1
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Dan JH, Huang R, Wang J, Cheng CR. Copper-Catalyzed P-H Bond Functionalization to Construct Biaryl Phosphafluorene Oxides. J Org Chem 2024; 89:10639-10643. [PMID: 38992858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
In this study, in the presence of a certain amount of cuprous chloride catalyst and the synergistic action of ligand and base, the P-H bond activation of secondary biarylphosphine oxides and the attack on the β-site of orthoaryl groups were investigated. Phosphafluorene oxide was synthesized by C-H bond activation and an intramolecular dehydrogenation coupling reaction to construct a C-P bond. Subsequently, we conducted a control experiment and made reasonable speculations about its mechanism. In addition, the use of phosphafluorene as a ligand in some synthetic catalytic reactions has shown excellent results, demonstrating its excellent catalytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Huan Dan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Technology, No.180 Xueyuan Street, Huixing Road, Zigong, Sichuan 643000, China
| | - Rui Huang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Technology, No.180 Xueyuan Street, Huixing Road, Zigong, Sichuan 643000, China
| | - Juan Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Technology, No.180 Xueyuan Street, Huixing Road, Zigong, Sichuan 643000, China
| | - Chun-Ru Cheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Technology, No.180 Xueyuan Street, Huixing Road, Zigong, Sichuan 643000, China
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2
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Zhao P, Liang Q, Hu C, Jiang YF, Chang XY, Wang L, Mei Y, Duan Z. Probing the Electron Accepting Ability of Phosphaphenalenes. Chemistry 2024:e202401853. [PMID: 38825564 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2024] [Revised: 05/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Phosphaphenalenes, extended π conjugates with the incorporation of phosphorus, are attractive avenues towards molecular materials for the applications in organic electronics, but their electron accepting ability have not been investigated. Herein we present systematic studies on the reductive behavior of a representative phosphaphenalene and its oxide by chemical and electrochemical methods. The chemical reduction of the phosphaphenalene by alkali metals reveals the facile P-C bond cleavage to form phosphaphenalenide anion, which functions as a transfer block for structure modification on the phosphorus atom. In contrast, the pentavalent P-oxide reacts with one or two equivalents of elemental sodium to form stable radical anion and dianion salts, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- College of Chemistry, International Phosphorus Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001
| | - Qiuming Liang
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguan Key Laboratory for Data Science and Intelligent Medicine, Great Bay Institute for Advanced Study, Great Bay University, Dongguan, 523000
| | - Chaopeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Ya-Fei Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Chang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lili Wang
- College of Chemistry, International Phosphorus Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001
| | - Yanbo Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Dongguan Key Laboratory for Data Science and Intelligent Medicine, Great Bay Institute for Advanced Study, Great Bay University, Dongguan, 523000
| | - Zheng Duan
- College of Chemistry, International Phosphorus Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001
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3
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Simoens A, Kaczmarek AM, Machado IP, Van Hecke K, Stevens CV. Versatile Palladium-catalyzed intramolecular cyclization to access new luminescent azaphosphaphenalene motifs. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303072. [PMID: 38308544 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Using a straightforward sequence of diphosphonylation and a Pd-catalysed concerted-metalation-deprotonation (CMD), a synthetic strategy towards polyaromatic phosphorus containing heterocycles was developed. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of new azaphosphaphenalenes, using easily accessible palladium catalysts and starting materials. The key tetrahydroquinoline intermediates of the reaction were synthesised via a fast and effective procedure and could be isolated as such, or further reacted towards the target polyaromatic structures. The obtained products showed interesting luminescent properties and their emission, excitation and quantum yields were evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Simoens
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Synthesis, Bioresources and Bioorganic Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anna M Kaczmarek
- NanoSensing Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ian P Machado
- NanoSensing Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- XStruct, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S3, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christian V Stevens
- Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Synthesis, Bioresources and Bioorganic Chemistry Research Group, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000, Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Petrovskii S, Paderina A, Sizova A, Grachova E. Homoleptic Alkynylphosphonium Au(I) Complexes as Push-Pull Phosphorescent Emitters. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:5123-5133. [PMID: 36939095 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c04360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
A series of compounds P1-P4 bearing terminal alkynyl sites connected with a phosphonium group via different π-conjugated linkers have been synthesized. The compounds themselves are efficient push-pull emitters and exhibit bright fluorescence in blue and near-UV regions. P1-P4 were used as alkynyl ligands to obtain a series of homoleptic bis-alkynyl Au(I) complexes 1-4. The complexes demonstrate bright phosphorescence and dual emission with dominating phosphorescence (2-4). Terphenyl derivative complex 3 exhibits warm white emission in DMSO solution and pure white emission in PMMA films. Time-dependent density functional theory calculations have shown that the T1 excited state has a hybrid MLCT/ILCT nature with a dominant contribution of charge transfer across a ligand-centered "D-π-A" system. The variation of linker allows tuning the effect of intermolecular charge transfer and thus changing the electronic and photophysical properties of the organogold "D-π-A" system. The results presented unambiguously display the advances of the conception of organometallic "D-π-A" construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanislav Petrovskii
- Institute of Chemistry, St Petersburg University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Aleksandra Paderina
- Institute of Chemistry, St Petersburg University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anastasia Sizova
- Institute of Chemistry, St Petersburg University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Elena Grachova
- Institute of Chemistry, St Petersburg University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia
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5
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Ding J, Luo S, Xu Y, An Q, Yang Y, Zuo Z. Selective oxidation of benzylic alcohols via synergistic bisphosphonium and cobalt catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:4055-4058. [PMID: 36929170 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc00532a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
A synergistic photocatalytic system using a bisphosphonium catalyst and a cobalt catalyst has been developed, enabling the selective oxidation of benzylic alcohols under oxidant-free and environmentally benign conditions. High efficiencies have been obtained for a variety of alcohol substrates, and exclusive selectivity for aldehyde products has been achieved across the board. Furthermore, this photocatalytic system proved to be efficient when performed under continuous-flow conditions, even using a simple and easily assembled continuous-flow setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Ding
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Shuaishuai Luo
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yuanli Xu
- Innovation Center for Chenguang High Performance Fluorine Material, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry of Sichuan Institutes of Higher Education, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, CN 643000, China
| | - Qing An
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Innovation Center for Chenguang High Performance Fluorine Material, Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry of Sichuan Institutes of Higher Education, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong, CN 643000, China
| | - Zhiwei Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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6
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Regulska E, Hindenberg P, Espineira-Gutierrez A, Romero-Nieto C. Synthesis, Post-Functionalization and Properties of Diphosphapentaarenes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202202769. [PMID: 36216778 PMCID: PMC10100039 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Linearly-fused polyarenes are an important class of compounds with high relevance in materials science. While modifying the shape and size represents a common means to fine-tune their properties, the precise placement of heteroatoms is a strategy that is receiving an increasing deal of attention to overcome the intrinsic limitations of all-carbon structures. Thus, linearly-fused diphosphaarenes recently emerged as a novel family of molecules with striking optoelectronic properties and outstanding stability. However, the properties of diphosphaarenes are far from being benchmarked. Herein, we report the synthesis, phosphorus post-functionalization and properties of new diphosphapentaarene derivatives. We describe their synthetic limitations and unveil their potential for optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Regulska
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Calle Almansa 14 - Edif. Bioincubadora, 02008, Albacete, Spain
| | - Philip Hindenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Calle Almansa 14 - Edif. Bioincubadora, 02008, Albacete, Spain
| | - Adrian Espineira-Gutierrez
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Calle Almansa 14 - Edif. Bioincubadora, 02008, Albacete, Spain
| | - Carlos Romero-Nieto
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Calle Almansa 14 - Edif. Bioincubadora, 02008, Albacete, Spain
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7
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Hindenberg P, Belyaev A, Rominger F, Koshevoy IO, Romero-Nieto C. Two-Fold Intramolecular Phosphacyclization: From Fluorescent Diphosphapyrene Salts to Pentavalent Derivatives. Org Lett 2022; 24:6391-6396. [PMID: 36040429 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c02391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of π-extended pyrene-based luminescent compounds containing two six-membered phosphacycles has been realized through a two-step synthesis. It involves a Cu(II)-mediated double cyclization of tertiary diphosphane derivatives to afford dicationic molecules with quaternized phosphorus centers. Subsequent transformation of diphosphonium species into the corresponding P-oxide derivatives has been successfully achieved through Pd(0)-assisted cleavage of the P-Ph bonds, which opens a promising way for the functionalization of polyaromatic P-systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Hindenberg
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andrey Belyaev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Igor O Koshevoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, Yliopistokatu 7, 80101 Joensuu, Finland
| | - Carlos Romero-Nieto
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Calle Almansa 14 - Edif. Bioincubadora, 02008 Albacete, Spain
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8
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Yang Z, Chen J, Liao S. Monophosphoniums as Effective Photoredox Organocatalysts for Visible Light-Regulated Cationic RAFT Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:1073-1078. [PMID: 35984378 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Visible light-regulated metal-free polymerizations have attracted considerable attention for macromolecular syntheses in recent years. However, few organic photocatalysts show high efficiency and strict photocontrol in cationic polymerizations. Herein, we introduce monophosphonium-doped polycyclic arenes as an organic photocatalyst, which features the high tunability, broad redox window, long excited state lifetime, and excellent temporal control in the cationic reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of vinyl ethers. A correlation of the catalytic performance and the photophysical and electrochemical properties of photocatalysts is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Jianxu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Saihu Liao
- Key Laboratory of Molecule Synthesis and Function Discovery (Fujian Province University), State Key Laboratory of Photocatalysis on Energy and Environment, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350108, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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9
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Ma J, Wang L, Duan Z. Chemo- and Regioselectivity-Tunable Phosphination of Alkynes. Org Lett 2022; 24:1550-1555. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ma
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Lili Wang
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Zheng Duan
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
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10
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Sire C, Cattey H, Tsivery A, Hierso J, Roger J. Phosphorus‐Directed Rhodium‐Catalyzed C−H Arylation of 1‐Pyrenylphosphines Selective at the
K
‐Region. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202101211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charline Sire
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne ICMUB – UMR CNRS 6302) Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (UBFC) 9 avenue Alain Savary 21078 Dijon Cedex France
| | - Hélène Cattey
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne ICMUB – UMR CNRS 6302) Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (UBFC) 9 avenue Alain Savary 21078 Dijon Cedex France
| | - Anthonia Tsivery
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne ICMUB – UMR CNRS 6302) Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (UBFC) 9 avenue Alain Savary 21078 Dijon Cedex France
| | - Jean‐Cyrille Hierso
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne ICMUB – UMR CNRS 6302) Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (UBFC) 9 avenue Alain Savary 21078 Dijon Cedex France
| | - Julien Roger
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l'Université de Bourgogne ICMUB – UMR CNRS 6302) Université de Bourgogne-Franche-Comté (UBFC) 9 avenue Alain Savary 21078 Dijon Cedex France
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11
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Neto BAD, Correa JR, Spencer J. Fluorescent Benzothiadiazole Derivatives as Fluorescence Imaging Dyes: A Decade of New Generation Probes. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103262. [PMID: 34643974 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The current review describes advances in the use of fluorescent 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole (BTD) derivatives after nearly one decade since the first description of bioimaging experiments using this class of fluorogenic dyes. The review describes the use of BTD-containing fluorophores applied as, inter alia, bioprobes for imaging cell nuclei, mitochondria, lipid droplets, sensors, markers for proteins and related events, biological processes and activities, lysosomes, plasma membranes, multicellular models, and animals. A number of physicochemical and photophysical properties commonly observed for BTD fluorogenic structures are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenno A D Neto
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Distrito Federal, 70904-900, Brazil
| | - Jose R Correa
- Laboratory of Medicinal and Technological Chemistry, Chemistry Institute (IQ-UnB), University of Brasília, Campus Universitário Darcy Ribeiro, Brasília, Distrito Federal, 70904-900, Brazil
| | - John Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex School of Life Sciences, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QJ, U.K
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12
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Matsuo K, Toda N, Aratani N, Yamada H. Synthesis and Properties of the Doubly Oxonium-Embedded Picenes as Electron-Deficient Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Org Lett 2021; 23:3986-3990. [PMID: 33970652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The doubly oxonium-embedded picenes have been synthesized for the first time. They have a rigid planar electron-deficient core and are stabilized by the pyrylium aromaticity. The doping positions of oxygen atoms influenced their electrochemical and optoelectronic properties because of the different charge distributions in the skeletons. The donor-acceptor-donor-type molecules baring electron-donating triphenylamine moieties exhibited intramolecular charge-transfer absorption at the visible regions, indicating the large impact of the substituents on their electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyohei Matsuo
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Natsuki Toda
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Naoki Aratani
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Division of Materials Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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13
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Hindenberg P, Rominger F, Romero‐Nieto C. Hin zur Kontrolle lumineszenter, optisch‐aktiver 3D‐Architekturen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Hindenberg
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Organisch-Chemisches Institut Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Frank Rominger
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Organisch-Chemisches Institut Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
| | - Carlos Romero‐Nieto
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg Organisch-Chemisches Institut Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 69120 Heidelberg Deutschland
- Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha Pharmazeutische Fakultät Calle Almansa 14 – Edif. Bioincubadora 02008 Albacete Spanien
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14
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Hindenberg P, Rominger F, Romero‐Nieto C. En Route Towards the Control of Luminescent, Optically-Active 3D Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:766-773. [PMID: 32985792 PMCID: PMC7820950 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
π-Extended systems are key components for the development of future organic electronic technologies. While conceiving molecules with improved properties is fundamental for the evolution of materials science, keeping control over the 3D arrangement of molecules represents an ever-expanding challenge. Herein, a synthetic protocol to replace carbon atoms of π-systems by dissymmetric phosphorus atoms is reported; in particular, it allowed for conceiving new fused phosphapyrene derivatives with improved properties. The presence of dissymmetric phosphorus atoms precluded the formation of excimers. X-ray diffraction revealed that, meanwhile, strong intermolecular interactions are taking place in the solid state. The phosphapyrenes photoluminesce in the visible region with high quantum yields; importantly, they are CD-active. In addition, the unique non-planar features of phosphorus atoms allowed for the control of the 3D arrangement of molecules, rendering lemniscate-like structures. Based on our discoveries, we envisage the possibility to construct higher-order, chiral 3D architectures from larger phosphorus-containing π-systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Hindenberg
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergOrganisch-Chemisches InstitutIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergOrganisch-Chemisches InstitutIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Carlos Romero‐Nieto
- Ruprecht-Karls-Universität HeidelbergOrganisch-Chemisches InstitutIm Neuenheimer Feld 27069120HeidelbergGermany
- Universidad de Castilla-La ManchaFaculty of PharmacyCalle Almansa 14 – Edif. Bioincubadora02008AlbaceteSpain
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15
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Litle ED, Wilkins LC, Gabbaï FP. Ligand-enforced intimacy between a gold cation and a carbenium ion: impact on stability and reactivity. Chem Sci 2021; 12:3929-3936. [PMID: 34163662 PMCID: PMC8179465 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc05777k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Controlling the reactivity of transition metal complexes by positioning non-innocent functionalities around the catalytic pocket is a concept that has led to significant advances in catalysis. Here we describe our efforts toward the synthesis of dicationic phosphine gold complexes of general formula [(o-Ph2P(C6H4)Carb)Au(tht)]2+ decorated by a carbenium moiety (Carb) positioned in the immediate vicinity of the gold center. While the most acidic examples of such compounds have limited stability, the dicationic complexes with Carb+ = 9-N-methylacridinium and Carb+ = [C(ArN)2]+ (ArN = p-(C6H4)NMe2) are active as catalysts for the cycloisomerization of N-propargyl-4-fluorobenzamide, a substrate chosen to benchmark reactivity. The dicationic complex [(o-Ph2P(C6H4)C(ArN)2)Au(tht)]2+, which also promotes hydroarylation and enyne cyclization reactions, displays a higher catalytic activity than its acridinium analog, indicating that the electrophilic reactivity of these complexes scales with the Lewis acidity of the carbenium moiety. These results support the role of the carbenium unit as a non-innocent functionality which can readily enhance the activity of the adjacent metal center. Finally, we also describe our efforts toward the generation and isolation of free γ-cationic phosphines of general formula [(o-Ph2P(C6H4)Carb)]+. While cyclization into phosphonium species is observed for Carb+ = [C(ArN)2]+, [C(Ph)(ArN)]+, and 9-xanthylium, [(o-Ph2P(C6H4)-9-N-methylacridinium)]+ can be isolated as an air stable, biphilic derivative with uncompromised Lewis acidic and basic properties. This work describes the synthesis of carbenium-based, γ-cationic phosphines and their coordination to Au(i) cations , leading to carbophilic catalysts whose activity is enhanced by the ligand-enforced convergence of the positively charged moieties.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Elishua D Litle
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - Lewis C Wilkins
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
| | - François P Gabbaï
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University College Station TX 77843 USA
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16
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Belyaev A, Chou P, Koshevoy IO. Cationic Organophosphorus Chromophores: A Diamond in the Rough among Ionic Dyes. Chemistry 2021; 27:537-552. [PMID: 32492231 PMCID: PMC7821147 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tunable electron-accepting properties of the cationic phosphorus center, its geometry and unique preparative chemistry that allows combining this unit with diversity of π-conjugated motifs, define the appealing photophysical and electrochemical characteristics of organophosphorus ionic chromophores. This Minireview summarizes the achievements in the synthesis of the π-extended molecules functionalized with P-cationic fragments, modulation of their properties by means of structural modification, and emphasizes the important effect of cation-anion interactions, which can drastically change physical behavior of these two-component systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Belyaev
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Eastern FinlandYliopistokatu 780101JoensuuFinland
| | - Pi‐Tai Chou
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) UniversityTaipei106Taiwan
| | - Igor O. Koshevoy
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Eastern FinlandYliopistokatu 780101JoensuuFinland
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17
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Tao G, Yang F, Zhang L, Li Y, Duan Z, Mathey F. Synthesis of phosphanaphthalenes and nido-carborane fused six-membered phosphacycles. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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18
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Roesch S, Fermi V, Rominger F, Herold-Mende C, Romero-Nieto C. Gold(i) complexes based on six-membered phosphorus heterocycles as bio-active molecules against brain cancer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14593-14596. [PMID: 33124620 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05761d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
π-Systems based on six-membered phosphorus heterocycles possess structural and electronic characteristics that clearly distinguish them from the rest of the organophosphorus molecules. However, their use in cancer therapy has been uninvestigated. In particular, glioblastoma is one of the most lethal brain tumors. The development of novel and more efficient drugs for the treatment of glioblastoma is thus crucial to battle this aggressive disease. Herein, we report a new family of gold(i) complexes based on six-membered phosphorus heterocycles as a promising tool to investigate brain cancer. We discovered that the latter complexes inhibit the proliferation, sensitize to apoptosis and hamper the migration of not only conventional but also stem-like glioblastoma cells. Our results unveil thus new research opportunities for the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Roesch
- Division of Neurosurgical Research, Department of Neurosurgery, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, Heidelberg 69120, Germany.
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19
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Onishi S, Suzuki Y, Ano H, Kawamata J. Water-Soluble Red-Fluorescent Dyes for Two-Photon Deep-Tissue Imaging. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2020. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shozo Onishi
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Suzuki
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
| | - Hikari Ano
- Research and Development Section, Showa Kako Corporation, 18-23 Yoshino-cho, Suita, Osaka 564-0054, Japan
| | - Jun Kawamata
- Graduate School of Sciences and Technology for Innovation, Yamaguchi University, 1677-1 Yoshida, Yamaguchi 753-8512, Japan
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20
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Delouche T, Vacher A, Caytan E, Roisnel T, Le Guennic B, Jacquemin D, Hissler M, Bouit P. Multi‐Stage Redox Systems Based on Dicationic P‐Containing Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Chemistry 2020; 26:8226-8229. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elsa Caytan
- CNRS, ISCR—UMR 6226Univ Rennes 35000 Rennes France
| | | | | | - Denis Jacquemin
- CEISAM UMR CNRS 6230University of Nantes 44322 Nantes France
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21
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Grzybowski M, Taki M, Kajiwara K, Yamaguchi S. Effects of Amino Group Substitution on the Photophysical Properties and Stability of Near-Infrared Fluorescent P-Rhodamines. Chemistry 2020; 26:7912-7917. [PMID: 32274865 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of phosphine oxide-bridged rhodamines (P-rhodamines) bearing various acyclic and cyclic amine moieties, including dimethyl- and diethylamine, azetidine, pyrrolidine and 7-azabicyclo[2,2,1]heptane (7ABH), have been synthesized. The photophysical properties as well as chemical and photostability of these dyes have been studied in detail. Among these dyes, the 7ABH-substituted dye shows stronger fluorescence in the near-infrared (NIR) region, relative to the other P-rhodamines. This dye could be applied to live-cell imaging, wherein lysosomes were selectively stained in a pH-independent manner. It was also found that the ring fusion of the amine moieties gives rise to remarkably redshifted spectra, with absorption and emission maxima at 770 and 820 nm, respectively, spectrally close to that of indocyanine green (ICG). Importantly, the ring-fused P-rhodamines showed much higher photostability than ICG, indicative of their promising utility as the NIR-emissive dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Grzybowski
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Masayasu Taki
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Keiji Kajiwara
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Yamaguchi
- Institute of Transformative Bio-Molecules (WPI-ITbM), Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan.,Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo, Chikusa, Nagoya, 464-8602, Japan
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22
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Nishimura K, Hirano K, Miura M. Direct Synthesis of Dibenzophospholes from Biaryls by Double C–P Bond Formation via Phosphenium Dication Equivalents. Org Lett 2020; 22:3185-3189. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c00944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazutoshi Nishimura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koji Hirano
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masahiro Miura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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23
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Si E, Zhao P, Wang L, Duan Z, Mathey F. New Access to Six-Membered Phosphacycle Annulated Polyaromatic Ring System. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201901753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erbing Si
- College of Chemistry; International Phosphorus Laboratory; International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Green Catalysis Center; Zhengzhou University; 450001 Zhengzhou P. R. China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Chemistry; International Phosphorus Laboratory; International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Green Catalysis Center; Zhengzhou University; 450001 Zhengzhou P. R. China
| | - Lili Wang
- College of Chemistry; International Phosphorus Laboratory; International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Green Catalysis Center; Zhengzhou University; 450001 Zhengzhou P. R. China
| | - Zheng Duan
- College of Chemistry; International Phosphorus Laboratory; International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Green Catalysis Center; Zhengzhou University; 450001 Zhengzhou P. R. China
| | - François Mathey
- College of Chemistry; International Phosphorus Laboratory; International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Green Catalysis Center; Zhengzhou University; 450001 Zhengzhou P. R. China
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24
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Cheng H, Wang X, Chang L, Chen Y, Chu L, Zuo Z. Bisphosphonium salt: an effective photocatalyst for the intramolecular hydroalkoxylation of olefins. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2019; 64:1896-1901. [PMID: 36659585 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A photocatalytic, intramolecular hydroalkoxylation of alkenes has been achieved by utilizing simple and readily available biphosphonium salts as an effective organic photocatalyst. The unique photocatalytic properties of biphosphonium salt enables facile oxidations of substituted alkenes to facilitate the streamline and regioselective synthesis of a series of saturated cyclic ethers from simple alkenes under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Cheng
- Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Liang Chang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yilin Chen
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Lingling Chu
- Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Zhiwei Zuo
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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25
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Regulska E, Ruppert H, Rominger F, Romero-Nieto C. Synthesis of Blue-Luminescent Seven-Membered Phosphorus Heterocycles. J Org Chem 2019; 85:1247-1252. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Regulska
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Heiko Ruppert
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carlos Romero-Nieto
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Calle Almansa 14-Edif. Bioincubadora, 02008 Albacete, Spain
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26
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Belyaev A, Cheng Y, Liu Z, Karttunen AJ, Chou P, Koshevoy IO. A Facile Molecular Machine: Optically Triggered Counterion Migration by Charge Transfer of Linear Donor‐π‐Acceptor Phosphonium Fluorophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:13456-13465. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201906929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Belyaev
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Eastern Finland Yliopistokatu 7 80101 Joensuu Finland
| | - Yu‐Hsuan Cheng
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) University Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Zong‐Ying Liu
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) University Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Antti J. Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials ScienceAalto-University 00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Pi‐Tai Chou
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) University Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Igor O. Koshevoy
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Eastern Finland Yliopistokatu 7 80101 Joensuu Finland
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27
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Regulska E, Christ S, Zimmermann J, Rominger F, Hernandez-Sosa G, Romero-Nieto C. Organophosphorus-B(C 6F 5) 3 adducts: towards new solid-state emitting materials. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:12803-12807. [PMID: 31305821 DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02258a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The coordination of B(C6F5)3 to materials based on six-membered phosphorus heterocycles via P[double bond, length as m-dash]O bonds tunes their physicochemical properties both in solution and in the solid state, remarkably improving their performances in light-emitting layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elzbieta Regulska
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Sonja Christ
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Johannes Zimmermann
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstr. 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany and InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Rominger
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Gerardo Hernandez-Sosa
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstr. 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany and InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carlos Romero-Nieto
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. and Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Calle Almansa 14 - Edif. Bioincubadora, 02008, Albacete, Spain
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28
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Belyaev A, Cheng Y, Liu Z, Karttunen AJ, Chou P, Koshevoy IO. A Facile Molecular Machine: Optically Triggered Counterion Migration by Charge Transfer of Linear Donor‐π‐Acceptor Phosphonium Fluorophores. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201906929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Belyaev
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Eastern Finland Yliopistokatu 7 80101 Joensuu Finland
| | - Yu‐Hsuan Cheng
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) University Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Zong‐Ying Liu
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) University Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Antti J. Karttunen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials ScienceAalto-University 00076 Aalto Finland
| | - Pi‐Tai Chou
- Department of ChemistryNational (Taiwan) University Taipei 106 Taiwan
| | - Igor O. Koshevoy
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Eastern Finland Yliopistokatu 7 80101 Joensuu Finland
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29
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Kato T, Kuwabara T, Minami Y, Hiyama T, Ishii Y. Synthesis of Phosphaphenalenium Salts via P–C Reductive Elimination at a Ru(II) Center and Their Fluorescence Properties. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Kato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Takuya Kuwabara
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Yasunori Minami
- Research and Development Initiative, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Tamejiro Hiyama
- Research and Development Initiative, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
| | - Youichi Ishii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, 1-13-27 Kasuga, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 112-8551, Japan
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