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Uysal F, Turkmen H, Genc A, Bostan OM. Effect of Magnesium on Ventricular Extrasystoles in Children. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 2024:99228231223780. [PMID: 38243650 DOI: 10.1177/00099228231223780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg) is a crucial element for cardiovascular system and its deficiency results in a variety of cardiac arrhythmias. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of oral Mg supplementation on the frequency of ventricular extrasystoles (VES) in children. Magnesium supplementation was given to 42 children who had VES without structural heart disease. Clinical, electrocardiographic, and Holter monitoring studies were reviewed. The mean baseline 24 h VES burden on Holter monitoring was 10.26% ± 4.13% and it was decreased to 6.62% ± 3.88% after. There was no significant difference between the pre-treatment serum Mg levels and the decrease in the frequency of VES. In conclusion, oral Mg therapy was found to be effective at suppressing VES in children regardless of serum Mg levels. Large and randomized studies are needed to demonstrate the effect of magnesium on VES suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahrettin Uysal
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Türkiye
| | - Hasan Turkmen
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Türkiye
| | - Abdusselam Genc
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Türkiye
| | - Ozlem M Bostan
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Türkiye
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2
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Coman AE, Ceasovschih A, Petroaie AD, Popa E, Lionte C, Bologa C, Haliga RE, Cosmescu A, Slănină AM, Bacușcă AI, Șorodoc V, Șorodoc L. The Significance of Low Magnesium Levels in COVID-19 Patients. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59020279. [PMID: 36837480 PMCID: PMC9965430 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59020279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium is the fourth most common mineral in the human body and the second richest intracellular cation. This element is necessary for many physiological reactions, especially in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. COVID-19 is an infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. The majority of people who become ill as a result of COVID-19 have mild-to-moderate symptoms and recover without specific treatment. Moreover, there are people who develop severe forms of COVID-19, which require highly specialized medical assistance. Magnesium deficiency may play a role in the pathophysiology of infection with SARS-CoV-2. The primary manifestation of COVID-19 remains respiratory, but the virus can spread to other organs and tissues, complicating the clinical picture and culminating in multiorgan failure. The key mechanisms involved in the disease include direct viral cytotoxicity, endothelial dysfunction, and exaggerated release of inflammatory cytokines. The aim of this review was to summarize the available data regarding the role of magnesium in COVID-19 patients and its particularities in different clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adorata Elena Coman
- Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandr Ceasovschih
- 2nd Internal Medicine Department, Sf. Spiridon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Antoneta Dacia Petroaie
- Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Elena Popa
- Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cătălina Lionte
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Cristina Bologa
- 2nd Internal Medicine Department, Sf. Spiridon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Raluca Ecaterina Haliga
- 2nd Internal Medicine Department, Sf. Spiridon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Adriana Cosmescu
- Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ana Maria Slănină
- Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Agnes Iacinta Bacușcă
- Preventive Medicine and Interdisciplinarity Department, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy Iasi, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Victorița Șorodoc
- 2nd Internal Medicine Department, Sf. Spiridon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Laurențiu Șorodoc
- 2nd Internal Medicine Department, Sf. Spiridon Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700111 Iasi, Romania
- Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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3
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Karaer E, Köse DA, Sibel Şahin Z, Şahin O. Novel coordination compounds of alkaline earth metals with coumarilic acid. Synthesis and characterization. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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KARAER E, KÖSE DA. Novel Mixed Ligand Complexes of Alkaline Earth Metals with Coumarilic Acid and Nicotinamide. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.912967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Kaya A, Keskin M, Tatlisu MA, Kayapinar O. More About the Effect of Dynamic Potassium Change in STEMI. Angiology 2018; 70:89-90. [PMID: 30231627 DOI: 10.1177/0003319718801089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Kaya
- 1 Cardiology, Duzce University School of Medicine, Konuralp, Duzce, Turkey
| | - Muhammed Keskin
- 2 Cardiology, Sultan Abdulhamid Han Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Osman Kayapinar
- 1 Cardiology, Duzce University School of Medicine, Konuralp, Duzce, Turkey
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6
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DiNicolantonio JJ, Liu J, O'Keefe JH. Magnesium for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Open Heart 2018; 5:e000775. [PMID: 30018772 PMCID: PMC6045762 DOI: 10.1136/openhrt-2018-000775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- James J DiNicolantonio
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Saint Lukes Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James H O'Keefe
- Department of Preventive Cardiology, Saint Lukes Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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7
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Muñoz-Castañeda JR, Pendón-Ruiz de Mier MV, Rodríguez M, Rodríguez-Ortiz ME. Magnesium Replacement to Protect Cardiovascular and Kidney Damage? Lack of Prospective Clinical Trials. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:E664. [PMID: 29495444 PMCID: PMC5877525 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with advanced chronic kidney disease exhibit an increase in cardiovascular mortality. Recent works have shown that low levels of magnesium are associated with increased cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in hemodialysis patients. Epidemiological studies suggest an influence of low levels of magnesium on the occurrence of cardiovascular disease, which is also observed in the normal population. Magnesium is involved in critical cellular events such as apoptosis and oxidative stress. It also participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In animal models of uremia, dietary supplementation of magnesium reduces vascular calcifications and mortality; in vitro, an increase of magnesium concentration decreases osteogenic transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells. Therefore, it may be appropriate to evaluate whether magnesium replacement should be administered in an attempt to reduce vascular damage and mortality in the uremic population In the present manuscript, we will review the magnesium homeostasis, the involvement of magnesium in enzymatic reactions, apoptosis and oxidative stress and the clinical association between magnesium and cardiovascular disease in the general population and in the context of chronic kidney disease. We will also analyze the role of magnesium on kidney function. Finally, the experimental evidence of the beneficial effects of magnesium replacement in chronic kidney disease will be thoroughly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan R Muñoz-Castañeda
- Nephrology Service, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María V Pendón-Ruiz de Mier
- Nephrology Service, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mariano Rodríguez
- Nephrology Service, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
- Red de Investigación Renal (REDinREN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María E Rodríguez-Ortiz
- Nephrology Service, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), University Hospital Reina Sofía, University of Córdoba, 14004 Córdoba, Spain.
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8
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De Falco CNML, Darrieux FCDC, Grupi C, Sacilotto L, Pisani CF, Lara S, Ramires JAF, Sosa E, Wu TC, Hachul D, Scanavacca M. Late outcome of a randomized study on oral magnesium for premature complexes. Arq Bras Cardiol 2015; 103:468-75. [PMID: 25590926 PMCID: PMC4290737 DOI: 10.5935/abc.20140171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ventricular and supraventricular premature complexes (PC) are frequent and usually
symptomatic. According to a previous study, magnesium pidolate (MgP)
administration to symptomatic patients can improve the PC density and
symptoms. Objective To assess the late follow-up of that clinical intervention in patients treated
with MgP or placebo. Methods In the first phase of the study, 90 symptomatic and consecutive patients with PC
were randomized (double-blind) to receive either MgP or placebo for 30 days.
Monthly follow-up visits were conducted for 15 months to assess symptoms and
control electrolytes. 24-hour Holter was performed twice, regardless of symptoms,
or whenever symptoms were present. In the second phase of the study, relapsing
patients, who had received MgP or placebo (crossing-over) in the first phase, were
treated with MgP according to the same protocol. Results Of the 45 patients initially treated with MgP, 17 (37.8%) relapsed during the
15-month follow-up, and the relapse time varied. Relapsing patients treated again
had a statistically significant reduction in the PC density of 138.25/hour (p <
0.001). The crossing-over patients reduced it by 247/hour (p < 0.001). Patients
who did not relapse, had a low PC frequency (3 PC/hour). Retreated patients had a
76.5% improvement in symptom, and crossing-over patients, 71.4%. Conclusion Some patients on MgP had relapse of symptoms and PC, indicating that MgP is
neither a definitive nor a curative treatment for late follow-up. However,
improvement in the PC frequency and symptoms was observed in the second phase of
treatment, similar to the response in the first phase of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Sissy Lara
- Instituto do Coração, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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9
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Rodrigo C, Fernando T, Samarakoon L, Dandeniya C, Wattegama M, Wanniarachchi N, Jayananda G, Rajapakse S. Acute coronary events during alcohol withdrawal. Addiction 2013; 108:222-3. [PMID: 23279360 DOI: 10.1111/add.12057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chaturaka Rodrigo
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo; Sri Lanka
| | - Tharanga Fernando
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo; Sri Lanka
| | - Lasitha Samarakoon
- University Medical Unit; National Hospital of Sri Lanka; Colombo; Sri Lanka
| | | | - Milanka Wattegama
- University Medical Unit; National Hospital of Sri Lanka; Colombo; Sri Lanka
| | | | | | - Senaka Rajapakse
- Department of Clinical Medicine; Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo; Sri Lanka
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10
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Agarwal R, Iezhitsa I, Agarwal P, Spasov A. Magnesium deficiency: does it have a role to play in cataractogenesis? Exp Eye Res 2012; 101:82-9. [PMID: 22668657 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 05/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/25/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium is one of the most important regulatory cation involved in several biological processes. It is important for maintaining the structural and functional integrity of vital ocular tissues such as lens. Presence of high magnesium content especially in the peripheral part of lens as compared to aqueous and vitreous humor has been observed. Magnesium plays significant role as a cofactor for more than 350 enzymes in the body especially those utilizing ATP. Membrane associated ATPase functions that are crucial in regulating the intracellular ionic environment, are magnesium-dependent. Moreover, the enzymes involved in ATP production and hydrolysis are also magnesium-dependent. Magnesium deficiency by interfering with ATPase functions causes increased intracellular calcium and sodium and decreases intracellular potassium concentration. Furthermore, magnesium deficiency is associated with increased oxidative stress secondary to increased expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and increased production of nitric oxide. Thus the alterations in lenticular redox status and ionic imbalances form the basis of the association of magnesium deficiency with cataract. In this paper we review the mechanisms involved in magnesium homeostasis and the role of magnesium deficiency in the pathogenesis of cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Agarwal
- Universiti Teknologi MARA, Faculty of Medicine, Level 20, Tower 1, Science & Technology Complex, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
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11
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Rodrigo C, Epa DS, Sriram G, Jayasinghe S. Acute coronary ischemia during alcohol withdrawal: a case report. J Med Case Rep 2011; 5:369. [PMID: 21838872 PMCID: PMC3170349 DOI: 10.1186/1752-1947-5-369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The potential of alcohol withdrawal to cause acute coronary events is an area that needs the urgent attention of clinicians and researchers. Case presentation We report the case of a 52-year-old heavy-alcohol-using Sri Lankan man who developed electocardiogram changes suggestive of an acute coronary event during alcohol withdrawal. Despite the patient being asymptomatic, subsequent echocardiogram showed evidence of ischemic myocardial dysfunction. We review the literature on precipitation of myocardial ischemia during alcohol withdrawal and propose possible mechanisms. Conclusions Alcohol withdrawal is a commonly observed phenomenon in hospitals. However, the number of cases reported in the literature of acute coronary events occurring during withdrawal is few. Many cases of acute ischemia or sudden cardiac deaths may be attributed to other well known complications of delirium tremens. This is an area needing the urgent attention of clinicians and epidemiologists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaturaka Rodrigo
- University Medical Unit, National Hospital of Sri Lanka, Colombo, Sri Lanka.
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12
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Abstract
The objective of this review is to characterize the mechanisms, risk factors, and offending pharmacotherapeutic agents that may cause drug-induced arrhythmias in critically ill patients. PubMed, other databases, and citation review were used to identify relevant published literature. The authors independently selected studies based on relevance to the topic. Numerous drugs have the potential to cause drug-induced arrhythmias. Drugs commonly administered to critically ill patients are capable of precipitating arrhythmias and include antiarrhythmics, antianginals, antiemetics, gastrointestinal stimulants, antibacterials, narcotics, antipsychotics, inotropes, digoxin, anesthetic agents, bronchodilators, and drugs that cause electrolyte imbalances and bradyarrhythmias. Drug-induced arrhythmias are insidious but prevalent. Critically ill patients frequently experience drug-induced arrhythmias; however, enhanced appreciation for this adverse event has the potential to improve prevention, treatment, patient safety, and outcomes in this patient population.
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Kostellow AB, Morrill GA. Iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation in aortic cells in vitro: protective effect of extracellular magnesium. Atherosclerosis 2004; 175:15-22. [PMID: 15186942 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2004.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2003] [Revised: 12/10/2003] [Accepted: 01/22/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Low serum Mg2+ has been associated with an increased incidence of cardiovascular pathology in human populations. We investigated the effect of extracellular Mg2+ on Fe-catalyzed lipid peroxidation in rat aortic segments and in human aortic smooth muscle cells. Products of phospholipid oxidation [malonaldehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxyalkenals (4-HA)], loss of fatty acyl double bonds (by proton-NMR) and glutathione levels indicated that exogenous ferric ions were several-fold more effective than ferrous ions in causing lipid peroxidation. Increased peroxidation was detectable at <1.0 microM Fe3+. Exogenous ferric iron-ionophore, 8-hydroxyquinoline, did not increase peroxidation by ferric ion, suggesting that Fe-catalyzed lipid peroxidation occurred at the cell surface. As ionized serum [Mg2+](o) was lowered from the physiological (0.7-0.96 mM) into the pathophysiological range (0.3-0.5mM) in Fe3+-containing medium, MDA/4-HA levels increased two to three-fold, with a concomitant loss of fatty acyl double bonds and decreased extracellular glutathione. Conversely, MDA/4-HA decreased as ionized Mg2+ was increased, accompanied by a rise in extracellular glutathione. The results indicate that Mg2+ protects aortic cell plasma membranes from ferric iron-catalyzed lipid peroxidation and that this is a contributing factor in the protective action of ionized Mg2+ on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele B Kostellow
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Berthon N, Laurant P, Fellmann D, Berthelot A. Effect of magnesium on mRNA expression and production of endothelin-1 in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2003; 42:24-31. [PMID: 12827022 DOI: 10.1097/00005344-200307000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate whether or not the decrease in blood pressure induced by dietary magnesium supplementation in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats is associated with modifications in expression and tissular production of endothelin-1. DOCA-salt treatment increased blood pressure, induced renal and cardiac hypertrophy, and increased endothelin-1 expression and production in the kidney, heart, and aorta. Mg supplementation for 8 weeks lowered blood pressure in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats and prevented hypertrophies and the increase of endothelin-1 expression and production in the heart, aorta, and kidney. Treatment with a receptor ETA antagonist, ABT-627, was used to clarify the relationship between the lowering effect of Mg supplementation on blood pressure and endothelin-1 production. When DOCA-salt rats were treated with ABT-627 for 8 weeks, Mg supplementation failed to lower blood pressure. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the lowering effect of Mg supplementation on blood pressure requires an inhibitory effect on endothelin-1 activity and/or endothelin-1 production in DOCA-salt hypertensive rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Berthon
- Laboratoire Physiologie, Pharmacologie et Nutrition Préventive Expérimentale, UFR Médecine et Pharmacie, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France.
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15
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Ravn HB, Korsholm TL, Falk E. Oral magnesium supplementation induces favorable antiatherogenic changes in ApoE-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21:858-62. [PMID: 11348887 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.21.5.858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies indicate that dietary magnesium influences atherogenesis. Magnesium inhibits plaque formation in animals receiving a high cholesterol diet, whereas the effect of magnesium in animals on low-fat diet has not been explored. Magnesium sulfate was given in the drinking water (50 mg/mL) to 7-week-old apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(-)(/)(-)) mice (n=30). Control animals (n=30) received tap water. At the age of 19 weeks, the extent of atherosclerosis and the density of macrophages were measured in the aortic root, and blood lipids were analyzed. The median plaque area was significantly smaller in magnesium-treated female apoE(-)(/)(-) mice and reached only 66% of control females (P<0.02). Plaque area was also less extensive in magnesium-treated male mice, although not statistically significant. Macrophage density was similar in both groups. Magnesium significantly reduced cholesterol (P<0.05) and triglyceride (P<0.01) levels, whereas high density lipoprotein cholesterol remained stable. No significant differences in body and heart weight were seen between treatment groups for either sex. In conclusion, in apoE(-)(/)(-) mice receiving a low-fat diet, magnesium supplementation significantly inhibited atherogenesis in females but not males. Plaque composition remained unchanged in terms of macrophage density. This was obtained in association with significantly reduced levels of cholesterol and triglycerides.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Ravn
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
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16
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Abstract
Magnesium deficit is associated with several acute and chronic illnesses. Of major concern is the association between cardiovascular problems, such as myocardial infarction, hypertension, congestive heart failure, and hypomagnesemia. In addition, evidence is mounting regarding the relationship between Type II Diabetes Mellitus, and magnesium deficit. The American diet is low in magnesium, and with modern water systems, very little is ingested in the drinking water. A review of the state of the science in relation to literature on magnesium follows, as well as nursing interventions crucial to managing magnesium deficit.
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17
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Wooldridge JD, Gregory CR. Ionized and total serum magnesium concentrations in feline renal transplant recipients. Vet Surg 1999; 28:31-7. [PMID: 10025638 DOI: 10.1053/jvet.1999.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To measure the blood concentrations of total and ionized serum magnesium in feline renal transplant recipients and to determine if there was a correlation between these concentrations and the development of neurological disorders after renal transplantation. STUDY DESIGN Prospective clinical study. ANIMALS Fourteen client-owned cats undergoing renal transplantation as a treatment for renal failure. Ten healthy adult cats were used to establish normal electrolyte concentrations. METHODS Total and ionized serum magnesium as well as potassium and ionized calcium concentrations were measured in 14 renal transplant recipients at five intervals: preoperatively; immediately postoperatively; and 24, 48, and 120 hours postoperatively. The mean values from all 14 cats over each time interval were compared with the normal range. The serum concentration of these electrolytes, particularly magnesium, was evaluated in relation to the occurrence of neurological complications. RESULTS Ninety-four percent of all ionized serum magnesium concentrations measured in clinical patients were below normal. Ninety percent of all total serum magnesium concentrations were within the normal range, and no cats had abnormally low total serum magnesium concentrations at any time. All clinical patients were hypocalcemic at all intervals. Sixty-six percent of all serum potassium concentrations were below normal. One cat in the study group experienced neurological problems, including seizures, in the immediate postoperative period. The signs appeared to be related to hypertension and responded to appropriate therapy. All electrolyte concentrations in this cat, including ionized magnesium, were within the same range of values as other clinical patients. CONCLUSIONS Ionized serum magnesium concentrations are decreased in feline renal transplant recipients in the perioperative period; however, hypomagnesemia would not appear to be directly related to the development of neurological disorders. None of the study patients were hypomagnesemic when total serum magnesium concentrations were measured over the same intervals. In addition, ionized serum calcium concentrations and serum potassium concentrations are below normal in the perioperative period. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The specific clinical significance of these abnormalities is unknown. It is possible that the profound weakness and depression that is commonly seen in feline renal transplant recipients in the immediate postoperative period may be improved by supplementation with these electrolytes. Further work is needed to understand the implications of these abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Wooldridge
- Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, USA
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18
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Morrill GA, Gupta RK, Kostellow AB, Ma GY, Zhang A, Altura BT, Altura BM. Mg2+ modulates membrane sphingolipid and lipid second messenger levels in vascular smooth muscle cells. FEBS Lett 1998; 440:167-71. [PMID: 9862448 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(98)01446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In vitro studies with smooth muscle cells from rat aorta and dog cerebral blood vessels indicate that variation in free Mg2+, within the pathophysiological range of Mg2+ concentrations, found in human serum, causes sustained changes in membrane phospholipids and lipid second messengers. Incorporation of [3H]palmitic acid into phosphatidylcholine (PC) and sphingomyelin (SM) was altered within 15-30 min after modifying the extracellular Mg2+ ion level ([Mg2+]o). Decreased Mg2+ produced a fall in both [3H]SM and [3H]PC over the first 2 h. After an 18-h incubation, the [3H]PC/[3H]SM ratio changed from about 20:1 to about 50:1. Increased [Mg2+]o resulted in a 2- to 3-fold increase in [3H]SM compared to only a small increase in [3H]PC over the same period. There was a reciprocal relationship between [3H]ceramide and [3H]1,2-DAG levels with highest [3H]ceramide and lowest [3H]-1,2-DAG levels seen at lowest [Mg2+]o. The results indicate that a fall in extracellular ionized Mg2+ concentration produces a rapid and sustained decrease in membrane sphingomyelin and a moderate rise in intracellular ceramide. A major effect of lowering [Mg2+]o appears to be a down-regulation of SM synthase. The increased membrane SM content and a concomitant decrease in cell ceramide, in the presence of elevated [Mg2+]o, may be relevant to the apparent protective role of adequate Mg intake on vascular function in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Morrill
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Rubenowitz E, Landin K, Wilhelmsen L. Skeletal muscle magnesium and potassium by gender and hypertensive status. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1998; 58:47-54. [PMID: 9516656 DOI: 10.1080/003655198728349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The relation between blood pressure and skeletal muscle magnesium and potassium, and the relation between these electrolytes and body mass index, blood lipids, blood glucose and plasma insulin concentrations were studied in 29 hypertensive and 21 normotensive men. In addition, a comparison was made between the normotensive men and 37 normotensive women regarding the concentrations of muscle potassium and magnesium. Mean skeletal muscle potassium concentration was lower and plasma insulin higher in hypertensive compared to normotensives. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were inversely correlated to muscle potassium and positively correlated to insulin. Muscle magnesium was positively correlated to muscle potassium but not to blood pressure. Muscle magnesium was significantly higher in normotensive women, compared to normotensive men. Muscle potassium did not differ between the genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rubenowitz
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Göteborg University, Sweden
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Abstract
Cisplatinum in a concentration (4.3 x 10(-6) M) corresponding to the therapeutic plasma concentration for cancer patients was found to cause a marked enhancement of magnesium efflux and uptake in perfused frog myocardium. The magnesium content of the perfused frog ventricle is increased from 6.66 +/- 0.34 mumol/g wet wgt to 8.03 +/- 0.38 mu mol/g wet wgt. Cisplatinum had a negative inotropic action reducing contractile force to 46 +/- 8% of initial force after 40 min of perfusion. The corresponding control contractile force was reduced to 74 +/- 7%. Removal of calcium and magnesium from the perfusion solution containing 0.5 mM EDTA for 10 minutes caused contractile force to be reduced to 0 after 6 beats at 24 min-1. After ten minutes of perfusion with EDTA, 1.87 mu mol/g wet wgt of magnesium was lost from control ventricles. Cisplatinum increased the loss to 4.08 +/- 0.34 mu mol/g wet wgt. The magnesium lost during EDTA perfusion was completely recovered after 5 minutes of perfusion in Ringer or Tyrode solution by both control and cisplatinum treated frog ventricles. The contractile force also recovered to the level prior to perfusion with EDTA Ringer. The rate of Mg2+ efflux in EDTA Ringer is largest during the first 3 minutes and was 0.170 +/- 0.051 p mol cm-2 sec-1 for controls and 0.798 p mol cm-2 sec-1 for the cisplatinum treated ventricles. During the last 7 min of perfusion in EDTA Ringer the Mg2+ efflux was reduced to 0.057 +/- 0.005 p mol cm-2 sec-1 for control ventricles and 0.170 p mol cm-2 sec-1 for the cisplatinum treated ventricles. Cisplatinum increased both magnesium efflux and influx and influx in the frog myocardium, increased magnesium content to a higher level and reduced contractile force. The effect of cisplatinum on magnesium transport is attributed to an increase in the charged form of cisplatinum that accumulates inside the cell where chloride content is low and the chloride of cisplatinum is displaced to form a positively charged cisplatinum.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Altura BM, Altura BT. Role of magnesium in patho-physiological processes and the clinical utility of magnesium ion selective electrodes. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1996; 224:211-34. [PMID: 8865438 DOI: 10.3109/00365519609088642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Magnesium ions (Mg2+) are pivotal in the transfer, storage and utilization of energy; Mg2+ regulates and catalyzes some 300-odd enzyme systems in mammals. The intracellular level of free Mg2+ ([Mg2+]i) regulates intermediary metabolism, DNA and RNA synthesis and structure, cell growth, reproduction, and membrane structure. Mg2+ has numerous physiological roles among which are control of neuronal activity, cardiac excitability, neuromuscular transmission, muscular contraction, vasomotor tone, blood pressure and peripheral blood flow. Mg2+ modulates and controls cell Ca2+ entry and Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticular membranes. Since the turn of this century, there has been a steady and progressive decline of dietary Mg intake to where much of the Western World population is ingesting less than an optimum RDA. Geographic regions low in soil and water Mg demonstrate increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Dietary deficiency of Mg2+ results in loss of cellular K+ and gain of cellular Na+ and calcium ions (Ca2+). Blood normally contains Mg2+ bound to proteins, Mg2+ complexed to small anion ligands and free ionized Mg2+ (IMg2+). Most clinical laboratories only now assess the total Mg, which consists of all three Mg fractions. Estimation of the IMg2+ level in serum or plasma by analysis of ultrafiltrates (complexed Mg + IMg2+) is somewhat unsatisfactory, as the methods employed do not distinguish the truly ionized form from Mg2+ bound to organic and inorganic anions. Because the levels of these ligands can vary significantly in numerous pathological states, it is desirable to directly measure the levels of IMg2+ in complex matrices such as whole blood, plasma and serum. Using novel ion selective electrodes (ISE's), we have found that there is virtually no difference in IMg2+, irrespective of whether one samples whole blood, plasma or serum. These data demonstrate that the mean concentration of IMg2+ in blood is about 600 mumoles/litre (0.54-0.65 mmol/L, 95% Cl); 65-72% of total Mg being free or biologically-active Mg2+. Use of the NOVA and KONE ISE's for IMg2+ on plasma and sera from patients with a variety of pathophysiologic and disease syndromes (e.g., long-term renal transplants, liver transplants, during and before cardiac surgery, ischemic heart disease [IHD], headaches, pregnancy, neonatal period, non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM), end-stage renal disease [ESRD], hemodialyse [HEM], and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD), hypertension, myocardial infarction [AMI] and after excessive dietary intake of Mg), has revealed interesting data. The results indicate that long-term renal transplant patients, headache, pregnant, NIDDM, ESRD, HEM, CAPD, AMI, hypertensive, and IHD subjects exhibit, on the average significant depression in IMg2+ but not TMg. Use of 31P-NMR spectroscopy on red blood cells, from several of these disease states, to assess free intracellular Mg ([Mg2+]i demonstrates a high correlation (r = 0.5-0.8) between IMg2+ and [Mg2+]i. Increased dietary load of Mg, for only 6 days, in human volunteers, resulted in significant elevations in serum IMg2+ but not TMg. Correlations between the clinical course of several of the above disease syndromes and the fall in IMg2+ and [Mg2+]i were found. The ICa2+/IMg2+ ratio appears, from our data, to be an important guide for signs of peripheral vasoconstriction, ischemia or spasm and possibly atherogenesis. Overall, our data point to important uses for ISE's for IMg2+ in the diagnosis and treatment of disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Altura
- Department of Physiology, State University of New York, Health Science Center at Brooklyn 11203, USA
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Toto KH, Yucha CB. Magnesium: Homeostasis, Imbalances, and Therapeutic Uses. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0899-5885(18)30448-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Altura BT, Wilimzig C, Trnovec T, Nyulassy S, Altura BM. Comparative effects of a Mg-enriched diet and different orally administered magnesium oxide preparations on ionized Mg, Mg metabolism and electrolytes in serum of human volunteers. J Am Coll Nutr 1994; 13:447-54. [PMID: 7836622 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.1994.10718433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether: 1) short-term dietary elevation in magnesium (Mg) intake could alter serum ionized Mg (IMg2+), total Mg (TMg); % ionized Mg (% IMg2+) and other cations; and 2) different formulated preparations of Mg oxide (MgO) in the presence and absence of phosphate could alter serum IMg2+, TMg, % IMg2+ and other cations in Mg-loaded subjects. METHODS A randomized, triple cross-over study was performed on a rigorously defined group of normal male volunteers. Eighteen males were administered diets containing four to five times the United States recommended daily allowance (USRDA) of Mg followed by a randomization of three different MgO preparations, in the presence or absence of phosphate, containing equimolar amounts (12.34 mmol) of elemental Mg. Forty age-matched volunteers served as reference range controls. Specific ion selective electrodes were utilized to measure IMg2+, ionized calcium (ICa2+), sodium (Na+) potassium (K+) and hydrogen ion concentration (H+). Measurement of urinary excretion of Mg as well as TMg were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. RESULTS Diets enriched with different oral formulations of Mg given for 6 days result in significant elevations in serum IMg2+ and % IMg2+ but not TMg, ICa2+, K+ or H+ in normal subjects. Although such Mg-loaded subjects demonstrate significant elevation in urinary excretion of Mg, no further changes in IMg2+, TMg or any of the serum cations were produced by ingestion of either of the three MgO preparations. Subjects showing normally low basal levels of serum IMg2+, (< or = 0.54 mM/L), could easily have their serum IMg2+ level manipulated by diets enriched with Mg, whereas subjects having average normal or high normal IMg2+ levels did not have their IMg2+ elevated significantly with either diets enriched with Mg or with exogenous MgO. CONCLUSION These results indicate that since serum IMg2+ and % IMg2+, but not TMg, can be altered by dietary intake, previous or future findings which may indicate no change in TMg by diet may not reflect changes in biologically-active Mg.
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Affiliation(s)
- B T Altura
- Department of Physiology, State University of New York, Brooklyn, New York
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