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Steffenfauseweh H, Vishnevskiy YV, Neumann B, Stammler HG, de Bruin B, Ghadwal RS. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Analogues of Wittig Hydrocarbon. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400879. [PMID: 38437163 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC) analogues of Wittig hydrocarbon, [(NHC)(Stil)(NHC)] (3a-c) (NHC = SIPr (1a) = C[N(Dipp)CH2]2, Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3; IPr (1b) = C[N(Dipp)CH]2; Me-IPr (1c) = C[N(Dipp)CMe]2 and Stil = C6H4CHCHC6H4) have been reported as crystalline solids. 3a-c are prepared by two-electron reductions of the corresponding bis-1,3-imidazoli(ni)um bromides [(NHC)(Stil)NHC)](Br)2 (2a-c) with KC8 in >94 % yields. 2a-c are accessible by the nickel catalyzed direct C-C coupling of NHCs (1a-c) with (E)-4,4'-dibromostilbene. One-electron oxidation of 3a,b yields the corresponding radical cations [(NHC)(Stil)NHC)]B(C6F5)4 4a,b. All compounds have been characterized by UV-Vis/NMR/EPR spectroscopy as well as 2a, 3a, and 3b by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The electronic structures of representative systems have been analyzed by quantum chemical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henric Steffenfauseweh
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Yury V Vishnevskiy
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Bas de Bruin
- University of Amsterdam (UvA), Faculty of Science, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences (HIMS), Homogeneous and Supramolecular Catalysis Group, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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Merschel A, Vishnevskiy YV, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ghadwal RS. Access to a peri-Annulated Aluminium Compound via C-H Bond Activation by a Cyclic Bis-Aluminylene. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400293. [PMID: 38345596 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Carbocyclic aluminium halides [(ADC)AlX2]2 (2-X) (X=F, Cl, and I) based on an anionic dicarbene (ADC=PhC{N(Dipp)C}2, Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3) framework are prepared as crystalline solids by dehydrohalogenations of the alane [(ADC)AlH2]2 (1). KC8 reduction of 2-I affords the peri-annulated Al(III) compound [(ADCH)AlH]2 (4) (ADCH=PhC{N(Dipp)C2(DippH)N}, DippH=2-iPr,6-(Me2C)C6H3)) as a colorless crystalline solid in 76 % yield. The formation of 4 suggests intramolecular insertion of the putative bis-aluminylene species [(ADC)Al]2 (3) into the methine C-H bond of HCMe2 group. Calculations predict singlet ground state for 3, while the conversion of 3 into 4 is thermodynamically favored by 61 kcal/mol. Compounds 2-F, 2-Cl, 2-I, and 4 have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy and their solid-state molecular structures have been established by single crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Merschel
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Yury V Vishnevskiy
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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Merschel A, Vishnevskiy YV, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ghadwal RS. Boosting the π-Acceptor Property of Mesoionic Carbenes by Carbonylation with Carbon Monoxide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318525. [PMID: 38284508 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
We report the room temperature dimerization of carbon monoxide mediated by C4/C5-vicinal anionic dicarbenes Li(ADC) (ADC = ArC{(Dipp)NC}2 ; Dipp = 2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ; Ar = Ph, DMP (4-Me2 NC6 H4 ), Bp (4-PhC6 H4 )) to yield (E)-ethene-1,2-bis(olate) (i.e. - O-C=C-O- = COen ) bridged mesoionic carbene (iMIC) lithium compounds COen -[(iMIC)Li]2 (COen -[iMIC]2 = [ArC{(Dipp)NC}2 (CO)]2 ) in quantitative yields. COen -[(iMIC)Li]2 are highly colored stable solids, exhibit a strikingly small HOMO-LUMO energy gap, and readily undergo 2e-oxidations with selenium, CuCl (or CuCl2 ), and AgCl to afford the dinuclear compounds COon -[(iMIC)E]2 (E = Se, CuCl, AgCl) featuring a 1,2-dione bridged neutral bis-iMIC (i.e. COon -[iMIC]2 = [ArC{(Dipp)NC}2 (C=O)]2 ). COen -[(iMIC)Li]2 undergo redox-neutral salt metathesis reactions with LiAlH4 and (Et2 O)2 BeBr2 and afford COen -[(iMIC)AlH2 ]2 and COen -[(iMIC)BeBr]2 , in which the dianionic COen -moiety remains intact. All compounds have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray diffraction. Stereoelectronic properties of COon -[iMIC]2 are quantified by experimental and theoretical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Merschel
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Yury V Vishnevskiy
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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Merschel A, Vishnevskiy YV, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ghadwal RS. Ring-Opening of 1,3-Imidazole Based Mesoionic Carbenes (iMICs) and Ring-Closing Clicks: Facile Access to iMIC-Compounds. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303652. [PMID: 37937442 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, ring-opening of mesoionic carbenes (iMICs) (iMIC=[ArC{N(Dipp)}2 C(SiMe3 )C:) (Dipp=2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 , Ar=Ph, 4-Me2 NC6 H4 or 4-PhC6 H4 ) based on an 1,3-imidazole scaffold to yield N-ethynylformimidamide (eFIM) derivatives as crystalline solids (eFIM={(Dipp)N=C(Ar)N(Dipp)}C≡CSiMe3 ) is reported. eFIMs are thermally stable under inert gas atmosphere and show moderate air stability (t1/2= 3 h for Ar=Ph). eFIMs are excellent surrogates of iMICs, which generally have a limited shelf-life, and readily undergo ring-closing click reactions with a variety of main-group as well as transition metal Lewis acids to form hitherto challenging iMIC-compounds in good to excellent yields. In addition to the relevance of eFIMs in the synthesis of iMIC-compounds, quantification of the stereoelectronic properties of a representative iMIC (Ar=Ph) by experimental and theoretical methods suggests remarkably σ-donor property and steric profile of these new ligand sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Merschel
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Yury V Vishnevskiy
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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Ghadwal RS. 1,3-Imidazole-Based Mesoionic Carbenes and Anionic Dicarbenes: Pushing the Limit of Classical N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202304665. [PMID: 37132480 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202304665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Classical N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) featuring the carbene center at the C2-position of 1,3-imidazole framework (i.e. C2-carbenes) are well acknowledged as very versatile neutral ligands in molecular as well as in materials sciences. The efficiency and success of NHCs in diverse areas is essentially attributed to their persuasive stereoelectronics, in particular the potent σ-donor property. The NHCs with the carbene center at the unusual C4 (or C5) position, the so-called abnormal NHCs (aNHCs) or mesoionic carbenes (iMICs), are however superior σ-donors than C2-carbenes. Hence, iMICs have substantial potential in sustainable synthesis and catalysis. The main obstacle in this direction is rather demanding synthetic accessibility of iMICs. The aim of this review article is to highlight recent advances, particularly by the author's research group, in accessing stable iMICs, quantifying their properties, and exploring their applications in synthesis and catalysis. In addition, the synthetic viability and use of vicinal C4,C5-anionic dicarbenes (ADCs), also based on an 1,3-imidazole framework, are presented. As will be apparent on following pages, iMICs and ADCs hold potentials in pushing the limit of classical NHCs by enabling access to conceptually new main-group heterocycles, radicals, molecular catalysts, ligands sets, and more.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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Merschel A, Vishnevskiy YV, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ghadwal RS. Highly Soluble Cyclic Organoalanes Based on Anionic Dicarbenes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301037. [PMID: 37293882 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic organoalane compounds [(ADCAr )AlH2 ]2 (ADCAr = ArC{(DippN)C}2 ; Dipp = 2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ; Ar = Ph or 4-PhC6 H4 (Bp)) based on anionic dicarbene (ADC) frameworks have been reported as crystalline solids. Treatments of Li(ADCAr ) with LiAlH4 at room temperature afford [(ADCAr )AlH2 ]2 with the concomitant release of LiH. Compounds [(ADCAr )AlH2 ]2 are stable crystalline solids and are freely soluble in common organic solvents. They are annulated tricyclic compounds with an almost planar central C4 Al2 -core embedded between two peripheral 1,3-imidazole (C3 N2 ) rings. At room temperature, [(ADCPh )AlH2 ]2 readily reacts with CO2 to form two- and four-fold hydroalumination products [(ADCPh )AlH(OCHO)]2 and [(ADCPh )Al(OCHO)2 ]2 , respectively. Further hydroalumination reactivity of [(ADCPh )AlH2 ]2 has been shown with isocyanate (RNCO) and isothiocyanate (RNCS) species (R=alkyl or aryl group). All compounds have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Merschel
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Yury V Vishnevskiy
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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Steffenfauseweh H, Rottschäfer D, Vishnevskiy YV, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Szczepanik DW, Ghadwal RS. Isolation of an Annulated 1,4-Distibabenzene Diradicaloid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216003. [PMID: 36598396 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The first 1,4-distibabenzene-1,4-diide compound [(ADC)Sb]2 (5) based on an anionic dicarbene (ADC) (ADC=PhC{N(Dipp)C}2 , Dipp=2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ) is reported as a bordeaux-red solid. Compound 5, featuring a central six-membered C4 Sb2 ring with formally SbI atoms may be regarded as a base-stabilized cyclic bis-stibinidene in which each of the Sb atoms bears two lone-pairs of electrons. 5 undergoes 2 e-oxidation with Ph3 C[B(C6 F5 )4 ] to afford [(ADC)Sb]2 [B(C6 F5 )4 ]2 (6) as a brick-red solid. Each of the Sb atoms of 6 has an unpaired electron and a lone-pair. The broken-symmetry open-shell singlet diradical solution for (6)2+ is calculated to be 2.13 kcal mol-1 more stable than the closed-shell singlet. The diradical character of (6)2+ according to SS-CASSCF (state-specific complete active space self-consistent field) and UHF (unrestricted Hartree-Fock) methods amounts to 36 % and 39 %, respectively. Treatments of 6 with (PhE)2 yield [(ADC)Sb(EPh)]2 [B(C6 F5 )4 ]2 (7-E) (E=S or Se). Reaction of 5 with (cod)Mo(CO)4 affords [(ADC)Sb]2 Mo(CO)4 (8).
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Affiliation(s)
- Henric Steffenfauseweh
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dennis Rottschäfer
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany.,Current address: Department of Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, Marburg, Germany
| | - Yury V Vishnevskiy
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dariusz W Szczepanik
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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Ebeler F, Vishnevskiy YV, Neumann B, Stammler H, Ghadwal RS. Mesoionic Dithiolates (MIDts) Derived from 1,3-Imidazole-Based Anionic Dicarbenes (ADCs). Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200739. [PMID: 35363912 PMCID: PMC9323478 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mesoionic dithiolates [(MIDtAr )Li(LiBr)2 (THF)3 ] (MIDtAr ={SC(NDipp)}2 CAr; Dipp=2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ; Ar=Ph 3 a, 3-MeC6 H4 (3-Tol) 3 b, 4-Me2 NC6 H4 (DMP) 3 c) and [(MIDtPh )Li(THF)2 ] (4) are readily accessible (in≥90 % yields) as crystalline solids on treatments of anionic dicarbenes Li(ADCAr ) (2 a-c) (ADCAr ={C(NDipp)2 }2 CAr) with elemental sulfur. 3 a-c and 4 are monoanionic ditopic ligands with both the sulfur atoms formally negatively charged, while the 1,3-imidazole unit bears a formal positive charge. Treatment of 4 with (L)GeCl2 (L=1,4-dioxane) affords the germylene (MIDtPh )GeCl (5) featuring a three-coordinated Ge atom. 5 reacts with (L)GeCl2 to give the Ge-Ge catenation product (MIDtPh )GeGeCl3 (6). KC8 reduction of 5 yields the homoleptic germylene (MIDtPh )2 Ge (7). Compounds 3 a-c and 4-7 have been characterized by spectroscopic studies and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The electronic structures of 4-7 have been analyzed by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Ebeler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Yury V. Vishnevskiy
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
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Merschel A, Vishnevskiy YV, Neumann B, Stammler G, Ghadwal RS. Crystalline phosphino-functionalized mesoionic olefins (p-MIOs). Dalton Trans 2022; 51:8217-8222. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01314b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Phosphino-functionalized mesoionic olefins (p-MIOs), (iMIC)CHR (iMIC = PhC{N(Dipp)}2C(PPh2)C, Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3; R = H 4a or Ph 4b) derived from a 1,3-imidazole based mesoionic carbene (iMIC) are reported. The p-MIOs...
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Zhan L, Zhu M, Liu L, Wang J, Xie C, Zhang J. Synthesis of MAuAg (M = Ni, Pd, or Pt) and NiAuCu Heterotrimetallic Complexes Ligated by a Tritopic Carbanionic N-Heterocyclic Carbene. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:16035-16041. [PMID: 34648263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c01964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Heterotrimetallic complexes (NiAuAg, PdAuAg, PtAuAg, and NiAuCu) containing a tritopic N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) have been synthesized for the first time through the deprotonation and metalation of heterodimetallic complexes and were structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The carbene character of the donor groups in the tritopic NHC complexes was established on the basis of structural and NMR analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licheng Zhan
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mingqiu Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Lin Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jiwei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Congyun Xie
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials and Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
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11
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Welideniya D, Ramachandran MRK, Kalisch T, Streubel R. New frontiers: 1,4-diphosphinines and P-bridged bis(NHCs). Dalton Trans 2021; 50:9345-9366. [PMID: 34160506 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01624e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review describes synthetic concepts and breakthroughs in 1,4-diphosphinine and related P-bridged bis(NHCs) chemistry, covering the last four decades, starting from monocyclic 1,4-dihydro-1,4-diphosphinines in the early 80s to the most recent and promising achievements of tricyclic 1,4-dihydro-1,4-diphosphinines and tricyclic 1,4-diphosphinines. Theoretical aspects are presented for 1,4-dihydro- and 1,4-diphosphinines considering HOMO LUMO situations as well as the degree of aromaticity. Moreover, fundamental characteristics of analytical data of these compounds are highlighted with special focus on substituent effects, structural aspects and trends of electrophilicity. The two P-centers and the heterocyclic rings of 1,4-dihydro- and 1,4-diphosphinines constitute a broad platform for substitution, reduction/oxidation, alkylation, complexation and cycloaddition reactions, i.e., a comprehensive compilation of reactivity aspects is presented. Furthermore, very recent developments in the synthesis and reactivity of tricyclic PV/V- and PIII/III-bridged bis(imidazole-2-ylidenes) will be discussed together with new perspectives derived from an antiaromatic middle ring. In total, our intention is to show new frontiers, i.e., new synthetic paths, thus creating novel opportunities for potential applications in molecular and materials chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhanushi Welideniya
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Mridhul R K Ramachandran
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Tim Kalisch
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Rainer Streubel
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Straße 1, 53121 Bonn, Germany.
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Grineva AA, Filippov OA, Canac Y, Sortais JB, Nefedov SE, Lugan N, César V, Valyaev DA. Experimental and Theoretical Insights into the Electronic Properties of Anionic N-Heterocyclic Dicarbenes through the Rational Synthesis of Their Transition Metal Complexes. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:4015-4025. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alina A. Grineva
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Pr., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Oleg A. Filippov
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds (INEOS), Russian Academy of Sciences, 28 Vavilov str., GSP-1, B-334, Moscow 119991, Russia
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10 Miklukho-Maklay Str., Moscow 117997, Russia
| | - Yves Canac
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Sortais
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 1 rue Descartes, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Sergei E. Nefedov
- Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 31 Leninsky Pr., Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Noël Lugan
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Vincent César
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | - Dmitry A. Valyaev
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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14
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Rottschäfer D, Neumann B, Stammler H, Sergeieva T, Andrada DM, Ghadwal RS. Isolation of a 16π-Electrons 1,4-Diphosphinine-1,4-diide with a Planar C 4 P 2 Ring. Chemistry 2021; 27:3055-3064. [PMID: 33080114 PMCID: PMC7898681 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report the first 1,4-diphosphinine-1,4-diide compound [(ADCPh )P]2 (5-Ph) (ADCPh =PhC{(NDipp)C}2 ; Dipp=2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ) derived from an anionic dicarbene (ADCPh ) as a red crystalline solid. Compound 5-Ph containing a 16π-electron planar fused-tricyclic ring system was obtained by the 4e reduction of [(ADCPh )PCl2 ]2 (4-Ph) with Mg (or KC8 ) in a quantitative yield. Experimental and computational results imply that the central 8π-electrons C4 P2 ring of 5-Ph, which is fused between two 6π-electrons C3 N2 aromatic rings, is antiaromatic. Thus, each of the phosphorus atoms of 5-Ph has two electron-lone-pairs, one in a p-type orbital is in conjugation with the C=C bonds of the C4 P2 ring, while the second resides in a σ-symmetric orbital. This can be shown with the gold complex [(ADCPh )P(AuCl)2 ]2 (6-Ph) obtained by reacting 5-Ph with (Me2 S)AuCl. A mixture of 5-Ph and 4-Ph undergoes comproportionation in the presence of MgCl2 to form the intermediate oxidation state compound [(ADCAr )P]2 (MgCl4 ) (7-Ph), which is an aromatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rottschäfer
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Tetiana Sergeieva
- Inorganic and Computational Chemistry GroupAllgemeine und Anorganische ChemieUniversität des SaarlandesCampus C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Inorganic and Computational Chemistry GroupAllgemeine und Anorganische ChemieUniversität des SaarlandesCampus C4.166123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and CatalysisInorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
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15
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Merschel A, Glodde T, Neumann B, Stammler H, Ghadwal RS. Nickel-Catalyzed Intramolecular 1,2-Aryl Migration of Mesoionic Carbenes (iMICs). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:2969-2973. [PMID: 33155756 PMCID: PMC7898293 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Intramolecular 1,2-Dipp migration of seven mesoionic carbenes (iMICAr ) 2 a-g (iMICAr =ArC{N(Dipp)}2 CHC; Ar=aryl; Dipp=2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ) under nickel catalysis to give 1,3-imidazoles (IMDAr ) 3 a-g (IMDAr =ArC{N(Dipp)CHC(Dipp)N}) has been reported. The formation of 3 indicates the cleavage of an N-CDipp bond and the subsequent formation of a C-CDipp bond in 2, which is unprecedented in NHC chemistry. The use of 3 in accessing super-iMICs (5) (S-iMIC=ArC{N(Dipp)N(Me)C(Dipp)}C) has been shown with selenium (6), gold (7), and palladium (8) compounds. The quantification of the stereoelectronic properties reveals the superior σ-donor strength of 5 compared to that of classical NHCs. Remarkably, the percentage buried volume of 5 (%Vbur =45) is the largest known amongst thus far reported iMICs. Catalytic studies show a remarkable activity of 5, which is consistent with their auspicious stereoelectronic features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Merschel
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Timo Glodde
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural ChemistryCenter for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
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16
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Sharma MK, Ebeler F, Glodde T, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ghadwal RS. Isolation of a Ge(I) Diradicaloid and Dihydrogen Splitting. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 143:121-125. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K. Sharma
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Falk Ebeler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Timo Glodde
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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17
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Luedecke KM, Wang Y, Tran PM, Threlkeld HL, Wei P, Xie Y, Schaefer HF, Robinson GH. C5 Metalation of Imidazole-Based Monothiolates en Route to Selenothiolates. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin M. Luedecke
- Department of Chemistry and the Center of Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Yuzhong Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the Center of Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Phuong M. Tran
- Department of Chemistry and the Center of Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Holli L. Threlkeld
- Department of Chemistry and the Center of Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Pingrong Wei
- Department of Chemistry and the Center of Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Yaoming Xie
- Department of Chemistry and the Center of Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Henry F. Schaefer
- Department of Chemistry and the Center of Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
| | - Gregory H. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry and the Center of Computational Chemistry, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2556, United States
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18
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Merschel A, Glodde T, Neumann B, Stammler H, Ghadwal RS. Nickel‐katalysierte intramolekulare 1,2‐Aryl‐Wanderung von mesoionischen Carbenen (iMICs). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Merschel
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Timo Glodde
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Beate Neumann
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie Centrum für Molekulare Materialien Fakultät für Chemie Universität Bielefeld Universitätsstraße 25 33615 Bielefeld Deutschland
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19
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Sharma MK, Glodde T, Neumann B, Stammler H, Ghadwal RS. Distannabarrelenes with Three Coordinated Sn II Atoms. Chemistry 2020; 26:11113-11118. [PMID: 32216071 PMCID: PMC7496072 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Crystalline 1,4-distannabarrelene compounds [(ADCAr )3 Sn2 ]SnCl3 (3-Ar) (ADCAr ={ArC(NDipp)2 CC}; Dipp=2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 , Ar=Ph or DMP; DMP=4-Me2 NC6 H4 ) derived from anionic dicarbenes Li(ADCAr ) (2-Ar) (Ar=Ph or DMP) have been reported. The cationic moiety of 3-Ar features a barrelene framework with three coordinated SnII atoms at the 1,4-positions, whereas the anionic unit SnCl3 is formally derived from SnCl2 and chloride ion. The all carbon substituted bis-stannylenes 3-Ar have been characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. DFT calculations reveal that the HOMO of 3-Ph (ϵ=-6.40 eV) is mainly the lone-pair orbital at the SnII atoms of the barrelene unit. 3-Ar readily react with sulfur and selenium to afford the mixed-valence SnII /SnIV compounds [(ADCAr )3 SnSn(E)](SnCl6 )0.5 (E=S 4-Ar, Ar=Ph or DMP; E=Se 5-Ph).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra K. Sharma
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic andStructural Chemistry, Center for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Timo Glodde
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic andStructural Chemistry, Center for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic andStructural Chemistry, Center for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Hans‐Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic andStructural Chemistry, Center for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic andStructural Chemistry, Center for Molecular MaterialsFaculty of ChemistryUniversität BielefeldUniversitätsstrasse 2533615BielefeldGermany
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20
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Galkin KI, Karlinskii BY, Kostyukovich AY, Gordeev EG, Ananikov VP. Ambident Reactivity of Imidazolium Cations as Evidence of the Dynamic Nature of N-Heterocyclic Carbene-Mediated Organocatalysis. Chemistry 2020; 26:8567-8571. [PMID: 32227612 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201905704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
This work reveals ambident nucleophilic reactivity of imidazolium cations towards carbonyl compounds at the C2 or C4 carbene centers depending on the steric properties of the substrates and reaction conditions. Such an adaptive behavior indicates the dynamic nature of organocatalysis proceeding via a covalent interaction of imidazolium carbenes with carbonyl substrates and can be explained by generation of the H-bonded ditopic carbanionic carbenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin I Galkin
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Bogdan Ya Karlinskii
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander Yu Kostyukovich
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgeniy G Gordeev
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valentine P Ananikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky Prospect 47, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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21
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Merschel A, Rottschäfer D, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ghadwal RS. Quantifying the Electronic and Steric Properties of 1,3-Imidazole-Based Mesoionic Carbenes (iMICs). Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arne Merschel
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dennis Rottschäfer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Fakultät für Chemie, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstraße 25, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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22
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Recent Advances in Rare Earth Complexes Containing N-Heterocyclic Carbenes: Synthesis, Reactivity, and Applications in Polymerization. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10010071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) are ubiquitous ancillary ligands employed in metal-catalyzed homogeneous reactions and polymerization reactions. Of significance is the use of NHCs as the supporting ligand in second- and third-generation Grubbs catalysts for their application in olefin metathesis and ring-opening metathesis polymerization. While the applications of transition metal catalysts ligated with NHCs in polymerization chemistry are well-documented, the use of analogous rare earth (Ln = Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, and Lu) catalysts in this area remains under-developed, despite the unique role of rare earth elements in regio- and stereo-specific (co)polymerization reactions. By using hetero-atom-tethered chelating NHCs and, more recently, the employment of other structurally related NHCs, NHC-ligated Ln complexes have proven to be promising and fruitful catalysts for selective polymerization reactions. This review summarizes the recent developments in the coordination chemistry of Ln complexes containing NHCs and their catalytic performance in polymerization.
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23
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Rottschäfer D, Glodde T, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ghadwal RS. A crystalline C5-protonated 1,3-imidazol-4-ylidene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:2027-2030. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09428h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The first C5-protonated 1,3-imidazole-based mesoionic carbene (iMICBp) has been isolated and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rottschäfer
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Inorganic and Structural Chemistry
- Center for Molecular Materials
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Universität Bielefeld
| | - Timo Glodde
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Inorganic and Structural Chemistry
- Center for Molecular Materials
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Universität Bielefeld
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Inorganic and Structural Chemistry
- Center for Molecular Materials
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Universität Bielefeld
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Inorganic and Structural Chemistry
- Center for Molecular Materials
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Universität Bielefeld
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis
- Inorganic and Structural Chemistry
- Center for Molecular Materials
- Faculty of Chemistry
- Universität Bielefeld
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24
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Rottschäfer D, Blomeyer S, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ghadwal RS. Direct functionalization of white phosphorus with anionic dicarbenes and mesoionic carbenes: facile access to 1,2,3-triphosphol-2-ides. Chem Sci 2019; 10:11078-11085. [PMID: 32206256 PMCID: PMC7069227 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04441h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of unique C2P3-ring compounds [(ADCAr)P3] (4) are readily accessible in an almost quantitative yield by the direct functionalization of white phosphorus (P4) with appropriate anionic dicarbenes [Li(ADCAr)].
A series of unique C2P3-ring compounds [(ADCAr)P3] (ADCAr = ArC{(DippN)C}2; Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3; Ar = Ph 4a, 3-MeC6H44b, 4-MeC6H44c, and 4-Me2NC6H44d) are readily accessible in an almost quantitative yield by the direct functionalization of white phosphorus (P4) with appropriate anionic dicarbenes [Li(ADCAr)]. The formation of 1,2,3-triphosphol-2-ides (4a–4d) suggests unprecedented [3 + 1] fragmentation of P4 into P3+ and P–. The P3+ cation is trapped by the (ADCAr)– to give 4, while the putative P– anion reacts with additional P4 to yield the Li3P7 species, a useful reagent in the synthesis of organophosphorus compounds. Remarkably, the P4 fragmentation is also viable with the related mesoionic carbenes (iMICsAr) (iMICAr = ArC{(DippN)2CCH}, i stands for imidazole-based) giving rise to 4. DFT calculations reveal that both the C3N2 and C2P3-rings of 4 are 6π-electron aromatic systems. The natural bonding orbital (NBO) analyses indicate that compounds 4 are mesoionic species featuring a negatively polarized C2P3-ring. The HOMO–3 of 4 is mainly the lone-pair at the central phosphorus atom that undergoes σ-bond formation with a variety of metal-electrophiles to yield complexes [{(ADCAr)P3}M(CO)n] (M = Fe, n = 4, Ar = Ph 5a or 4-Me-C6H45b; M = Mo, n = 5, Ar = Ph 6; M = W, n = 5, Ar = 4-Me2NC6H47).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rottschäfer
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis , Inorganic and Structural Chemistry , Center for Molecular Materials , Faculty of Chemistry , Universität Bielefeld , Universitätsstr. 25 , Bielefeld , D-33615 , Germany . ; https://www.ghadwalgroup.de
| | - Sebastian Blomeyer
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis , Inorganic and Structural Chemistry , Center for Molecular Materials , Faculty of Chemistry , Universität Bielefeld , Universitätsstr. 25 , Bielefeld , D-33615 , Germany . ; https://www.ghadwalgroup.de
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis , Inorganic and Structural Chemistry , Center for Molecular Materials , Faculty of Chemistry , Universität Bielefeld , Universitätsstr. 25 , Bielefeld , D-33615 , Germany . ; https://www.ghadwalgroup.de
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis , Inorganic and Structural Chemistry , Center for Molecular Materials , Faculty of Chemistry , Universität Bielefeld , Universitätsstr. 25 , Bielefeld , D-33615 , Germany . ; https://www.ghadwalgroup.de
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis , Inorganic and Structural Chemistry , Center for Molecular Materials , Faculty of Chemistry , Universität Bielefeld , Universitätsstr. 25 , Bielefeld , D-33615 , Germany . ; https://www.ghadwalgroup.de
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25
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Malan FP, Singleton E, van Rooyen PH, Albrecht M, Landman M. Synthesis, Stability, and (De)hydrogenation Catalysis by Normal and Abnormal Alkene- and Picolyl-Tethered NHC Ruthenium Complexes. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederick P. Malan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, 02 Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Eric Singleton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, 02 Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Petrus H. van Rooyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, 02 Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Martin Albrecht
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Universität Bern, Freiestrasse 3, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Marilé Landman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pretoria, 02 Lynnwood Road, Hatfield, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
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26
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Rottschäfer D, Busch J, Neumann B, Stammler HG, van Gastel M, Kishi R, Nakano M, Ghadwal RS. Diradical Character Enhancement by Spacing: N-Heterocyclic Carbene Analogues of Müller's Hydrocarbon. Chemistry 2018; 24:16537-16542. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rottschäfer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse; Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Jasmin Busch
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse; Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse; Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse; Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Maurice van Gastel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Ryohei Kishi
- Department of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Masayoshi Nakano
- Department of Materials Engineering Science; Graduate School of Engineering Science; Osaka University; Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science; 38 Nishigo-Naka Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585 Japan
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse; Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstrasse 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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27
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Schweizer JI, Sturm AG, Porsch T, Berger M, Bolte M, Auner N, Holthausen MC. Reactions of Si 2Br 6with N-Heterocyclic Carbenes. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201800163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia I. Schweizer
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Alexander G. Sturm
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Timo Porsch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Matthias Berger
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Norbert Auner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
| | - Max C. Holthausen
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie; Goethe-Universität; Max-von-Laue-Strasse 7 60438 Frankfurt/Main Germany
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28
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Cao L, Huang S, Liu W, Yan X. 4-Phosphino-1,2,3-triazol-5-ylidenes: Stable Bridging Ligands for Coinage Metal Complexes. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiqing Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Yan
- Department of Chemistry, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, People’s Republic of China
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29
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Rottschäfer D, Ho NKT, Neumann B, Stammler HG, van Gastel M, Andrada DM, Ghadwal RS. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Analogues of Thiele and Chichibabin Hydrocarbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201713346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rottschäfer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Nga Kim T. Ho
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Maurice van Gastel
- Max Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie; Universität des Saarlandes; Campus C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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30
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Rottschäfer D, Ho NKT, Neumann B, Stammler HG, van Gastel M, Andrada DM, Ghadwal RS. N-Heterocyclic Carbene Analogues of Thiele and Chichibabin Hydrocarbons. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:5838-5842. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201713346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Rottschäfer
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Nga Kim T. Ho
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
| | - Maurice van Gastel
- Max Planck Institut für Kohlenforschung; Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr Germany
| | - Diego M. Andrada
- Allgemeine und Anorganische Chemie; Universität des Saarlandes; Campus C4.1 66123 Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Rajendra S. Ghadwal
- Anorganische Molekülchemie und Katalyse, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie und Strukturchemie; Centrum für Molekulare Materialien; Fakultät für Chemie; Universität Bielefeld; Universitätsstr. 25 33615 Bielefeld Germany
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31
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Pan Y, Zhao A, Li Y, Li W, So YM, Yan X, He G. Bis(oxazoline)-derived N-heterocyclic carbene ligated rare-earth metal complexes: synthesis, structure, and polymerization performance. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:13815-13823. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02130a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Bis(oxazoline)-derived NHC supported rare-earth complexes have been synthesized for the first time and showed good activity for 1-hexene (co)polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Panjin
- China
| | - Aijing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Panjin
- China
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Panjin
- China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Panjin
- China
| | - Yat-Ming So
- Department of Chemistry
- The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
- Kowloon
- China
| | - Xiaoming Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Panjin
- China
| | - Gaohong He
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals
- School of Petroleum and Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University of Technology
- Panjin
- China
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