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Baltasar-Marchueta M, Llona L, M-Alicante S, Barbolla I, Ibarluzea MG, Ramis R, Salomon AM, Fundora B, Araujo A, Muguruza-Montero A, Nuñez E, Pérez-Olea S, Villanueva C, Leonardo A, Arrasate S, Sotomayor N, Villarroel A, Bergara A, Lete E, González-Díaz H. Identification of Riluzole derivatives as novel calmodulin inhibitors with neuroprotective activity by a joint synthesis, biosensor, and computational guided strategy. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116602. [PMID: 38636396 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of new molecules for the treatment of calmodulin related cardiovascular or neurodegenerative diseases is an interesting goal. In this work, we introduce a novel strategy with four main steps: (1) chemical synthesis of target molecules, (2) Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) biosensor development and in vitro biological assay of new derivatives, (3) Cheminformatics models development and in vivo activity prediction, and (4) Docking studies. This strategy is illustrated with a case study. Firstly, a series of 4-substituted Riluzole derivatives 1-3 were synthetized through a strategy that involves the construction of the 4-bromoriluzole framework and its further functionalization via palladium catalysis or organolithium chemistry. Next, a FRET biosensor for monitoring Ca2+-dependent CaM-ligands interactions has been developed and used for the in vitro assay of Riluzole derivatives. In particular, the best inhibition (80%) was observed for 4-methoxyphenylriluzole 2b. Besides, we trained and validated a new Networks Invariant, Information Fusion, Perturbation Theory, and Machine Learning (NIFPTML) model for predicting probability profiles of in vivo biological activity parameters in different regions of the brain. Next, we used this model to predict the in vivo activity of the compounds experimentally studied in vitro. Last, docking study conducted on Riluzole and its derivatives has provided valuable insights into their binding conformations with the target protein, involving calmodulin and the SK4 channel. This new combined strategy may be useful to reduce assay costs (animals, materials, time, and human resources) in the drug discovery process of calmodulin inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maider Baltasar-Marchueta
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Leire Llona
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | | | - Iratxe Barbolla
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Markel Garcia Ibarluzea
- Donostia International Physics Center, Donostia, Spain; Departament of Physics, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Rafael Ramis
- Donostia International Physics Center, Donostia, Spain; Departament of Physics, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Ane Miren Salomon
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Brenda Fundora
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Ariane Araujo
- Biofisika Institute, CSIC-UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | | | - Eider Nuñez
- Biofisika Institute, CSIC-UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Scarlett Pérez-Olea
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Christian Villanueva
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Aritz Leonardo
- Donostia International Physics Center, Donostia, Spain; Departament of Physics, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain
| | - Sonia Arrasate
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Nuria Sotomayor
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | | | - Aitor Bergara
- Donostia International Physics Center, Donostia, Spain; Departament of Physics, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Spain.
| | - Esther Lete
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain.
| | - Humberto González-Díaz
- Department of Organic and Inorganic Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain; Biofisika Institute, CSIC-UPV/EHU, Leioa 48940, Spain; IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48011, Spain.
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Qi X, Yu X, Wei L, Jiang H, Dong J, Li H, Wei Y, Zhao L, Deng W, Guo W, Hu X, Li T. Novel α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) potentiator LT-102: A promising therapeutic agent for treating cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14713. [PMID: 38615362 PMCID: PMC11016348 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS We aimed to evaluate the potential of a novel selective α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid receptor (AMPAR) potentiator, LT-102, in treating cognitive impairments associated with schizophrenia (CIAS) and elucidating its mechanism of action. METHODS The activity of LT-102 was examined by Ca2+ influx assays and patch-clamp in rat primary hippocampal neurons. The structure of the complex was determined by X-ray crystallography. The selectivity of LT-102 was evaluated by hERG tail current recording and kinase-inhibition assays. The electrophysiological characterization of LT-102 was characterized by patch-clamp recording in mouse hippocampal slices. The expression and phosphorylation levels of proteins were examined by Western blotting. Cognitive function was assessed using the Morris water maze and novel object recognition tests. RESULTS LT-102 is a novel and selective AMPAR potentiator with little agonistic effect, which binds to the allosteric site formed by the intradimer interface of AMPAR's GluA2 subunit. Treatment with LT-102 facilitated long-term potentiation in mouse hippocampal slices and reversed cognitive deficits in a phencyclidine-induced mouse model. Additionally, LT-102 treatment increased the protein level of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the phosphorylation of GluA1 in primary neurons and hippocampal tissues. CONCLUSION We conclude that LT-102 ameliorates cognitive impairments in a phencyclidine-induced model of schizophrenia by enhancing synaptic function, which could make it a potential therapeutic candidate for CIAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyu Qi
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain MedicineZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain‐Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain‐Machine IntelligenceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical NeurobiologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xueli Yu
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain MedicineZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain‐Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain‐Machine IntelligenceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical NeurobiologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Long Wei
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain MedicineZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Han Jiang
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain MedicineZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Jiangwen Dong
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain MedicineZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Hongxing Li
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain MedicineZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
| | - Yingying Wei
- The Psychiatric Laboratory, the State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Liansheng Zhao
- The Psychiatric Laboratory, the State Key Laboratory of BiotherapyWest China Hospital of Sichuan UniversityChengduSichuanChina
| | - Wei Deng
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain MedicineZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain‐Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain‐Machine IntelligenceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical NeurobiologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Wanjun Guo
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain MedicineZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain‐Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain‐Machine IntelligenceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical NeurobiologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | - Xun Hu
- The Clinical Research Center and Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiangHangzhouChina
| | - Tao Li
- Affiliated Mental Health Center & Hangzhou Seventh People's Hospital and School of Brain Science and Brain MedicineZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhouChina
- Liangzhu Laboratory, MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science and Brain‐Machine Integration, State Key Laboratory of Brain‐Machine IntelligenceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
- NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical NeurobiologyZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
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Davis-Reyes BD, Smith AE, Xu J, Cunningham KA, Zhou J, Anastasio NC. Subanesthetic ketamine with an AMPAkine attenuates motor impulsivity in rats. Behav Pharmacol 2021; 32:335-344. [PMID: 33595955 PMCID: PMC8119302 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The concept of 'impulse control' has its roots in early psychiatry and today has progressed into a well-described, although poorly understood, multidimensional endophenotype underlying many neuropsychiatric disorders (e.g., attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, substance use disorders). There is mounting evidence suggesting that the cognitive and/or behavioral dimensions underlying impulsivity are driven by dysfunctional glutamate (Glu) neurotransmission via targeted ionotropic Glu receptor (GluR) [e.g., N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR), α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR)] mechanisms and associated synaptic alterations within key brain nodes. Ketamine, a noncompetitive NMDAR antagonist and FDA-approved for treatment-resistant depression, induces a 'glutamate burst' that drives resculpting of the synaptic milieu, which lasts for several days to a week. Thus, we hypothesized that single and repeated treatment with a subanesthetic ketamine dose would normalize motor impulsivity. Next, we hypothesized that AMPAR positive allosteric modulation, alone or in combination with ketamine, would attenuate impulsivity and provide insight into the mechanisms underlying GluR dysfunction relevant to motor impulsivity. To measure motor impulsivity, outbred male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained on the one-choice serial reaction time task. Rats pretreated with single or repeated (3 days) administration of ketamine (10 mg/kg; i.p.; 24-h pretreatment) or with the AMPAkine HJC0122 (1 or 10 mg/kg; i.p.; 30-min pretreatment) exhibited lower levels of motor impulsivity vs. control. Combination of single or repeated ketamine plus HJC0122 also attenuated motor impulsivity vs. control. We conclude that ligands designed to promote GluR signaling represent an effective pharmacological approach to normalize impulsivity and subsequently, neuropsychiatric disorders marked by aberrant impulse control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brionna D Davis-Reyes
- Center for Addiction Research and Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
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Zhang Y, Wang K, Yu Z. Drug Development in Channelopathies: Allosteric Modulation of Ligand-Gated and Voltage-Gated Ion Channels. J Med Chem 2020; 63:15258-15278. [PMID: 33253554 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ion channels have been characterized as promising drug targets for treatment of numerous human diseases. Functions of ion channels can be fine-tuned by allosteric modulators, which interact with channels and modulate their activities by binding to sites spatially discrete from those of orthosteric ligands. Positive and negative allosteric modulators have presented a plethora of potential therapeutic advantages over traditionally orthosteric agonists and antagonists in terms of selectivity and safety. This thematic review highlights the discovery of representative allosteric modulators for ligand-gated and voltage-gated ion channels, discussing in particular their identifications, locations, and therapeutic uses in the treatment of a range of channelopathies. Additionally, structures and functions of selected ion channels are briefly described to aid in the rational design of channel modulators. Overall, allosteric modulation represents an innovative targeting approach, and the corresponding modulators provide an abundant but challenging landscape for novel therapeutics targeting ligand-gated and voltage-gated ion channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyun Zhang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Zhiyi Yu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
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Ye N, Li B, Mao Q, Wold EA, Tian S, Allen JA, Zhou J. Orphan Receptor GPR88 as an Emerging Neurotherapeutic Target. ACS Chem Neurosci 2019; 10:190-200. [PMID: 30540906 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.8b00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are recognized as pivotal drug targets involved in multiple physiological and pathological processes, the majority of GPCRs including orphan GPCRs (oGPCRs) are unexploited. GPR88, a brain-specific oGPCR with particularly robust expression in the striatum, regulates diverse brain and behavioral functions, including cognition, mood, movement control, and reward-based learning, and is thus emerging as a novel drug target for central nervous system disorders including schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, anxiety, and addiction. Nevertheless, no effective GPR88 synthetic ligands have yet entered into clinical trials, and GPR88 endogenous ligands remain unknown. Despite the recent discovery and early stage study of several GPR88 agonists, such as 2-PCCA, RTI-13951-33, and phenylglycinol derivatives, further research into GPR88 pharmacology, medicinal chemistry, and chemical biology is urgently needed to yield structurally diversified GPR88-specific ligands. Drug-like pharmacological tool function and relevant signaling elucidation will also accelerate the evaluation of this receptor as a viable neurotherapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ye
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Bang Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Qi Mao
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - Eric A. Wold
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Sheng Tian
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China
| | - John A. Allen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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Wold EA, Chen J, Cunningham KA, Zhou J. Allosteric Modulation of Class A GPCRs: Targets, Agents, and Emerging Concepts. J Med Chem 2019; 62:88-127. [PMID: 30106578 PMCID: PMC6556150 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been tractable drug targets for decades with over one-third of currently marketed drugs targeting GPCRs. Of these, the class A GPCR superfamily is highly represented, and continued drug discovery for this family of receptors may provide novel therapeutics for a vast range of diseases. GPCR allosteric modulation is an innovative targeting approach that broadens the available small molecule toolbox and is proving to be a viable drug discovery strategy, as evidenced by recent FDA approvals and clinical trials. Numerous class A GPCR allosteric modulators have been discovered recently, and emerging trends such as the availability of GPCR crystal structures, diverse functional assays, and structure-based computational approaches are improving optimization and development. This Perspective provides an update on allosterically targeted class A GPCRs and their disease indications and the medicinal chemistry approaches toward novel allosteric modulators and highlights emerging trends and opportunities in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A. Wold
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jianping Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Kathryn A. Cunningham
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Chemical Biology Program, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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Hu X, Tian X, Guo X, He Y, Chen H, Zhou J, Wang ZJ. AMPA receptor positive allosteric modulators attenuate morphine tolerance and dependence. Neuropharmacology 2018; 137:50-58. [PMID: 29751227 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Development of opioid tolerance and dependence hinders the use of opioids for the treatment of chronic pain. In searching for the mechanism and potential intervention for opioid tolerance and dependence, we studied the action of two positive allosteric modulators of the α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR PAMs). In mice treated with morphine (100 mg/kg, s.c.), acute morphine tolerance and dependence developed in 4-6 h. Treatment with aniracetam, a well-established AMPAR PAM, was able to completely prevent and reverse the development of acute antinociceptive tolerance to morphine. Partial, but significant, effects of aniracetam on acute morphine induced-physical dependence were also observed. Moreover, aniracetam significantly reversed the established morphine tolerance and dependence in a chronic model of morphine tolerance and dependence produced by intermittent morphine (10 mg/kg, s.c. for 5d). In addition, HJC0122, a new AMPAR PAM was found to have similar effects as aniracetam but with a higher potency. These previously undisclosed actions of AMPAR PAMs are intriguing and may shed lights on understanding the APMA signaling pathway in opioid addiction. Moreover, these data suggest that AMPAR PAMs may have utility in preventing and treating morphine tolerance and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Hu
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xuebi Tian
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Xiao Guo
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Ying He
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Haijun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Center for Addiction Research, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Zaijie Jim Wang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA; Cancer Center, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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Heikamp K, Zuccotto F, Kiczun M, Ray P, Gilbert IH. Exhaustive sampling of the fragment space associated to a molecule leading to the generation of conserved fragments. Chem Biol Drug Des 2018; 91:655-667. [PMID: 29063731 PMCID: PMC5836963 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The first step in hit optimization is the identification of the pharmacophore, which is normally achieved by deconstruction of the hit molecule to generate "deletion analogues." In silico fragmentation approaches often focus on the generation of small fragments that do not describe properly the fragment space associated to the deletion analogues. We present significant modifications to the molecular fragmentation programme molBLOCKS, which allows the exhaustive sampling of the fragment space associated with a molecule to generate all possible molecular fragments. This generates larger fragments, by combining the smallest fragments. Additionally, it has been modified to deal with the problem of changing pharmacophoric properties through fragmentation, by highlighting bond cuts. The modified molBLOCKS programme was used on a set of drug compounds, where it generated more unique fragments than standard fragmentation approaches by increasing the number of fragments derived per compound. This fragment set was found to be more diverse than those generated by standard fragmentation programmes and was relevant to drug discovery as it contains the key fragments representing the pharmacophoric elements associated with ligand recognition. The use of dummy atoms to highlight bond cuts further increases the information content of fragments by visualizing their previous bonding pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Heikamp
- Drug Discovery UnitDivision of Biological Chemistry and Drug DiscoverySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeScotland, UK
| | - Fabio Zuccotto
- Drug Discovery UnitDivision of Biological Chemistry and Drug DiscoverySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeScotland, UK
| | - Michael Kiczun
- Drug Discovery UnitDivision of Biological Chemistry and Drug DiscoverySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeScotland, UK
| | - Peter Ray
- Drug Discovery UnitDivision of Biological Chemistry and Drug DiscoverySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeScotland, UK
| | - Ian H. Gilbert
- Drug Discovery UnitDivision of Biological Chemistry and Drug DiscoverySchool of Life SciencesUniversity of DundeeDundeeScotland, UK
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Therapeutic Potential of Oridonin and Its Analogs: From Anticancer and Antiinflammation to Neuroprotection. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23020474. [PMID: 29470395 PMCID: PMC6017549 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oridonin, a diterpenoid natural product commonly used in East Asian herbal medicine, is garnering increased attention in the biomedical community due to its extensive biological activities that include antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, hepatic fibrosis prevention, and neurological effects. Over the past decade, significant progress has been made in structure activity relationship and mechanism of action studies of oridonin for the treatment of cancer and other diseases. This review provides a brief summary on oridonin and its analogs in cancer drug discovery and antiinflammation and highlights its emerging therapeutic potential in neuroprotection applications.
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Kim DN, Sanbonmatsu KY. Tools for the cryo-EM gold rush: going from the cryo-EM map to the atomistic model. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20170072. [PMID: 28963369 PMCID: PMC5715128 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20170072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) enters mainstream structural biology, the demand for fitting methods is high. Here, we review existing flexible fitting methods for cryo-EM. We discuss their importance, potential concerns and assessment strategies. We aim to give readers concrete descriptions of cryo-EM flexible fitting methods with corresponding examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doo Nam Kim
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, U.S.A
| | - Karissa Y Sanbonmatsu
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, U.S.A.
- New Mexico Consortium, Los Alamos, U.S.A
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Wang P, Liu Z, Chen H, Ye N, Cheng X, Zhou J. Exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPACs): Emerging therapeutic targets. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1633-1639. [PMID: 28283242 PMCID: PMC5397994 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.02.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPACs) are critical cAMP-dependent signaling pathway mediators. The discovery of EPAC proteins has significantly facilitated understanding on cAMP-dependent signaling pathway and efforts along this line open new avenues for developing novel therapeutics for cancer, diabetes, heart failure, inflammation, infections, neurological disorders and other human diseases. Over the past decade, important progress has been made in the identification of EPAC agonists, antagonists and their biological and pharmacological applications. In this review, we briefly summarize recently reported novel functions of EPACs and the discovery of their small molecule modulators. The challenges and future perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyuan Wang
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Zhiqing Liu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Na Ye
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Xiaodong Cheng
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, Texas Therapeutics Institute, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
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12
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Ding Y, Ding C, Ye N, Liu Z, Wold EA, Chen H, Wild C, Shen Q, Zhou J. Discovery and development of natural product oridonin-inspired anticancer agents. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 122:102-117. [PMID: 27344488 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural products have historically been, and continue to be, an invaluable source for the discovery of various therapeutic agents. Oridonin, a natural diterpenoid widely applied in traditional Chinese medicines, exhibits a broad range of biological effects including anticancer and anti-inflammatory activities. To further improve its potency, aqueous solubility and bioavailability, the oridonin template serves as an exciting platform for drug discovery to yield better candidates with unique targets and enhanced drug properties. A number of oridonin derivatives (e.g. HAO472) have been designed and synthesized, and have contributed to substantial progress in the identification of new agents and relevant molecular mechanistic studies toward the treatment of human cancers and other diseases. This review summarizes the recent advances in medicinal chemistry on the explorations of novel oridonin analogues as potential anticancer therapeutics, and provides a detailed discussion of future directions for the development and progression of this class of molecules into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ding
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, United States
| | - Chunyong Ding
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, United States
| | - Na Ye
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, United States
| | - Zhiqing Liu
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, United States
| | - Eric A Wold
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, United States
| | - Christopher Wild
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, United States
| | - Qiang Shen
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, 77555, United States.
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13
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Abstract
Antiviral therapeutics with profiles of high potency, low resistance, panserotype, and low toxicity remain challenging, and obtaining such agents continues to be an active area of therapeutic development. Due to their unique three-dimensional structural features, spirooxindoles have been identified as privileged chemotypes for antiviral drug development. Among them, spiro-pyrazolopyridone oxindoles have been recently reported as potent inhibitors of dengue virus NS4B, leading to the discovery of an orally bioavailable preclinical candidate (R)-44 with excellent in vivo efficacy in a dengue viremia mouse model. This review highlights recent advances in the development of biologically active spirooxindoles for their antiviral potential, primarily focusing on the structure-activity relationships (SARs) and modes of action, as well as future directions to achieve more potent analogues toward a viable antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ye
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Haiying Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Eric A. Wold
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Pei-Yong Shi
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Sealy Center for Structural Biology & Molecular Biophysics, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
- Center for Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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14
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AMPA receptor-positive allosteric modulators for the treatment of schizophrenia: an overview of recent patent applications. Future Med Chem 2016; 7:473-91. [PMID: 25875874 DOI: 10.4155/fmc.15.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of glutamate and its receptors in central nervous system biology and disease has long been of interest to scientists involved in both fundamental research and drug discovery, however the complex pharmacology and lack of highly selective compounds has severely hampered drug discovery efforts in this area. Recent advances in the identification and profiling of positive allosteric modulators of the AMPA receptor offer a potential way forward and the hope of a new treatment for schizophrenia. This article will review recent patent applications published in this area.
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15
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Biggin PC, Aldeghi M, Bodkin MJ, Heifetz A. Beyond Membrane Protein Structure: Drug Discovery, Dynamics and Difficulties. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 922:161-181. [PMID: 27553242 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-35072-1_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Most of the previous content of this book has focused on obtaining the structures of membrane proteins. In this chapter we explore how those structures can be further used in two key ways. The first is their use in structure based drug design (SBDD) and the second is how they can be used to extend our understanding of their functional activity via the use of molecular dynamics. Both aspects now heavily rely on computations. This area is vast, and alas, too large to consider in depth in a single book chapter. Thus where appropriate we have referred the reader to recent reviews for deeper assessment of the field. We discuss progress via the use of examples from two main drug target areas; G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and ion channels. We end with a discussion of some of the main challenges in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip C Biggin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK.
| | - Matteo Aldeghi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QU, UK
| | - Michael J Bodkin
- Evotec Ltd, 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RZ, UK
| | - Alexander Heifetz
- Evotec Ltd, 114 Innovation Drive, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxfordshire, OX14 4RZ, UK
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16
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Chen H, Zhou X, Wang A, Zheng Y, Gao Y, Zhou J. Evolutions in fragment-based drug design: the deconstruction-reconstruction approach. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:105-13. [PMID: 25263697 PMCID: PMC4305461 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in the understanding of molecular recognition and protein-ligand interactions have facilitated rapid development of potent and selective ligands for therapeutically relevant targets. Over the past two decades, a variety of useful approaches and emerging techniques have been developed to promote the identification and optimization of leads that have high potential for generating new therapeutic agents. Intriguingly, the innovation of a fragment-based drug design (FBDD) approach has enabled rapid and efficient progress in drug discovery. In this critical review, we focus on the construction of fragment libraries and the advantages and disadvantages of various fragment-based screening (FBS) for constructing such libraries. We also highlight the deconstruction-reconstruction strategy by utilizing privileged fragments of reported ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Chen
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China; Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Xiaobin Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China
| | - Ailan Wang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China
| | - Yunquan Zheng
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China
| | - Yu Gao
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350108, PR China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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17
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Timpe JM, Wang CZ, Kim J, Johnson KM. α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionic acid receptor activation protects against phencyclidine-induced caspase-3 activity by activating voltage-gated calcium channels. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1785-91. [PMID: 24995437 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Phencyclidine (PCP) is a noncompetitive, open channel blocker of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-ion channel complex. When administered to immature animals, it is known to cause apoptotic neurodegeneration in several regions, and this is followed by olanzapine-sensitive, schizophrenia-like behaviors in late adolescence and adulthood. Clarification of its mechanism of action could yield data that would help to inform the treatment of schizophrenia. In our initial experiments, we found that α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionic acid (AMPA) inhibited PCP-induced apoptosis in organotypic neonatal rat brain slices in a concentration-dependent and 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione-sensitive manner. Calcium signaling pathways are widely implicated in apoptosis, and PCP prevents calcium influx through NMDA receptor channels. We therefore hypothesized that AMPA could protect against this effect by activation of voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs). In support of this hypothesis, pretreatment with the calcium channel blocker cadmium chloride eliminated AMPA-mediated protection against PCP. Furthermore, the L-type VDCC inhibitor nifedipine (10 µM) fully abrogated the effects of AMPA, suggesting that L-type VDCCs are required for AMPA-mediated protection against PCP-induced neurotoxicity. Whereas the P/Q-type inhibitor ω-agatoxin TK (200 nM) reduced AMPA protection by 51.7%, the N-type VDCC inhibitor ω-conotoxin (2 µM) had no effect. Decreased AMPA-mediated protection following cotreatment with K252a, a TrkB inhibitor, suggests that brain-derived neurotrophic factor signaling plays an important role. By analogy, these results suggest that activation of L-type, and to a lesser extent P/Q-type, VDCCs might be advantageous in treating conditions associated with diminished NMDAergic activity during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Timpe
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
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18
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Ye N, Ding Y, Wild C, Shen Q, Zhou J. Small molecule inhibitors targeting activator protein 1 (AP-1). J Med Chem 2014; 57:6930-48. [PMID: 24831826 PMCID: PMC4148154 DOI: 10.1021/jm5004733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Activator
protein 1 (AP-1) is a pivotal transcription factor that
regulates a wide range of cellular processes including proliferation,
apoptosis, differentiation, survival, cell migration, and transformation.
Accumulating evidence supports that AP-1 plays an important role in
several severe disorders including cancer, fibrosis, and organ injury,
as well as inflammatory disorders such as asthma, psoriasis, and rheumatoid
arthritis. AP-1 has emerged as an actively pursued drug discovery
target over the past decade. Excitingly, a selective AP-1 inhibitor
T-5224 (51) has been investigated in phase II human clinical
trials. Nevertheless, no effective AP-1 inhibitors have yet been approved
for clinical use. Despite significant advances achieved in understanding
AP-1 biology and function, as well as the identification of small
molecules modulating AP-1 associated signaling pathways, medicinal
chemistry efforts remain an urgent need to yield selective and efficacious
AP-1 inhibitors as a viable therapeutic strategy for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Ye
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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19
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Chen H, Yang Z, Ding C, Xiong A, Wild C, Wang L, Ye N, Cai G, Flores RM, Ding Y, Shen Q, Zhou J. Discovery of potent anticancer agent HJC0416, an orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Eur J Med Chem 2014; 82:195-203. [PMID: 24904966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In a continuing effort to develop orally bioavailable small-molecule STAT3 inhibitors as potential therapeutic agents for human cancer, a series of novel diversified analogues based on our identified lead compound HJC0149 (1) (5-chloro-N-(1,1-dioxo-1H-1λ(6)-benzo[b]thiophen-6-yl)-2-hydroxybenzamide, Eur. J. Med. Chem. 2013, 62, 498-507) have been rationally designed, synthesized, and pharmacologically evaluated. Molecular docking studies and biological characterization supported our earlier findings that the O-alkylamino-tethered side chain on the hydroxyl group is an effective and essential structural determinant for improving biological activities and druglike properties of these molecules. Compounds with such modifications exhibited potent antiproliferative effects against breast and pancreatic cancer cell lines with IC50 values from low micromolar to nanomolar range. Among them, the newly discovered STAT3 inhibitor 12 (HJC0416) displayed an intriguing anticancer profile both in vitro and in vivo (i.p. & p.o.). More importantly, HJC0416 is an orally bioavailable anticancer agent as a promising candidate for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Chen
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, China
| | - Zhengduo Yang
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Chunyong Ding
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Ailian Xiong
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Christopher Wild
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Lili Wang
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Na Ye
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Guoshuai Cai
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States
| | - Rudolfo M Flores
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Ye Ding
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States
| | - Qiang Shen
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, Division of Cancer Prevention and Population Sciences, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, United States.
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, United States.
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20
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Chen H, Wild C, Zhou X, Ye N, Cheng X, Zhou J. Recent advances in the discovery of small molecules targeting exchange proteins directly activated by cAMP (EPAC). J Med Chem 2013; 57:3651-65. [PMID: 24256330 DOI: 10.1021/jm401425e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
3',5'-Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a pivotal second messenger that regulates numerous biological processes under physiological and pathological conditions, including cancer, diabetes, heart failure, inflammation, and neurological disorders. In the past, all effects of cAMP were initially believed to be mediated by protein kinase A (PKA) and cyclic nucleotide-regulated ion channels. Since the discovery of exchange proteins directly activated by cyclic adenosine 5'-monophosphate (EPACs) in 1998, accumulating evidence has demonstrated that the net cellular effects of cAMP are also regulated by EPAC. The pursuit of the biological functions of EPAC has benefited from the development and applications of a growing number of pharmacological probes targeting EPACs. In this review, we seek to provide a concise update on recent advances in the development of chemical entities including various membrane-permeable analogues of cAMP and newly discovered EPAC-specific ligands from high throughput assays and hit-to-lead optimizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Chen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch , Galveston, Texas 77555, United States
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