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Ghazwani Y, Alghafees M, Suheb MK, Shafqat A, Sabbah BN, Arabi TZ, Razak A, Sabbah AN, Alaswad M, AlKattan W, Ouban A, Abdul Rab S, Shawwaf KA, AlKhamees M, Alasker A, Al-Khayal A, Alsaikhan B, Addar A, Aldosari L, Al Qurashi AA, Musalli Z. Trends in genitourinary cancer mortality in the United States: analysis of the CDC-WONDER database 1999-2020. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1354663. [PMID: 38966707 PMCID: PMC11223728 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1354663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sociodemographic disparities in genitourinary cancer-related mortality have been insufficiently studied, particularly across multiple cancer types. This study aimed to investigate gender, racial, and geographic disparities in mortality rates for the most common genitourinary cancers in the United States. Methods Mortality data for prostate, bladder, kidney, and testicular cancers were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) WONDER database between 1999 and 2020. Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs) were analyzed by year, gender, race, urban-rural status, and geographic region using a significance level of p < 0.05. Results Overall, AAMRs for prostate, bladder, and kidney cancer declined significantly, while testicular cancer-related mortality remained stable. Bladder and kidney cancer AAMRs were 3-4 times higher in males than females. Prostate cancer mortality was highest in black individuals/African Americans and began increasing after 2015. Bladder cancer mortality decreased significantly in White individuals, Black individuals, African Americans, and Asians/Pacific Islanders but remained stable in American Indian/Alaska Natives. Kidney cancer-related mortality was highest in White individuals but declined significantly in other races. Testicular cancer mortality increased significantly in White individuals but remained stable in Black individuals and African Americans. Genitourinary cancer mortality decreased in metropolitan areas but either increased (bladder and testicular cancer) or remained stable (kidney cancer) in non-metropolitan areas. Prostate and kidney cancer mortality was highest in the Midwest, bladder cancer in the South, and testicular cancer in the West. Discussion Significant sociodemographic disparities exist in the mortality trends of genitourinary cancers in the United States. These findings highlight the need for targeted interventions and further research to address these disparities and improve outcomes for all populations affected by genitourinary cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahia Ghazwani
- College of Medicine at King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Urology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Alghafees
- College of Medicine at King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Urology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Areez Shafqat
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Adhil Razak
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Marwan Alaswad
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael AlKattan
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Kenan Abdulhamid Shawwaf
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Mohammad AlKhamees
- College of Medicine at King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Urology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alasker
- College of Medicine at King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Urology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Al-Khayal
- College of Medicine at King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Urology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader Alsaikhan
- College of Medicine at King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Urology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Lama Aldosari
- Department of Urology, King Fahad University Hospital, Khobar, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah A. Al Qurashi
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences at the National Guards, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ziyad Musalli
- College of Medicine at King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Division of Urology, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre, Ministry of the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Eryilmaz IE, Vuruskan BA, Kaygisiz O, Cecener G, Egeli U, Vuruskan H. The Mutational and Transcriptional Landscapes of Speckle-Type POZ Protein (SPOP) and Androgen Receptor (AR) in a Single-Center pT3 Prostatectomy Cohort. J Environ Pathol Toxicol Oncol 2024; 43:15-29. [PMID: 37824367 DOI: 10.1615/jenvironpatholtoxicoloncol.2023048095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a heterogeneous disease both clinically and genetically. According to The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), the speckle‑type POZ protein (SPOP) mutant form is one of the significant core subtypes of PCa. However, the prognostic value of SPOP variations remains unknown. As a critical PCa driver and an SPOP-targeted protein, androgen receptor (AR) also plays a role in PCa initiation and progression. Thus, we aimed to analyze the mutational status of SPOP and AR with their transcriptional levels in a pathological stage 3 (pT3) prostatectomy cohort consisting of 89 Turkish PCa patients. Targeted sequence analysis and RT-qPCR were performed for SPOP and AR in the benign and malign prostate tissue samples. Our results introduced the two novel pathogenic SPOP variations, C203Y and S236R, in the BTB/POZ domain and a novel pathogenic variant in the ligand-binding domain of AR, R789W. Their predicted pathogenicities and effects on protein features were evaluated by web-based in silico analysis. The overall frequency of SPOP and AR variations for pT3 patients in our population was 3.4% (3/89) and 4.5% (4/89), respectively. The mutational results represented a possible subgroup characterized by carrying the novel variants in SPOP and AR in pT3 PCa patients. In addition to the significant clinicopathological parameters, the mutational results provide a better understanding of the molecular structure of pathologically advanced PCa in the SPOP and AR aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isil Ezgi Eryilmaz
- Bursa Uludag University, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Biology Department, Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Berna Aytac Vuruskan
- Bursa Uludag University, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Pathology Department, Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Onur Kaygisiz
- Bursa Uludag University, Faculty of Medicine, Urology Department, Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Gulsah Cecener
- Bursa Uludag University, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Biology Department, Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Unal Egeli
- Bursa Uludag University, Faculty of Medicine, Medical Biology Department, Gorukle, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Hakan Vuruskan
- Ceylan International Hospital, Urology Department, Bursa, Turkey
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Moreno CS, Winham CL, Alemozaffar M, Klein ER, Lawal IO, Abiodun-Ojo OA, Patil D, Barwick BG, Huang Y, Schuster DM, Sanda MG, Osunkoya AO. Integrated Genomic Analysis of Primary Prostate Tumor Foci and Corresponding Lymph Node Metastases Identifies Mutations and Pathways Associated with Metastasis. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5671. [PMID: 38067373 PMCID: PMC10705102 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15235671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is a highly heterogeneous disease and mortality is mainly due to metastases but the initial steps of metastasis have not been well characterized. We have performed integrative whole exome sequencing and transcriptome analysis of primary prostate tumor foci and corresponding lymph node metastases (LNM) from 43 patients enrolled in clinical trial. We present evidence that, while there are some cases of clonally independent primary tumor foci, 87% of primary tumor foci and metastases are descended from a common ancestor. We demonstrate that genes related to oxidative phosphorylation are upregulated in LNM and in African-American patients relative to White patients. We further show that mutations in TP53, FLT4, EYA1, NCOR2, CSMD3, and PCDH15 are enriched in prostate cancer metastases. These findings were validated in a meta-analysis of 3929 primary tumors and 2721 metastases and reveal a pattern of molecular alterations underlying the pathology of metastatic prostate cancer. We show that LNM contain multiple subclones that are already present in primary tumor foci. We observed enrichment of mutations in several genes including understudied genes such as EYA1, CSMD3, FLT4, NCOR2, and PCDH15 and found that mutations in EYA1 and CSMD3 are associated with a poor outcome in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos S. Moreno
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (C.L.W.); (A.O.O.)
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Cynthia L. Winham
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (C.L.W.); (A.O.O.)
| | - Mehrdad Alemozaffar
- Department of Urology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA (D.P.); (M.G.S.)
| | - Emma R. Klein
- Emory College of Arts and Sciences, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Ismaheel O. Lawal
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA (O.A.A.-O.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Olayinka A. Abiodun-Ojo
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA (O.A.A.-O.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Dattatraya Patil
- Department of Urology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA (D.P.); (M.G.S.)
| | - Benjamin G. Barwick
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Yijian Huang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;
| | - David M. Schuster
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA (O.A.A.-O.); (D.M.S.)
| | - Martin G. Sanda
- Department of Urology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA (D.P.); (M.G.S.)
| | - Adeboye O. Osunkoya
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA; (C.L.W.); (A.O.O.)
- Department of Urology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA (D.P.); (M.G.S.)
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Gunn CM, Gignac G, Hardy B, Zayhowski K, Pankowska M, Loo S, Wang C. Characterizing Referrals for Prostate Cancer Genetic Services in a Safety-Net Hospital. JCO Oncol Pract 2023; 19:852-859. [PMID: 37384869 DOI: 10.1200/op.23.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Little is known about the uptake of germline genetic testing for patients with prostate cancer after 2018 guideline changes. This study characterizes genetic service referral patterns and predictors of referrals among patients with prostate cancer. METHODS A retrospective cohort study using electronic health record data was conducted at an urban safety-net hospital. Individuals diagnosed with prostate cancer between January 2011 and March 2020 were eligible. The primary outcome was referral to genetic services after diagnosis. Using multivariable logistic regression, we identified patient characteristics associated with referrals. Interrupted time series analysis using a segmented Poisson regression examined whether guideline changes resulted in higher rates of referral after implementation. RESULTS The cohort included 1,877 patients. Mean age was 65 years; 44% identified as Black, 32% White; and 17% Hispanic or Latino. The predominant insurance type was Medicaid (34%) followed by Medicare or private insurance (25% each). Most were diagnosed with local disease (65%), while 3% had regional and 9% had metastatic disease. Of the 1,877 patients, 163 (9%) had at least one referral to genetics. In multivariable models, higher age was negatively associated with referral (odds ratio [OR], 0.96; 95% CI, 0.94 to 0.98), while having regional (OR, 4.51; 95% CI, 2.44 to 8.34) or metastatic disease (OR, 4.64; 95% CI, 2.98 to 7.24) versus local only disease at diagnosis was significantly associated with referral. The time series analysis demonstrated a 138% rise in referrals 1 year after guideline implementation (relative risk, 3.992; 97.5% CI, 2.20 to 7.24; P < .001). CONCLUSION Referrals to genetic services increased after guideline implementation. The strongest predictor of referral was clinical stage, suggesting opportunities to raise awareness about guideline eligibility for patients with advanced local or regional disease who may benefit from genetic services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Gunn
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
- Department of Health Law, Policy, and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Gretchen Gignac
- Evans Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Brianna Hardy
- The Dartmouth Institute for Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Geisel School of Medicine, Lebanon, NH
- Dartmouth Cancer Center, Lebanon, NH
| | - Kimberly Zayhowski
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Magdalena Pankowska
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Boston University Chobanian and Avedesian School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Stephanie Loo
- Department of Health Law, Policy, and Management, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
| | - Catharine Wang
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA
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Freedland SJ, Samjoo IA, Rosta E, Lansing A, Worthington E, Niyazov A, Nazari J, Arondekar B. The impact of race on survival in metastatic prostate cancer: a systematic literature review. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2023; 26:461-474. [PMID: 37592001 PMCID: PMC10449629 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-023-00710-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PC) is the second most diagnosed cancer in men worldwide. While racial and ethnic differences exist in incidence and mortality, increasing data suggest outcomes by race among men with newly diagnosed PC are similar. However, outcomes among races beyond Black/White have been poorly studied. Moreover, whether outcomes differ by race among men who all have metastatic PC (mPC) is unclear. This systematic literature review (SLR) provides a comprehensive synthesis of current evidence relating race to survival in mPC. METHODS An SLR was conducted and reported in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. MEDLINE®, Embase, and Cochrane Library using the Ovid® interface were searched for real-world studies published from January 2012 to July 2022 investigating the impact of race on overall survival (OS) and prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) in patients with mPC. A supplemental search of key congresses was also conducted. Studies were appraised for risk of bias. RESULTS Of 3228 unique records identified, 62 records (47 full-text and 15 conference abstracts), corresponding to 54 unique studies (51 United States and 3 ex-United States) reporting on race and survival were included. While most studies showed no difference between Black vs White patients for OS (n = 21/27) or PCSM (n = 8/9), most showed that Black patients demonstrated improved OS on certain mPC treatments (n = 7/10). Most studies found no survival difference between White patients and Hispanic (OS: n = 6/8; PCSM: n = 5/6) or American Indian/Alaskan Native (AI/AN) (OS: n = 2/3; PCSM: n = 5/5). Most studies found Asian patients had improved OS (n = 3/4) and PCSM (n = 6/6) vs White patients. CONCLUSIONS Most studies found Black, Hispanic, and AI/AN patients with mPC had similar survival as White patients, while Black patients on certain therapies and Asian patients showed improved survival. Future studies are needed to understand what aspects of race including social determinants of health are driving these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Freedland
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Urology Section, Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
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Shaw B, Walter FM, Hamilton W, Martins T. Symptom appraisal and help seeking in males with symptoms of possible prostate cancer: a qualitative study with an ethnically diverse sample in London. Br J Gen Pract 2023; 73:e502-e510. [PMID: 37253629 PMCID: PMC10242866 DOI: 10.3399/bjgp.2022.0554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer mortality in Black males is disproportionately high. This problem may be overcome by reducing delays in the pathway to diagnosis, particularly those occurring before initial medical help seeking. A greater understanding of symptom appraisal and help seeking could support the development of targeted interventions for improving early presentation among Black males. AIM To provide an in-depth understanding of males' pre-consultation experiences following the onset of symptoms of possible prostate cancer, identifying both general trends as well as potential differences that may exist between Black and White males. DESIGN AND SETTING Qualitative study of 18 males (nine Black, nine White) in London, UK, who had recently seen their GP with urinary symptoms, erectile dysfunction, or haematuria. METHOD Semi-structured interviews from a previous multi-methods study of primary care use by males with symptoms of possible prostate cancer were analysed using thematic framework analysis. RESULTS Symptoms were often interpreted by patients as unimportant. Most delays occurred due to the absence of reasons to seek help, which, in Black males, often stemmed from poor awareness of prostate cancer. This lack of awareness could have been a consequence of their reluctance to seek health information and discuss health issues with others in their social network. Friends and relatives played an important role in symptom appraisal and help seeking. CONCLUSION Cognitive biases, cultural stigmas, and everyday interpersonal interactions should be important areas at which to target strategies seeking to reduce delays and improve early presentation in males with possible prostate cancer, particularly Black males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Shaw
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter, Exeter
| | - Fiona M Walter
- Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London; Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge
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Agochukwu-Mmonu N, Qin Y, Kaufman S, Oerline M, Vince R, Makarov D, Caram MV, Chapman C, Ravenell J, Hollenbeck BK, Skolarus TA. Understanding the Role of Urology Practice Organization and Racial Composition in Prostate Cancer Treatment Disparities. JCO Oncol Pract 2023; 19:e763-e772. [PMID: 36657098 PMCID: PMC10414720 DOI: 10.1200/op.22.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Black men have a higher risk of prostate cancer diagnosis and mortality but are less likely to receive definitive treatment. The impact of structural aspects on treatment is unknown but may lead to actionable insights to mitigate disparities. We sought to examine the associations between urology practice organization and racial composition and treatment patterns for Medicare beneficiaries with incident prostate cancer. METHODS Using a 20% sample of national Medicare data, we identified beneficiaries diagnosed with prostate cancer between January 2010 and December 2015 and followed them through 2016. We linked urologists to their practices with tax identification numbers. We then linked patients to practices on the basis of their primary urologist. We grouped practices into quartiles on the basis of their proportion of Black patients. We used multilevel mixed-effects models to identify treatment associations. RESULTS We identified 54,443 patients with incident prostate cancer associated with 4,194 practices. Most patients were White (87%), and 9% were Black. We found wide variation in racial practice composition and practice segregation. Patients in practices with the highest proportion of Black patients had the lowest socioeconomic status (43.1%), highest comorbidity (9.9% with comorbidity score ≥ 3), and earlier age at prostate cancer diagnosis (33.5% age 66-69 years; P < .01). Black patients had lower odds of definitive therapy (adjusted odds ratio, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.81 to 0.93) and underwent less treatment than White patients in every practice context. Black patients in practices with higher proportions of Black patients had higher treatment rates than Black patients in practices with lower proportions. Black patients had lower predicted probability of treatment (66%) than White patients (69%; P < .05). CONCLUSION Despite Medicare coverage, we found less definitive treatment among Black beneficiaries consistent with ongoing prostate cancer treatment disparities. Our findings are reflective of the adverse effects of practice segregation and structural racism, highlighting the need for multilevel interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nnenaya Agochukwu-Mmonu
- Department of Urology, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Population Health, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Yongmei Qin
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Samuel Kaufman
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Mary Oerline
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Randy Vince
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Danil Makarov
- Department of Urology, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Population Health, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Megan V. Caram
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Department of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Christina Chapman
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Joseph Ravenell
- Department of Population Health, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Brent K. Hollenbeck
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Dow Division of Health Services Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ted A. Skolarus
- Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Dow Division of Health Services Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI
- Center for Clinical Management Research, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI
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Huang Z, Wang J, Zhang R, He A, Luo S, Wu R, Xiong J, Li M, Jin T, Li E, Wu L, Liao W. Pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma: A population level analysis of epidemiological trends and prognosis. Cancer Med 2023; 12:9926-9936. [PMID: 36850060 PMCID: PMC10166980 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence and mortality of pancreatic adenosquamous carcinoma (PASC) have received little attention. The goal of our study was to explore the overall epidemiological trend of PASC at the population level. METHODS The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was used to collect the incidence, incidence-based (IB) mortality, and patient details for PASC from 2000 to 2017. The Joinpoint regression tool was used to examine the trends in incidence and IB mortality. The Kaplan-Meier approach was used for survival analysis. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were used to determine the independent prognostic factors. RESULTS We included 815 patients with PASC in the study. The incidence of PASC continuously increased from 2000 to 2017, with an annual percentage change (APC) of 3.9% (95% CI: 2.2%-5.7%, p < 0.05). IB mortality also increased continuously, with an APC of 5.0% (95% CI: 2.5%-7.6%, p < 0.05). Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that age, treatment, regional lymph node involvement, and tumor size were independent prognostic factors. Nomograms were created for PASC to predict 1- and 2-year survival probabilities, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The incidence and IB mortality of PASC had a sustained and rapid increase, indicating that the preventive and treatment measures for PASC were not ideal. We must identify the significance of this condition as soon as possible, and commit greater attention and resources to PASC research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihao Huang
- Department of General Surgery Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jiakun Wang
- Department of General Surgery Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Rongguiyi Zhang
- Department of General Surgery Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Aoxiao He
- Department of General Surgery Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Shuaiwu Luo
- Department of General Surgery Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Rongshou Wu
- Department of General Surgery Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianghui Xiong
- Department of General Surgery Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of General Surgery Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Tao Jin
- Department of General Surgery Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China.,Office of Science and Technology Administration Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Enliang Li
- Department of General Surgery Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Linquan Wu
- Department of General Surgery Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Wenjun Liao
- Department of General Surgery Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Zeković M, Bumbaširević U, Živković M, Pejčić T. Alteration of Lipid Metabolism in Prostate Cancer: Multifaceted Oncologic Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021391. [PMID: 36674910 PMCID: PMC9863986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is increasingly recognized as an extraordinarily heterogeneous disease featuring an intricate mutational landscape and vast intra- and intertumor variability on both genetic and phenotypic levels. Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most prevalent malignant disease among men worldwide. A single metabolic program cannot epitomize the perplexing reprogramming of tumor metabolism needed to sustain the stemness of neoplastic cells and their prominent energy-consuming functional properties, such as intensive proliferation, uncontrolled growth, migration, and invasion. In cancerous tissue, lipids provide the structural integrity of biological membranes, supply energy, influence the regulation of redox homeostasis, contribute to plasticity, angiogenesis and microenvironment reshaping, mediate the modulation of the inflammatory response, and operate as signaling messengers, i.e., lipid mediators affecting myriad processes relevant for the development of the neoplasia. Comprehensive elucidation of the lipid metabolism alterations in PCa, the underlying regulatory mechanisms, and their implications in tumorigenesis and the progression of the disease are gaining growing research interest in the contemporary urologic oncology. Delineation of the unique metabolic signature of the PCa featuring major aberrant pathways including de novo lipogenesis, lipid uptake, storage and compositional reprogramming may provide novel, exciting, and promising avenues for improving diagnosis, risk stratification, and clinical management of such a complex and heterogeneous pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Zeković
- Centre of Research Excellence in Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Medical Research, National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Uros Bumbaširević
- Clinic of Urology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marko Živković
- Clinic of Urology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tomislav Pejčić
- Clinic of Urology, University Clinical Center of Serbia, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
- Correspondence:
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Nyame YA, Cooperberg MR, Cumberbatch MG, Eggener SE, Etzioni R, Gomez SL, Haiman C, Huang F, Lee CT, Litwin MS, Lyratzopoulos G, Mohler JL, Murphy AB, Pettaway C, Powell IJ, Sasieni P, Schaeffer EM, Shariat SF, Gore JL. Deconstructing, Addressing, and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Inequities in Prostate Cancer Care. Eur Urol 2022; 82:341-351. [PMID: 35367082 DOI: 10.1016/j.eururo.2022.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Men of African ancestry have demonstrated markedly higher rates of prostate cancer mortality than men of other races and ethnicities around the world. In fact, the highest rates of prostate cancer mortality worldwide are found in the Caribbean and Sub-Saharan West Africa, and among men of African descent in the USA. Addressing this inequity in prostate cancer care and outcomes requires a focused research approach that creates durable solutions to address the structural, social, environmental, and health factors that create racial disparities in care and outcomes. OBJECTIVE To introduce a conceptual model for evaluating racial inequities in prostate cancer care to facilitate the development of translational research studies and interventions. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A collaborative review of literature relevant to racial inequities in prostate cancer care and outcomes was performed. Existing literature was used to highlight various components of the conceptual model to inform future research and interventions toward equitable care and outcomes. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Racial inequities in prostate cancer outcomes are driven by a series of structural and social determinants of health that impact exposures, mediators, and outcomes. Social determinants of equity, such as laws/policies, economic systems, and structural racism, affect the inequitable access to environmental and neighborhood exposures, in addition to health care access. Although the incidence disparity remains problematic, various studies have demonstrated parity in outcomes when social and health factors, such as access to equitable care, are normalized. Few studies have tested interventions to reduce inequities in prostate cancer among Black men. CONCLUSIONS Worldwide, men of African ancestry demonstrate worse outcomes in prostate cancer, a phenomenon driven largely by social factors that inform biologic, environmental, and health care risks. A conceptual model was presented that organizes the many factors that influence prostate cancer incidence and mortality. Within that framework, we must understand the current state of inequities in clinical prostate cancer practice, the optimal state of what equitable practice would be, and how achieving equity in prostate cancer care balances costs, benefits, and harms. More robust characterization of the sources of prostate cancer inequities should inform testing of ambitious and innovative interventions as we work toward equity in care and outcomes. PATIENT SUMMARY Men of African ancestry demonstrate the highest rates of prostate cancer mortality, which may be reduced through social interventions. We present a framework for formalizing the identification of the drivers of prostate cancer inequities to facilitate the development of interventions and trials to eradicate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaw A Nyame
- Department of Urology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Matthew R Cooperberg
- Department of Urology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Scott E Eggener
- Department of Urology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ruth Etzioni
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Scarlett L Gomez
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Haiman
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Center for Genetic Epidemiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Franklin Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Cheryl T Lee
- Department of Urology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mark S Litwin
- Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Georgios Lyratzopoulos
- Epidemiology of Cancer Healthcare & Outcomes, Institute of Epidemiology & Health Care, University College London, London, UK
| | - James L Mohler
- Department of Urology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Adam B Murphy
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Curtis Pettaway
- Department of Urology, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, The University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Isaac J Powell
- Department of Urology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Peter Sasieni
- Cancer Research UK & King's College London Cancer Prevention Trials Unit, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Edward M Schaeffer
- Department of Urology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shahrokh F Shariat
- Department of Urology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Division of Urology, Department of Special Surgery, Jordan University Hospital, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan; Institute for Urology and Reproductive Health, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Urology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA; Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John L Gore
- Department of Urology, University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
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11
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Sherer MV, Qiao EM, Kotha NV, Qian AS, Rose BS. Association Between Prostate-Specific Antigen Screening and Prostate Cancer Mortality Among Non-Hispanic Black and Non-Hispanic White US Veterans. JAMA Oncol 2022; 8:1471-1476. [PMID: 35925581 PMCID: PMC9353702 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoncol.2022.2970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Black men have higher prostate cancer incidence and mortality than non-Hispanic White men. However, Black men have been underrepresented in clinical trials of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening; thus, there is a lack of data to guide screening recommendations for this population. Objective To assess whether PSA screening is associated with reduced risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) among non-Hispanic Black men. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective cohort study used data from the US Veterans Health Administration Informatics and Computing Infrastructure for men aged 55 to 69 years who self-identified as non-Hispanic Black or non-Hispanic White and were diagnosed with intermediate-, high-, or very high-risk prostate cancer from January 1, 2004, to December 31, 2017. Data were analyzed from August 2021 to March 2022. Exposures Prostate-specific antigen screening rate, defined as the percentage of years in which PSA screening was conducted during the 5 years before diagnosis of prostate cancer. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary outcome was risk of PCSM among Black men and White men. The association between PSA screening and risk of PCSM was assessed using Fine-Gray regression analysis. Risk of PCSM was also assessed categorically among patients classified as having no prior PSA screening, some screening (less than annual), or annual screening in the 5 years before diagnosis. Results The study included 45 834 veterans (mean [SD] age, 62.7 [3.8] years), of whom 14 310 (31%) were non-Hispanic Black men and 31 524 (69%) were non-Hispanic White men. The PSA screening rate was associated with a lower risk of PCSM among Black men (subdistribution hazard ratio [sHR], 0.56; 95% CI, 0.41-0.76; P = .001) and White men (sHR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.46-0.75; P = .001). On subset analysis, annual screening (vs some screening) was associated with a significant reduction in risk of PCSM among Black men (sHR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.46-0.92; P = .02) but not among White men (sHR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.74-1.11; P = .35). Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study, PSA screening was associated with reduced risk of PCSM among non-Hispanic Black men and non-Hispanic White men. Annual screening was associated with reduced risk of PCSM among Black men but not among White men, suggesting that annual screening may be particularly important for Black men. Further research is needed to identify appropriate populations and protocols to maximize the benefits of PSA screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael V Sherer
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California
| | - Edmund M Qiao
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California
| | - Nikhil V Kotha
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California
| | - Alexander S Qian
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California
| | - Brent S Rose
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla.,VA San Diego Healthcare System, La Jolla, California
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Prostate cancer risk in men of differing genetic ancestry and approaches to disease screening and management in these groups. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:1366-1373. [PMID: 34923574 PMCID: PMC9090767 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01669-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer is the second most common solid tumour in men worldwide and it is also the most common cancer affecting men of African descent. Prostate cancer incidence and mortality vary across regions and populations. Some of this is explained by a large heritable component of this disease. It has been established that men of African and African Caribbean ethnicity are predisposed to prostate cancer (PrCa) that can have an earlier onset and a more aggressive course, thereby leading to poorer outcomes for patients in this group. Literature searches were carried out using the PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library databases to identify studies associated with PrCa risk and its association with ancestry, screening and management of PrCa. In order to be included, studies were required to be published in English in full-text form. An attractive approach is to identify high-risk groups and develop a targeted screening programme for them as the benefits of population-wide screening in PrCa using prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing in general population screening have shown evidence of benefit; however, the harms are considered to weigh heavier because screening using PSA testing can lead to over-diagnosis and over-treatment. The aim of targeted screening of higher-risk groups identified by genetic risk stratification is to reduce over-diagnosis and treat those who are most likely to benefit.
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13
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Khandwala YS, Ohanian A, Huang FW. Prostate Cancer in the Caribbean: A Baseline Assessment of Current Practices and Potential Needs. Cancer Control 2022. [PMCID: PMC8961354 DOI: 10.1177/10732748221082372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Afro-Caribbean men have a higher risk of prostate cancer than any other population of men
in the world. However, the Caribbean is composed of a heterogenous group of healthcare
systems located on small islands which makes population-based studies difficult to conduct
and interpret. The aim of this review is to compile previously published data on the state
of prostate cancer in Caribbean men and to highlight potential healthcare needs that can
be addressed by public health efforts. We reviewed three databases and identified relevant
papers that were subsequently searched by the authors. Peer-reviewed studies published in
the English language after 2010 with a focus on prostate cancer diagnosis, management, and
outcomes of Caribbean men were prioritized. Afro-Caribbean men were found to have a higher
incidence and mortality rate compared to their counterparts. Misperception about the
disease, lack of regional guidelines, and poor access to care are compounding factors that
result in worse outcomes for these men compared to high-income nations. Urologists and
oncologists in the region, while well-trained, are limited in number and in most cases do
not offer newer treatment modalities. Overall, only a few island nations have cancer
registries, and there remains a significant need for more population-based studies to
assess guideline adherence and outcomes. Until further research and investment in the
region is made, the disparity between the care received by Afro-Caribbean men and their
counterparts will likely remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yash S Khandwala
- Department of Urology, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Alec Ohanian
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Franklin W Huang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Chibuzo INC, Takure AO, Shittu OB, Okeke LI. Cosmetic Appeal, HRQoL, and Effectiveness of Simple and Pseudotesticular Techniques of Orchidectomy in Prostate Cancer. Prostate Cancer 2021; 2021:9968570. [PMID: 34868687 PMCID: PMC8642020 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9968570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Orchidectomy is the most cost-effective means of hormonal therapy for locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer (LAMP). However, cost-effectiveness should not detract from health-related quality of life (HRQoL) considerations. Bilateral simple orchidectomy (BSO) has been linked to negative psychometric deficits from an empty scrotum. This study compared the HRQoL, therapeutic efficacy, and cosmetic appeal of BSO with endogenous pseudotesticular techniques of bilateral subcapsular orchidectomy (BSCO) and bilateral-epididymal-sparing orchidectomy (BESO). Research Design. Nigerian patients with LAMP were randomised into three surgical arms: BSO, BSCO, and BESO. Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite-26 HRQoL and sociodemographic questionnaires were administered before and three months after orchidectomy. Serum testosterone and PSA were measured at 0, 1, 2, and 3 hours; 7 days; and 3 months postoperatively. Pseudotesticular volumes and cosmetic appeal were assessed at 3 months. RESULT Sixty-three patients were recruited (24 BSO, 21 BSCO, 18 BESO), 73% of whom were low-income earners. There was no significant difference in the procedure cost nor the PSA or testosterone nadirs achieved over the three-month follow-up period (11.3, 12.6, 15.2 ng/ml (p=0.667) and 0.44, 0.64, 0.79 nmol/l (p=0.603) respectively). Those with pseudotesticles (BSCO, BESO) felt less emasculated (p=0.010). BSCO produced the least sexual bother, highest sexual function, and largest pseudotesticular volumes. The cosmetic appeal scores were similar between groups (77.9 ± 22.8, 81 ± 13.9, and 81.9 ± 22.5, respectively, p=0.858). CONCLUSION Endogenous pseudotesticular techniques, when compared with BSO, reduce the negative psychological impact experienced by patients without increasing costs. BSCO produced the best pseudotesticular volumes and postoperative sexual function. This study is registered with the ClinicalTrials.gov of the National Institute of Health U.S. National Library of Medicine as TEPSO study, NCT03744494: Comparison of the Therapeutic Efficacy and Patient Satisfaction of Three Techniques of Bilateral Orchidectomy in Prostate Cancer Patients of a Nigerian Sub-population. Registration completed on 16th of November, 2018 (registered retrospectively) NCT03744494.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Augustine O. Takure
- Department of Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Olayiwola B. Shittu
- Department of Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Linus I. Okeke
- Department of Surgery, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
- College of Medicine, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
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15
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Abashidze N, Stecher C, Rosenkrantz AB, Duszak R, Hughes DR. Racial and Ethnic Disparities in the Use of Prostate Magnetic Resonance Imaging Following an Elevated Prostate-Specific Antigen Test. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4:e2132388. [PMID: 34748010 PMCID: PMC8576586 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.32388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Prostate cancer screening and diagnosis exhibit known racial and ethnic disparities. Whether these disparities persist in prostate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) utilization after elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) results is poorly understood. OBJECTIVE To assess potential racial and ethnic disparities in prostate MRI utilization following elevated PSA results. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cohort study of 794 809 insured US men was drawn from deidentified medical claims between January 2011 and December 2017 obtained from a commercial claims database. Eligible participants were aged 40 years and older and received a single PSA result and no prior PSA screening or prostate MRI claims. Analysis was performed in January 2021. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Multivariable logistic regression was used to examine associations between elevated PSA results and follow-up prostate MRI. For patients receiving prostate MRI, multivariable regressions were estimated for the time between PSA and subsequent prostate MRI. PSA thresholds explored included PSA levels above 2.5 ng/mL, 4 ng/mL, and 10 ng/mL. Analyses were stratified by race, ethnicity, and age. RESULTS Of 794 809 participants, 51 500 (6.5%) had PSA levels above 4 ng/mL; of these, 1524 (3.0%) underwent prostate MRI within 180 days. In this sample, mean (SD) age was 59.8 (11.3) years (range 40-89 years); 31 350 (3.9%) were Asian, 75 935 (9.6%) were Black, 107 956 (13.6%) were Hispanic, and 455 214 (57.3%) were White. Compared with White patients, Black patients with PSA levels above 4 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL were 24.1% (odds ratio [OR], 0.78; 95% CI, 0.65-0.89) and 35.0% (OR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.50-0.85) less likely to undergo subsequent prostate MRI, respectively. Asian patients with PSA levels higher than 4 ng/mL (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.58-0.99) and Hispanic patients with PSA levels above 10 ng/mL (OR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.59-0.99) were also less likely to undergo subsequent prostate MRI compared with White patients. Black patients between ages 65 and 74 years with PSA above 4 ng/mL and 10 ng/mL were 23.6% (OR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.64-0.91) and 43.9% (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.35-0.91) less likely to undergo MRI, respectively. Race and ethnicity were not significantly associated with mean time between PSA and MRI. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among men with elevated PSA results, racial and ethnic disparities were evident in subsequent prostate MRI utilization and were more pronounced at higher PSA thresholds. Further research is needed to better understand and mitigate physician decision-making biases and other potential sources of disparities in prostate cancer diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Abashidze
- Haub School of Environment and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie
| | - Chad Stecher
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix
| | | | - Richard Duszak
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Danny R. Hughes
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
- School of Economics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta
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Martins T, Walter FM, Penfold C, Abel G, Hamilton W. Primary care use by men with symptoms of possible prostate cancer: A multi-method study with an ethnically diverse sample in London. Eur J Cancer Care (Engl) 2021; 30:e13482. [PMID: 34152656 DOI: 10.1111/ecc.13482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to investigate primary care use by men with recent onset of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) to identify differences in presentation and investigation that may explain ethnic inequality in prostate cancer outcomes. METHODS This is a multi-method study of men presenting LUTS to primary care. Two hundred seventy-four men completed a self-administered questionnaire, and 23 participated in face-to-face interviews. Regression analyses investigated ethnic differences in (a) the period between symptom onset and first primary care presentation (patient interval) and (b) the interval between first primary care presentation and investigation with prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal examination (DRE). Interview data were analysed using thematic analysis. RESULTS Half (144, 53%) reported a solitary first symptom, although multiple first symptoms were also common, particularly in Asian and Black men. There was no difference between ethnicities in patient interval or time from presentation to investigation. However, Asian men were offered less PSA testing (odds ratio 0.39; 95% confidence interval 0.17-0.92; p = 0.03). Qualitative data revealed ethnic differences in general practitioners' offer of DRE and PSA testing and highlighted limitations in doctor-patient communication and safety netting. CONCLUSION Our study showed only small differences in primary care experiences, insufficient to explain ethnic inequalities in prostate cancer outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanimola Martins
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter-College House St Luke's Campus, Exeter, UK
| | - Fiona M Walter
- The Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Clarissa Penfold
- Policy and Rehabilitation, Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Midwifery & Palliative Care, Cicely Saunders Institute of Palliative Care, London, UK
| | - Gary Abel
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter-College House St Luke's Campus, Exeter, UK
| | - William Hamilton
- College of Medicine and Health, University of Exeter-College House St Luke's Campus, Exeter, UK
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17
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Wood AW, Martin JL, Bruns K. An Integrative Counseling Approach for African American Couples With Prostate Cancer. ADULTSPAN JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsp.12113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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18
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Bree KK, Hensley PJ, Pettaway CA. Germline Mutations in African American Men With Prostate Cancer: Incidence, Implications and Diagnostic Disparities. Urology 2021; 163:148-155. [PMID: 34453957 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2021.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent data suggests that African American men (AAM) with prostate cancer (PCa) exhibit genetic alterations in highly penetrant germline genes, as well as low penetrant single nucleotide polymorphisms. The importance of germline variants of uncertain significance (VUS) remain poorly elucidated and given the elevated rates of VUS in AAM compared to Caucasians with PCa, further studies are needed to facilitate potential reclassification of VUS. Ongoing efforts to include AAM in genomics research is of paramount importance in order to ensure applicability of discoveries across diverse populations and potentially reduce PCa disparities as we embark on the era of precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly K Bree
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Patrick J Hensley
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | - Curtis A Pettaway
- Department of Urology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX.
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Cackowski FC, Mahal B, Heath EI, Carthon B. Evolution of Disparities in Prostate Cancer Treatment: Is This a New Normal? Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2021; 41:1-12. [PMID: 33979195 DOI: 10.1200/edbk_321195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite notable screening, diagnostic, and therapeutic advances, disparities in prostate cancer incidence and outcomes remain prevalent. Although commonly discussed in the context of men of African descent, disparities also exist based on socioeconomic level, education level, and geographic location. The factors in these disparities span systemic access issues affecting availability of care, provider awareness, and personal patient views and mistrust. In this review, we will discuss common themes that patients have noted as impediments to care. We will review how equitable access to care has helped improve outcomes among many different groups of patients, including those with local disease and those with metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer. Even with more advanced presentation, challenges with recommended screening, and lower rates of genomic testing and trial inclusion, Black populations have benefited greatly from various modalities of therapy, achieving comparable and at times superior outcomes with certain types of immunotherapy, chemotherapy, androgen receptor-based inhibitors, and radiopharmaceuticals in advanced disease. We will also briefly discuss access to genomic testing and differences in patterns of gene expression among Black patients and other groups that are traditionally underrepresented in trials and genomic cohort studies. We propose several strategies on behalf of providers and institutions to help promote more equitable care access environments and continued decreases in prostate cancer disparities across many subgroups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brandon Mahal
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL
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20
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Klebaner D, Travis Courtney P, Garraway IP, Einck J, Kumar A, Elena Martinez M, McKay R, Murphy JD, Parada H, Sandhu A, Stewart T, Yamoah K, Rose BS. Association of Health-Care System with Prostate Cancer-Specific Mortality in African American and Non-Hispanic White Men. J Natl Cancer Inst 2021; 113:1343-1351. [PMID: 33892497 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djab062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disparities in prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) between African American and non-Hispanic White (White) patients have been attributed to biological and systemic factors. We evaluated drivers of these disparities in the Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) national registry and an equal-access system, the Veterans Health Administration (VHA). METHODS We identified African American and White patients diagnosed with prostate cancer between 2004-2015 in SEER (N = 311,691) and the VHA (N = 90,749). We analyzed the association between race and metastatic disease at presentation using multivariable logistic regression adjusting for sociodemographic factors, and PCSM using sequential competing-risks regression adjusting for disease and sociodemographic factors. RESULTS The median follow-up was 5.3 years in SEER and 4.7 years in the VHA. African American men were more likely than White men to present with metastatic disease in SEER (adjusted odds ratio = 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.17-1.30), but not in the VHA (adjusted odds ratio = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.98-1.17). African American versus White race was associated with an increased risk of PCSM in SEER (subdistribution hazard ratio [SHR] = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.10-1.60), but not in the VHA (SHR = 1.00, 95% CI: 0.93-1.08). Adjusting for disease extent, PSA, and Gleason score eliminated the association between race and PCSM in SEER (aSHR 1.04, 95% CI 0.93-1.16). CONCLUSIONS Racial disparities in PCSM were present in a nationally representative registry, but not in an equal-access healthcare system, due to differences in advanced disease at presentation. Strategies to increase healthcare access may bridge the racial disparity in outcomes. Longer follow-up is needed to fully assess mortality outcomes.Disparities between African American and non-Hispanic White (White) patients in cancer-specific mortality have been described across numerous cancer types and healthcare systems[1-5]. The survival gap between African American and White patients with prostate cancer has been well-characterized, with two-fold higher prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) rates among African American patients depending on the setting[1, 6-10]. This disparity has been attributed to differences in prostate cancer biology in African American men, in addition to systemic factors in mediating this disparity, such as differential access to healthcare, Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) screening, and distrust in the healthcare system[1, 11-16].The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) is a relatively equal-access healthcare system that treats a large, ethnically diverse population of veterans. The Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) program is a national cancer registry program that collects data from the general United States (US) population. The goals of the present investigation were to 1) Compare PCSM between African American and White men within SEER and the VHA and 2) Identify modifiable system-level contributors to these disparities. We hypothesized that PCSM would be comparable among African American and White men in an equal-access setting, the VHA, but not in a national registry, SEER, and that this disparity in SEER would be in part driven by more advanced disease at presentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniella Klebaner
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - P Travis Courtney
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California.,Veterans Health Administration San Diego Health Care System, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Isla P Garraway
- Department of Urology, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - John Einck
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Abhishek Kumar
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Maria Elena Martinez
- Department of Population Sciences, University of California San Diego Moores Cancer Center, La Jolla, California.,Wertheim School of Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Rana McKay
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - James D Murphy
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California.,Veterans Health Administration San Diego Health Care System, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Humberto Parada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, San Diego State University Graduate School of Public Health,San Diego, California
| | - Ajay Sandhu
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Tyler Stewart
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California
| | - Kosj Yamoah
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa Bay, Florida
| | - Brent S Rose
- Department of Radiation Medicine and Applied Sciences, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, California.,Veterans Health Administration San Diego Health Care System, La Jolla, California, USA
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21
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Suh W, Master S, Liu L, Mills G, Shi R. The Effect of Payer Status on Survival of Patients With Prostate Cancer. Cureus 2021; 13:e13329. [PMID: 33738172 PMCID: PMC7959411 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.13329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Disparities in access to care and proper treatment can have significant implications in patient survival outcome and mortality. This retrospective study of prostate cancer patients from the National Cancer Database (NCDB) between the years 2004 and 2014 and follow-up to the end of 2015 analyzed such effects that variation in payer status might have on outcome. Methods This study used the data of 696,321 diagnosed prostate cancer patients from the NCDB for the years 2004 to 2014 and follow-up to the end of 2015 to analyze the effect that payer status would have on prostate cancer survival. Multivariable cox regression was used to study the hazard ratios (HRs) of payer status and other variables along with the Charlson Comorbidity Index to analyze their associated increased risk of death. Statistical software SAS 9.4 for Windows was used to analyze the overall survival (OS) of patients on different insurance plans along with variations in prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and treatment type. Results When looking at OS, those with private insurance had the greatest overall survivability while those on Medicare were the only ones who reached the median OS. In contrast to those who had private insurance, those who had Medicare, the uninsured, and those with Medicaid demonstrated significantly greater risks of death at 43%, 58%, and 69% increased risk of death, respectively. In addition to payer status, other variables were also significant predictors of OS, including demographic factors (age, race), comorbidities, socioeconomic status (income, education), distance traveled to facility, type of facility, treatment delay, treatment modality, PSA levels at diagnosis, and cancer stage at diagnosis. Conclusion Payer status is intricately linked to a number of other variables that might affect survival. Even after adjustment for a number of these factors, insurance status was shown to have a significant effect on prostate cancer survivorship. In contrast to those who had private insurance, those who had Medicare, the uninsured, and those with Medicaid demonstrated significantly greater risks of death at 43%, 58%, and 69% increased risk of death, respectively. Studies have suggested that those without insurance or on Medicaid are less likely to undergo screening and have worse health-related quality of life, while those on Medicare may be deterred from continuing treatment due to high out-of-pocket costs. However, the complete mechanism behind the improved survivorship of those on private insurance is unclear. The effect of payer status on quality of life may be an interest that needs to be further studied. Further research will be required to provide definite reasons for these observations and mediation analysis of other factors could prove to be valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winston Suh
- Hematology-Oncology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, USA
| | - Samip Master
- Hematology-Oncology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, USA
| | - Lihong Liu
- Hematology-Oncology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, USA
| | - Glenn Mills
- Hematology-Oncology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, USA
| | - Runhua Shi
- Hematology-Oncology, Feist-Weiller Cancer Center, Louisiana State University Health Shreveport, Shreveport, USA
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22
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Liang C, Niu L, Xiao Z, Zheng C, Shen Y, Shi Y, Han X. Whole-genome sequencing of prostate cancer reveals novel mutation-driven processes and molecular subgroups. Life Sci 2019; 254:117218. [PMID: 31884093 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequently diagnosed cancer in men. However, its genetic characteristics in the Chinese population have not been extensively profiled. Here we screened 27 Chinese patients and preformed whole-genome sequencing to dissect their genomic patterns. We found that 18.5% (5/27) tumors harbored non-protein coding mutations on FOXA1. Besides, novel focal amplifications/deletions involving ZBTB7B, SLC4A4, TBX18, CYSLTR2 and EFNA5 were frequently present in tumors. Notably, group specificity of base substitution signature B displayed a strong link to hotspot mutations on SPOP gene. Furthermore, based on six rearrangement signatures, tumors were assigned to five subgroups that revealed different biological mechanisms. Of which, tandem duplicator subgroup harbored all CDK12 mutations, small deletor subgroup owned 75% TP53 changes, and large deletor subgroup had 66.7% SPOP mutations. Taken together, we provide a comprehensive view of genomic patterns which affect the critical cell regulators of PCa in the Chinese population. Our findings may provide valuable insights for designing specific treatments for Chinese patients with PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Liang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lijuan Niu
- Department of Ultrasound, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zejun Xiao
- Department of Urinary Surgery, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Cuiling Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yinchen Shen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuankai Shi
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiaohong Han
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Clinical Study on Anticancer Molecular Targeted Drugs, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, National Cancer Center, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Cancer Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China.
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23
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Owens OL, Tavakoli AS, Rose T, Wooten NR. Development and Psychometric Properties of a Prostate Cancer Knowledge Scale for African American Men. Am J Mens Health 2019; 13:1557988319892459. [PMID: 31849259 PMCID: PMC6920598 DOI: 10.1177/1557988319892459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
African American men have the highest prostate cancer-related mortality nationally. In response to this disparity, targeted interventions are emerging to enhance African American men's prostate cancer (PrCA) knowledge to ensure they are equipped to make informed decisions about PrCA screening with health-care providers. African American men's PrCA knowledge has been measured inconsistently over time with limited psychometric evidence. The factor structure of this construct in African American men is relatively unknown. This study describes the development and psychometric evaluation of an 18-item Prostate Cancer Knowledge Scale among 352 African American men. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was conducted using weighted least square mean and variance estimation with Geomin rotation. EFA yielded three factors: PrCA Anatomy and Screening (6 items), Risk Factors (5 items), Warning Signs (7 items) with good internal consistency reliability at KR-20 = .80 for the total scale and .64, .66, and .75, respectively, for each subscale. Factor loadings ranged from .31 to .86. The standardized root mean square residual (0.08) indicated that the factor structure explained most of the correlations. The three-factor, 18-item Prostate Cancer Knowledge Scale demonstrates that PrCA knowledge is a multidimensional construct and has utility for reliably measuring PrCA knowledge among African American men. Future research is required to confirm this factor structure among socio-demographically diverse African Americans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otis L. Owens
- College of Social Work, University of
South Carolina, Columbia, USA
| | | | - Theda Rose
- School of Social Work, University of
Maryland, Baltimore, USA
| | - Nikki R. Wooten
- College of Social Work, University of
South Carolina, Columbia, USA
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24
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Kim SP, Karnes RJ, Mwangi R, Van Houten H, Gross CP, Gershman B, Leapman MS, Shah ND. Contemporary Trends in Magnetic Resonance Imaging at the Time of Prostate Biopsy: Results from a Large Private Insurance Database. Eur Urol Focus 2019; 7:86-94. [PMID: 31047904 DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the prostate (MRI-prostate) facilitates better detection of clinically significant prostate cancer (PCa). Yet, the national trends of MRI at the time of prostate biopsy and its ability to increase the detection of PCa in a biopsy-naïve population remain unknown. OBJECTIVE To elucidate the contemporary trends of MRI and prostate biopsy, and whether it improved PCa diagnosis among privately insured patients. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This was a retrospective cohort study of a large private health insurance database in the USA-the OptumLabs Data Warehouse. We identified all men ≥40 yr of age who underwent index prostate biopsies from 2010 through 2016. INTERVENTION MRI-prostate at the time of index biopsy. OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS AND STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Utilization of the MRI at the time of biopsy and incident PCa diagnosis constituted the primary outcomes. We enumerated unadjusted and age-specific annual rates of MRI over time to elucidate trends using regression models (trend analysis). Bivariate and multivariable regression analyses identified patient characteristics associated with MRI-prostate, and the association between the use of MRI and PCa diagnosis. RESULTS AND LIMITATIONS Overall, 119 202 men underwent index prostate biopsies. Unadjusted annual rates of MRI at the time of biopsy significantly increased from 7 per 1000 biopsies in 2010 to 83 per 1000 biopsies in 2016 (p < 0.001 for trend). Age-specific rates increased across all age groups (40-49, 50-59, 60-65, 66-74, and 75+ yr; all p < 0.001). On multivariable analysis, black patients had a lower likelihood of MRI compared with white patients (odds ratio [OR]: 0.6; p < 0.01). MRI at the time of biopsy was not associated with a higher likelihood of incident PCa compared with traditional systematic biopsy (OR: 1.0; p = 0.7). The retrospective design and the inability to detect clinically significant PCa (Gleason 7+) constitute the limitations of this study. CONCLUSIONS While the use of MRI at the time of biopsy rose markedly, it was not associated with a higher detection rate of PCa. Further research is needed to address effective dissemination of MRI and targeted biopsies, and racial disparities. PATIENT SUMMARY From 2010 to 2016, our study found a significant rise in the utilization of magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate (MRI-prostate) at the time of index biopsy, although only a minority of patients undergo MRI-prostate. The use of MRI-prostate was not associated with a higher likelihood of diagnosing incident prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P Kim
- Division of Urology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Center, Aurora, Colorado, USA; Cancer Outcomes Public Policy and Effectiveness Research (COPPER) Center, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Raphael Mwangi
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Cary P Gross
- Department of Urology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; Department of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Boris Gershman
- Department of Urology, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | | | - Nilay D Shah
- Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA; OptumLabs, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Health Policy and Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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25
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Alexander M, Zhu K, Cullen J, Byrne C, Brown D, Shao S, Rusiecki J. Race and overall survival in men diagnosed with prostate cancer in the Department of Defense Military Health System, 1990–2010. Cancer Causes Control 2019; 30:627-635. [DOI: 10.1007/s10552-019-01163-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Rubicz R, Zhao S, Geybels M, Wright JL, Kolb S, Klotzle B, Bibikova M, Troyer D, Lance R, Ostrander EA, Feng Z, Fan JB, Stanford JL. DNA methylation profiles in African American prostate cancer patients in relation to disease progression. Genomics 2019; 111:10-16. [PMID: 26902887 PMCID: PMC4992660 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study examined whether differential DNA methylation is associated with clinical features of more aggressive disease at diagnosis and prostate cancer recurrence in African American men, who are more likely to die from prostate cancer than other populations. Tumor tissues from 76 African Americans diagnosed with prostate cancer who had radical prostatectomy as their primary treatment were profiled for epigenome-wide DNA methylation levels. Long-term follow-up identified 19 patients with prostate cancer recurrence. Twenty-three CpGs were differentially methylated (FDR q≤0.25, mean methylation difference≥0.10) in patients with vs. without recurrence, including CpGs in GCK, CDKL2, PRDM13, and ZFR2. Methylation differences were also observed between men with metastatic-lethal prostate cancer vs. no recurrence (five CpGs), regional vs. local pathological stage (two CpGs), and higher vs. lower tumor aggressiveness (one CpG). These results indicate that differentially methylated CpG sites identified in tumor tissues of African American men may contribute to prostate cancer aggressiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohina Rubicz
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Shanshan Zhao
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Milan Geybels
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | - Jonathan L. Wright
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA,Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA
| | - Suzanne Kolb
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | | | - Dean Troyer
- Departments of Pathology and Microbiology and Molecular Cell Biology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
| | - Raymond Lance
- Department of Urology, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA
| | - Elaine A. Ostrander
- Cancer Genetics and Comparative Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Ziding Feng
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
| | | | - Janet L. Stanford
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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27
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Suresh T, Sharma J, Goel S, Kovac E, Gao Q, Gartrell B. Patient Characteristics at Prostate Cancer Diagnosis in Different Races at an Academic Center Serving a Diverse Population. Clin Genitourin Cancer 2018; 17:139-144. [PMID: 30655076 DOI: 10.1016/j.clgc.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the United States, the prostate cancer (PCa) incidence and death rate has been greater in non-Hispanic black (NHB) men than in non-Hispanic white (NHW) men and slightly lower in Hispanic men than in NHW men. We compared the sociodemographic and baseline prognostic factors at the diagnosis of PCa in different races/ethnicities at a large, academic center serving an ethnically diverse population. METHODS The Montefiore Medical Center Cancer Registry was used to generate a comprehensive list of all patients with PCa diagnosed from 2004 to 2014. The clinical Looking Glass (a proprietary searchable database of patient information) and individual patient medical record review were used to obtain data, including age at diagnosis, socioeconomic status (SES), clinical Gleason score, clinical stage, and prostate-specific antigen level at diagnosis. The patients were classified by self-identified race/ethnicity as Hispanic, NHB, NHW, or other. The χ2 test was used for categorical variables, and analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test was used for continuous variables. RESULTS We identified 2352 patients with newly diagnosed PCa during the study period, including 778 Hispanic, 1046 NHB, 486 NHW, and 42 other. The NHW men were significantly older at diagnosis (Hispanic, 63.2 years; NHB, 63.4 years; NHW, 67 years; other, 63.0 years; P < .0001). The mean SES for the Hispanic and NHB men was significantly lower (SES below average: Hispanic, 92.8%; NHB, 91.3%; NHW, 56.6%; other, 75%; P < .0001). The Gleason score at diagnosis differed among these race groups (Gleason score ≤6 PCa: Hispanic, 42.8%; NHB, 39.1%; NHW, 52.2%; other, 50%; Gleason score 8-10: Hispanic, 15.8%; NHB, 17.6%; NHW, 14.3%; other, 16.7%; P = .0005). The proportion of men with metastatic disease at diagnosis also differed significantly among the groups (Hispanic, 7.5%; NHB, 9.0%; NHW, 4.3%; other, 9.5%; P = .0139). Using pairwise comparisons, the odds ratio for a higher Gleason score at presentation between NHB and NHW was 1.592 (P < .001) and was 1.378 for Hispanic versus NHW (P = .0200). The pairwise comparison for metastatic disease at diagnosis showed an odds ratio of 2.186 for NHB versus NHW (P = .0087). After adjusting for SES, the odds ratio for a higher Gleason score comparing NHB and NHW was 1.55 (P = .001). Although the odds of metastatic disease were greater in Hispanic men than in NHW men (odds ratio, 1.784), the differences were not statistically significant (P = .1197). CONCLUSIONS At our center, the clinical features of men from different racial groups differed significantly at the time of newly diagnosed PCa. Differences included age at diagnosis, SES, Gleason score, and proportion with metastatic disease. Our pairwise comparisons between different ethnic groups suggested that PCa in Hispanic men might be more similar to that in NHB than to that in NHW patients and are generally more aggressive at diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejas Suresh
- Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY.
| | - Janaki Sharma
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Sanjay Goel
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Evan Kovac
- Department of Urology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Qi Gao
- Department of Epidemiology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
| | - Benjamin Gartrell
- Department of Medical Oncology, Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY
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28
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Abstract
Prostate cancer is a major cause of disease and mortality among men, and each year 1.6 million men are diagnosed with and 366,000 men die of prostate cancer. In this review, we discuss the state of evidence for specific genetic, lifestyle, and dietary factors associated with prostate cancer risk. Given the biological heterogeneity of this cancer, we focus on risk factors for advanced or fatal prostate cancer. First, we provide descriptive epidemiology statistics and patterns for prostate cancer incidence and mortality around the world. This includes discussion of the impact of prostate-specific antigen screening on prostate cancer epidemiology. Next, we summarize evidence for selected risk factors for which there is strong or probable evidence of an association: genetics, obesity and weight change, physical activity, smoking, lycopene and tomatoes, fish, vitamin D and calcium, and statins. Finally, we highlight future directions for prostate cancer epidemiology research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire H Pernar
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Ericka M Ebot
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Kathryn M Wilson
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Lorelei A Mucci
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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29
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Resnick MJ, Graves AJ, Gambrel RJ, Thapa S, Buntin MB, Penson DF. The association between Medicare accountable care organization enrollment and breast, colorectal, and prostate cancer screening. Cancer 2018; 124:4366-4373. [DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Resnick
- Department of Urologic Surgery; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville Tennessee
- Department of Health Policy; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville Tennessee
- Geriatric Research and Education Center; Tennessee Valley Veterans Affairs Health Care System; Nashville Tennessee
| | - Amy J. Graves
- Department of Urologic Surgery; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville Tennessee
| | - Robert J. Gambrel
- Department of Health Policy; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville Tennessee
| | - Sunita Thapa
- Department of Health Policy; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville Tennessee
| | - Melinda B. Buntin
- Department of Health Policy; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville Tennessee
| | - David F. Penson
- Department of Urologic Surgery; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville Tennessee
- Department of Health Policy; Vanderbilt University Medical Center; Nashville Tennessee
- Geriatric Research and Education Center; Tennessee Valley Veterans Affairs Health Care System; Nashville Tennessee
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30
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Carlo MI, Giri VN, Paller CJ, Abida W, Alumkal JJ, Beer TM, Beltran H, George DJ, Heath EI, Higano CS, McKay RR, Morgans AK, Patnaik A, Ryan CJ, Schaeffer EM, Stadler WM, Taplin ME, Kauff ND, Vinson J, Antonarakis ES, Cheng HH. Evolving Intersection Between Inherited Cancer Genetics and Therapeutic Clinical Trials in Prostate Cancer: A White Paper From the Germline Genetics Working Group of the Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium. JCO Precis Oncol 2018; 2018. [PMID: 30761386 DOI: 10.1200/po.18.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Advances in germline genetics, and related therapeutic opportunities, present new opportunities and challenges in prostate cancer. The Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium Germline Genetics Working Group was established to address genetic testing for men with prostate cancer, especially those with advanced disease undergoing testing for treatment-related objectives and clinical trials. Methods The Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium Germline Genetics Working Group met monthly to discuss the current state of genetic testing of men with prostate cancer for therapeutic or clinical trial purposes. We assessed current institutional practices, developed a framework to address unique challenges in this population, and identified areas of future research. Results Genetic testing practices in men with prostate cancer vary across institutions; however, there were several areas of agreement. The group recognized the clinical benefits of expanding germline genetic testing, beyond cancer risk assessment, for the goal of treatment selection or clinical trial eligibility determination. Genetic testing for treatment selection should ensure patients receive appropriate pretest education and consent and occur under auspices of a research study whenever feasible. Providers offering genetic testing should be able to interpret results and recommend post-test genetic counseling for patients. When performing tumor (somatic) genomic profiling, providers should discuss the potential for uncovering germline mutations and recommend appropriate genetic counseling. In addition, family members may benefit from cascade testing and early cancer screening and prevention strategies. Conclusion As germline genetic testing is incorporated into practice, further development is needed in establishing prompt testing for time-sensitive treatment decisions, integrating cascade testing for family, ensuring equitable access to testing, and elucidating the role of less-characterized germline DNA damage repair genes, individual gene-level biologic consequences, and treatment response prediction in advanced disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria I Carlo
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Veda N Giri
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Channing J Paller
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | - Wassim Abida
- Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Celestia S Higano
- University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
| | | | - Alicia K Morgans
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Charles J Ryan
- University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | | | | | | | | | - Jacob Vinson
- Prostate Cancer Clinical Trials Consortium, New York, NY
| | | | - Heather H Cheng
- University of Washington and Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA
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García-Perdomo HA, Zapata-Copete JA, Sánchez A. Una mirada global y actualizada del cáncer de próstata. REVISTA DE LA FACULTAD DE MEDICINA 2018. [DOI: 10.15446/revfacmed.v66n3.65770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Introducción. El cáncer de próstata es una patología importante en la salud pública y tiene alto impacto mundial. El conocimiento y manejo de esta enfermedad debe ser del dominio de todo médico general y especialista que tenga a cargo pacientes que la padezcan.Objetivo. Obtener una visión actualizada de la epidemiología, los factores de riesgo, la clasificación, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento del cáncer de próstata.Materiales y métodos. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos Embase y MEDLINE desde enero del 2000 hasta marzo del 2017 mediante la cual se hizo un recorrido a través de las condiciones de riesgo, tamizaje, diagnóstico, nuevos biomarcadores y tratamiento del cáncer de próstata.Resultados. Factores genéticos y medioambientales son foco de estudio en la actualidad. La sospecha diagnóstica del cáncer de próstata sigue siendo con el antígeno específico prostático y el tacto rectal y su diagnóstico se debe hacer con la biopsia de próstata. Se han hecho cambios importantes en cuanto a la clasificación y tratamiento de los pacientes con esta enfermedad.Conclusión. Existe mucha investigación en curso y por venir sobre la prevención, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de esta condición tan importante, relevante y pertinente para los hombres alrededor del mundo.
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Wallace TJ, Qian J, Avital I, Bay C, Man YG, Wellman LL, Moskaluk C, Troyer D, Ramnani D, Stojadinovic A. Technical Feasibility of Tissue Microarray (TMA) Analysis of Tumor-Associated Immune Response in Prostate Cancer. J Cancer 2018; 9:2191-2202. [PMID: 29937939 PMCID: PMC6010688 DOI: 10.7150/jca.22846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The androgen receptor (AR) regulates immune-related epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and prostate cancer (PCa) metastasis. Primary tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) [CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ TILs] are potential prognostic indicators in PCa, and variations may contribute to racial disparities in tumor biology and PCa outcomes. Aim: To assess the technical feasibility of tumor microarray (TMA)-based methods to perform multi-marker TIL profiling in primary resected PCa. Methods: Paraffin-embedded tissue cores of histopathologically-confirmed primary PCa (n = 40; 1 TMA tissue specimen loss) were arrayed in triplicate on TMAs. Expression profiles of AR, CD3+, CD4+, and CD8+ TILs in normal prostate, and the center and periphery of both the tumor-dominant nodule and highest Gleason grade were detected by IHC and associated with clinical and pathological data using standard statistical methodology. An independent pathologist, blinded to the clinical data, scored all samples (percent and intensity of positive cells). Results: TMAs were constructed from 21 (53.8%) Black and 18 (46.2%) White males with completely-resected, primarily pT2 stage PCa [pT2a (n = 3; 7.7%); pT2b (n = 2; 5.1%); pT2c (n = 27; 69.2%); pT3a (n = 5; 12.8%); mean pre-op PSA = 8.17 ng/ml]. The CD3, CD4, CD8, and CD8/CD3 cellular protein expression differed from normal in the periphery of the dominant nodule, the center of the highest Gleason grade, and the periphery of the highest Gleason grade (P < 0.05). Correlations between TIL expression in the center and periphery of the dominant nodule, with corresponding center and periphery of the highest Gleason grade, respectively, were robust, and the magnitude of these correlations differed markedly by race (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Multi-marker (AR, CD3, CD4, CD8) profiling with IHC analysis of TMAs consisting of primary, non-metastatic resected prostate cancer is technically feasible in this pilot study. Future studies will evaluate primary tumor immunoscore using semi-quantitative, IHC-based methodology to assess differences in the spectrum, quantity, and/or localization of TILs, and to gain insights into racial disparities in PCa tumor biology and clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junqi Qian
- Virginia Urology, Richmond, Virginia, U.S.A
| | - Itzhak Avital
- Soroka University Center for Advanced Cancer Care, Ber Sheva, Israel
| | - Curt Bay
- A.T. Still University, Mesa, Arizona, U.S.A
| | - Yan-Gao Man
- National Medical Centre of Colorectal Disease, Third Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), Nanjing, China
| | | | - Chris Moskaluk
- University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, U.S.A
| | - Dean Troyer
- Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, Virginia, U.S.A
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Williams VL, Awasthi S, Fink AK, Pow‐Sang JM, Park JY, Gerke T, Yamoah K. African-American men and prostate cancer-specific mortality: a competing risk analysis of a large institutional cohort, 1989-2015. Cancer Med 2018; 7:2160-2171. [PMID: 29601662 PMCID: PMC5943433 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant racial disparities in prostate cancer (PCa) outcomes have been reported, with African-American men (AAM) more likely to endure adverse oncologic outcomes. Despite efforts to dissipate racial disparities in PCa, a survival gap persists and it remains unclear to what extent this disparity can be explained by known clinicodemographic factors. In this study, we leveraged our large institutional database, spanning over 25 years, to investigate whether AAM continued to experience poor PCa outcomes and factors that may contribute to racial disparities in PCa. A total of 7307 patients diagnosed with PCa from 1989 through 2015 were included. Associations of race and clinicodemographic characteristics were analyzed using chi-square for categorical and Mann-Whitney U-test for continuous variables. Racial differences in prostate cancer outcomes were analyzed using competing risk analysis methods of Fine and Gray. Median follow-up time was 106 months. There were 2304 deaths recorded, of which 432 resulted from PCa. AAM were more likely to be diagnosed at an earlier age (median 60 vs. 65 years, P = <0.001) and were more likely to have ≥1 comorbidities (13.6% vs. 7.5%, P < 0.001). In a multivariate competing risk model, adjusted for baseline covariates, AAM experienced significantly higher risk of PCSM compared to NHW men (HR, 1.62, 95% CI, 1.02-2.57, P = 0.03) NHW. Among men diagnosed at an older age (>60 years), racial differences in PCSM were more pronounced, with AAM experiencing higher rates of PCSM (HR, 2.05, 95% CI, 1.26-3.34, P = 0.003). After adjustment of clinicodemographic and potential risk factors, AAM continue to experience an increased risk of mortality from PCa, especially older AAM. Furthermore, AAM are more likely to be diagnosed at an early age and more likely to have higher comorbidity indices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shivanshu Awasthi
- Department of Cancer EpidemiologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFlorida
| | - Angelina K. Fink
- Department of Cancer EpidemiologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFlorida
| | - Julio M. Pow‐Sang
- Department of Genitourinary OncologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFlorida
| | - Jong Y. Park
- Department of Cancer EpidemiologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFlorida
| | - Travis Gerke
- Department of Cancer EpidemiologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFlorida
| | - Kosj Yamoah
- Department of Cancer EpidemiologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFlorida
- Department of Radiation OncologyH. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research InstituteTampaFlorida
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34
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Lachance J, Berens AJ, Hansen MEB, Teng AK, Tishkoff SA, Rebbeck TR. Genetic Hitchhiking and Population Bottlenecks Contribute to Prostate Cancer Disparities in Men of African Descent. Cancer Res 2018; 78:2432-2443. [PMID: 29438991 PMCID: PMC5932264 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Prostate cancer incidence and mortality rates in African and African American men are greatly elevated compared with other ethnicities. This disparity is likely explained by a combination of social, environmental, and genetic factors. A large number of susceptibility loci have been reported by genome-wide association studies (GWAS), but the contribution of these loci to prostate cancer disparities is unclear. Here, we investigated the population structure of 68 previously reported GWAS loci and calculated genetic disparity contribution statistics to identify SNPs that contribute the most to differences in prostate cancer risk across populations. By integrating GWAS results with allele frequency data, we generated genetic risk scores for 45 African and 19 non-African populations. Tests of natural selection were used to assess why some SNPs have large allele frequency differences across populations. We report that genetic predictions of prostate cancer risks are highest for West African men and lowest for East Asian men. These differences may be explained by the out-of-Africa bottleneck and natural selection. A small number of loci appear to drive elevated prostate cancer risks in men of African descent, including rs9623117, rs6983267, rs10896449, rs10993994, and rs817826. Although most prostate cancer-associated loci are evolving neutrally, there are multiple instances where alleles have hitchhiked to high frequencies with linked adaptive alleles. For example, a protective allele at 2q37 appears to have risen to high frequency in Europe due to selection acting on pigmentation. Our results suggest that evolutionary history contributes to the high rates of prostate cancer in African and African American men.Significance: A small number of genetic variants cause an elevated risk of prostate cancer in men of West African descent. Cancer Res; 78(9); 2432-43. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Lachance
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Ali J Berens
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Matthew E B Hansen
- Department of Biology and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrew K Teng
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sarah A Tishkoff
- Department of Biology and Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
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35
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Laviana AA, Reisz PA, Resnick MJ. Prostate Cancer Screening in African-American Men. Prostate Cancer 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78646-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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36
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Galvin A, Delva F, Helmer C, Rainfray M, Bellera C, Rondeau V, Soubeyran P, Coureau G, Mathoulin-Pélissier S. Sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and clinical determinants of survival in patients with cancer: A systematic review of the literature focused on the elderly. J Geriatr Oncol 2018; 9:6-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgo.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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37
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Active Surveillance in African-Americans. Prostate Cancer 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-78646-9_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022] Open
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38
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Steele CB, Li J, Huang B, Weir HK. Prostate cancer survival in the United States by race and stage (2001-2009): Findings from the CONCORD-2 study. Cancer 2017; 123 Suppl 24:5160-5177. [PMID: 29205313 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.31026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 5-year relative survival for prostate cancers diagnosed between 1990 and 1994 in the United States was very high (92%); however, survival in black males was 7% lower compared with white males. The authors updated these findings and examined survival by stage and race. METHODS The authors used data from the CONCORD-2 study for males (ages 15-99 years) who were diagnosed with prostate cancer in 37 states, covering 80% of the US population. Survival was adjusted for background mortality (net survival) using state-specific and race-specific life tables and was age-standardized. Data were presented for 2001 through 2003 and 2004 through 2009 to account for changes in collecting SEER Summary Stage 2000. RESULTS Among the 1,527,602 prostate cancers diagnosed between 2001 and 2009, the proportion of localized cases increased from 73% to 77% in black males and from 77% to 79% in white males. Although the proportion of distant-stage cases was higher among black males than among white males, they represented less than 6% of cases in both groups between 2004 and 2009. Net survival exceeded 99% for localized stage between 2004 and 2009 in both racial groups. Overall, and in most states, 5-year net survival exceeded 95%. CONCLUSIONS Prostate cancer survival has increased since the first CONCORD study, and the racial gap has narrowed. Earlier detection of localized cancers likely contributed to this finding. However, racial disparities also were observed in overall survival. To help understand which factors might contribute to the persistence of this disparity, states could use local data to explore sociodemographic characteristics, such as survivors' health insurance status, health literacy, treatment decision-making processes, and treatment preferences. Cancer 2017;123:5160-77. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Brooke Steele
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jun Li
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Bin Huang
- Markey Cancer Center, Kentucky Cancer Registry, and College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Hannah K Weir
- Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Weiner AB, Matulewicz RS, Tosoian JJ, Feinglass JM, Schaeffer EM. The effect of socioeconomic status, race, and insurance type on newly diagnosed metastatic prostate cancer in the United States (2004-2013). Urol Oncol 2017; 36:91.e1-91.e6. [PMID: 29153624 DOI: 10.1016/j.urolonc.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the characteristics of men who initially present with metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa) can better enable directed improvement initiatives. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between socioeconomic status (SES) and newly diagnosed mPCa. MATERIALS METHODS All men diagnosed with PCa in the National Cancer Data Base from 2004 to 2013 were identified. Characteristics of men presenting with and without metastatic disease were compared. A 4-level composite metric of SES was created using Census-based income and education data. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the association between SES, race/ethnicity, and insurance and the risk of presenting with mPCa at the time of diagnosis. RESULTS Of 1,034,754 patients diagnosed with PCa, 4% had mPCa at initial presentation. Lower SES (first vs. fourth quartile; odds ratio [OR] = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.35-1.44), black and Hispanic race/ethnicity (vs. white; OR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.43-1.51 and OR = 1.22, 95% CI: 1.17-1.28, respectively), and having Medicaid or no insurance (vs. Medicare or private; OR = 3.91, 95% CI: 3.78-4.05) were each independently associated with higher odds of presenting with mPCa after adjusting for all other covariates. CONCLUSIONS Lower SES, race/ethnicity, and having Medicaid or no insurance were each independently associated with higher odds of presenting with metastases at the time of PCa diagnosis. Our findings may partially explain current PCa outcomes disparities and inform future efforts to reduce disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Weiner
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Richard S Matulewicz
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Jeffrey J Tosoian
- James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | - Joseph M Feinglass
- Department of General Internal Medicine and Geriatrics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Edward M Schaeffer
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL.
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40
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Mossanen M, Krasnow RE, Nguyen PL, Trinh QD, Preston M, Kibel AS. Approach to the Patient with High-Risk Prostate Cancer. Urol Clin North Am 2017; 44:635-645. [PMID: 29107279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ucl.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Men classified as having high-risk prostate cancer warrant treatment because durable outcomes can be achieved. Judicious use of imaging and considerations of risk factors are essential when caring for men with high-risk disease. Radical prostatectomy, radiation therapy, and androgen deprivation therapy all play pivotal roles in the management of men with high-risk disease, and potentially in men with metastatic disease. The optimal combinations of therapeutic regimens are an evolving area of study and future work looking into therapies for men with high-risk disease will remain critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Mossanen
- Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ross E Krasnow
- Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Paul L Nguyen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Quoc D Trinh
- Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mark Preston
- Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Adam S Kibel
- Division of Urology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 45 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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41
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Huang FW, Mosquera JM, Garofalo A, Oh C, Baco M, Amin-Mansour A, Rabasha B, Bahl S, Mullane SA, Robinson BD, Aldubayan S, Khani F, Karir B, Kim E, Chimene-Weiss J, Hofree M, Romanel A, Osborne JR, Kim JW, Azabdaftari G, Woloszynska-Read A, Sfanos K, De Marzo AM, Demichelis F, Gabriel S, Van Allen EM, Mesirov J, Tamayo P, Rubin MA, Powell IJ, Garraway LA. Exome Sequencing of African-American Prostate Cancer Reveals Loss-of-Function ERF Mutations. Cancer Discov 2017; 7:973-983. [PMID: 28515055 PMCID: PMC5836784 DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-0960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
African-American men have the highest incidence of and mortality from prostate cancer. Whether a biological basis exists for this disparity remains unclear. Exome sequencing (n = 102) and targeted validation (n = 90) of localized primary hormone-naïve prostate cancer in African-American men identified several gene mutations not previously observed in this context, including recurrent loss-of-function mutations in ERF, an ETS transcriptional repressor, in 5% of cases. Analysis of existing prostate cancer cohorts revealed ERF deletions in 3% of primary prostate cancers and mutations or deletions in ERF in 3% to 5% of lethal castration-resistant prostate cancers. Knockdown of ERF confers increased anchorage-independent growth and generates a gene expression signature associated with oncogenic ETS activation and androgen signaling. Together, these results suggest that ERF is a prostate cancer tumor-suppressor gene. More generally, our findings support the application of systematic cancer genomic characterization in settings of broader ancestral diversity to enhance discovery and, eventually, therapeutic applications.Significance: Systematic genomic sequencing of prostate cancer in African-American men revealed new insights into prostate cancer, including the identification of ERF as a prostate cancer gene; somatic copy-number alteration differences; and uncommon PIK3CA and PTEN alterations. This study highlights the importance of inclusion of underrepresented minorities in cancer sequencing studies. Cancer Discov; 7(9); 973-83. ©2017 AACR.This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 920.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franklin W Huang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Program, the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Juan Miguel Mosquera
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian, New York, New York
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Andrea Garofalo
- Cancer Program, the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Coyin Oh
- Cancer Program, the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Maria Baco
- Cancer Program, the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ali Amin-Mansour
- Cancer Program, the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Bokang Rabasha
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Program, the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Samira Bahl
- Cancer Program, the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Stephanie A Mullane
- Cancer Program, the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Brian D Robinson
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian, New York, New York
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Saud Aldubayan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Program, the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Francesca Khani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Beerinder Karir
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian, New York, New York
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Eejung Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Program, the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jeremy Chimene-Weiss
- Cancer Program, the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Matan Hofree
- Cancer Program, the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | | | - Joseph R Osborne
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Jong Wook Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Program, the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Gissou Azabdaftari
- Department of Pathology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Roswell Park, New York
| | - Anna Woloszynska-Read
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Roswell Park, New York
| | - Karen Sfanos
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Angelo M De Marzo
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Francesca Demichelis
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian, New York, New York
- Centre for Integrative Biology, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Stacey Gabriel
- Cancer Program, the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Eliezer M Van Allen
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Program, the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Jill Mesirov
- Cancer Program, the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Pablo Tamayo
- Cancer Program, the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Mark A Rubin
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine-New York Presbyterian, New York, New York.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center at Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York
| | - Isaac J Powell
- Barbara Ann Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, Michigan.
- Department of Urology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Levi A Garraway
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
- Cancer Program, the Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to examine prostate cancer racial disparities specific to the African-American population. RECENT FINDINGS African-American men are more likely to be diagnosed with prostate cancer, present at an earlier age; are more likely to have locally advanced or metastatic disease at diagnosis; and have suboptimal outcomes to standard treatments. Prostate cancer treatment requires a nuanced approach, particularly when applying screening, counseling, and management of African-American men. Oncological as well as functional outcomes may differ and are potentially due to a combination of genetic, molecular, behavioral, and socioeconomic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary L Smith
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, The University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 6038, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
| | - Scott E Eggener
- Department of Surgery, Section of Urology, The University of Chicago Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 6038, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Adam B Murphy
- Department of Urology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Tarry Building Room 16-703, 300 E. Superior Street, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
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Myers JS, Vallega KA, White J, Yu K, Yates CC, Sang QXA. Proteomic characterization of paired non-malignant and malignant African-American prostate epithelial cell lines distinguishes them by structural proteins. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:480. [PMID: 28697756 PMCID: PMC5504803 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3462-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background While many factors may contribute to the higher prostate cancer incidence and mortality experienced by African-American men compared to their counterparts, the contribution of tumor biology is underexplored due to inadequate availability of African-American patient-derived cell lines and specimens. Here, we characterize the proteomes of non-malignant RC-77 N/E and malignant RC-77 T/E prostate epithelial cell lines previously established from prostate specimens from the same African-American patient with early stage primary prostate cancer. Methods In this comparative proteomic analysis of RC-77 N/E and RC-77 T/E cells, differentially expressed proteins were identified and analyzed for overrepresentation of PANTHER protein classes, Gene Ontology annotations, and pathways. The enrichment of gene sets and pathway significance were assessed using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis and Signaling Pathway Impact Analysis, respectively. The gene and protein expression data of age- and stage-matched prostate cancer specimens from The Cancer Genome Atlas were analyzed. Results Structural and cytoskeletal proteins were differentially expressed and statistically overrepresented between RC-77 N/E and RC-77 T/E cells. Beta-catenin, alpha-actinin-1, and filamin-A were upregulated in the tumorigenic RC-77 T/E cells, while integrin beta-1, integrin alpha-6, caveolin-1, laminin subunit gamma-2, and CD44 antigen were downregulated. The increased protein level of beta-catenin and the reduction of caveolin-1 protein level in the tumorigenic RC-77 T/E cells mirrored the upregulation of beta-catenin mRNA and downregulation of caveolin-1 mRNA in African-American prostate cancer specimens compared to non-malignant controls. After subtracting race-specific non-malignant RNA expression, beta-catenin and caveolin-1 mRNA expression levels were higher in African-American prostate cancer specimens than in Caucasian-American specimens. The “ECM-Receptor Interaction” and “Cell Adhesion Molecules”, and the “Tight Junction” and “Adherens Junction” pathways contained proteins are associated with RC-77 N/E and RC-77 T/E cells, respectively. Conclusions Our results suggest RC-77 T/E and RC-77 N/E cell lines can be distinguished by differentially expressed structural and cytoskeletal proteins, which appeared in several pathways across multiple analyses. Our results indicate that the expression of beta-catenin and caveolin-1 may be prostate cancer- and race-specific. Although the RC-77 cell model may not be representative of all African-American prostate cancer due to tumor heterogeneity, it is a unique resource for studying prostate cancer initiation and progression. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-017-3462-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer S Myers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4390, USA
| | - Karin A Vallega
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4390, USA
| | - Jason White
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, 36088, USA
| | - Kaixian Yu
- Department of Biostatistics - Unit 1411, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030-1402, USA
| | - Clayton C Yates
- Department of Biology and Center for Cancer Research, Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL, 36088, USA
| | - Qing-Xiang Amy Sang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Institute of Molecular Biophysics, Florida State University, 95 Chieftan Way, Tallahassee, FL, 32306-4390, USA.
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Bernard B, Muralidhar V, Chen YH, Sridhar SS, Mitchell E, Pettaway CA, Carducci M, Nguyen PL, Sweeney CJ. Impact of ethnicity on the outcome of men with metastatic, hormone-sensitive prostate cancer. Cancer 2017; 123:1536-1544. [PMID: 28055108 PMCID: PMC5400707 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PCa) outcomes are impacted by socioeconomic and biologic factors. Ethnicity plays a role in the former, but little is known about the responsiveness of metastatic PCa to androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) among races. METHODS The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry was used to identify men who were diagnosed with distant, de novo, metastatic PCa from 2004 to 2012. Patterns of presentation, overall survival (OS), and PCa-specific mortality (PCSM) were determined for each race. E3805 clinical trial data also were retrospectively reviewed to assess outcomes of ADT and ADT plus docetaxel by race. RESULTS Of all PCa diagnoses in SEER, distant, de novo, metastatic disease was diagnosed in 4.2% of non-Hispanic whites, 5.8% of Hispanic whites, 5.7% of blacks, 5.5% of Asians/Pacific Islanders, and 8.8% of American Indians/Alaska Natives (P < .001; chi-square test). The median OS differed by race, with superior OS observed among Asian men (30 months) than among men of other races (range, 24-25 months; P < .001). Asians also had a superior median PCSM (54 months) compared with the other races (range, 35-40 months; P < .001). In E3805, chemohormonal therapy was associated with a median OS of 58.1 months (95% confidence interval, 48.8-72.9 months) and 57.6 months (95% confidence interval, 27.7-57.6 months) in non-Hispanic whites and blacks, respectively. Few Asians participated in the E3805 trial. CONCLUSIONS Asian men have superior median OS and PCSM for distant, de novo, metastatic PCa than men of other race. Non-Hispanic whites and blacks who receive treatment with ADT or chemohormonal therapy have comparable outcomes. Cancer 2017;123:1536-1544. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Edith Mitchell
- Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center at Jefferson University Hospitals, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | - Michael Carducci
- Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, USA
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Tsodikov A, Gulati R, de Carvalho TM, Heijnsdijk EAM, Hunter-Merrill RA, Mariotto AB, de Koning HJ, Etzioni R. Is prostate cancer different in black men? Answers from 3 natural history models. Cancer 2017; 123:2312-2319. [PMID: 28436011 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.30687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black men in the United States have substantially higher prostate cancer incidence rates than the general population. The extent to which this incidence disparity is because prostate cancer is more prevalent, more aggressive, and/or more frequently diagnosed in black men is unknown. METHODS The authors estimated 3 independently developed models of prostate cancer natural history in black men and in the general population using an updated reconstruction of prostate-specific antigen screening, based on the National Health Interview Survey in 2005 and on prostate cancer incidence data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results program during 1975 through 2000. By using the estimated models, the natural history of prostate cancer was compared between black men and the general population. RESULTS The models projected that from 30% to 43% (range across models) of black men develop preclinical prostate cancer by age 85 years, a risk that is (relatively) 28% to 56% higher than that in the general population. Among men who had preclinical disease onset, black men had a similar risk of diagnosis (range, 35%-49%) compared with the general population (32%-44%), but their risk of progression to metastatic disease by the time of diagnosis was from 44% to 75% higher than that in the general population. CONCLUSIONS Prostate cancer incidence patterns implicate higher incidence of preclinical disease and higher risk of metastatic progression among black men. The findings suggest screening black men earlier than white men and support further research into the benefit-harm tradeoffs of more aggressive screening policies for black men. Cancer 2017;123:2312-2319. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Tsodikov
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Roman Gulati
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tiago M de Carvalho
- Division of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eveline A M Heijnsdijk
- Division of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel A Hunter-Merrill
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Angela B Mariotto
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Harry J de Koning
- Division of Public Health, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ruth Etzioni
- Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
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He T, Mullins CD. Age-related racial disparities in prostate cancer patients: A systematic review. ETHNICITY & HEALTH 2017; 22:184-195. [PMID: 27706949 PMCID: PMC5573592 DOI: 10.1080/13557858.2016.1235682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prostate cancer mortality rates have decreased over recent decades, but racial disparities in prostate cancer survival still present as a serious challenge. These disparities may be impacted by age; in fact, African-American men younger than age 65 have prostate cancer mortality rates nearly three times greater than that of White men. Therefore, a systematic literature review was conducted in Medline and EMBASE databases focusing on articles comparing survival and mortality rates for prostate cancer patients across age and race. DESIGN Articles included were based on the following criteria: (1) included African-American and White prostate cancer patients residing in the US; (2) measured racial disparities across distinct age categories with at least one category below and one above age 65; and (3) addressed racial disparities in terms of overall survival or mortality. RESULTS Twenty eight articles compared survival and mortality disparities between African-American and White prostate cancer patients across different age categories. Of the 28 articles, 19 articles (68%) showed disparities decreased with age, 8 articles (29%) showed disparities constant with age, and 1 article (3%) showed disparities increased with age. CONCLUSIONS More often the survival and mortality gap between African-American and White prostate cancer patients decreases with age. Additional studies are needed to elucidate other factors that may influence racial disparities in prostate cancer patients. These results provide insight into the racial disparities in prostate cancer and suggest more resources should be directed towards decreasing the disparity gap in younger prostate cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting He
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research , University of Maryland Baltimore , Baltimore , MD , USA
| | - C Daniel Mullins
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research , University of Maryland Baltimore , Baltimore , MD , USA
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Krishna S, Fan Y, Jarosek S, Adejoro O, Chamie K, Konety B. Racial Disparities in Active Surveillance for Prostate Cancer. J Urol 2017; 197:342-349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.juro.2016.08.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suprita Krishna
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yunhua Fan
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephanie Jarosek
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Oluwakayode Adejoro
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Karim Chamie
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Badrinath Konety
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
- Department of Urology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Zumsteg ZS, Chen Z, Howard LE, Amling CL, Aronson WJ, Cooperberg MR, Kane CJ, Terris MK, Spratt DE, Sandler HM, Freedland SJ. Number of Unfavorable Intermediate-Risk Factors Predicts Pathologic Upstaging and Prostate Cancer-Specific Mortality Following Radical Prostatectomy: Results From the SEARCH Database. Prostate 2017; 77:154-163. [PMID: 27683213 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To validate and further improve the stratification of intermediate risk prostate cancer into favorable and unfavorable subgroups for patients undergoing radical prostatectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS The SEARCH database was queried for IR patients undergoing radical prostatectomy without adjuvant radiotherapy. UIR disease was defined any patient with at least one unfavorable risk factor (URF), including primary Gleason pattern 4, 50% of more biopsy cores containing cancer, or multiple National Comprehensive Cancer Network IR factors. RESULTS One thousand five hundred eighty-six patients with IR prostate cancer comprised the study cohort. Median follow-up was 62 months. Patients classified as UIR were significantly more likely to have pathologic high-risk features, such as Gleason score 8 - 10, pT3-4 disease, or lymph node metastases, than FIR patients (P < 0.001). Furthermore, UIR patients had significantly higher rates of PSA-relapse (PSA, hazard ratio [HR] = 1.89, P < 0.001) and distant metastasis (DM, HR = 2.92, P = 0.001), but no difference in prostate cancer-specific mortality (PCSM) or all-cause mortality in multivariable analysis. On secondary analysis, patients with ≥2 URF had significantly worse PSA-RFS, DM, and PCSM than those with 0 or 1 URF. Moreover, 40% of patients with ≥2 URF had high-risk pathologic features. CONCLUSIONS Patients with UIR prostate cancer are at increased risk of PSA relapse, DM, and pathologic upstaging following prostatectomy. However, increased risk of PCSM was only detected in those with ≥2 URF. This suggests that further refinement of the UIR subgroup may improve risk stratification. Prostate Prostate 77:154-163, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S Zumsteg
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Zinan Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Lauren E Howard
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - William J Aronson
- Urology Section, Department of Surgery, Veterans Affairs Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Urology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - Matthew R Cooperberg
- Department of Urology, UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, San Francisco, California
| | - Christopher J Kane
- Urology Department, University of California San Diego Health System, San Diego, California
| | - Martha K Terris
- Section of Urology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Augusta, Georgia
- Section of Urology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia
| | - Daniel E Spratt
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Howard M Sandler
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Stephen J Freedland
- Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Urology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
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50
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Leyh-Bannurah SR, Gazdovich S, Budäus L, Zaffuto E, Dell'Oglio P, Briganti A, Abdollah F, Montorsi F, Schiffmann J, Menon M, Shariat SF, Fisch M, Chun F, Graefen M, Karakiewicz PI. Population-Based External Validation of the Updated 2012 Partin Tables in Contemporary North American Prostate Cancer Patients. Prostate 2017; 77:105-113. [PMID: 27683103 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To externally validate the updated 2012 Partin Tables in contemporary North American patients treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) for localized prostate cancer (PCa) at community institutions. MATERIALS AND METHODS We examined records of 25,254 patients treated with RP and pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND) between 2010 and 2013, within the surveillance, epidemiology, and end results database. The ROC derived AUC assessed discriminant properties of the updated 2012 Partin Tables of organ confined disease (OC), extracapsular extension (ECE), seminal vesical invasion (SVI), and lymph node invasion (LNI). Calibration plots focused on calibration between predicted and observed rates. RESULTS Proportions of OC, ECE, SVI, and LNI at RP were 69.8%, 18.4%, 7.4%, and 4.4%, respectively. Accuracy for prediction of OC, ECE, SVI, and LNI was 70.4%, 59.9%, 72.9%, and 77.1%, respectively. In subgroup analyses in patients with nodal yield >10, accuracy for LNI prediction was 76.0%. Subgroup analyses in elderly patients and in African American patients revealed decreased accuracy for prediction of all four endpoints. Last but not least, SVI and LNI calibration plots showed excellent agreement, versus good agreement for OC (maximum underestimation of 10%) and poor agreement for ECE (maximum overestimation of 12%). CONCLUSION Taken together, the updated 2012 Partin Tables can be unequivocally endorsed for prediction of OC, SVI, and LNI in community-based patients with localized PCa. Conversely, ECE predictions failed to reach the minimum accuracy requirements of 70%. Prostate 77:105-113, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami-Ramzi Leyh-Bannurah
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stéphanie Gazdovich
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Urology, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Lars Budäus
- Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Emanuele Zaffuto
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Urology and Division of Experimental Oncology, URI, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Dell'Oglio
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Urology and Division of Experimental Oncology, URI, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alberto Briganti
- Department of Urology and Division of Experimental Oncology, URI, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Firas Abdollah
- Department of Urology and Division of Experimental Oncology, URI, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Montorsi
- Department of Urology and Division of Experimental Oncology, URI, Urological Research Institute, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Jonas Schiffmann
- Department of Urology, Academic Hospital Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Mani Menon
- Vattikuti Urology Institute and VUI Center for Outcomes Research Analytics and Evaluation (VCORE), Henry Ford Hospital, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan
| | | | - Margit Fisch
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Felix Chun
- Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Graefen
- Department of Urology, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Pierre I Karakiewicz
- Cancer Prognostics and Health Outcomes Unit, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada
- Department of Urology, University of Montreal Health Center, Montreal, Canada
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