1
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Rondelli M, Pasán J, Fernández I, Martín T. Predisposition in Dynamic Covalent Chemistry: The Role of Non-Covalent Interactions in the Assembly of Tetrahedral Boronate Cages. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400896. [PMID: 38507133 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
Directional bonding strategies guide the design of complex molecular architectures, yet challenges arise due to emergent behavior. Rigid structures face geometric constraints and sensitivity to mismatches, hindering the efficient assembly of molecular organic cages (MOCs). Harnessing intramolecular non-covalent interactions offers a promising solution, broadening geometrical possibilities and enhancing adaptability to boost assembly yields. However, identifying these interactions remains challenging, with their full potential sometimes latent until final assembly. This study explores these challenges by synthesizing boronic acid tripods with varied oxygen positions at the tripodal feet and investigating their role in assembling tetrahedral boronate MOCs. Our results reveal substantial differences in the assembly efficiency among tripods. While the building blocks with oxygen in the benzylic position relative to the central aromatic ring form the MOCs in high yields, those with the oxygen atom directly bound to the central aromatic ring, only yield traces. Through X-ray crystallography and DFT analyses, we elucidate how intramolecular interactions profoundly influence the geometry of the building blocks and cages in a relay-like fashion, highlighting the importance of considering intramolecular interactions in the rational design of (supra)molecular architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rondelli
- Molecular Science Department, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientícas (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Jorge Pasán
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Laboratorio de Materiales para Análisis Químico (MAT4LL) Universidad de La Laguna, 38200, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Israel Fernández
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I and Centro de Innovación en Química Avanzada (ORFEO-CINQA), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomás Martín
- Molecular Science Department, Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientícas (IPNA-CSIC) Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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2
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van Dam A, van Schendel R, Gangarapu S, Zuilhof H, Smulders MMJ. DFT Study of Imine-Exchange Reactions in Iron(II)-Coordinated Pincers. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301795. [PMID: 37560922 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
The imine bond is among the most applied motifs in dynamic covalent chemistry. Although its uses are varied and often involve coordination to a transition metal for stability, mechanistic studies on imine exchange reactions so far have not included metal coordination. Herein, we investigated the condensation and transimination reactions of an Fe2+ -coordinated diimine pyridine pincer, employing wB97XD/6-311G(2d,2p) DFT calculations in acetonitrile. We first experimentally confirmed that Fe2+ is strongly coordinated by these pincers, and is thus a justified model ion. When considering a four-membered ring-shaped transition state for proton transfers, the required activation energies for condensation and transimination reaction exceeded the values expected for reactions known to be spontaneous at room temperature. The nature of the incoming and exiting amines and the substituents on the para-position of the pincer had no effect on this. Replacing Fe2+ with Zn2+ or removing it altogether did not reduce it either. However, the addition of two ethylamine molecules lowered the energy barriers to be compatible with experiment (19.4 and 23.2 kcal/mol for condensation and transimination, respectively). Lastly, the energy barrier of condensation of a non-coordinated pincer was significantly higher than found for Fe2+ -coordinating pincers, underlining the catalyzing effect of metal coordination on imine exchange reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annemieke van Dam
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robin van Schendel
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Satesh Gangarapu
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300072, P.R. China
| | - Maarten M J Smulders
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Vestrheim O, Schenkelberg ME, Dai Q, Schneebeli ST. Efficient Multigram Procedure for the Synthesis of Large Hydrazone-linked Molecular Cages. Org Chem Front 2023; 10:3965-3974. [PMID: 37906634 PMCID: PMC10600964 DOI: 10.1039/d3qo00480e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Covalently linked molecular cages can provide significant advantages (including, but not limited to enhanced thermal and chemical stability) over metal-linked coordination cages. Yet, while large coordination cages can now be created routinely, it is still challenging to create chemically robust, covalently linked molecular cages with large internal cavities. This fundamental challenge has made it difficult, for example, to introduce endohedral functional groups into covalent cages to enhance their practical utility (e.g., for selective guest recognition or catalysis), since the cavities would have simply been filled up with such endohedral functional groups in most cases. Here we now report the synthesis of some of the largest known covalently linked molecular tetrahedra. Our new covalent cages all contain 12 peripheral functional groups, which keep them soluble. They are formed from a common vertex, which aligns the hydrazide functions required for the hydrazone linkages with atropisomerism. While we previously reported this vertex as a building block for the smallest member of our hydrazone-linked tetrahedra, our original synthesis was not feasible to be carried out on the larger scales required to successfully access the larger tetrahedra. To overcome this synthetic challenge, we now present a greatly improved synthesis of our vertex, which only requires a single chromatographic step (compared to 3 chromatographic purification steps, which were needed for the initial synthesis). Our new synthetic route enabled us to create a whole family of molecular cages with increasing size (all linked with hydrolytically stable hydrazone bonds), with our largest covalent cage featuring p-quarterphenyl linkers and the ability to encapsulate a hypothetical sphere of approximately 3 nm in diameter. These results now open up the possibility to introduce functional groups required for selective recognition and catalysis into chemically robust covalent cages (without blocking the cavities of the covalent cages).
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav Vestrheim
- Departments of Industrial & Physical Pharmacy and Chemistry, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Mica E. Schenkelberg
- Departments of Industrial & Physical Pharmacy and Chemistry, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
| | - Qingsheng Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
- This paper describes experimental work performed by Qingsheng Dai but she is unaware that it has been submitted for publication as we have no contact details for her. Qingsheng Dai, therefore, does not take any responsibility for the submission
| | - Severin T. Schneebeli
- Departments of Industrial & Physical Pharmacy and Chemistry, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Program, University of Vermont, 82 University Place, Burlington, VT 05405, USA
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4
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Wang F, Shi X, Zhang Y, Zhou W, Li A, Liu Y, Sessler JL, He Q. Reversible Macrocycle-to-Macrocycle Interconversion Driven by Solvent Selection. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10943-10947. [PMID: 37172073 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Macrocycle-to-macrocycle interconversions are of interest because they can allow access to a variety of structures. However, reversible interconversion between different sized macrocycles remains challenging to control. Herein, we report a facile one-pot synthesis of a series of self-assembled macrocycles from readily prepared α,α'-linked oligopyrrolic dialdehydes and various alkyl diamines. The condensation of pyridine-bridged oligopyrrolic dialdehyde 3 and simple alkyl diamines proved independent of solvent, always yielding the [2 + 2] macrocyclic products. However, when 3 was condensed with 2,2'-oxybis(ethylamine) 14, either ([1 + 1] or [2 + 2]) products are obtained depending on the choice of solvent. Reaction of 3 and 14 in methanol, ethanol, or chloroform gave the [1 + 1] macrocycle as the sole product. In contrast, condensation of 3 and 14 in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), or acetonitrile (MeCN) yielded the [2 + 2] macrocycle as the major product in the form of a precipitate. Reversible interconversion between the [1 + 1] and [2 + 2] macrocycles could be achieved by tuning the solvent, with the ratio driven by thermodynamic and solubility considerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangling Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanchu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
| | - Qing He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
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5
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Abstract
Porous organic cages (POCs) are a relatively new class of low-density crystalline materials that have emerged as a versatile platform for investigating molecular recognition, gas storage and separation, and proton conduction, with potential applications in the fields of porous liquids, highly permeable membranes, heterogeneous catalysis, and microreactors. In common with highly extended porous structures, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and porous organic polymers (POPs), POCs possess all of the advantages of highly specific surface areas, porosities, open pore channels, and tunable structures. In addition, they have discrete molecular structures and exhibit good to excellent solubilities in common solvents, enabling their solution dispersibility and processability─properties that are not readily available in the case of the well-established, insoluble, extended porous frameworks. Here, we present a critical review summarizing in detail recent progress and breakthroughs─especially during the past five years─of all the POCs while taking a close look at their strategic design, precise synthesis, including both irreversible bond-forming chemistry and dynamic covalent chemistry, advanced characterization, and diverse applications. We highlight representative POC examples in an attempt to gain some understanding of their structure-function relationships. We also discuss future challenges and opportunities in the design, synthesis, characterization, and application of POCs. We anticipate that this review will be useful to researchers working in this field when it comes to designing and developing new POCs with desired functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchun Yang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Energy Engineering/Institute of Technology for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Energy Materials for Carbon Neutrality, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology (SIAT), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zakir Ullah
- Convergence Research Center for Insect Vectors, Division of Life Sciences, College of Life Sciences and Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, South Korea
| | - J Fraser Stoddart
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- Stoddart Institute of Molecular Science, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou 311215, China
| | - Cafer T Yavuz
- Oxide & Organic Nanomaterials for Energy & Environment Laboratory, Physical Science & Engineering (PSE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center, PSE, KAUST, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
- KAUST Catalysis Center, PSE, KAUST, 4700 KAUST, Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
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6
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Rondelli M, Daranas AH, Martín T. Importance of Precursor Adaptability in the Assembly of Molecular Organic Cages. J Org Chem 2023; 88:2113-2121. [PMID: 36730713 PMCID: PMC9942191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
For molecular architectures based on dynamic covalent chemistry (DCvC), strict preorganization is a paradigmatic concept and the generally accepted strategy for their rational design. This results in the creation of highly rigid building blocks which are expected to fulfill the ideal geometry of the assembly, coming at a price that small geometric mismatches result in unpredicted and/or unproductive reaction outcomes. In this study, we show that feet of a tripodal platform have a great influence on the assembly of tetrahedral organic cages based on boronate ester formation. The aryl benzyl ether-functionalized building blocks perform significantly better than their alkyl-functionalized equivalents. Experimentally and using density functional theory geometry optimization of the cage structures, we prove that unexpectedly, this is not due to solubility but because of the enhanced capability of the aryl benzyl ether-functionalized building blocks to fit the ideal geometry of the assembly. This introduces the concept of building block adaptability to overcome geometrical mismatches in DCvC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Rondelli
- Instituto
de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Científicas (IPNA-CSIC), Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez,
3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain,Doctoral
and Postgraduate School, University of La
Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico
Francisco Sánchez, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - Antonio H. Daranas
- Instituto
de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Científicas (IPNA-CSIC), Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez,
3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain,Instituto
Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González”, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez,
2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain,
| | - Tomás Martín
- Instituto
de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología, Consejo Superior de
Investigaciones Científicas (IPNA-CSIC), Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez,
3, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain,Instituto
Universitario de Bio-Orgánica “Antonio González”, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez,
2, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain,
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7
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Hong B, Fang T, Li W, Li S. Predicting the structures and vibrational spectra of molecular crystals containing large molecules with the generalized energy-based fragmentation approach. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:044117. [PMID: 36725497 DOI: 10.1063/5.0137072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The generalized energy-based fragmentation (GEBF) approach under periodic boundary conditions (PBCs) has been developed to facilitate calculations of molecular crystals containing large molecules. The PBC-GEBF approach can help predict structures and properties of molecular crystals at different theory levels by performing molecular quantum chemistry calculations on a series of non-periodic subsystems constructed from the studied systems. A more rigorous formula of the forces on translational vectors of molecular crystals was proposed and implemented, enabling more reliable predictions of crystal structures. Our benchmark results on several typical molecular crystals show that the PBC-GEBF approach could reproduce the forces on atoms and the translational vectors and the optimized crystal structures from the corresponding conventional periodic methods. The improved PBC-GEBF approach is then applied to predict the crystal structures and vibrational spectra of two molecular crystals containing large molecules. The PBC-GEBF approach can provide a satisfactory description on the crystal structure of a molecular crystal containing 312 atoms in a unit cell at density-fitting second-order Møller-Plesset perturbation theory and density functional theory (DFT) levels and the infrared vibrational spectra of another molecular crystal containing 864 atoms in a unit cell at the DFT level. The PBC-GEBF approach is expected to be a promising theoretical tool for electronic structure calculations on molecular crystals containing large molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benkun Hong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Fang
- Genesys Microelectronics (Shanghai) Co., Ltd., 6th Floor, 11th Building, No. 3000 LongDong Road, Pu Dong District, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhua Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Mesoscopic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, People's Republic of China
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8
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Hui C, Craggs L, Antonchick AP. Ring contraction in synthesis of functionalized carbocycles. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:8652-8675. [PMID: 36172989 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01080h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbocycles are a key and widely present structural motif in organic compounds. The construction of structurally intriguing carbocycles, such as highly-strained fused rings, spirocycles or highly-functionalized carbocycles with congested stereocenters, remains challenging in organic chemistry. Cyclopropanes, cyclobutanes and cyclopentanes within such carbocycles can be synthesized through ring contraction. These ring contractions involve re-arrangement of and/or small molecule extrusion from a parental ring, which is either a carbocycle or a heterocycle of larger size. This review provides an overview of synthetic methods for ring contractions to form cyclopropanes, cyclobutanes and cyclopentanes en route to structurally intriguing carbocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunngai Hui
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany. .,Technical University Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Luke Craggs
- Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Forensics, Clifton Lane, NG11 8NS Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrey P Antonchick
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Physiology, Department of Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 11, 44227 Dortmund, Germany. .,Technical University Dortmund, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Otto-Hahn-Strasse 6, 44221 Dortmund, Germany.,Nottingham Trent University, School of Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry and Forensics, Clifton Lane, NG11 8NS Nottingham, UK
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9
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La Cognata S, Mobili R, Milanese C, Boiocchi M, Gaboardi M, Armentano D, Jansen JC, Monteleone M, Antonangelo AR, Carta M, Amendola V. CO
2
Separation by Imide/Imine Organic Cages. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201631. [PMID: 35762229 PMCID: PMC9545214 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Two novel imide/imine‐based organic cages have been prepared and studied as materials for the selective separation of CO2 from N2 and CH4 under vacuum swing adsorption conditions. Gas adsorption on the new compounds showed selectivity for CO2 over N2 and CH4. The cages were also tested as fillers in mixed‐matrix membranes for gas separation. Dense and robust membranes were obtained by loading the cages in either Matrimid® or PEEK‐WC polymers. Improved gas‐transport properties and selectivity for CO2 were achieved compared to the neat polymer membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia La Cognata
- Department of Chemistry University of Pavia Viale Tarquato Taramelli 12 Pavia 27100 Italy
| | - Riccardo Mobili
- Department of Chemistry University of Pavia Viale Tarquato Taramelli 12 Pavia 27100 Italy
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Department of Chemistry University of Pavia Viale Tarquato Taramelli 12 Pavia 27100 Italy
| | - Massimo Boiocchi
- Centro Grandi Strumenti University of Pavia Via Bassi 21 Pavia 27100 Italy
| | - Mattia Gaboardi
- Elettra sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.a. Area science park Basovizza (TS) 34149 Italy
| | - Donatella Armentano
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Technologies University of Calabria Via P. Bucci, 13/C 87036 Rende (CS) Italy
| | - Johannes C. Jansen
- Institute on Membrane Technology National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ITM) Via P. Bucci 17/C Rende (CS) 87036 Italy
| | - Marcello Monteleone
- Institute on Membrane Technology National Research Council of Italy (CNR-ITM) Via P. Bucci 17/C Rende (CS) 87036 Italy
| | - Ariana R. Antonangelo
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Swansea University Singleton Park Swansea Wales, SA2 8PP UK
| | - Mariolino Carta
- Department of Chemistry College of Science Swansea University Singleton Park Swansea Wales, SA2 8PP UK
| | - Valeria Amendola
- Department of Chemistry University of Pavia Viale Tarquato Taramelli 12 Pavia 27100 Italy
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10
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Montà-González G, Sancenón F, Martínez-Máñez R, Martí-Centelles V. Purely Covalent Molecular Cages and Containers for Guest Encapsulation. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13636-13708. [PMID: 35867555 PMCID: PMC9413269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cage compounds offer unique binding pockets similar to enzyme-binding sites, which can be customized in terms of size, shape, and functional groups to point toward the cavity and many other parameters. Different synthetic strategies have been developed to create a toolkit of methods that allow preparing tailor-made organic cages for a number of distinct applications, such as gas separation, molecular recognition, molecular encapsulation, hosts for catalysis, etc. These examples show the versatility and high selectivity that can be achieved using cages, which is impossible by employing other molecular systems. This review explores the progress made in the field of fully organic molecular cages and containers by focusing on the properties of the cavity and their application to encapsulate guests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Montà-González
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Félix Sancenón
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain,CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain,Centro
de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF
de Investigación de Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina,
Valencia, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46012 Valencia, Spain,Instituto
de Investigación Sanitaria la Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación
en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat
Politènica de València, 46026 València, Spain,Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ramón Martínez-Máñez
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain,CIBER
de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain,Centro
de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Unidad Mixta UPV-CIPF
de Investigación de Mecanismos de Enfermedades y Nanomedicina,
Valencia, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46012 Valencia, Spain,Instituto
de Investigación Sanitaria la Fe, Unidad Mixta de Investigación
en Nanomedicina y Sensores, Universitat
Politènica de València, 46026 València, Spain,Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain,R.M.-M.: email,
| | - Vicente Martí-Centelles
- Instituto
Interuniversitario de Investigación de Reconocimiento Molecular
y Desarrollo Tecnológico (IDM) Universitat
Politècnica de València, Universitat de València. Camino de Vera, s/n 46022, Valencia, Spain,V.M.-C.:
email,
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11
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Badjic JD, Liyana Gunawardana VW, Finnegan TJ, Ward CE, Moore CE. Dissipative Formation of Covalent Basket Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jovica D Badjic
- Ohio State University Department of Chemistry 100 W. 18th Avenue 43210 Columbus UNITED STATES
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12
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Liyana Gunawardana VW, Finnegan TJ, Ward CE, Moore CE, Badjić JD. Dissipative Formation of Covalent Basket Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207418. [PMID: 35723284 PMCID: PMC9544755 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Living systems use chemical fuels to transiently assemble functional structures. As a step toward constructing abiotic mimics of such structures, we herein describe dissipative formation of covalent basket cage CBC 5 by reversible imine condensation of cup‐shaped aldehyde 2 (i.e., basket) with trivalent aromatic amine 4. This nanosized [4+4] cage (V=5 nm3, Mw=6150 Da) has shape of a truncated tetrahedron with four baskets at its vertices and four aromatic amines forming the faces. Importantly, tris‐aldehyde basket 2 and aliphatic tris‐amine 7 undergo condensation to give small [1+1] cage 6. The imine metathesis of 6 and aromatic tris‐amine 4 into CBC 5 was optimized to bias the equilibrium favouring 6. Addition of tribromoacetic acid (TBA) as a chemical fuel perturbs this equilibrium to result in the transient formation of CBC 5, with subsequent consumption of TBA via decarboxylation driving the system back to the starting state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tyler J Finnegan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Carson E Ward
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Curtis E Moore
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jovica D Badjić
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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13
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Bhandari P, Mondal B, Howlader P, Mukherjee PS. Face‐Directed Tetrahedral Organic Cage Anchored Palladium Nanoparticles for Selective Homocoupling Reactions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202100986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pallab Bhandari
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Bijnaneswar Mondal
- Department of Chemistry Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya Bilaspur Chhattisgarh 495009 India
| | - Prodip Howlader
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
| | - Partha Sarathi Mukherjee
- Department of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Indian Institute of Science Bangalore 560012 India
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14
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Kunde T, Pausch T, Schmidt BM. Porous Organic Compounds – Small Pores on the Rise. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kunde
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Germany
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15
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Chen Y, Lei Y, Tong L, Li H. Stabilization of Dynamic Covalent Architectures by Multivalence. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202102910. [PMID: 34591343 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The formation of imine bond is reversible. This feature has been taken advantage of by chemists for accomplishing high yielding self-assembly. On the other hand, it also jeopardizes the intrinsic stability of these self-assembled products. However, some recent discoveries demonstrate that some of these imine bond containing molecules could be rather stable or kinetically inert. A deep investigation indicated that such enhanced stability results from, at least partially, multivalence. Such results also inspire chemists to use imine condensation for self-assembly in water, a solvent that is considered not compatible with imine bond for a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Ye Lei
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Lu Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China.,ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, Hangzhou, 311215, P. R. China
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16
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Bennett S, Szczypiński FT, Turcani L, Briggs ME, Greenaway RL, Jelfs KE. Materials Precursor Score: Modeling Chemists' Intuition for the Synthetic Accessibility of Porous Organic Cage Precursors. J Chem Inf Model 2021; 61:4342-4356. [PMID: 34388347 PMCID: PMC8479809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.1c00375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Computation is increasingly being used to try to accelerate the discovery of new materials. One specific example of this is porous molecular materials, specifically porous organic cages, where the porosity of the materials predominantly comes from the internal cavities of the molecules themselves. The computational discovery of novel structures with useful properties is currently hindered by the difficulty in transitioning from a computational prediction to synthetic realization. Attempts at experimental validation are often time-consuming, expensive, and frequently, the key bottleneck of material discovery. In this work, we developed a computational screening workflow for porous molecules that includes consideration of the synthetic difficulty of material precursors, aimed at easing the transition between computational prediction and experimental realization. We trained a machine learning model by first collecting data on 12,553 molecules categorized either as "easy-to-synthesize" or "difficult-to-synthesize" by expert chemists with years of experience in organic synthesis. We used an approach to address the class imbalance present in our data set, producing a binary classifier able to categorize easy-to-synthesize molecules with few false positives. We then used our model during computational screening for porous organic molecules to bias toward precursors whose easier synthesis requirements would make them promising candidates for experimental realization and material development. We found that even by limiting precursors to those that are easier-to-synthesize, we are still able to identify cages with favorable, and even some rare, properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Bennett
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Filip T. Szczypiński
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Lukas Turcani
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Michael E. Briggs
- Materials
Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool L7 3NY, U.K.
| | - Rebecca L. Greenaway
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
White City Campus, Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
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17
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Zhu J, Han Y, Ni Y, Wu S, Zhang Q, Jiao T, Li Z, Wu J. Facile Synthesis of a Fully Fused, Three-Dimensional π-Conjugated Archimedean Cage with Magnetically Shielded Cavity. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14314-14321. [PMID: 34455792 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of molecular cages consisting of fully fused, π-conjugated rings is rare due to synthetic challenges including preorganization, large strain, and poor solubility. Herein, we report such an example in which a tris-2-aminobenzophenone precursor undergoes acid-mediated self-condensation to form a truncated tetrahedron, one of the 13 Archimedean solids. Formation of eight-membered [1,5]diazocine rings provides preorganization and releases the strain while still maintains weak π-conjugation of the backbone. Thorough characterizations were performed by X-ray, NMR, and UV-vis analysis, assisted by theoretical calculations. The cage exhibits a rigid backbone structure with a well-defined cavity that confines a magnetically shielded environment. The solvent molecule, o-dichlorobenzene, is precisely encapsulated in the cavity at a 1:1 ratio with multiple π···π, C-H···π, and halogen···π interactions with the cage skeleton, implying its template effect for the cage closing reaction. Our synthetic strategy opens the opportunity to access more complex, fully fused, three-dimensional π-conjugated cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Yi Han
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Yong Ni
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Shaofei Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China
| | - Tianyu Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Zhengtao Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543
| | - Jishan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543.,Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Fuzhou 350207, China
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18
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Bourguignon C, Schindler D, Zhou G, Rominger F, Mastalerz M. Cucurbitimines - imine cages with concave walls. Org Chem Front 2021; 8:3668-3674. [PMID: 34354838 PMCID: PMC8276630 DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00478f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The variety of shape-persistent organic cages by imine bond formation has tremendously enlarged in recent years by using different building blocks (aldehydes and amines) in the condensation reactions. Here, we describe the use of a kinked tetraldehyde to generate pumpkin-shaped cages with concave walls, similar to cucurbiturils. Kinked tetraaldehyde building blocks lead in condensation reactions with diamines to pumpkin shaped cages – the cucurbitimines.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Bourguignon
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Dorothee Schindler
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Gangxiang Zhou
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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19
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Holsten M, Feierabend S, Elbert SM, Rominger F, Oeser T, Mastalerz M. Soluble Congeners of Prior Insoluble Shape-Persistent Imine Cages. Chemistry 2021; 27:9383-9390. [PMID: 33848032 PMCID: PMC8362185 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
One of the most applied reaction types to synthesize shape‐persistent organic cage compounds is the imine condensation reaction and it is assumed that the formed cages are thermodynamically controlled products due to the reversibility of the imine condensation. However, most of the synthesized imine cages reported are formed as precipitate from the reaction mixture and therefore rather may be kinetically controlled products. There are even examples in literature, where resulting cages are not soluble at all in common organic solvents to characterize or study their formation by NMR spectroscopy in solution. Here, a triptycene triamine containing three solubilizing n‐hexyloxy chains has been used to synthesize soluble congeners of prior insoluble cages. This allowed us to study the formation as well as the reversibility of cage formation in solution by investigating exchange of building blocks between the cages and deuterated derivatives thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattes Holsten
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sarah Feierabend
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sven M Elbert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Oeser
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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20
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Kunde T, Pausch T, Schmidt BM. Supramolecular Alloys from Fluorinated Hybrid Tri 4 Di 6 Imine Cages. Chemistry 2021; 27:8457-8460. [PMID: 33852171 PMCID: PMC8252657 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
To create innovative materials, efficient control and engineering of pore sizes and their characteristics, crystallinity and stability is required. Eight hybrid Tri4 Di6 imine cages with a tunable degree of fluorination and one fully fluorinated Tri4 Di6 imine cage are investigated. Although the fluorinated and the non-fluorinated building blocks used herein differ vastly in reactivity, it was possible to gain control over the outcome of the self-assembly process, by carefully controlling the feed ratio. This represents the first hybrid material based on fluorinated/hydrogenated porous organic cages (POCs). These cages with unlimited miscibility in the solid state were obtained as highly crystalline samples after recrystallization and even showed retention of the crystal lattice, forming alloys. All mixtures and the fully fluorinated Tri4 Di6 imine cage were analyzed by MALDI-MS, single-crystal XRD, powder XRD and in regard to thermal stability (TGA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kunde
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstraße 140225DüsseldorfGermany
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21
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Wagner P, Rominger F, Zhang W, Gross JH, Elbert SM, Schröder RR, Mastalerz M. Chiral Self-sorting of Giant Cubic [8+12] Salicylimine Cage Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8896-8904. [PMID: 33476442 PMCID: PMC8048989 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202016592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chiral self-sorting is intricately connected to the complicated chiral processes observed in nature and no artificial systems of comparably complexity have been generated by chemists. However, only a few examples of purely organic molecules have been reported so far, where the self-sorting process could be controlled. Herein, we describe the chiral self-sorting of large cubic [8+12] salicylimine cage compounds based on a chiral TBTQ precursor. Out of 23 possible cage isomers only the enantiopure and a meso cage were observed to be formed, which have been unambiguously characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, by careful choice of solvent the formation of meso cage could be controlled. With internal diameters of din =3.3-3.5 nm these cages are among the largest organic cage compounds characterized and show very high specific surface areas up to approx. 1500 m2 g-1 after desolvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Wagner
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Wen‐Shan Zhang
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Jürgen H. Gross
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Sven M. Elbert
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Rasmus R. Schröder
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
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22
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Schäfer N, Bühler M, Heyer L, Röhr MIS, Beuerle F. Endohedral Hydrogen Bonding Templates the Formation of a Highly Strained Covalent Organic Cage Compound*. Chemistry 2021; 27:6077-6085. [PMID: 33528845 PMCID: PMC8048910 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A highly strained covalent organic cage compound was synthesized from hexahydroxy tribenzotriquinacene (TBTQ) and a meta-terphenyl-based diboronic acid with an additional benzoic acid substituent in 2'-position. Usually, a 120° bite angle in the unsubstituted ditopic linker favors the formation of a [4+6] cage assembly. Here, the introduction of the benzoic acid group is shown to lead to a perfectly preorganized circular hydrogen-bonding array in the cavity of a trigonal-bipyramidal [2+3] cage, which energetically overcompensates the additional strain energy caused by the larger mismatch in bite angles for the smaller assembly. The strained cage compound was analyzed by mass spectrometry and 1 H, 13 C and DOSY NMR spectroscopy. DFT calculations revealed the energetic contribution of the hydrogen-bonding template to the cage stability. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations on early intermediates indicate an additional kinetic effect, as hydrogen bonding also preorganizes and rigidifies small oligomers to facilitate the exclusive formation of smaller and more strained macrocycles and cages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Schäfer
- Institut für Organische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgTheodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Michael Bühler
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgTheodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Lisa Heyer
- Institut für Organische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgTheodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Merle I. S. Röhr
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgTheodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Florian Beuerle
- Institut für Organische ChemieJulius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
- Center for Nanosystems Chemistry (CNC)Julius-Maximilians-Universität WürzburgTheodor-Boveri-Weg97074WürzburgGermany
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23
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Wagner P, Rominger F, Zhang W, Gross JH, Elbert SM, Schröder RR, Mastalerz M. Chiral Self‐sorting of Giant Cubic [8+12] Salicylimine Cage Compounds. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202016592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Wagner
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Wen‐Shan Zhang
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Jürgen H. Gross
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sven M. Elbert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Rasmus R. Schröder
- Centre for Advanced Materials Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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24
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Xie H, Finnegan TJ, Liyana Gunawardana VW, Pavlović RZ, Moore CE, Badjić JD. A Hexapodal Capsule for the Recognition of Anions. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:3874-3880. [PMID: 33656878 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Xie
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Tyler J. Finnegan
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Vageesha W. Liyana Gunawardana
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Radoslav Z. Pavlović
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Curtis E. Moore
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
| | - Jovica D. Badjić
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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25
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Greenaway RL, Jelfs KE. Integrating Computational and Experimental Workflows for Accelerated Organic Materials Discovery. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2004831. [PMID: 33565203 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202004831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic materials find application in a range of areas, including optoelectronics, sensing, encapsulation, molecular separations, and photocatalysis. The discovery of materials is frustratingly slow however, particularly when contrasted to the vast chemical space of possibilities based on the near limitless options for organic molecular precursors. The difficulty in predicting the material assembly, and consequent properties, of any molecule is another significant roadblock to targeted materials design. There has been significant progress in the development of computational approaches to screen large numbers of materials, for both their structure and properties, helping guide synthetic researchers toward promising materials. In particular, artificial intelligence techniques have the potential to make significant impact in many elements of the discovery process. Alongside this, automation and robotics are increasing the scale and speed with which materials synthesis can be realized. Herein, the focus is on demonstrating the power of integrating computational and experimental materials discovery programmes, including both a summary of key situations where approaches can be combined and a series of case studies that demonstrate recent successes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Greenaway
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
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26
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Lei Y, Chen Q, Liu P, Wang L, Wang H, Li B, Lu X, Chen Z, Pan Y, Huang F, Li H. Molecular Cages Self‐Assembled by Imine Condensation in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:4705-4711. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202013045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lei
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Peiren Liu
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Lingxiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Hongye Wang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Bingda Li
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Xingyu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Instrumentation and Service Centre for Molecular Sciences Westlake University Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Instrumentation and Service Centre for Molecular Sciences Westlake University Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Feihe Huang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
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27
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Lei Y, Chen Q, Liu P, Wang L, Wang H, Li B, Lu X, Chen Z, Pan Y, Huang F, Li H. Molecular Cages Self‐Assembled by Imine Condensation in Water. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202013045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ye Lei
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Qiong Chen
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Peiren Liu
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Lingxiang Wang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Hongye Wang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Bingda Li
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Xingyu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Instrumentation and Service Centre for Molecular Sciences Westlake University Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Precise Synthesis of Functional Molecules of Zhejiang Province Instrumentation and Service Centre for Molecular Sciences Westlake University Hangzhou 310024 China
| | - Yuanjiang Pan
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Feihe Huang
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry Zhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
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28
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Schaufelberger F, Seigel K, Ramström O. Hydrogen-Bond Catalysis of Imine Exchange in Dynamic Covalent Systems. Chemistry 2020; 26:15581-15588. [PMID: 32427370 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The reversibility of imine bonds has been exploited to great effect in the field of dynamic covalent chemistry, with applications such as preparation of functional systems, dynamic materials, molecular machines, and covalent organic frameworks. However, acid catalysis is commonly needed for efficient equilibration of imine mixtures. Herein, it is demonstrated that hydrogen bond donors such as thioureas and squaramides can catalyze the equilibration of dynamic imine systems under unprecedentedly mild conditions. Catalysis occurs in a range of solvents and in the presence of many sensitive additives, showing moderate to good rate accelerations for both imine metathesis and transimination with amines, hydrazines, and hydroxylamines. Furthermore, the catalyst proved simple to immobilize, introducing both reusability and extended control of the equilibration process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Schaufelberger
- Department of Chemistry, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 36, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karolina Seigel
- Department of Chemistry, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 36, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olof Ramström
- Department of Chemistry, KTH-Royal Institute of Technology, Teknikringen 36, 10044, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Lowell, One University Ave., Lowell, MA, 01854, USA.,Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Linnaeus University, 39182, Kalmar, Sweden
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29
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Gayen KS, Das T, Chatterjee N. Recent Advances in Tris‐Primary Amine Based Organic Imine Cages and Related Amine Macrocycles. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202001194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Titiksha Das
- Kanchrapara College University of Kalyani Kalyani West Bengal India
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30
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Schick THG, Rominger F, Mastalerz M. Examination of the Dynamic Covalent Chemistry of [2 + 3]-Imine Cages. J Org Chem 2020; 85:13757-13771. [PMID: 32933246 PMCID: PMC7659045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of shape-persistent organic cage compounds by the formation of imine bonds opens the possibility to realize cages of different sizes, geometries, topologies, and functions. It is generally assumed that the imine bond is rather chemically labile allowing a self-correction mechanism until thermodynamic equilibrium is reached, which is often the case if a cage is formed. However, there are some contradictory experimental data to this assumption. To get a deeper insight into the imine bond dynamics of covalent organic cages, we studied the formation and exchange of both dialdehydes and triamines of two different [2 + 3] imine cages with the aid of a deuterated dialdehyde molecular building block.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias H G Schick
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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31
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Greenaway RL, Santolini V, Szczypiński FT, Bennison MJ, Little MA, Marsh A, Jelfs KE, Cooper AI. Organic Cage Dumbbells. Chemistry 2020; 26:3718-3722. [PMID: 32011048 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Molecular dumbbells with organic cage capping units were synthesised via a multi-component imine condensation between a tri-topic amine and di- and tetra-topic aldehydes. This is an example of self-sorting, which can be rationalised by computational modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Greenaway
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Valentina Santolini
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Filip T Szczypiński
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Michael J Bennison
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Marc A Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Andrew Marsh
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, Wood Lane, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Andrew I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
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32
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Urbani M, Torres T. A Constrained and "Inverted" [3+3] Salphen Macrocycle with an ortho-Phenylethynyl Substitution Pattern. Chemistry 2020; 26:1683-1690. [PMID: 31821617 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2019] [Revised: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A [3+3] Schiff-base salphen macrocycle (7 a) was synthesized by imine condensation between ortho-phenylenediamine and ortho-phenylethynyl-bridged bis(5-salicylaldehyde) precursors. The triangular-shaped macrocycle 7 a has a nonclassical (or "inverted") design in which the N2 O2 coordination pockets are located at the sides instead of the corners. Compound 7 a could be synthesized in a reasonably good yield (64 %) considering the steric constraints imposed by the ortho substitution pattern. Subsequent zinc metalation afforded the corresponding Zn metallomacrocycle 7 b. Spectroscopic experiments evidenced weak (7 a) to strong (7 b) self-aggregation behavior in solution. Their ability to self-organize at the supramolecular level was further studied in the solid state by AFM and TEM, which revealed the formation of large bundles of fibers with lengths of several micrometers and widths of nanometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Urbani
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA-Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Tomas Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,IMDEA-Nanociencia, Campus de Cantoblanco, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain
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33
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Lauer JC, Pang Z, Janßen P, Rominger F, Kirschbaum T, Elstner M, Mastalerz M. Host-Guest Chemistry of Truncated Tetrahedral Imine Cages with Ammonium Ions. ChemistryOpen 2020; 9:183-190. [PMID: 32025463 PMCID: PMC6996569 DOI: 10.1002/open.201900357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Three shape-persistent [4+4] imine cages with truncated tetrahedral geometry with different window sizes were studied as hosts for the encapsulation of tetra-n-alkylammonium salts of various bulkiness. In various solvents the cages behave differently. For instance, in dichloromethane the cage with smallest window size takes up NEt4+ but not NMe4+, which is in contrast to the two cages with larger windows hosting both ions. To find out the reason for this, kinetic experiments were carried out to determine the velocity of uptake but also to deduce the activation barriers for these processes. To support the experimental results, calculations for the guest uptakes have been performed by molecular mechanics' simulations. Finally, the complexation of pharmaceutical interested compounds, such as acetylcholine, muscarine or denatonium have been determined by NMR experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen C. Lauer
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Ziwei Pang
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Theoretische Chemische BiologieUniversität Karlsruhe Geb. 30.44Kaiserstr. 1276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Paul Janßen
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Tobias Kirschbaum
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Marcus Elstner
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie Theoretische Chemische BiologieUniversität Karlsruhe Geb. 30.44Kaiserstr. 1276131KarlsruheGermany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
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34
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Fu QT, Yan X, Zhang XY, He Y, Zhang WD, Liu Y, Li Y, Gu ZG. Photochromic organic cage-encapsulated Au nanoparticles: light-regulated cavities for catalytic reduction of 4-nitrophenol. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:12145-12149. [DOI: 10.1039/d0dt02044c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Encapsulated Au nanoparticles in a diarylethene-based photochromic cage with adjustable particle sizes under UV and visible light exhibited different catalytic rates for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Ting Fu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Xiaodong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Xin-Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Yue He
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Wen-Da Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Yong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Yunxing Li
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
| | - Zhi-Guo Gu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids
- Ministry of Education
- School of Chemical and Material Engineering
- Jiangnan University
- Wuxi 214122
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35
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Kunde T, Nieland E, Schröder HV, Schalley CA, Schmidt BM. A porous fluorinated organic [4+4] imine cage showing CO2 and H2 adsorption. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:4761-4764. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01872d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We report the first POC, containing perfluorinated aromatic panels forming quickly and in high purity, despite low preorganization encoded in the starting materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Kunde
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- Universitätsstraße 1
- D-40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Esther Nieland
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- Universitätsstraße 1
- D-40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
| | - Hendrik V. Schröder
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Arnimallee 20
- D-14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Christoph A. Schalley
- Institut für Chemie und Biochemie
- Freie Universität Berlin
- Arnimallee 20
- D-14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie
- Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
- Universitätsstraße 1
- D-40225 Düsseldorf
- Germany
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36
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From Concept to Crystals via Prediction: Multi‐Component Organic Cage Pots by Social Self‐Sorting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:16275-16281. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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37
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Greenaway RL, Santolini V, Pulido A, Little MA, Alston BM, Briggs ME, Day GM, Cooper AI, Jelfs KE. From Concept to Crystals via Prediction: Multi‐Component Organic Cage Pots by Social Self‐Sorting. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Greenaway
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool 51 Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Valentina Santolini
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus, Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
| | - Angeles Pulido
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
- Current address: The Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre 12 Union Road Cambridge CB2 1EZ UK
| | - Marc A. Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool 51 Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Ben M. Alston
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool 51 Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Michael E. Briggs
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool 51 Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Graeme M. Day
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Southampton Highfield Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation FactoryUniversity of Liverpool 51 Oxford Street Liverpool L7 3NY UK
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department of ChemistryImperial College LondonMolecular Sciences Research Hub White City Campus, Wood Lane London W12 0BZ UK
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38
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Lavendomme R, Ronson TK, Nitschke JR. Metal and Organic Templates Together Control the Size of Covalent Macrocycles and Cages. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12147-12158. [PMID: 31287669 PMCID: PMC6756589 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Covalent
macrocycles and three-dimensional cages were prepared by the self-assembly
of di- or tritopic anilines and 2,6-diformylpyridine subcomponents
around palladium(II) templates. The resulting 2,6-bis(imino)pyridyl-PdII motif contains a tridentate ligand, leaving a free coordination
site on the PdII centers, which points inward. The binding
of ligands to the free coordination sites in these assemblies was
found to alter the product stability, and multitopic ligands could
be used to control product size. Multitopic ligands also bridged metallomacrocycles
to form higher-order supramolecular assemblies, which were characterized
via NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray crystallography.
An efficient method was developed to reduce the imine bonds to secondary
amines, leading to fully organic covalent macrocycles and cages that
were inaccessible through other means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Lavendomme
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Tanya K Ronson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R Nitschke
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
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39
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Bhat AS, Elbert SM, Zhang W, Rominger F, Dieckmann M, Schröder RR, Mastalerz M. Transformation of a [4+6] Salicylbisimine Cage to Chemically Robust Amide Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:8819-8823. [PMID: 30964597 PMCID: PMC6618138 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201903631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, interest in shape-persistent organic cage compounds has steadily increased, not least because dynamic covalent bond formation enables such structures to be made in high to excellent yields. One often used type of dynamic bond formation is the generation of an imine bond from an aldehyde and an amine. Although the reversibility of the imine bond formation is advantageous for high yields, it is disadvantageous for the chemical stability of the compounds. Amide bonds are, in contrast to imine bonds much more robust. Shape-persistent amide cages have so far been made by irreversible amide bond formations in multiple steps, very often accompanied by low yields. Here, we present an approach to shape-persistent amide cages by exploiting a high-yielding reversible cage formation in the first step, and a Pinnick oxidation as a key step to access the amide cages in just three steps. These chemically robust amide cages can be further transformed by bromination or nitration to allow post-functionalization in high yields. The impact of the substituents on the gas sorption behavior was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinash S. Bhat
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Sven M. Elbert
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Wen‐Shan Zhang
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Michael Dieckmann
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Rasmus R. Schröder
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 22569120HeidelbergGermany
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40
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Bhat AS, Elbert SM, Zhang W, Rominger F, Dieckmann M, Schröder RR, Mastalerz M. Transformation of a [4+6] Salicylbisimine Cage to Chemically Robust Amide Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201903631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avinash S. Bhat
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Sven M. Elbert
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Wen‐Shan Zhang
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Dieckmann
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Rasmus R. Schröder
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches InstitutRuprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Germany
- Centre for Advanced MaterialsRuprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 225 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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41
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Schick THG, Lauer JC, Rominger F, Mastalerz M. Transformation of Imine Cages into Hydrocarbon Cages. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:1768-1773. [PMID: 30557460 PMCID: PMC6470955 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201814243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to organic cages which are formed by exploiting dynamic covalent chemistry, such as boronic ester cages, imine cages, or disulfide cages, those with a fully carbonaceous backbone are rarer. With the exception of alkyne metathesis based approaches, the vast majority of hydrocarbon cages need to be synthesized by kinetically controlled bond formation. This strategy implies a multiple step synthesis and no correction mechanism in the final macrocyclization step, both of which are responsible for low overall yields. Whereas for smaller cages the intrinsic drawbacks are not always obvious, larger cages are seldom synthesized in yields beyond a few tenths of a percent. Presented herein is a three‐step method to convert imine cages into hydrocarbon cages. The method has been successfully applied to even larger structures such as derivatives of C72H72 , an unknown cage suggested by Fritz Vögtle more than 20 years ago.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias H G Schick
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jochen C Lauer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
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42
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43
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Kołodziejski M, Stefankiewicz AR, Lehn JM. Dynamic polyimine macrobicyclic cryptands - self-sorting with component selection. Chem Sci 2018; 10:1836-1843. [PMID: 30842852 PMCID: PMC6369437 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04598d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-assembling macrobicyclic cryptand-type organic cages display remarkable self-sorting behavior with efficient component selection.
Self-assembling macrobicyclic cryptand-type organic cages display remarkable self-sorting behavior with efficient component selection. Making use of the dynamic covalent chemistry approach, eight different cages were synthesized by condensation of tris(2-aminopropyl)amine with structurally different dialdehydes. A series of self-sorting experiments were first carried out on simple dynamic covalent libraries. They reveal the influence of different structural features of the aldehyde components on the condensation with two triamine capping units. Subsequently, self-sorting experiments were performed on more complex systems involving several dialdehyde building blocks. Altogether, the results obtained describe the effect of the presence of a heteroatom, of electrostatic interactions, of delocalization and of the flexibility/stiffness of the propensity of a component to undergo formation of a macrobicyclic cage. In the presence of a catalytic amount of acid, the macrobicyclic structure undergoes dynamic component exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Kołodziejski
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry , Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) , UMR 7006 , CNRS , Université de Strasbourg , 8 allée Gaspard Monge , 67000 Strasbourg , France . .,Faculty of Chemistry , Adam Mickiewicz University , Umultowska 89b , 61-614 Poznań , Poland . .,Center for Advanced Technologies , Adam Mickiewicz University , Umultowska 89c , 61-614 Poznań , Poland
| | - Artur R Stefankiewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry , Adam Mickiewicz University , Umultowska 89b , 61-614 Poznań , Poland . .,Center for Advanced Technologies , Adam Mickiewicz University , Umultowska 89c , 61-614 Poznań , Poland
| | - Jean-Marie Lehn
- Laboratory of Supramolecular Chemistry , Institut de Science et d'Ingénierie Supramoléculaires (ISIS) , UMR 7006 , CNRS , Université de Strasbourg , 8 allée Gaspard Monge , 67000 Strasbourg , France .
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Ono K, Iwasawa N. Dynamic Behavior of Covalent Organic Cages. Chemistry 2018; 24:17856-17868. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Ono
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceTokyo University of Science Tokyo 162-8601 Japan
| | - Nobuharu Iwasawa
- Department of ChemistryTokyo Institute of Technology O-okayama Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
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Mastalerz M. Porous Shape-Persistent Organic Cage Compounds of Different Size, Geometry, and Function. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:2411-2422. [PMID: 30203648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The interest in shape-persistent organic cages is nearly as old as the interest in supramolecular chemistry. In the beginning, organic cages have often been synthesized in a stepwise manner, which is not only laborious but very often also accompanied by low overall yields. In 1988, MacDowell published the one pot high-yielding synthesis of [2 + 3] imine cages based on TREN and aromatic dialdehydes, exploiting the reversible condensation of amines and aldehydes to imines, which was later used by others to make even larger cages on the basis of resorcinarenes. In 2008, the synthesis and characterization of an adamantoid [4 + 6] imine cage by condensation of a C3 v-symmetric triaminotriptycene and commercially available 4- tert-butyl salicyldialdehyde was introduced by the author, which was the ignition of our group activities in this research area. In 2011, we published the first gas-sorption data for this [4 + 6] imine cage: with a measured specific surface area of SABET = 1377 m2/g according to the model of Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) this was twice as high as for the reported smaller cages of Cooper. For a second desolvated polymorph of the same cage, an even higher SABET = 2071 m2/g was determined; still one of the highest surface areas until date for porous organic molecular materials. Subsequently, the influence of the substituent in 4-position of the salicyldialdehyde for the reaction to [4 + 6] imine cages was investigated as well as the role of the phenolic hydroxyl group. It turned out that the phenolic hydroxyl group is crucial as directing group to increase the formation of the cage as well as stabilize the structure by cyclic six-membered intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The concept was extended to other imine-based cages of different geometry and size. For instance, a [4 + 4] cubic structure from triptycene trissalicylaldehyde and triptycene triamine was accessible as an amorphous insoluble solid, able to adsorb 18.2 wt % CO2 at ambient conditions. To gain further insight into the structural needs of the molecular precursors, rigidity and preorientation of reacting sites were investigated on prismatic [2 + 3] and truncated tetrahedral [4 + 4] imine cages, showing that rigidity and preorientation is beneficial or even crucial for cage formation. Furthermore, chiral self-sorting was studied on the basic of racemic triamines. Besides imine condensation, we explored the reversible formation of boronic esters from boronic acids and diols. Triptycene tetraol with its 120° angle between the aromatic units has been used in the condensation with benzene triboronic acid to achieve a large cuboctahedral [12 + 8] cage with pore dimensions of 2 nm, which are by IUPAC definition mesoporous. After activation the measured specific surface area was SABET = 3758 m2/g, a number rarely achieved even for other porous compounds such as threedimensional framework materials. Smaller tetrahedral [4 + 6] boronic ester cages were synthesized too. These cages show a selective gas sorption with preference of saturated hydrocarbon ethane over ethylene and acetylene. What distinguishes porous materials derived from molecular cages from three-dimensional frameworks or networks the most is their solubility; thus, the cages are soluble porous units (SPUs) in a broader sense. Taking advantage of this, [4 + 6] imine cages were postfunctionalized in solution to change the gas sorption properties in the crystalline state. Furthermore, cage solutions were spray-coated onto quartz crystal microbalances to enhance affinity and selectivity for sensing of airborne analytes. In this Account, the contributions from our lab on porous organic cages are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mastalerz
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Kim Y, Koo J, Hwang IC, Mukhopadhyay RD, Hong S, Yoo J, Dar AA, Kim I, Moon D, Shin TJ, Ko YH, Kim K. Rational Design and Construction of Hierarchical Superstructures Using Shape-Persistent Organic Cages: Porphyrin Box-Based Metallosupramolecular Assemblies. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:14547-14551. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Younghoon Kim
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyoung Koo
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Chul Hwang
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Rahul Dev Mukhopadhyay
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Soonsang Hong
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Jejoong Yoo
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ajaz Ahmad Dar
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Ikjin Kim
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Dohyun Moon
- Supramolecule Crystallography, Pohang Light Source II, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- UNIST Central Research Facilities & School of Natural Science, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Ko
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kimoon Kim
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
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Jiao T, Wu G, Chen L, Wang CY, Li H. Precursor Control over the Self-Assembly of Organic Cages via Imine Condensation. J Org Chem 2018; 83:12404-12410. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Jiao
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Guangcheng Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Liang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Cai-Yun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
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Greenaway RL, Santolini V, Bennison MJ, Alston BM, Pugh CJ, Little MA, Miklitz M, Eden-Rump EGB, Clowes R, Shakil A, Cuthbertson HJ, Armstrong H, Briggs ME, Jelfs KE, Cooper AI. High-throughput discovery of organic cages and catenanes using computational screening fused with robotic synthesis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2849. [PMID: 30030426 PMCID: PMC6054661 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05271-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular synthesis is a powerful strategy for assembling complex molecules, but to do this by targeted design is challenging. This is because multicomponent assembly reactions have the potential to form a wide variety of products. High-throughput screening can explore a broad synthetic space, but this is inefficient and inelegant when applied blindly. Here we fuse computation with robotic synthesis to create a hybrid discovery workflow for discovering new organic cage molecules, and by extension, other supramolecular systems. A total of 78 precursor combinations were investigated by computation and experiment, leading to 33 cages that were formed cleanly in one-pot syntheses. Comparison of calculations with experimental outcomes across this broad library shows that computation has the power to focus experiments, for example by identifying linkers that are less likely to be reliable for cage formation. Screening also led to the unplanned discovery of a new cage topology-doubly bridged, triply interlocked cage catenanes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Greenaway
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - V Santolini
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - M J Bennison
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - B M Alston
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - C J Pugh
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - M A Little
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - M Miklitz
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - E G B Eden-Rump
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - R Clowes
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - A Shakil
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - H J Cuthbertson
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - H Armstrong
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - M E Briggs
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK
| | - K E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - A I Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Innovation Factory, University of Liverpool, 51 Oxford Street, Liverpool, L7 3NY, UK.
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Discrete Triptycene-Based Hexakis(metalsalphens): Extrinsic Soluble Porous Molecules of Isostructural Constitution. Chemistry 2018; 24:11433-11437. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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50
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Shape-Persistent Tetrahedral [4+6] Boronic Ester Cages with Different Degrees of Fluoride Substitution. Chemistry 2018; 24:11438-11443. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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