1
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Zhang ZF, Su MD. Mechanistic Insights into the Reactivity and Activation Barrier Origins for CO 2 Capture by Heavy Group-14 Imine Analogues. Inorg Chem 2024. [PMID: 39385624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c02874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/12/2024]
Abstract
Using M06-2X-D3/def2-TZVP, the [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions of carbon dioxide with the heavy imine analogues G14=N-Rea (G14 = Group 14 element) were investigated. The theoretical evidence reveals that the nature of the doubly bonded G14=N moiety in heavy imine analogues, G14=N-Rea (L1L2G14=N-L3), is characterized by the electron-sharing interaction between triplet L1L2G14 and triplet N-L3 fragments. Based on our theoretical studies, except for the carbon-based imine, all four heavy imine analogues with Si=N, Ge=N, Sn=N, and Pb=N groups can easily engage in [2 + 2] cycloaddition reactions with CO2. Energy decomposition analysis-natural orbitals for chemical valence analyses and the FMO theory strongly suggest that in the CO2 capture reaction by heavy imine analogues G14=N-Rea, the primary bonding interaction is the occupied p-π orbital (G14=N-Rea) → vacant p-π* orbital (CO2) interaction, instead of the empty p-π* orbital (G14=N-Rea) ← filled p-π orbital (CO2) interaction. The activation barrier of the CO2 capture reactions by G14=N-Rea molecules is primarily determined by the deformation energy of CO2. Shaik's valence bond state correlation diagram model, used to rationalize the computed results, indicates that the singlet-triplet energy splitting of G14=N-Rea is a key factor in determining the reaction barrier for the current CO2 capture reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Feng Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Der Su
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan
- Department of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 80708, Taiwan
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2
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Liu Y, Ji Y, Li J, Liu X, Wang C, Zhang H, Tian R. An Unexpected Access to Phospholene Fused β-Phosphinolactams by the Reaction of α-C 2-Bridged Biphospholes and Nitrones. Org Lett 2024. [PMID: 39378233 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.4c03062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2024]
Abstract
An efficient and practical method for the preparation of the phospholene fused β-phosphinolactam skeleton from α-C2-bridged biphospholes and nitrones is described. The dissociation of biphospholes generates transient 1-phosphafulvenes, followed by oxidation with nitrones to give the 1-phosphafulvene oxides. The oxidation of 1-phosphafulvene boosts its reactivity toward imine, leading to the isolated products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanjie Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Yu Ji
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Xiaobing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Chunjie Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou 466001, China
| | - Rongqiang Tian
- College of Chemistry, International Phosphorus Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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3
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Dabringhaus P, Molino A, Gilliard RJ. Carbodiphosphorane-Activated Distibene and Dibismuthene Dications. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:27186-27195. [PMID: 39298432 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c10834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
Low-valent antimony and bismuth have emerged as novel platforms for achieving reversible small-molecule activation at main-group metals. Although various examples of oxidative addition reactions at monomeric Sb(I) and Bi(I) have been reported, the chemistry of the heavy group 15 Sb(I)═Sb(I)/Bi(I)═Bi(I) double bonds toward small molecules remains largely unexplored. In this study, we present a straightforward synthesis of distibene and dibismuthene dications coordinated with a neutral carbodiphosphorane (CDP) ligand. The nonbonding interactions between the occupied p-orbital at the CDP ligand and the π-bonding orbital of the Sb═Sb/Bi═Bi bonds yield compounds with exceptionally small HOMO-LUMO gaps. In addition, the reduction of steric hindrance compared to known neutral derivatives stabilized with bulky aryl groups allows for better accessibility of the double bonds. This high reactivity is demonstrated in the oxidative addition of distibene to diphenyldisulfide as well as in [2+2] cycloadditions to alkynes. Additionally, the Sb═Sb bond reversibly adds to 2,3-dimethylbutadiene in a [4+2] cycloaddition reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Dabringhaus
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Andrew Molino
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Robert J Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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4
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Evans MJ, Parr JM, Nguyen DT, Jones C. An isolable stannaimine and its cycloaddition/metathesis reactions with carbon dioxide. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:10350-10353. [PMID: 39219473 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc04006f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
An N-heterocyclic stannylene :Sn(NONAd) (NONAd = [O(SiMe2NAd)2]2-, Ad = 1-adamantyl), reacts rapidly with 2,4,6-tricyclohexylphenyl azide (TCHP)N3, affording a stannaimine, (NONAd)SnN(TCHP). Solutions of (NONAd)SnN(TCHP) react immediately with carbon dioxide (CO2) to give a [2+2]-cycloaddition product, which, upon heating, subsequently engages in a metathesis process to give [Sn(NONAd)(μ-O)]2 and the bulky isocyanate, (TCHP)NCO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, PO Box 23, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Joseph M Parr
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, PO Box 23, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Dat T Nguyen
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, PO Box 23, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
| | - Cameron Jones
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, PO Box 23, Victoria, 3800, Australia.
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5
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Doleschal ME, Kostenko A, Liu JY, Inoue S. Isolation of a NHC-stabilized heavier nitrile and its conversion into an isonitrile analogue. Nat Chem 2024:10.1038/s41557-024-01618-6. [PMID: 39256544 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024]
Abstract
Nitriles (R-C≡N) have been investigated since the late eighteenth century and are ubiquitous encounters in organic and inorganic syntheses. In contrast, heavier nitriles, which contain the heavier analogues of carbon and nitrogen, are sparsely investigated species. Here we report the synthesis and isolation of a phosphino-silylene featuring an N-heterocyclic carbene-phosphinidene and a highly sterically demanding silyl group as substituents. Due to its unique structural motif, it can be regarded as a Lewis base-stabilized heavier nitrile. The Si-P bond displays multiple bond character and a bent R-Si-P geometry, the latter indicating fundamental differences between heavier and classical nitriles. In solution, a quantitative unusual rearrangement to a phosphasilenylidene occurs. This rearrangement is consistent with theoretical predictions of rearrangements from heavier nitriles to heavier isonitriles. Our preliminary reactivity studies revealed that both isomers exhibit highly nucleophilic silicon centres capable of oxidative addition and coordination to iron tetracarbonyl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin E Doleschal
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Wacker Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität Müchen, Garching, Germany
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Wacker Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität Müchen, Garching, Germany
| | - Jin Yu Liu
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Wacker Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität Müchen, Garching, Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Wacker Institute of Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität Müchen, Garching, Germany.
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6
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Feld J, Yang ES, Urwin SJ, Goicoechea JM. A Phosphanyl Phosphagermene and its Reactivity. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401736. [PMID: 38845448 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Reaction of a nucleophilic germylene Ge[CH(SiMe3)2]2 with the phosphanyl phosphaketene [{(H2C)(NDipp)}2P]PCO induces decarbonylation to form a phosphanyl phosphagermene [{(H2C)(NDipp)}2P]P=Ge[CH(SiMe3)2]2 (1; Dipp=2,6-diisopropyl-phenyl). Addition of CO2 or MeCN to 1 results in [3+2]-cycloaddition reactions to afford five-membered heterocycles. This mode of reactivity is reminiscent of that observed for frustrated Lewis pairs, with the pendant phosphanyl group acting as a base and the germanium center as a Lewis acid. Contrastingly, 1,2-addition across the P=Ge bond was observed when using ammonia, small primary amines (NH2 nP), or metal complexes (e. g. Au(PPh3)Cl and ZnEt2). These latter reactions allow for the one-step synthesis of metal phosphide complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey Feld
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Eric S Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie J Urwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, 12 Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - Jose M Goicoechea
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave., Bloomington, IN 47405, U.S.A
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7
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Xu H, Roy MMD, Kostenko A, Kelly JA, Fujimori S, Inoue S. Dialumene-Mediated Production of Phosphines through P 4 Reduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404532. [PMID: 38763910 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The formation of phosphorus-rich alanes featuring butterfly-like geometries is achieved. The two-electron reduction products feature a unique P4 2- structure and can act as a source of P3-. The treatment of these phosphorus containing products with electrophiles under mild conditions results in the formation of different phosphines. This approach eliminates the need for high temperatures and/or high pressures, which are commonly required in industrial processes for the preparation of useful phosphines.The activation and further functionalization of white phosphorus (P4) by main group complexes has become an increasingly studied topic in recent times. Herein, we report the controlled formation of phosphorus-rich alanes featuring butterfly-like geometries from the selective reaction of P4 with dialumenes, ([L(IiPr)Al]2) (1: L=Tripp=2,4,6-iPr3C6H2; 2: L=tBu2MeSi; IiPr=[MeCN(iPr)]2C)). The two-electron-reduction product of P4 features a P4 2- structure and is shown to be able to act as a source of P3-. Treatments of different electrophiles (e.g., chlorotrimethylsilane (Me3SiCl), iodotrimethylsilane (Me3SiI), HCl, or acetyl chloride (CH3COCl)) with these alanes under mild conditions gave the corresponding phosphines (e.g., P(SiMe3)3, PH3, or P(COCH3)3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihui Xu
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Matthew M D Roy
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Arseni Kostenko
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - John A Kelly
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Shiori Fujimori
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
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8
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Reik C, Jenner LW, Schubert H, Eichele K, Wesemann L. Germaborene reactivity study - addition of carbon nucleophiles, cycloaddition reactions, coordination chemistry. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11358-11366. [PMID: 39055029 PMCID: PMC11268465 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc03743j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
MeNHC substituted germaborenium cation 2 was synthesized directly in reaction of bromo-substituted germaborene 1b with MeNHC. The adamantyl isonitrile substituted germaborenium cation 4 was obtained stepwise: substitution of the chloride atom against adamantyl isonitrile at the B-Cl unit in 1a, simultaneous migration of the chloride to the germanium atom followed by chloride abstraction using Na[BArF 4] gives the germaborenium cation 4. Substitution of the bromide atom in 1b against carbon monoxide followed by bromide abstraction using Ag[Al(OtBuF)4] leads to compound 6 exhibiting a B[double bond, length as m-dash]C double bond substituted at the boron atom by a germylium cation. Treating the germaborene [Ge[double bond, length as m-dash]B-Ph] (1c) with selenium, a cycloaddition product 7 was characterised featuring a GeBSe heterocycle. Carbon dioxide reacts with 1b to give a four membered ring molecule 8 as the product of a B-C and Ge-O bond formation. In reaction of 1b with dimethylbutadiene, a product 9 of a [2 + 4] cycloaddition was isolated. Transition metal fragments [Fe(CO)4 (10), CuBr (11), AuCl (12)] show coordination at the germaborene double bond. Molecular structures of the germaborene coordination compounds 10-12 are presented and the ligand properties are discussed. After treating the germaborene [Ge[double bond, length as m-dash]B-Br] (1b) with [Cp*Al]4, insertion of a Cp*Al moiety into the B-Br bond was found (13).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Reik
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Lukas W Jenner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Hartmut Schubert
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Klaus Eichele
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
| | - Lars Wesemann
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Auf der Morgenstelle 18 72076 Tübingen Germany
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9
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Jacob HL, Weyer N, Leibold M, Bruhn C, Siemeling U. Ferrocene-Based N-Heterocyclic Silylenes: Monomeric Silanechalcogenones, Silanimines, Silirenes, and Insertion Products with P 4. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400850. [PMID: 38656583 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The stable ferrocene-based N-heterocyclic silylenes fc[(N{B})2Si] (A; fc=1,1'-ferrocenylene, {B}=(HCNDipp)2B, Dipp=2,6-diisopropylphenyl) and fc[(NDipp)2Si] (B) are compared in a study focussing on their reactivity towards a range of small to moderately sized molecular substrates, viz. P4, S8, Se8, MesN3 (Mes=mesityl), RC≡CH, and RC≡CR (R=Ph, SiMe3). The Dipp-substituted congener B exhibits a more pronounced ambiphilicity and is sterically less congested than its 1,3,2-diazaborolyl-substituted relative A, in line with the higher reactivity of the former. The difference in reactivity is obviously due more to electronic than to steric reasons, as is illustrated by the fact that both A and B react with the comparatively bulky substrate MesN3 under mild conditions to afford the corresponding silanimine fc[(N{B})2Si=NMes] and fc[(NDipp)2Si=NMes], respectively. The heavier ketone analogues fc[(N{B})2Si=E] (E=S, Se, Te) are readily available from A and the corresponding chalcogen. In contrast, the reaction of the more reactive silylene B with elemental sulfur or selenium is unspecific, affording product mixtures. However, fc[(NDipp)2Si=Se] is selectively prepared from B and (Et2N)3PSe; the Te analogue is also accessible, but crystallises as head-to-tail dimer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes L Jacob
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Nadine Weyer
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Michael Leibold
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Clemens Bruhn
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
| | - Ulrich Siemeling
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Straße 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
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10
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Geibel N, Bührmann L, Albers L, Schmidtmann M, Weiz A, Müller T. Germaaluminocenes-Masked Heterofulvenes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403652. [PMID: 38578658 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Germaaluminocenes are formed by salt metathesis reactions of dipotassium germacyclopentadienediides with pentamethylcyclopentadienylaluminum dichloride. The reactivity pattern of these sandwich complexes is determined by the electrophilic central aluminum atom and by the nucleophilic dicoordinated germanium center. Surprisingly, the products formed by reactions with Lewis acids, Lewis bases, amphiphiles and compounds with polar double bonds are those expected from the reaction of a hypothetical aluminagermapentafulvene with these types of reagents. This suggests that germaaluminocenes are synthetic equivalents to these pentafulvenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeschda Geibel
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lukas Bührmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Lena Albers
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Marc Schmidtmann
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Weiz
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Müller
- Institute of Chemistry, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Carl von Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, D-26129, Oldenburg, Germany
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11
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Werner L, Radius U. How to Decarbonize N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHCs): The simple Alane Adducts (NHC) ⋅ AlR 3 (R=H, Me, Et). Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403639. [PMID: 38446008 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
The reaction of the amine-stabilized alane (NMe3) ⋅ AlH3 1 with the backbone-saturated N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) SIDipp (SIDipp=1,3-bis-{2,6-di-iso-propyl-phenyl}-imidazolidin-2-ylidene) at 0 °C yielded the NHC alane adduct (SIDipp) ⋅ AlH3 2. Reaction at elevated temperatures or prolonged reaction at room temperature gave the product of a ring expansion reaction (RER) of the NHC, (NMe3) ⋅ AlH(RER-SIDippH2) 3 ⋅ (NMe3). Subsequent reaction of the latter with sterically less hindered NHCs (IMeMe {=1,3,4,5-tetramethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene}, IiPrMe {=1,3-di-iso-propyl-4,5-dimethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene}, and IiPr {=1,3-di-iso-propyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene}) afforded the NHC-stabilized RER-products (NHC) ⋅ AlH(RER-SIDippH2) 3 ⋅ (NHC) (NHC=IMeMe, IiPrMe, IiPr), while no reaction was observed with the sterically more demanding NHCs IDipp (=1,3-bis-{2,6-di-iso-propyl-phenyl}-imidazolin-2-ylidene), SIDipp and ItBu (=1,3-di-tert-butyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene). The compounds 3 ⋅ (NHC) were also obtained starting from (SIDipp) ⋅ AlH3 2 and NHC at room temperature. Heating solutions of (SIDipp) ⋅ AlH3 2 without additional base to 95 °C resulted in decarbonization of the NHC and substitution of the carbene carbon atom with aluminum hydride under loss of ethene. Subsequent dimerization afforded cis-[AlH{μ-N(Dipp)CH2CH2N(Dipp)}]2 4_dimer. Heating solutions of the NHC-ligated aluminum alkyls (SIDipp) ⋅ AlR3 2R (R=Me, Et) to 145 °C instead led to complete scission of the NHC backbone with evolution of ethene and isolation of the dialkylaluminium(III) amidinates {DippNC(R)NDipp}AlR2 5R (R=Me, Et).
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Werner
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Udo Radius
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074, Würzburg, Germany
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12
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Li J, Wang XF, Hu C, Liu LL. Carbene-Stabilized Phosphagermylenylidene: A Heavier Analog of Isonitrile. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:14341-14348. [PMID: 38726476 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Phosphagermylenylidenes (R-P═Ge), as heavier analogs of isonitriles, whether in their free state or as complexes with a Lewis base, have not been previously identified as isolable entities. In this study, we report the synthesis of a stable monomeric phosphagermylenylidene within the coordination sphere of a Lewis base under ambient conditions. This species was synthesized by Lewis base-induced dedimerization of a cyclic phosphagermylenylidene dimer or via Me3SiCl elimination from a phosphinochlorogermylene framework. The deliberate integration of a bulky, electropositive N-heterocyclic boryl group at the phosphorus site, combined with coordination stabilization by a cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbene at the low-valent germanium site, effectively mitigated its natural tendency toward oligomerization. Structural analyses and theoretical calculations have demonstrated that this unprecedented species features a P═Ge double bond, characterized by conventional electron-sharing π and σ bonds, complemented by lone pairs at both the phosphorus and germanium atoms. Preliminary reactivity studies show that this base-stabilized phosphagermylenylidene demonstrates facile release of ligands at the Ge atom, coordination to silver through the lone pair on P, and versatile reactivity including both (cyclo)addition and cleavage of the P═Ge double bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Li
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xin-Feng Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Chaopeng Hu
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Chemical Biology and Omics Analysis, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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13
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Chen H, Chen W, Wang D, Chen Y, Liu Z, Ye S, Tan G, Gao S. An Isolable One-Coordinate Lead(I) Radical with Strong g-Factor Anisotropy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202402093. [PMID: 38438306 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202402093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Lead-based radicals in the oxidation state of +1 are elusive species and are highly challenging to isolate in the condensed phase. In this study, we present the synthesis and characterization of the first isolable free plumbylyne radical 2 bearing a one-coordinate Pb(I) atom. It reacts with an N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) to afford a two-coordinate NHC-ligated Pb(I) radical 3. 2 and 3 represent the first isolable Pb(I)-based radicals. Theoretical calculations and electron paramagnetic resonance analysis revealed that the unpaired electron mainly resides at the Pb 6p orbital in both radicals. Owing to the unique one-coordinate nature of the Pb atom in 2, it possesses two-fold orbital pseudo-degeneracy and substantial unquenched orbital angular momentum, and exhibits hitherto strongest g-factor anisotropy (gx,y,z=1.496, 1.166, 0.683) amongst main group radicals. Preliminary investigations into the reactivity of 2 unveiled its Pb-centered radical nature, and plumbylenes were isolated as products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Wang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Dongmin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yizhen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Shengfa Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Gengwen Tan
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Song Gao
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic and Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
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14
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Li W, Li CQ, Leng G, Yan YK, Ma Y, Xu Z, Yang L. Theoretical Investigation on Dialumenes toward Dihydrogen Activation: Mechanism and Ligand Effect. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:3273-3284. [PMID: 38635947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report a computation study based on the density functional theory calculations to understand the mechanism and ligand effect of the base-stabilized dialumenes toward dihydrogen activation. Among all of the examined modes of dihydrogen activation using the base-stabilized dialumene, we found that the concerted 1,2-hydrogenation of the Al═Al double bond is kinetically more preferable. The concerted 1,2-hydrogenation of the Al═Al double bond adopts an electron-transfer model with certain asynchrony. That is, the initial electron donation from the H-H σ bonding orbital to the empty 3p orbital of the Al1 center is followed by the backdonation from the lone pair electron of the Al2 center to the H-H σ antibonding orbital. Combined with the energy decomposition analysis on the transition states of the concerted 1,2-hydrogenation of the Al═Al double bond and the topographic steric mapping analysis on the free dialumenes, we ascribe the higher reactivity of the aryl-substituted dialumene over the silyl-substituted analogue in dihydrogen activation to the stronger electron-withdrawing effect of the aryl group, which not only increases the flexibility of the Al═Al double bond but also enhances the Lewis acidity of the Al═Al core. Consequently, the aryl-substituted dialumene fragment suffers less geometric deformation, and the orbital interactions between the dialumene and dihydrogen moieties are more attractive during the 1,2-hydrogenation process. Moreover, our calculations also predict that the Al═Al double bond has a good tolerance with the stronger electron-withdrawing group (-CF3) and the weaker σ-donating N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) analogue (e.g., triazol carbene and NHSi). The reactivity of the dialumene in dihydrogen activation can be further improved by introducing these groups as the supporting ligand and the stabilizing base on the Al═Al core, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Li
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, P. R. China
| | - Cai-Qin Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, P. R. China
| | - Geng Leng
- School of Resources and Environment, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, P. R. China
- TIianfu Co-Innovation Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610299, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Kun Yan
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, P. R. China
| | - Yueyue Ma
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, P. R. China
| | - Ziyan Xu
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, P. R. China
| | - Lingsong Yang
- School of Science, Key Laboratory of High Performance Scientific Computation, Xihua University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610039, P. R. China
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15
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Gallegos M, Del Amo V, Guevara-Vela JM, Moreno-Alcántar G, Martín Pendás Á. Radical revelations: the pnictogen effect in linear acetylenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:7718-7730. [PMID: 38372358 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06324k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Acetylenes are essential building blocks in modern chemistry due to their remarkable modularity. The introduction of heteroatoms, such as pnictogens (X), is one of the simplest approaches to altering the C≡C bond. However, the chemistry of the resultant dipnictogenoacetylenes (DXAs) is strongly dependent on the nature of X. In this work, rigorous theoretical chemistry tools are employed to shed light on the origin of these differences, providing a detailed evaluation of the impact of X on the geometrical and electronic features of DXAs. Special emphasis is made on the study of the carbene character of the systems through the analysis of the interconversion mechanism between the linear and zigzag isomers. Our results show that second-period atoms behave drastically differently to the remaining X: down the group, a zwitterionic resonance form emerges at the expense of decreasing the carbenoid role, eventually resulting in an electrostatically driven ring closure. Furthermore, our findings pave the way to potentially unveiling novel routes for the promotion of free-radical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Gallegos
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo E-33006, Spain.
| | - Vicente Del Amo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo E-33006, Spain
| | | | - Guillermo Moreno-Alcántar
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, Garching b., München 85748, Germany
| | - Ángel Martín Pendás
- Departamento de Química Física y Analítica, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo E-33006, Spain.
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16
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Sarkar D, Dutta S, Hanusch F, Koley D, Inoue S. Synthesis and reactivity of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-supported heavier nitrile ylides. Chem Sci 2024; 15:2391-2397. [PMID: 38362429 PMCID: PMC10866356 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06430a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and isolation of stable heavier analogues of nitrile ylide as N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) adducts of phosphasilenyl-tetrylene [(NHC)(TerAr)Si(H)PE14(TerAr)] (E14 = Ge 1, Sn 2; TerAr = 2,6-Mes2C6H3, NHC = IMe4) are reported. The delocalized Si-P-E14 π-conjugation was examined experimentally and computationally. Interestingly, the germanium derivative 1 exhibits a 1,3-dipolar nature, leading to an unprecedented [3 + 2] cycloaddition with benzaldehyde, resulting in unique heterocycles containing four heteroatoms from group 14, 15, and 16. Further exploiting the nucleophilicity of germanium, activation of the P-P bond of P4 was achieved, leading to a [(NHC)(phosphasilenyl germapolyphide)] complex. Moreover, the [3 + 2] cycloaddition and the σ-bond activation by 1 resemble the characteristics of the classic nitrile ylide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debotra Sarkar
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Sayan Dutta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata Mohanpur 741 246 India
| | - Franziska Hanusch
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Debasis Koley
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata Mohanpur 741 246 India
| | - Shigeyoshi Inoue
- TUM School of Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Germany
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17
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Ebeler F, Vishnevskiy YV, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Ghadwal RS. Isolation of an Anionic Dicarbene Embedded Sn 2 P 2 Cluster and Reversible CO 2 Uptake. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305545. [PMID: 38018314 PMCID: PMC10837339 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Decarbonylation of a cyclic bis-phosphaethynolatostannylene [(ADC)Sn(PCO)]2 based on an anionic dicarbene framework (ADC = PhC{N(Dipp)C}2 ; Dipp = 2,6-iPr2 C6 H3 ) under UV light results in the formation of a Sn2 P2 cluster compound [(ADC)SnP]2 as a green crystalline solid. The electronic structure of [(ADC)SnP]2 is analyzed by quantum-chemical calculations. At room temperature, [(ADC)SnP]2 reversibly binds with CO2 and forms [(ADC)2 {SnOC(O)P}SnP]. [(ADC)SnP]2 enables catalytic hydroboration of CO2 and reacts with elemental selenium and Fe2 (CO)9 to afford [(ADC)2 {Sn(Se)P2 }SnSe] and [(ADC)Sn{Fe(CO)4 }P]2 , respectively. All compounds are characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy and their solid-state molecular structures are determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Ebeler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Yury V Vishnevskiy
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rajendra S Ghadwal
- Molecular Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Inorganic and Structural Chemistry, Center for Molecular Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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18
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Bonfante S, Lorber C, Lynam JM, Simonneau A, Slattery JM. Metallomimetic C-F Activation Catalysis by Simple Phosphines. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2005-2014. [PMID: 38207215 PMCID: PMC10811696 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Delivering metallomimetic reactivity from simple p-block compounds is highly desirable in the search to replace expensive, scarce precious metals by cheap and abundant elements in catalysis. This contribution demonstrates that metallomimetic catalysis, involving facile redox cycling between the P(III) and P(V) oxidation states, is possible using only simple, cheap, and readily available trialkylphosphines without the need to enforce unusual geometries at phosphorus or use external oxidizing/reducing agents. Hydrodefluorination and aminodefluorination of a range of fluoroarenes was realized with good to very good yields under mild conditions. Experimental and computational mechanistic studies show that the phosphines undergo oxidative addition of the fluoroaromatic substrate via a Meisenheimer-like transition state to form a fluorophosphorane. This undergoes a pseudotransmetalation step with a silane, via initial fluoride transfer from P to Si, to give experimentally observed phosphonium ions. Hydride transfer from a hydridosilicate counterion then leads to a hydridophosphorane, which undergoes reductive elimination of the product to reform the phosphine catalyst. This behavior is analogous to many classical transition-metal-catalyzed reactions and so is a rare example of both functional and mechanistically metallomimetic behavior in catalysis by a main-group element system. Crucially, the reagents used are cheap, readily available commercially, and easy to handle, making these reactions a realistic prospect in a wide range of academic and industrial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Bonfante
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 Route de Narbonne,
BP44099, Toulouse Cedex 4 F-31077, France
| | - Christian Lorber
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 Route de Narbonne,
BP44099, Toulouse Cedex 4 F-31077, France
| | - Jason M. Lynam
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Antoine Simonneau
- LCC−CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 205 Route de Narbonne,
BP44099, Toulouse Cedex 4 F-31077, France
| | - John M. Slattery
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K.
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19
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Bücker A, Wölper C, Siera H, Haberhauer G, Schulz S. Multiple ethylene activation by heteroleptic L(Cl)Ga-substituted germylenes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:640-646. [PMID: 38073505 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt03944g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Ethylene insertion into the Ga-Ge bond of the L(Cl)Ga-substituted germylene LGa(μ-Cl)GeDMP 1 (L = HC(C(Me)NAr)2, Ar = 2,6-iPr2C6H3; DMP = 2,6-Mes2C6H3, Mes = 2,4,6-Me3C6H2) at ambient temperature is followed by dimerization of the as-formed germylene to give the digermene 3, which further reacted with ethylene in a [2 + 2] cycloaddition to give the 1,2-digermacyclobutane 4. In marked contrast, the amino-substituted germylene L(Cl)GaGeN(SiMe3)Ar 2 reacted directly to the 1,2-digermacyclobutane 5. Quantum chemical calculations confirmed the assumed reaction mechanism, hence demonstrating the crucial role of the substituent on the reaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bücker
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Christoph Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
| | - Hannah Siera
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Stephan Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
- Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
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20
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Duan C, Cui C. Boryl-substituted low-valent heavy group 14 compounds. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:361-379. [PMID: 38086648 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00791j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Low valent group 14 compounds exhibit diverse structures and reactivities. The employment of diazaborolyl anions (NHB anions), isoelectronic analogues to N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), in group 14 chemistry leads to the exceptional structures and reactivity. The unique combination of σ-electron donation and pronounced steric hindrance impart distinct structural characteristics to the NHB-substituted low valent group 14 compounds. Notably, the modulation of the HOMO-LUMO gap in these compounds with the diazaborolyl substituents results in novel reaction patterns in the activation of small molecules and inert chemical bonds. This review mainly summarizes the recent advances in NHB-substituted low-valent heavy Group 14 compounds, emphasizing their synthesis, structural characteristics and application to small molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Frontiers Science Center of New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
| | - Chunming Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-Organic Chemistry and Frontiers Science Center of New Organic Matter, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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21
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Chen H, Chen Y, Li T, Wang D, Xu L, Tan G. Synthesis and Reactivity of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Coordinated Formal Germanimidoyl-Phosphinidenes. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:20906-20912. [PMID: 38095884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c03353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligated germylidenylphosphinidene MsFluidtBu-GeP(NHCiPr) (where MsFluidtBu is a bulky hydrindacene substituent, and NHCiPr is 1,3-diisopropyl-4,5-dimethyl-imidazolin-2-ylidene) with mesityl azide and 4-tertbutylphenyl azide afforded NHC coordinated formal germanimidoyl-phosphinidenes, which represent the first compounds bearing both Ge═N double bond and phosphinidene functionalities. Studies of the chemical properties revealed that the reactions preferred to occur at the Ge═N double bond, which underwent [2 + 2] cycloadditions with CO2 and ethyl isocyanate, and coordinated with coinage metals through the nitrogen atom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Chen
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganicand Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yizhen Chen
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganicand Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Tong Li
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Dongmin Wang
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganicand Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Data Engineering and Knowledge Service, Key Laboratory of Data Intelligence and Interdisciplinary Innovation, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Gengwen Tan
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
- Key Laboratory of Bioinorganicand Synthetic Chemistry of Ministry of Education, Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Functional Molecular Engineering, School of Chemistry, IGCME, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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22
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Reveley MJ, Feld J, Temerova D, Yang ES, Goicoechea JM. Hydroelementation and Phosphinidene Transfer: Reactivity of Phosphagermenes and Phosphastannenes Towards Small Molecule Substrates. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301542. [PMID: 37589485 PMCID: PMC10946619 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
We describe the facile synthesis of [(Me3 Si)2 CH]2 E=PMes* (E=Ge, Sn) from the reaction of the tetrylenes with the phospha-Wittig reagent, Me3 P-PMes*. Their reactivity towards a range of substrates with protic and hydridic E-H bonds (E=N, O, Si) is described. In addition to hydroelementation reactions of the E=P bonds, we show that these compounds, particularly [(Me3 Si)2 CH]2 Sn=PMes*, also act as base-stabilized phosphinidenes, allowing phosphinidene transfer to other nucleophiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Reveley
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield Rd.OxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Joey Feld
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield Rd.OxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Diana Temerova
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield Rd.OxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Eric S. Yang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Oxford Chemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield Rd.OxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of ChemistryIndiana University800 E. Kirkwood Ave.BloomingtonIN., 47405USA
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23
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Demidov N, Grebogi M, Bourne C, McKay AP, Cordes DB, Stasch A. A Convenient One-Pot Synthesis of a Sterically Demanding Aniline from Aryllithium Using Trimethylsilyl Azide, Conversion to β-Diketimines and Synthesis of a β-Diketiminate Magnesium Hydride Complex. Molecules 2023; 28:7569. [PMID: 38005290 PMCID: PMC10673297 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28227569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This work reports the one-pot synthesis of sterically demanding aniline derivatives from aryllithium species utilising trimethylsilyl azide to introduce amine functionalities and conversions to new examples of a common N,N'-chelating ligand system. The reaction of TripLi (Trip = 2,4,6-iPr3-C6H2) with trimethylsilyl azide afforded the silyltriazene TripN2N(SiMe3)2 in situ, which readily reacts with methanol under dinitrogen elimination to the aniline TripNH2 in good yield. The reaction pathways and by-products of the system have been studied. The extension of this reaction to a much more sterically demanding terphenyl system suggested that TerLi (Ter = 2,6-Trip2-C6H3) slowly reacted with trimethylsilyl azide to form a silyl(terphenyl)triazenide lithium complex in situ, predominantly underwent nitrogen loss to TerN(SiMe3)Li in parallel, which afforded TerN(SiMe3)H after workup, and can be deprotected under acidic conditions to form the aniline TerNH2. TripNH2 was furthermore converted to the sterically demanding β-diketimines RTripnacnacH (=HC{RCN(Trip)}2H), with R = Me, Et and iPr, in one-pot procedures from the corresponding 1,3-diketones. The bulkiest proligand was employed to synthesise the magnesium hydride complex [{(iPrTripnacnac)MgH}2], which shows a distorted dimeric structure caused by the substituents of the sterically demanding ligand moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Andreas Stasch
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK; (N.D.); (M.G.); (C.B.); (A.P.M.); (D.B.C.)
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24
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Zhang H, Wang Y, Lu Q, Song J, Duan Y, Zeng Y, Mo Y. Stretched Central Double Bonds in Dialumene and Disilene by Amino Substituents: A Case of Lone Pair Repulsion. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301862. [PMID: 37506171 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
There have been remarkable advances in the syntheses and applications of groups 13 and 14 homonuclear ethene analogues. However, successes are largely limited to aryl- and/or silyl-substituted species. Analogues bearing two or more heteroatoms are still scarce. In this work, the block-localized wavefunction (BLW) method at the density functional theory (DFT) level was employed to study dialumene and disilene bearing two amino substituents whose optimal geometries exhibit significantly stretched central M=M (M=Al or Si) double bonds compared with aryl- and/or silyl-substituted species. Computational analyses showed that the repulsion between the lone electron pairs of amino substituents and M=M π bond plays a critical role in the elongation of the M=M bonds. Evidently, replacing the substituent groups -NH2 with -BH2 can enhance the planarity and shorten the central double bonds due to the absence of lone pair electrons in BH2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaiyu Zhang
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry, and Hebei Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nano-materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Yating Wang
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry, and Hebei Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nano-materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Qingrui Lu
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry, and Hebei Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nano-materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Jinshuai Song
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yandong Duan
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Photoelectric Control on Surface and Interface, School of Sciences, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang, 050018, China
| | - Yanli Zeng
- Institute of Computational Quantum Chemistry, and Hebei Key Laboratory of Inorganic Nano-materials, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Yirong Mo
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA
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25
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Lin J, Liu S, Zhang J, Grützmacher H, Su CY, Li Z. Room temperature stable E, Z-diphosphenes: their isomerization, coordination, and cycloaddition chemistry. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10944-10952. [PMID: 37829033 PMCID: PMC10566463 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc04506d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
E,Z-isomers display distinct physical properties and chemical reactivities. However, investigations on heavy main group elements remain limited. In this work, we present the isolation and X-ray crystallographic characterization of N-heterocyclic vinyl (NHV) substituted diphosphenes as both E- and Z-isomers (L[double bond, length as m-dash]CH-P[double bond, length as m-dash]P-CH[double bond, length as m-dash]L, E,Z-2b; L = N-heterocyclic carbene). E-2b is thermodynamically more stable and undergoes reversible photo-stimulated isomerization to Z-2b. The less stable Z-isomer Z-2b can be thermally reverted to E-2b. Theoretical studies support the view that this E ↔ Z isomerization proceeds via P[double bond, length as m-dash]P bond rotation, reminiscent of the isomerization observed in alkenes. Furthermore, both E,Z-2b coordinate to an AuCl fragment affording the complex [AuCl(η2-Z-2b)] with the diphosphene ligand in Z-conformation, exclusively. In contrast, E,Z-2b undergo [2 + 4] and [2 + 1] cycloadditions with dienes or diazo compounds, respectively, yielding identical cycloaddition products in which the phosphorus bound NHV groups are in trans-position to each other. DFT calculations provide insight into the E/Z-isomerisation and stereoselective formation of Au(i) complexes and cycloaddition products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieli Lin
- LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Shihua Liu
- LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Jie Zhang
- LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Hansjörg Grützmacher
- LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1 Zürich 8093 Switzerland
| | - Cheng-Yong Su
- LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
| | - Zhongshu Li
- LIFM, IGCME, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University Guangzhou 510006 China
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26
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Trujillo-González DE, González-García G, Jiménez-Halla JOC, Solà M. Beryllium compounds for the carbon-halogen bond activation of phenyl halides: the role of non-innocent ligands. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:13068-13078. [PMID: 37700680 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02251j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
Beryllium is a metallomimetic main-group element, i.e., it behaves similarly to transition metals (TMs) in some bond activation processes. To investigate the ability of Be compounds to activate C-X bonds (X = F-I), we have computationally investigated, using DFT methods, the reaction of (CAAC)2Be (CAAC = 1-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-3,3,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidin-2-ylidene) and a series of five-membered heterocyclic beryllium bidentate ligands with phenyl halides. We have analysed all plausible reaction mechanisms and our results show that, after the initial C-X oxidative addition, migration of the phenyl group occurs towards the less electronegative heteroatom. Our theoretical study highlights the important role of bidentate non-innocent ligands in providing the required electrons for the initial Ph-X oxidative addition. In contrast, the monodentate ligand, CAAC, does not favour this oxidative addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E Trujillo-González
- Departamento de Química, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, CP 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, Mexico.
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Gerardo González-García
- Departamento de Química, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, CP 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, Mexico.
| | - J Oscar C Jiménez-Halla
- Departamento de Química, Campus Guanajuato, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta S/N, CP 36050, Guanajuato, Gto, Mexico.
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
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27
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Luo H, Wang J, Tian R, Duan Z. 2H-Phosphindole-Enabled Dearomatization and [4+2] Cycloaddition of (Hetero)Arenes. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301898. [PMID: 37501587 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The heavier main group multiple bonds offer an effective tool for small molecule activation. Transient 2H-phosphinidole working as a reactive phosphadiene system undergoes phospha-Diels-Alder reaction with a wide range of non-activated aromatic carbocycles and heterocycles, including naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyridine, and benzo-fused heterocycles, affording concise access to a range of polycyclic fused rings feature with phosphorus at the bridgehead. These results demonstrate that non-activated (hetero)arenes are capable of acting as 2π systems in [4+2] cycloaddition with highly reactive 2H-phosphindole complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Luo
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Junjian Wang
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Rongqiang Tian
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Duan
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China
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28
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Lamprecht A, Lindl F, Endres L, Krummenacher I, Braunschweig H. Coinage metal complexes of BN analogues of m-terphenyl ligands. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:10149-10152. [PMID: 37530102 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc03467d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis of a series of group 11 metal complexes with sterically demanding anionic nitrogen ligands based on the 1,2-azaborinine motif. The ligands, which share structural similarities with m-terphenyls, have been used to stabilize two-coordinate phosphine complexes and dimeric complexes with close contacts between the metal centers. Spectroscopic, crystallographic, and theoretical investigations reveal close parallels to the related m-terphenyl complexes, including metallophilic interactions in the dimers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lamprecht
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany.
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Felix Lindl
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany.
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Lukas Endres
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany.
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany.
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany.
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
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29
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King AJ, Abbenseth J, Goicoechea JM. Reactivity of a Strictly T-Shaped Phosphine Ligated by an Acridane Derived NNN Pincer Ligand. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202300818. [PMID: 37042718 PMCID: PMC10947599 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202300818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023]
Abstract
The steric tuning of a tridentate acridane-derived NNN pincer ligand allows for the isolation of a strictly T-shaped phosphine that exhibits ambiphilic reactivity. Well-defined phosphorus-centered reactivity towards nucleophiles and electrophiles is reported, contrasting with prior reports on this class of compounds. Reactions towards oxidants are also described. The latter result in the two-electron oxidation of the phosphorus atom from +III to +V and are accompanied by a strong geometric distortion of the NNN pincer ligand. By contrast, cooperative activation of E-H (HCl, HBcat, HOMe) bonds proceeds with retention of the phosphorus redox state. When using H2 O as a substrate, the reaction results in the full disassembly of H2 O to its constituent atoms, highlighting the potential of this platform for small molecule activation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron J. King
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
| | - Josh Abbenseth
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordChemistry Research Laboratory12 Mansfield RoadOxfordOX1 3TAUK
- Institut für ChemieHumboldt-Universität zu BerlinBrook-Taylor-Straße 212489BerlinGermany
| | - Jose M. Goicoechea
- Department of ChemistryIndiana University800 E. Kirkland Ave.Bloomington, In47401USA
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30
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Li T, Zhang L, He Y, Chen Y, Wang D, Liu J, Tan G. A germanimidoyl chloride: synthesis, characterization and reactivity. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:1533-1536. [PMID: 36661338 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc05970c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The first germanimidoyl chloride MsFluindtBu-Ge(Cl)NMes (2, where MsFluindtBu is a bulky hydrindacene skeleton) was synthesized through the reaction of MsFluindtBu-GeCl (1) and mesityl azide (MesN3). In contrast, treatment of 1 with a less bulky azide ArN3 (Ar = 4-tBuC6H4) produced a germatetrazole chloride MsFluindtBu-Ge(Cl)N4Ar2 (3), and a salt [MsFluindtBu-GeN4Ar2]+[BArF4]- (4; ArF = 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3) followed by chloride abstraction with NaBArF4, both bearing a five-membered GeN4 ring. Functionalization of 2 with Ar'Li (Ar' = 3,5-tBu2C6H3) or MeLi furnished a germanimine MsFluindtBu-Ge(Ar')NMes (5) or an amide lithium salt MsFluindtBu-Ge(Me)2-N(Mes)Li(thf) (6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Li
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- School of Electronic Engineering, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou 545000, China
| | - Yuhao He
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Yizhen Chen
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Dongmin Wang
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Jingjing Liu
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Gengwen Tan
- Innovation Center for Chemical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Synthesis of Jiangsu Province, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China. .,Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology of Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou 311121, China
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31
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Zechovský J, Kertész E, Erben M, Jambor R, Růžička A, Benkö Z, Dostál L. Oxidations of N-coordinated Arsinidene and Stibinidene by Substituted Quinones: A Remarkable Follow-Up Reactivity. Chempluschem 2023; 88:e202300018. [PMID: 36756773 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202300018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The reactivity of pnictinidenes [2-(DippN=CH)-6-(DippNHCH2 )C6 H3 ]E (where E=As (1) or Sb (2)) toward substituted ortho- and para-quinones is reported. The central pnictogen atom is easily oxidized by ortho-quinones closing five-membered EO2 C2 ring. The oxidized antimony derivatives are stable species, while in the case of arsenic compounds the hydrogen of the pendant amino NHCH2 group cleaves one newly formed As-O bonds leading to the closure of a new azaarsole ring. Furthermore, a heating of these arsenic heterocycles resulted in a C-H bond activation at the NCH2 group involved in this heterocycle followed by a reductive elimination of corresponding catechols and arsinidene [2,6-(DippN=CH)C6 H3 ]As. Using of para-quinones, resulted in the oxidation of the central atom with a concomitant hydrogen migration from NHCH2 group even in the case of the antimony derivatives. The reductive elimination of hydroquinones is in this case feasible for all compounds. Studied compounds were characterized by multi-nuclear NMR, IR and Raman spectroscopy and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The theoretical study focusing the key compounds and reactions is also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Zechovský
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry FCHT, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 532 10, Czech Republic
| | - Erik Kertész
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, 1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Milan Erben
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry FCHT, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 532 10, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Jambor
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry FCHT, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 532 10, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Růžička
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry FCHT, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 532 10, Czech Republic
| | - Zoltán Benkö
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Szent Gellért tér 4, 1111, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Libor Dostál
- Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry FCHT, University of Pardubice, Studentská 573, Pardubice, 532 10, Czech Republic
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32
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Weiser J, Cui J, Dewhurst RD, Braunschweig H, Engels B, Fantuzzi F. Structure and bonding of proximity-enforced main-group dimers stabilized by a rigid naphthyridine diimine ligand. J Comput Chem 2023; 44:456-467. [PMID: 36054757 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The development of ligands capable of effectively stabilizing highly reactive main-group species has led to the experimental realization of a variety of systems with fascinating properties. In this work, we computationally investigate the electronic, structural, energetic, and bonding features of proximity-enforced group 13-15 homodimers stabilized by a rigid expanded pincer ligand based on the 1,8-naphthyridine (napy) core. We show that the redox-active naphthyridine diimine (NDI) ligand enables a wide variety of structural motifs and element-element interaction modes, the latter ranging from isolated, element-centered lone pairs (e.g., E = Si, Ge) to cases where through-space π bonds (E = Pb), element-element multiple bonds (E = P, As) and biradical ground states (E = N) are observed. Our results hint at the feasibility of NDI-E2 species as viable synthetic targets, highlighting the versatility and potential applications of napy-based ligands in main-group chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Weiser
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jingjing Cui
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Rian D Dewhurst
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Engels
- Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, UK
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33
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Yang Z, Sun BJ, He C, Li JQ, Chang AHH, Kaiser RI. Gas-Phase Preparation of 1-Germavinylidene (H 2CGe; X 1A 1), the Isovalent Counterpart of Vinylidene (H 2CC; X 1A 1), via Non-adiabatic Dynamics through the Elementary Reaction of Ground State Atomic Carbon (C; 3P) with Germane (GeH 4; X 1A 1). J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:430-436. [PMID: 36622768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
1-Germavinylidene (H2CGe; X1A1), the germanium analogue of vinylidene (H2CC; X1A1), was prepared via a directed gas-phase synthesis through the bimolecular reaction of ground state atomic carbon (C; 3P) with germane (GeH4; X1A1) under single-collision conditions. The reaction commences with the barrierless insertion of carbon into the Ge-H bond followed by intersystem crossing from the triplet to singlet surface and migration of atomic hydrogen to germylene (H2GeCH2), which predominantly decomposes via molecular hydrogen loss to 1-germavinylidene (H2CGe; X1A1). Therefore, the replacement of a single carbon atom in the acetylene-vinylidene system by germanium critically impacts the chemical bonding, molecular structure, and thermodynamic stability of the carbene-type structures favoring 1-germavinylidene (H2CGe) over germyne (HGeCH) by 160 kJ mol-1. Hence, the carbon-germane system represents a benchmark in the exploration of the chemistries of main group 14 elements with germanium-bearing systems showing few similarities with the isovalent carbon system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenghai Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Bing-Jian Sun
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Chao He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Jin-Qi Li
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Agnes H H Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Hualien 974, Taiwan
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawai'i at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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34
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Abstract
The chemistry of low valent p-block metal complexes continues to elicit interest in the research community, demonstrating reactivity that replicates and in some cases exceeds that of their more widely studied d-block metal counterparts. The introduction of the first aluminyl anion, a complex containing a formally anionic Al(I) centre charge balanced by an alkali metal (AM) cation, has established a platform for a new area of chemical research. The chemistry displayed by aluminyl compounds is expanding rapidly, with examples of reactivity towards a diverse range of small molecules and functional groups now reported in the literature. Herein we present an account of the structure and reactivity of the growing family of aluminyl compounds. In this context we examine the structural relationships between the aluminyl anion and the AM cations, which now include examples of AM = Li, Na, K, Rb and Cs. We report on the ability of these compounds to engage in bond-breaking and bond-forming reactions, which is leading towards their application as useful reagents in chemical synthesis. Furthermore we discuss the chemistry of bimetallic complexes containing direct Al-M bonds (M = Li, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn) and compounds with Al-E multiple bonds (E = NR, CR2, O, S, Se, Te), where both classes of compound are derived directly from aluminyl anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn P Coles
- School of Chemical of Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6012, New Zealand.
| | - Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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35
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Li J, Lu Z, Liu LL. A Free Phosphaborene Stable at Room Temperature. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:23691-23697. [PMID: 36520955 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Free phosphaborenes (R-P═B-R) are PB analogues of alkynes, and their isolation is a long-sought-after goal. Herein, we demonstrate that the combination of a π-donating and a π-accepting substituent with bulky flanking arene rings enables the isolation of a crystalline free phosphaborene 5 at room temperature. This electron push-pull cooperation, combined with the kinetic protection, hinders its inherent tendency to oligomerize. This species features a PB double bond consisting of a conventional σ bond and a delocalized π bond. The lone pair of electrons at P slightly contributes to the PB bonding. Preliminary reactivity studies show that 5 undergoes facile (cyclo)addition reactions with p-methyl benzaldehyde, p-fluoroacetophenone, and carbon disulfide, the last of which results in facile PB double bond cleavage. Our strategy has a significant impact on the future synthesis of ambiphilic heterodiatomic multiply bonded main group species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Li
- Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhihao Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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36
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Fischer M, Roy MMD, Wales LL, Ellwanger MA, McManus C, Roper AF, Heilmann A, Aldridge S. Taming Heavier Group 14 Imine Analogues: Accessing Tin Nitrogen [Sn=N] Double Bonds and their Cycloaddition/Metathesis Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202211616. [PMID: 36161749 PMCID: PMC9828258 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202211616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
A systematic study to access stable stannaimines is reported, by combining different heteroleptic stannylenes with a range of organic azides. The reactions of terphenyl-/hypersilyl-substituted stannylenes yield the putative tin nitrogen double bond, but is directly followed by 1,2-silyl migration to give SnII systems featuring bulky silylamido ligands. By contrast, the transition from a two σ donor ligand set to a mixed σ-donor/π-donor scaffold allows access to three new stannaimines which can be handled at room temperature. The reactivity profile of these Sn=N bonded species is crucially dependent on the substituent at the nitrogen atom. As such, the Sn=NMes (Mes=2,4,6-Me3 C6 H2 ) system is capable of activating a broad range of substrates under ambient conditions via 1,2-addition reactions, [2+2] and [4+2] cycloaddition reactions. Most interestingly, very rare examples of main group multiple bond metathesis reactions are also found to be viable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Fischer
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Matthew M. D. Roy
- Department of ChemistryCatalysis Research Center and Institute for Silicon ChemistryTechnische Universität München85748Garching bei MünchenGermany
| | - Lewis. L. Wales
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Mathias A. Ellwanger
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Caitilin McManus
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Aisling F. Roper
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry LaboratoryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of OxfordSouth Parks RoadOxfordOX1 3QRUK
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37
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Izod K, Liu M, Evans P, Wills C, Dixon CM, Waddell PG, Probert MR. Spontaneous Decomposition of an Extraordinarily Twisted and Trans-Bent Fully-Phosphanyl-Substituted Digermene to an Unusual Ge I Cluster. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202208851. [PMID: 35946808 PMCID: PMC9804623 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202208851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Ditetrelenes R2 E=ER2 (E=Si, Ge, Sn, Pb) substituted by multiple N/P/O/S-donor groups are extremely rare due to their propensity to disaggregate into their tetrylene monomers R2 E. We report the synthesis of the first fully phosphanyl-substituted digermene {(Mes)2 P}2 Ge=Ge{P(Mes)2 }2 (3, Mes=2,4,6-Me3 C6 H2 ), which adopts a highly unusual structure in the solid state, that is both strongly trans-bent and highly twisted. Variable-temperature 31 P{1 H} NMR spectroscopy suggests that 3 persists in solution, but is subject to a dynamic equilibrium between two conformations, which have different geometries about the Ge=Ge bond (twisted/non-twisted) due to a difference in the nature of their π-stacking interactions. Compound 3 undergoes unprecedented, spontaneous decomposition in solution to give a unique GeI cluster {(Mes)2 P}4 Ge4 ⋅5 CyMe (7).
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Izod
- Main Group Chemistry LaboratoriesSchool of ChemistryNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE1 7RUUK
| | - Mo Liu
- Main Group Chemistry LaboratoriesSchool of ChemistryNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE1 7RUUK
| | - Peter Evans
- Main Group Chemistry LaboratoriesSchool of ChemistryNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE1 7RUUK
| | - Corinne Wills
- School of ChemistryNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE1 7RUUK
| | - Casey M. Dixon
- School of ChemistryNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE1 7RUUK
| | - Paul G. Waddell
- School of ChemistryNewcastle UniversityNewcastle upon TyneNE1 7RUUK
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38
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Xiong Y, Dong S, Yao S, Dai C, Zhu J, Kemper S, Driess M. An Isolable 2,5‐Disila‐3,4‐Diphosphapyrrole and a Conjugated Si=P−Si=P−Si=N Chain Through Degradation of White Phosphorus with a
N,N
‐Bis(Silylenyl)Aniline. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202209250. [PMID: 35876267 PMCID: PMC9545316 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202209250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
White phosphorus (P4) undergoes degradation to P2 moieties if exposed to the new N,N‐bis(silylenyl)aniline PhNSi21 (Si=Si[N(tBu)]2CPh), furnishing the first isolable 2,5‐disila‐3,4‐diphosphapyrrole 2 and the two novel functionalized Si=P doubly bonded compounds 3 and 4. The pathways for the transformation of the non‐aromatic 2,5‐disila‐3,4‐diphosphapyrrole PhNSi2P22 into 3 and 4 could be uncovered. It became evident that 2 reacts readily with both reactants P4 and 1 to afford either the polycyclic Si=P‐containing product [PhNSi2P2]2P23 or the unprecedented conjugated Si=P−Si=P−Si=NPh chain‐containing compound 4, depending on the employed molar ratio of 1 and P4 as well as the reaction conditions. Compounds 3 and 4 can be converted into each other by reactions with 1 and P4, respectively. All new compounds 1–4 were unequivocally characterized including by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. In addition, the electronic structures of 2–4 were established by Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xiong
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganic and Inorganic Materials Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Shicheng Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Shenglai Yao
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganic and Inorganic Materials Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Chenshu Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM) and College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Xiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Sebastian Kemper
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganic and Inorganic Materials Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Matthias Driess
- Department of Chemistry: Metalorganic and Inorganic Materials Technische Universität Berlin Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin Germany
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39
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Pradhan S, Sankar RV, Gunanathan C. A Boron-Nitrogen Double Transborylation Strategy for Borane-Catalyzed Hydroboration of Nitriles. J Org Chem 2022; 87:12386-12396. [PMID: 36045008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Organoborane-catalyzed hydroboration of nitriles provides N,N-diborylamines, which act as efficient synthons for the synthesis of primary amines and secondary amides. Known nitrile hydroboration methods are dominated by metal catalysis. Simple and metal-free hydroboration of nitriles using diborane [H-B-9-BBN]2 as a catalyst and pinacolborane as a turnover reagent is reported. The reaction of monomeric H-B-9-BBN with nitriles leads to the hydrido-bridged diborylimine intermediate; a subsequent sequential double hydroboration-transborylation pathway involving B-N/B-H σ bond metathesis is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subham Pradhan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
| | - Raman Vijaya Sankar
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
| | - Chidambaram Gunanathan
- School of Chemical Sciences, National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), An OCC of Homi Bhabha National Institute, Bhubaneswar 752050, India
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40
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Wentz KE, Molino A, Freeman LA, Dickie DA, Wilson DJD, Gilliard RJ. Activation of Carbon Dioxide by 9-Carbene-9-borafluorene Monoanion: Carbon Monoxide Releasing Transformation of Trioxaborinanone to Luminescent Dioxaborinanone. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:16276-16281. [PMID: 36037435 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c06845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The first structurally characterized example of a trioxaborinanone (2) is produced by the reaction of a 9-carbene-9-borafluorene monoanion and carbon dioxide. When compound 2 is heated or irradiated with UV light, carbon monoxide (CO) is released, and a luminescent dioxaborinanone (3) is formed. Notably, carbon monoxide releasing molecules (CORMs) are of interest for their ability to deliver a specific amount of CO. Due to the turn-on fluorescence observed as a result of the conversion to 3, CORM 2 serves as a means to optically observe CO loss "by eye" under thermal or photochemical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsie E Wentz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Andrew Molino
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lucas A Freeman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - Diane A Dickie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
| | - David J D Wilson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne 3086, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert J Gilliard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, 409 McCormick Road, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, United States
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41
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Izod K, Liu M, Evans P, Wills C, Dixon CM, Waddell PG, Probert MR. Spontaneous decomposition of an extraordinarily twisted and trans‐bent fully‐phosphanyl‐substituted digermene to an unusual Ge(I) cluster. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202208851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keith Izod
- University of Newcastle School of Chemistry Bedson Building NE1 7RU Newcastle upon Tyne UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Mo Liu
- Newcastle University School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Peter Evans
- Newcastle University School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Corinne Wills
- Newcastle University School of Chemistry UNITED KINGDOM
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42
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Inoue S, Melen RL, Harder S. Main Group Catalysis. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shigeyoshi Inoue
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Silicon Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching bei München Germany
| | - Rebecca L. Melen
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place CF10 3AT Wales UK
| | - Sjoerd Harder
- Inorganic and Organometallic Chemistry Alexander-Friedrich-University Erlangen-Nürnberg Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
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43
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Guthardt R, Oetzel L, Lang T, Bruhn C, Siemeling U. Reactions of Mesityl Azide with Ferrocene-Based N-Heterocyclic Germylenes, Stannylenes and Plumbylenes, Including PPh 2 -Functionalised Congeners. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202200996. [PMID: 35510599 PMCID: PMC9400874 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202200996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The reactivity of ferrocene-based N-heterocyclic tetrylenes [{Fe(η5 -C5 H4 -NSitBuMe2 )2 }E] (E=Ge, Sn, Pb) towards mesityl azide (MesN3 ) is compared with that of PPh2 -functionalised congeners exhibiting two possible reaction sites, namely the EII and PIII atom. For E=Ge and Sn the reaction occurs at the EII atom, leading to the formation of N2 and an EIV =NMes unit. The germanimines are sufficiently stable for isolation. The stannanimines furnish follow-up products, either by [2+3] cycloaddition with MesN3 or, in the PPh2 -substituted case, by NMes transfer from the SnIV to the PIII atom. Whereas [{Fe(η5 -C5 H4 -NSitBuMe2 )2 }Pb] and other diaminoplumbylenes studied are inert even under forcing conditions, the PPh2 -substituted congener forms an addition product with MesN3 , thus showing a behaviour similar to that of frustrated Lewis pairs. The germylenes of this study afford copper(I) complexes with CuCl, including the first structurally characterised linear dicoordinate halogenido complex [CuX(L)] with a heavier tetrylene ligand L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Guthardt
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of KasselHeinrich-Plett-Straße 4034132KasselGermany
- Present address: School of ChemistryMonash UniversityPO Box 23VIC 3800MelbourneAustralia
| | - Lisa Oetzel
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of KasselHeinrich-Plett-Straße 4034132KasselGermany
| | - Tobias Lang
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of KasselHeinrich-Plett-Straße 4034132KasselGermany
| | - Clemens Bruhn
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of KasselHeinrich-Plett-Straße 4034132KasselGermany
| | - Ulrich Siemeling
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of KasselHeinrich-Plett-Straße 4034132KasselGermany
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44
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Xiong Y, Dong S, Yao S, Dai C, Zhu J, Kemper S, Driess M. An Isolable 2,5‐Disila‐3,4‐Diphosphapyrrole and a Conjugated Si=P‐Si=P‐Si=N Chain Through Degradation of White Phosphorus with a N,N‐Bis(Silylenyl)Aniline. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202209250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Xiong
- Technische Universität Berlin: Technische Universitat Berlin Chemistry GERMANY
| | | | - Shenglai Yao
- Technische Universität Berlin: Technische Universitat Berlin Chemistry GERMANY
| | | | - Jun Zhu
- Xiamen University Chemistry CHINA
| | - Sebastian Kemper
- Technische Universität Berlin: Technische Universitat Berlin Chemistry GERMANY
| | - Matthias Driess
- Technische Universität Berlin Chemie Strasse des 17. Juni 135, Sekr. C2 10623 Berlin GERMANY
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45
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Raut RK, Waghamare AB, Patel N, Majumdar M. Role of N, N′‐diboryl‐4, 4′‐bipyridinylidene in the Transition metal‐free Borylation of Aryl Halides and Direct C‐H arylation of Unactivated Benzene. Eur J Inorg Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202200089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ravindra K. Raut
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune Chemistry INDIA
| | | | - Niranjan Patel
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Pune Chemistry INDIA
| | - Moumita Majumdar
- Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune Chemistry Dr. Homi Bhabha RoadPashan 411008 Pune INDIA
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46
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Wang J, Chen J, Tian R, Duan Z. Activation of CS 2 with the 2 H-Phosphindole Complex to Construct P,S-Polycycles. Org Lett 2022; 24:6117-6121. [PMID: 35796494 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c01987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The activation of CS2 by the 2H-phosphindole complex with a low-coordinate phosphadiene moiety is reported. The successive hetero-Diels-Alder reaction between 2H-phosphindoles and CS2 constructs two bridged rings and one spirocycle simultaneously, affording structurally complex P,S-polycyclic products. The two 2H-phosphindoles approach the C═S bond in a head-to-head disposition to minimize steric hindrance. This work reveals the unique reactivity of low-coordinate organophosphorus species and their potential applications in small molecule activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjian Wang
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Jingrong Chen
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Rongqiang Tian
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Duan
- College of Chemistry, Green Catalysis Center, International Phosphorus Laboratory, International Joint Research Laboratory for Functional Organophosphorus Materials of Henan Province, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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47
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48
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Fischer M, Roy MMD, Wales LL, Ellwanger MA, Heilmann A, Aldridge S. Structural Snapshots in Reversible Phosphinidene Transfer: Synthetic, Structural, and Reaction Chemistry of a Sn═P Double Bond. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8908-8913. [PMID: 35536684 PMCID: PMC9136930 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of amido-substituted stannylenes with phospha-Wittig reagents (Me3PPR) results in release of hexamethyldisilazane and tethering of the resulting -CH2PMe2PR fragment to the tin center to give P-donor stabilized stannylenes featuring four-membered Sn,C,P,P heterocycles. Through systematic increases in steric loading, the structures of these systems in the solid state can be tuned, leading to successive P-P bond lengthening and Sn-P contraction and, in the most encumbered case, to complete P-to-Sn transfer of the phosphinidene fragment. The resulting stannaphosphene features a polar Sn═P double bond as determined by structural and computational studies. The reversibility of phosphinidene transfer can be established by solution phase measurements and reactivity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Fischer
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Matthew M D Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center and Institute for Silicon Chemistry, Technische Universität München, 85748 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Lewis L Wales
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Mathias A Ellwanger
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Andreas Heilmann
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Simon Aldridge
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
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49
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Evans MJ, Anker MD, McMullin CL, Neale SE, Rajabi NA, Coles MP. Carbon-chalcogen bond formation initiated by [Al(NON Dipp)(E)] - anions containing Al-E{16} (E{16} = S, Se) multiple bonds. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4635-4646. [PMID: 35656129 PMCID: PMC9020183 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01064j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiply-bonded main group metal compounds are of interest as a new class of reactive species able to activate and functionalize a wide range of substrates. The aluminium sulfido compound K[Al(NONDipp)(S)] (NONDipp = [O(SiMe2NDipp)2]2-, Dipp = 2,6-iPr2C6H3), completing the series of [Al(NONDipp)(E)]- anions containing Al-E{16} multiple bonds (E{16} = O, S, Se, Te), was accessed via desulfurisation of K[Al(NONDipp)(S4)] using triphenylphosphane. The crystal structure showed a tetrameric aggregate joined by multiple K⋯S and K⋯π(arene) interactions that were disrupted by the addition of 2.2.2-cryptand to form the separated ion pair, [K(2.2.2-crypt)][Al(NONDipp)(S)]. Analysis of the anion using density functional theory (DFT) confirmed multiple-bond character in the Al-S group. The reaction of the sulfido and selenido anions K[Al(NONDipp)(E)] (E = S, Se) with CO2 afforded K[Al(NONDipp)(κ2 E,O-EC{O}O)] containing the thio- and seleno-carbonate groups respectively, consistent with a [2 + 2]-cycloaddition reaction and C-E bond formation. An analogous cycloaddition reaction took place with benzophenone affording compounds containing the diphenylsulfido- and diphenylselenido-methanolate ligands, [κ2 E,O-EC{O}Ph2]2-. In contrast, when K[Al(NONDipp)(E)] (E = S, Se) was reacted with benzaldehyde, two equivalents of substrate were incorporated into the product accompanied by formation of a second C-E bond and complete cleavage of the Al-E{16} bonds. The products contained the hitherto unknown κ2 O,O-thio- and κ2 O,O-seleno-bis(phenylmethanolate) ligands, which were exclusively isolated as the cis-stereoisomers. The mechanisms of these cycloaddition reactions were investigated using DFT methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Evans
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington P.O. Box 600 Wellington New Zealand
| | - Mathew D Anker
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington P.O. Box 600 Wellington New Zealand
| | | | - Samuel E Neale
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Nasir A Rajabi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath Bath BA2 7AY UK
| | - Martyn P Coles
- School of Chemical and Physical Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington P.O. Box 600 Wellington New Zealand
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50
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Tiessen N, Keßler M, Neumann B, Stammler HG, Hoge B. Oxidative Additions of C-F Bonds to the Silanide Anion [Si(C 2 F 5 ) 3 ] . Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116468. [PMID: 35107847 PMCID: PMC9310575 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Compounds exhibiting main group elements in low oxidation states were found to mimic the reactivity of transition metal complexes. Like the latter, such main group species show a proclivity of changing their oxidation state as well as their coordination number by +2, therefore fulfilling the requirements for oxidative additions. Prominent examples of such main group compounds that undergo oxidative additions with organohalides R-X (R=alkyl, aryl, X=F, Cl, Br, I) are carbenes and their higher congeners. Aluminyl anions, which like carbenes and silylenes oxidatively add to strong σ-bonds in R-X species, have been recently discovered. We present the first anion based upon a Group 14 element, namely the tris(pentafluoroethyl)silanide anion, [Si(C2 F5 )3 ]- , which is capable of oxidative additions towards C-F bonds. This enables the isolation of non-chelated tetraorganofluorosilicate salts, which to the best of our knowledge had only been observed as reactive intermediates before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tiessen
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Mira Keßler
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Beate Neumann
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Stammler
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Berthold Hoge
- Universität Bielefeld, Fakultät für Chemie, Centrum für Molekulare Materialien, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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