chemistry Education, College of Chemistry and Material Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China
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8
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García‐Garrido SE, Presa Soto A, Hevia E, García‐Álvarez J. Advancing Air‐ and Moisture‐Compatible s‐Block Organometallic Chemistry Using Sustainable Solvents. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio E. García‐Garrido
- Laboratorio de Compuestos Organometálicos y Catálisis Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM) Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Facultad de Química Universidad de Oviedo 33071 Oviedo Spain
| | - Alejandro Presa Soto
- Laboratorio de Compuestos Organometálicos y Catálisis Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM) Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Facultad de Química Universidad de Oviedo 33071 Oviedo Spain
| | - Eva Hevia
- Departement für Chemie, Biochemie und Pharmazie (DCBP) Universität Bern Freiestrasse 3 3012 Bern Switzerland
| | - Joaquín García‐Álvarez
- Laboratorio de Compuestos Organometálicos y Catálisis Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica (IUQOEM) Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA) Facultad de Química Universidad de Oviedo 33071 Oviedo Spain
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9
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Ielo L, Miele M, Pillari V, Senatore R, Mirabile S, Gitto R, Holzer W, Alcántara AR, Pace V. Taking advantage of lithium monohalocarbenoid intrinsic α-elimination in 2-MeTHF: controlled epoxide ring-opening en route to halohydrins. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:2038-2043. [PMID: 33599644 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob02407d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The intrinsic degradative α-elimination of Li carbenoids somehow complicates their use in synthesis as C1-synthons. Nevertheless, we herein report how boosting such an α-elimination is a straightforward strategy for accomplishing controlled ring-opening of epoxides to furnish the corresponding β-halohydrins. Crucial for the development of the method is the use of the eco-friendly solvent 2-MeTHF, which forces the degradation of the incipient monohalolithium, due to the very limited stabilizing effect of this solvent on the chemical integrity of the carbenoid. With this approach, high yields of the targeted compounds are consistently obtained under very high regiocontrol and, despite the basic nature of the reagents, no racemization of enantiopure materials is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Ielo
- University of Vienna - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria. and University of Turin - Department of Chemistry, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Margherita Miele
- University of Vienna - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Veronica Pillari
- University of Vienna - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Raffaele Senatore
- University of Vienna - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Salvatore Mirabile
- University of Messina - Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- University of Messina - Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, Viale Palatucci, 13, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- University of Vienna - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andrés R Alcántara
- Complutense University of Madrid - Department of Chemistry in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Plaza de Ramón y Cajal, s/n, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria. and University of Turin - Department of Chemistry, Via P. Giuria 7, 10125, Turin, Italy
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10
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Senatore R, Malik M, Touqeer S, Listro R, Collina S, Holzer W, Pace V. Straightforward and direct access to β-seleno- amines and sulfonylamides via the controlled addition of phenylselenomethyllithium (LiCH2SePh) to imines. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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11
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Ho TH, Le HHK, To TA, Nguyen TT, Phan NTS. Functionalization of Primary C–H Bonds in Picolines toward Pyridylthioamides. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuan H. Ho
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Ha H. K. Le
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tuong A. To
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Tung T. Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Nam T. S. Phan
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
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12
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Miele M, D'Orsi R, Sridharan V, Holzer W, Pace V. Highly chemoselective difluoromethylative homologation of iso(thio)cyanates: expeditious access to unprecedented α,α-difluoro(thio)amides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:12960-12963. [PMID: 31602439 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06929a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The new motif - α,α-difluoromethyl thioamide - has been assembled starting from isothiocyanate (as thioamide precursor) and a formal difluoromethyl-carbanion generated from commercially available TMSCHF2. Upon proper activation of this reagent with potassium tert-amylate, the high-yielding transfer of the difluorinated nucleophile takes place under high chemocontrol. Various sensitive functionalities (e.g. ester, nitrile, nitro, azido groups) can be accommodated across the isothiocyanate core, thus allowing a wide scope. The methodology is highly flexible and adaptable to prepare analogous α,α-difluoromethyl oxoamides by conveniently using isocyanates as the electrophilic building-blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Miele
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Rosarita D'Orsi
- Department of Sciences, University of Basilicata, Via dell'Ateneo Lucano 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Vellaisamy Sridharan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Sciences, Central University of Jammu, Rahya-Suchani (Bagla), 181143, India
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Vittorio Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
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13
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Vittorio S, Seidel T, Germanò MP, Gitto R, Ielo L, Garon A, Rapisarda A, Pace V, Langer T, De Luca L. A Combination of Pharmacophore and Docking-based Virtual Screening to Discover new Tyrosinase Inhibitors. Mol Inform 2019; 39:e1900054. [PMID: 31508903 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201900054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Melanogenesis controls the formation of melanin pigment whose overproduction is related to various hyperpigmentary disorders in humans. Tyrosinase is a type-3 copper enzyme involved in the rate limiting step of melanin synthesis, therefore its inhibition could represent an efficient way for the development of depigmenting agents. In this work, a combination of pharmacophore and docking-based studies has been employed to screen two in-house 3D compound databases containing about 2,000 molecules from natural and synthetic sources. As result we selected two "hit compounds" which proved to inhibit tyrosinase activity showing IC50 values in the micromolar range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Vittorio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168, Messina, Italy.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thomas Seidel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Maria Paola Germanò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosaria Gitto
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Laura Ielo
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168, Messina, Italy.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Arthur Garon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Antonio Rapisarda
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Vittorio Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura De Luca
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Viale Palatucci, 98168, Messina, Italy
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14
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Monticelli S, Holzer W, Langer T, Roller A, Olofsson B, Pace V. Sustainable Asymmetric Organolithium Chemistry: Enantio- and Chemoselective Acylations through Recycling of Solvent, Sparteine, and Weinreb "Amine". CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:1147-1154. [PMID: 30614208 PMCID: PMC6704367 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201802815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The well-established Hoppe-Beak chemistry, which involves enantioselective generation of organolithium compounds in the presence of (-)-sparteine, was revisited and applied to unprecedented acylations with Weinreb amides to access highly enantioenriched α-oxyketones and cyclic α-aminoketones. Recycling of the sustainable solvent cyclopentyl methyl ether, sparteine, and the released Weinreb "amine" [HNMe(OMe)] was possible through a simple work-up procedure that enabled full recovery of these precious materials. The methodology features a robust scope and flexibility, thus allowing the enantioselective preparation of scaffolds amenable of further derivatization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Monticelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of ViennaAlthanstrasse,14Vienna1090Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of ViennaAlthanstrasse,14Vienna1090Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of ViennaAlthanstrasse,14Vienna1090Austria
| | - Alexander Roller
- X-Ray Structure Analysis CenterUniversity of ViennaWaehringerstrasse 42Vienna1090Austria
| | - Berit Olofsson
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius LaboratoryStockholm UniversitySe-106 91StockholmSweden
| | - Vittorio Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of ViennaAlthanstrasse,14Vienna1090Austria
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15
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Azzena U, Carraro M, Pisano L, Monticelli S, Bartolotta R, Pace V. Cyclopentyl Methyl Ether: An Elective Ecofriendly Ethereal Solvent in Classical and Modern Organic Chemistry. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:40-70. [PMID: 30246930 PMCID: PMC6391966 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201801768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Solvents represent one of the major contributions to the environmental impact of fine-chemical synthesis. As a result, the use of environmentally friendly solvents in widely employed reactions is a challenge of vast real interest in contemporary organic chemistry. Within this Review, a great variety of examples showing how cyclopentyl methyl ether has been established as particularly useful for this purpose are reported. Indeed, its low toxicity, high boiling point, low melting point, hydrophobicity, chemical stability towards a wide range of conditions, exceptional stability towards the abstraction of hydrogen atoms, relatively low latent heat of vaporization, and the ease with which it can be recovered and recycled enable its successful employment as a solvent in a wide range of synthetic applications, including organometallic chemistry, catalysis, biphasic reactions, oxidations, and radical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Azzena
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of Sassarivia Vienna 2, I07100SassariItaly
| | - Massimo Carraro
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of Sassarivia Vienna 2, I07100SassariItaly
| | - Luisa Pisano
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyUniversity of Sassarivia Vienna 2, I07100SassariItaly
| | - Serena Monticelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of ViennaAlthanstrasse 141090ViennaAustria
| | - Roberta Bartolotta
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of ViennaAlthanstrasse 141090ViennaAustria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryUniversity of ViennaAlthanstrasse 141090ViennaAustria
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16
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de la Vega-Hernández K, Senatore R, Miele M, Urban E, Holzer W, Pace V. Chemoselective reduction of isothiocyanates to thioformamides mediated by the Schwartz reagent. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:1970-1978. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ob02312c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Thioformamides are easily prepared – under full chemocontrol – through the partial reduction of isothiocyanates with the in situ generated Schwartz reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raffaele Senatore
- University of Vienna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- 1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Margherita Miele
- University of Vienna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- 1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Ernst Urban
- University of Vienna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- 1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- University of Vienna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- 1090 Vienna
- Austria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- 1090 Vienna
- Austria
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17
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Castoldi L, Monticelli S, Senatore R, Ielo L, Pace V. Homologation chemistry with nucleophilic α-substituted organometallic reagents: chemocontrol, new concepts and (solved) challenges. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6692-6704. [PMID: 29850663 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02499e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The transfer of a reactive nucleophilic CH2X unit into a preformed bond enables the introduction of a fragment featuring the exact and desired degree of functionalization through a single synthetic operation. The instability of metallated α-organometallic species often poses serious questions regarding the practicability of using this conceptually intuitive and simple approach for forming C-C or C-heteroatom bonds. A deep understanding of processes regulating the formation of these nucleophiles is a precious source of inspiration not only for successfully applying theoretically feasible transformations (i.e. determining how to employ a given reagent), but also for designing new reactions which ultimately lead to the introduction of molecular complexity via short experimental sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Castoldi
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Serena Monticelli
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Raffaele Senatore
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Laura Ielo
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
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18
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Uhl W, Honacker C, Lawrence N, Hepp A, Schürmann L, Layh M. Hydroalumination of Oligoalkynylgermanes and -digermanes - Reactions with Heterocumulenes by Al-C or Ge-C Bond Activation and Formation of a Hexazenedialuminum Complex. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201800159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Werner Uhl
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Christian Honacker
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Neil Lawrence
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Lina Schürmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Marcus Layh
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie; Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
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19
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Merging lithium carbenoid homologation and enzymatic reduction: A combinative approach to the HIV-protease inhibitor Nelfinavir. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Senatore R, Ielo L, Urban E, Holzer W, Pace V. Substituted α-Sulfur Methyl Carbanions: Effective Homologating Agents for the Chemoselective Preparation of β-Oxo Thioethers from Weinreb Amides. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Senatore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14 - 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Laura Ielo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14 - 1090 Vienna Austria
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences; University of Messina; Viale Annunziata 98168 Messina Italy
| | - Ernst Urban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14 - 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14 - 1090 Vienna Austria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry; University of Vienna; Althanstrasse 14 - 1090 Vienna Austria
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21
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Freese T, Lücke AL, Namyslo JC, Nieger M, Schmidt A. Heterocycle Syntheses with Anionic N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Ring Transformations of Sydnone Imine Anions. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tyll Freese
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Clausthal University of Technology; Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Ana-Luiza Lücke
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Clausthal University of Technology; Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Jan C. Namyslo
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Clausthal University of Technology; Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
| | - Martin Nieger
- Department of Chemistry; University of Helsinki; P.O Box 55 00014 University of Helsinki Finland
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Institute of Organic Chemistry; Clausthal University of Technology; Leibnizstrasse 6 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld Germany
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22
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Pace V, Monticelli S, de la Vega-Hernández K, Castoldi L. Isocyanates and isothiocyanates as versatile platforms for accessing (thio)amide-type compounds. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 14:7848-54. [PMID: 27461156 DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00766j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The addition of carbon (Grignard and organolithium reagents) and hydride nucleophiles (Schwartz reagent) to isocyanates and isothiocyanates constitutes a versatile, direct and high yielding approach to the synthesis of functionalized (thio)amide derivatives including haloamides and formamides. The chemoselective delivery of a nucleophilic (eventually configurationally stable) organometallic species to a given iso(thio)cyanate is the crucial parameter for the success of the strategy. Thus, the influence of the factors governing classical methodologies (e.g. dehydrative condensation) such as steric hindrance and electronic properties of the reactants become practically negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Serena Monticelli
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Karen de la Vega-Hernández
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Laura Castoldi
- University of Vienna, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
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23
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Sulfated polyborate catalyzed Kindler reaction: a rapid, efficient, and green protocol. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-017-1944-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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24
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Probst KV, Wales MD, Rezac ME, Vadlani PV. Evaluation of green solvents: Oil extraction from oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi using cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME). Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:1096-1103. [PMID: 28371542 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cyclopentyl methyl ether (CPME) was evaluated for extracting oil or triacylglycerol (TAG) from wet cells of the oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi. CPME is a greener alternative to chloroform as a potential solvent for oil recovery. A monophasic system of CPME and biphasic system of CPME:water (1:0.7) performed poorly having the lowest TAG extraction efficiency and TAG selectivity compared to other monophasic systems of hexane and chloroform and the biphasic Bligh and Dyer method (chloroform:methanol:water). Biphasic systems of CPME:water:alcohol (methanol/ethanol/1-propanol) were tested and methanol achieved the best oil extraction efficiency compared to ethanol and 1-propanol. Different biphasic systems of CPME:methanol:water were tested, the best TAG extraction efficiency and TAG selectivity achieved was 9.9 mg/mL and 64.6%, respectively, using a starting ratio of 1:1.7:0.6 and a final ratio of 1:1:0.8 (CPME:methanol:water). Similar results were achieved for the Bligh and Dyer method (TAG extraction efficiency of 10.2 mg/mL and TAG selectivity of 66.0%) indicating that the biphasic CPME system was comparable. The fatty acid profile remained constant across all the solvent systems tested indicating that choice of solvent was not specific for any certain fatty acid. This study was able to demonstrate that CPME could be used as an alternative solvent for the extraction of oil from the wet biomass of oleaginous yeast. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 33:1096-1103, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle V Probst
- Kansas State University, BIVAP Building, IGERT Trainee in Biorefining, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, United States.,Bioprocessing and Renewable Energy Lab, Department of Grain Science and Industry, 1980 Kimball Ave., Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, United States
| | - Michael D Wales
- Kansas State University, BIVAP Building, IGERT Trainee in Biorefining, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, United States
| | - Mary E Rezac
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, United States
| | - Praveen V Vadlani
- Bioprocessing and Renewable Energy Lab, Department of Grain Science and Industry, 1980 Kimball Ave., Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, 66506, United States
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25
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Parisi G, Degennaro L, Carlucci C, de Candia M, Mastrorilli P, Roller A, Holzer W, Altomare CD, Pace V, Luisi R. A greener and efficient access to substituted four- and six-membered sulfur-bearing heterocycles. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:5000-5015. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob00846e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The regioselective functionalization of four- and six-membered cyclic sulfones was investigated using a lithiation/functionalization strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Parisi
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari “A. Moro”
- FLAME-Lab – Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory
- Italy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
| | - Leonardo Degennaro
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari “A. Moro”
- FLAME-Lab – Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory
- Italy
| | - Claudia Carlucci
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari “A. Moro”
- FLAME-Lab – Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory
- Italy
| | - Modesto de Candia
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari “A. Moro”
- FLAME-Lab – Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory
- Italy
| | | | - Alexander Roller
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Vienna
- 1090 – Vienna
- Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- University of Vienna
- 1090 – Vienna
- Austria
| | - Cosimo Damiano Altomare
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari “A. Moro”
- FLAME-Lab – Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory
- Italy
| | - Vittorio Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry
- University of Vienna
- 1090 – Vienna
- Austria
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Department of Pharmacy – Drug Sciences
- University of Bari “A. Moro”
- FLAME-Lab – Flow Chemistry and Microreactor Technology Laboratory
- Italy
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26
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Trillo P, Slagbrand T, Tinnis F, Adolfsson H. Facile preparation of pyrimidinediones and thioacrylamides via reductive functionalization of amides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:9159-9162. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc04170e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A protocol for the mild and chemoselective reductive functionalization of amides into pyrimidinediones and thioacrylamides has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paz Trillo
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Stockholm University
- Arrhenius Laboratory
- SE-106 91 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Tove Slagbrand
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Stockholm University
- Arrhenius Laboratory
- SE-106 91 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Fredrik Tinnis
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Stockholm University
- Arrhenius Laboratory
- SE-106 91 Stockholm
- Sweden
| | - Hans Adolfsson
- Department of Organic Chemistry
- Stockholm University
- Arrhenius Laboratory
- SE-106 91 Stockholm
- Sweden
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27
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Monticelli S, Castoldi L, Murgia I, Senatore R, Mazzeo E, Wackerlig J, Urban E, Langer T, Pace V. Recent advancements on the use of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran in organometallic chemistry. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2016; 148:37-48. [PMID: 28127090 PMCID: PMC5225237 DOI: 10.1007/s00706-016-1879-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Since the introduction of 2-methyltetrahydrofuran as an useful alternative to the classical tetrahydrofuran, there has been a continuous interest in the synthetic community operating at academic and industrial towards it. In particular, the much higher stability that basic organometallic reagents display in 2-methyltetrahydrofuran makes it suitable for processes involving such sensitive species including asymmetric transformations. The easy formation of an azeotropic mixture with water, the substantial immiscibility with water, and the fact it derives from natural sources (corncobs or bagasse), allow to consider it in agreement with the Anastas' Geen Chemistry principles. In this minireview, selected examples of its employment in organometallic transformations ranging from carbanions to radical and transition metal-catalyzed processes are provided. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Monticelli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Laura Castoldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Murgia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Raffaele Senatore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eugenia Mazzeo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Judith Wackerlig
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ernst Urban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Vittorio Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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28
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Pace V, Holzer W, De Kimpe N. Lithium Halomethylcarbenoids: Preparation and Use in the Homologation of Carbon Electrophiles. CHEM REC 2016; 16:2061-76. [PMID: 27381551 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201600011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
α-Halomethyllithium carbenoids are useful homologating reagents which - reacting under proper reaction conditions as carbanions - enable the installation via nucleophilic addition of a reactive halomethyl fragment onto a preformed carbon-heteroatom bond. The pronounced thermolability represented - since seminal studies by Köbrich - the Achilles' heel of these reagents: the use of Barbier-type methodologies (i.e., the electrophile should be present in the reaction mixture prior to the formation of the carbenoid) was pivotal in order to suppress decomposition through α-elimination processes. Nowadays, the use of low temperatures (-78 °C) guarantees reliable procedures and, significantly, the employment of microreactor technologies allows external trapping to be performed even at higher temperatures as reported by Luisi. We will discuss the α-halomethyllithium-mediated homologations of a series of carbon electrophiles such as carbonyl compounds, imines, esters, Weinreb amides, and isocyanates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Holzer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Norbert De Kimpe
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
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29
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Pace V, Murgia I, Westermayer S, Langer T, Holzer W. Highly efficient synthesis of functionalized α-oxyketones via Weinreb amides homologation with α-oxygenated organolithiums. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:7584-7. [PMID: 27220327 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc03532a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
An efficient, chemoselective homologation of Weinreb amides to the corresponding variously substituted α-oxyketones has been developed via the addition of lithiated α-oxygenated species. This one-step, experimentally easy, high yielding protocol is amenable not only for accessing simple α-oxyketones but also for more complex substituted ones ranging from primary and secondary alkyl-type to aromatic ones. Full delivery of the stereochemical information contained in the starting materials is observed through both the employment of enantioenriched Weinreb amides and optically active organolithium species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Pace
- University of Vienna - Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Althanstrasse, 14. A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
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30
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Pace V, de la Vega-Hernández K, Urban E, Langer T. Chemoselective Schwartz Reagent Mediated Reduction of Isocyanates to Formamides. Org Lett 2016; 18:2750-3. [PMID: 27218199 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b01226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Addition of the in situ generated Schwartz reagent to widely available isocyanates constitutes a chemoselective, high-yielding, and versatile approach to the synthesis of variously functionalized formamides. Steric and electronic factors or the presence of sensitive functionalities (esters, nitro groups, nitriles, alkenes) do not compromise the potential of the method. Full preservation of the stereochemical information contained in the starting materials is observed. The use of formamides in the nucleophilic addition of organometallic reagents (Chida-Sato allylation, Charette-Huang addition to imidoyl triflate activated amides, Matteson homologation of boronic esters) is briefly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Pace
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna , Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Karen de la Vega-Hernández
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna , Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.,Institute of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Havana , 23rd Street, 21425-13600 Havana, Cuba
| | - Ernst Urban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna , Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thierry Langer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna , Althanstrasse, 14, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
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31
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Wzorek A, Sato A, Drabowicz J, Soloshonok VA. Self-disproportionation of enantiomers via achiral gravity-driven column chromatography: A case study of N-acyl-α-phenylethylamines. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1467:270-278. [PMID: 27240946 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein we report a study of the self-disproportionation of enantiomers (SDE) via gravity-driven achiral column chromatography of a series of amides derived from 1-phenylethylamine. We demonstrated that structural and electronic factors of the substituents play an important role in the observed magnitude of the SDE. For the first time, the SDE phenomenon of amides with that of thioamides was compared. We demonstrate that, in sharp contrast to amides, the substitution of the sulphur atom for the oxygen in the acyl group, strongly reduced the observed magnitude of the SDE. These results clearly indicate the importance of the hydrogen bonding for the formation of homo/hetero-chiral association responsible for manifestation of the SDE phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Wzorek
- Institute of Chemistry, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Świętokrzyska 15G, 25-406 Kielce, Poland; Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain.
| | - Azusa Sato
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain; Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, 162-8666 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Józef Drabowicz
- Department of Heteroorganic Chemistry, Center of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Łódź, Poland; Institute of Chemistry, Environmental Protection and Biotechnology, Jan Długosz University in Częstochowa, Armii Krajowej 13/15, 42-201 Częstochowa, Poland
| | - Vadim A Soloshonok
- Department of Organic Chemistry I, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel Lardizábal 3, 20018 San Sebastián, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Alameda Urquijo 36-5, Plaza Bizkaia, 48011 Bilbao, Spain.
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32
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Kobayashi S, Shibukawa K, Miyaguchi Y, Masuyama A. Grignard Reactions in Cyclopentyl Methyl Ether. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Engineering; Osaka Institute of Technology; 5-16-1 Ohmiya Asahi-ku Osaka 535-8585 Japan
| | - Keisuke Shibukawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Engineering; Osaka Institute of Technology; 5-16-1 Ohmiya Asahi-ku Osaka 535-8585 Japan
| | - Yuta Miyaguchi
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Engineering; Osaka Institute of Technology; 5-16-1 Ohmiya Asahi-ku Osaka 535-8585 Japan
| | - Araki Masuyama
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Faculty of Engineering; Osaka Institute of Technology; 5-16-1 Ohmiya Asahi-ku Osaka 535-8585 Japan
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