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Druga R, Mares P, Salaj M, Kubova H. Degenerative Changes in the Claustrum and Endopiriform Nucleus after Early-Life Status Epilepticus in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1296. [PMID: 38279295 PMCID: PMC10816976 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to analyze the location of degenerating neurons in the dorsal (insular) claustrum (DCL, VCL) and the dorsal, intermediate and ventral endopiriform nucleus (DEn, IEn, VEn) in rat pups following lithium-pilocarpine status epilepticus (SE) induced at postnatal days [P]12, 15, 18, 21 and 25. The presence of Fluoro-Jade B-positive neurons was evaluated at 4, 12, 24, 48 h and 1 week later. A small number of degenerated neurons was observed in the CL, as well as in the DEn at P12 and P15. The number of degenerated neurons was increased in the CL as well as in the DEn at P18 and above and was highest at longer survival intervals. The CL at P15 and 18 contained a small or moderate number of degenerated neurons mainly close to the medial and dorsal margins also designated as DCl ("shell") while isolated degenerated neurons were distributed in the VCl ("core"). In P21 and 25, a larger number of degenerated neurons occurred in both subdivisions of the dorsal claustrum. The majority of degenerated neurons in the endopiriform nucleus were found in the intermediate and caudal third of the DEn. A small number of degenerated neurons was dispersed in the whole extent of the DEn with prevalence to its medial margin. Our results indicate that degenerated neurons in the claustrum CL and endopiriform nucleus are distributed mainly in subdivisions originating from the ventral pallium; their distribution correlates with chemoarchitectonics of both nuclei and with their intrinsic and extrinsic connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rastislav Druga
- Institute of Anatomy, 2nd Medical Faculty, Charles University, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Laboratory of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic;
- Institute of Anatomy, 1st Medical Faculty, Charles University, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Mares
- Laboratory of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Martin Salaj
- Institute of Anatomy, 2nd Medical Faculty, Charles University, 15006 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Hana Kubova
- Laboratory of Developmental Epileptology, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, 14200 Prague, Czech Republic;
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2
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Grimstvedt JS, Shelton AM, Hoerder‐Suabedissen A, Oliver DK, Berndtsson CH, Blankvoort S, Nair RR, Packer AM, Witter MP, Kentros CG. A multifaceted architectural framework of the mouse claustrum complex. J Comp Neurol 2023; 531:1772-1795. [PMID: 37782702 PMCID: PMC10953385 DOI: 10.1002/cne.25539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Accurate anatomical characterizations are necessary to investigate neural circuitry on a fine scale, but for the rodent claustrum complex (CLCX), this has yet to be fully accomplished. The CLCX is generally considered to comprise two major subdivisions, the claustrum (CL) and the dorsal endopiriform nucleus (DEn), but regional boundaries to these areas are debated. To address this, we conducted a multifaceted analysis of fiber- and cytoarchitecture, genetic marker expression, and connectivity using mice of both sexes, to create a comprehensive guide for identifying and delineating borders to CLCX, including an online reference atlas. Our data indicated four distinct subregions within CLCX, subdividing both CL and DEn into two. Additionally, we conducted brain-wide tracing of inputs to CLCX using a transgenic mouse line. Immunohistochemical staining against myelin basic protein (MBP), parvalbumin (PV), and calbindin (CB) revealed intricate fiber-architectural patterns enabling precise delineations of CLCX and its subregions. Myelinated fibers were abundant dorsally in CL but absent ventrally, whereas PV expressing fibers occupied the entire CL. CB staining revealed a central gap within CL, also visible anterior to the striatum. The Nr2f2, Npsr1, and Cplx3 genes expressed specifically within different subregions of the CLCX, and Rprm helped delineate the CL-insular border. Furthermore, cells in CL projecting to the retrosplenial cortex were located within the myelin sparse area. By combining own experimental data with digitally available datasets of gene expression and input connectivity, we could demonstrate that the proposed delineation scheme allows anchoring of datasets from different origins to a common reference framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim S. Grimstvedt
- Kavli Institute for Systems NeuroscienceNTNU Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Andrew M. Shelton
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | - David K. Oliver
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Christin H. Berndtsson
- Kavli Institute for Systems NeuroscienceNTNU Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Stefan Blankvoort
- Kavli Institute for Systems NeuroscienceNTNU Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Rajeevkumar R. Nair
- Kavli Institute for Systems NeuroscienceNTNU Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Adam M. Packer
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy & GeneticsUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Menno P. Witter
- Kavli Institute for Systems NeuroscienceNTNU Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
| | - Clifford G. Kentros
- Kavli Institute for Systems NeuroscienceNTNU Norwegian University of Science and TechnologyTrondheimNorway
- Institute of NeuroscienceUniversity of OregonEugeneOregonUSA
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3
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Feldmeyer D. Structure and function of neocortical layer 6b. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1257803. [PMID: 37744882 PMCID: PMC10516558 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1257803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cortical layer 6b is considered by many to be a remnant of the subplate that forms during early stages of neocortical development, but its role in the adult is not well understood. Its neuronal complement has only recently become the subject of systematic studies, and its axonal projections and synaptic input structures have remained largely unexplored despite decades of research into neocortical function. In recent years, however, layer 6b (L6b) has attracted increasing attention and its functional role is beginning to be elucidated. In this review, I will attempt to provide an overview of what is currently known about the excitatory and inhibitory neurons in this layer, their pre- and postsynaptic connectivity, and their functional implications. Similarities and differences between different cortical areas will be highlighted. Finally, layer 6b neurons are highly responsive to several neuropeptides such as orexin/hypocretin, neurotensin and cholecystokinin, in some cases exclusively. They are also strongly controlled by neurotransmitters such as acetylcholine and norepinephrine. The interaction of these neuromodulators with L6b microcircuitry and its functional consequences will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Feldmeyer
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine 10 (INM-10), Jülich, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
- Jülich-Aachen Research Alliance, Translational Brain Medicine (JARA Brain), Aachen, Germany
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4
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Hoerder-Suabedissen A, Ocana-Santero G, Draper TH, Scott SA, Kimani JG, Shelton AM, Butt SJB, Molnár Z, Packer AM. Temporal origin of mouse claustrum and development of its cortical projections. Cereb Cortex 2023; 33:3944-3959. [PMID: 36104852 PMCID: PMC10068282 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhac318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The claustrum is known for its extensive connectivity with many other forebrain regions, but its elongated shape and deep location have made further study difficult. We have sought to understand when mouse claustrum neurons are born, where they are located in developing brains, and when they develop their widespread connections to the cortex. We established that a well-characterized parvalbumin plexus, which identifies the claustrum in adults, is only present from postnatal day (P) 21. A myeloarchitectonic outline of the claustrum can be derived from a triangular fiber arrangement from P15. A dense patch of Nurr1+ cells is present at its core and is already evident at birth. Bromodeoxyuridine birth dating of forebrain progenitors reveals that the majority of claustrum neurons are born during a narrow time window centered on embryonic day 12.5, which is later than the adjacent subplate and endopiriform nucleus. Retrograde tracing revealed that claustrum projections to anterior cingulate (ACA) and retrosplenial cortex (RSP) follow distinct developmental trajectories. Claustrum-ACA connectivity matures rapidly and reaches adult-like innervation density by P10, whereas claustrum-RSP innervation emerges later over a protracted time window. This work establishes the timeline of claustrum development and provides a framework for understanding how the claustrum is built and develops its unique connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hoerder-Suabedissen
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriel Ocana-Santero
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas H Draper
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie A Scott
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Jesse G Kimani
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Shelton
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J B Butt
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
| | - Adam M Packer
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Sherrington Building, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
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5
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Neubauer A, Menegaux A, Wendt J, Li HB, Schmitz-Koep B, Ruzok T, Thalhammer M, Schinz D, Bartmann P, Wolke D, Priller J, Zimmer C, Rueckert D, Hedderich DM, Sorg C. Aberrant claustrum structure in preterm-born neonates: an MRI study. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 37:103286. [PMID: 36516730 PMCID: PMC9755238 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2022.103286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The human claustrum is a gray matter structure in the white matter between insula and striatum. Previous analysis found altered claustrum microstructure in very preterm-born adults associated with lower cognitive performance. As the claustrum development is related to hypoxia-ischemia sensitive transient cell populations being at-risk in premature birth, we hypothesized that claustrum structure is already altered in preterm-born neonates. We studied anatomical and diffusion-weighted MRIs of 83 preterm- and 83 term-born neonates at term-equivalent age. Additionally, claustrum development was analyzed both in a spectrum of 377 term-born neonates and longitudinally in 53 preterm-born subjects. Data was provided by the developing Human Connectome Project. Claustrum development showed increasing volume, increasing fractional anisotropy (FA), and decreasing mean diffusivity (MD) around term both across term- and preterm-born neonates. Relative to term-born ones, preterm-born neonates had (i) increased absolute and relative claustrum volumes, both indicating increased cellular and/or extracellular matter and being in contrast to other subcortical gray matter regions of decreased volumes such as thalamus; (ii) lower claustrum FA and higher claustrum MD, pointing at increased extracellular matrix and impaired axonal integrity; and (iii) aberrant covariance between claustrum FA and MD, respectively, and that of distributed gray matter regions, hinting at relatively altered claustrum microstructure. Results together demonstrate specifically aberrant claustrum structure in preterm-born neonates, suggesting altered claustrum development in prematurity, potentially relevant for later cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Neubauer
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany.
| | - Aurore Menegaux
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Jil Wendt
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Hongwei Bran Li
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Quantitative Biomedicine, University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Benita Schmitz-Koep
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Ruzok
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Melissa Thalhammer
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - David Schinz
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Bartmann
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, University Hospital Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter Wolke
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Neuropsychiatry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin and DZNE, Berlin, Germany; University of Edinburgh and UK DRI, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Claus Zimmer
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Rueckert
- School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Computing, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Dennis M Hedderich
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Sorg
- Department of Neuroradiology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany
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6
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Spatially resolved gene regulatory and disease-related vulnerability map of the adult Macaque cortex. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6747. [PMID: 36347848 PMCID: PMC9643508 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Single cell approaches have increased our knowledge about the cell type composition of the non-human primate (NHP), but a detailed characterization of area-specific regulatory features remains outstanding. We generated single-cell transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility (single-cell ATAC) data of 358,237 cells from prefrontal cortex (PFC), primary motor cortex (M1) and primary visual cortex (V1) of adult female cynomolgus monkey brain, and integrated this dataset with Stereo-seq (spatial enhanced resolution omics-sequencing) of the corresponding cortical areas to assign topographic information to molecular states. We identified area-specific chromatin accessible sites and their targeted genes, including the cell type-specific transcriptional regulatory network associated with excitatory neurons heterogeneity. We reveal calcium ion transport and axon guidance genes related to specialized functions of PFC and M1, identified the similarities and differences between adult macaque and human oligodendrocyte trajectories, and mapped the genetic variants and gene perturbations of human diseases to NHP cortical cells. This resource establishes a transcriptomic and chromatin accessibility combinatory regulatory landscape at a single-cell and spatially resolved resolution in NHP cortex.
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7
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Dab1-deficient deep layer neurons prevent Dab1-deficient superficial layer neurons from entering the cortical plate. Neurosci Res 2022; 180:23-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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8
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Fang C, Wang H, Naumann RK. Developmental Patterning and Neurogenetic Gradients of Nurr1 Positive Neurons in the Rat Claustrum and Lateral Cortex. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:786329. [PMID: 34924965 PMCID: PMC8675902 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.786329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The claustrum is an enigmatic brain structure thought to be important for conscious sensations. Recent studies have focused on gene expression patterns, connectivity, and function of the claustrum, but relatively little is known about its development. Interestingly, claustrum-enriched genes, including the previously identified marker Nurr1, are not only expressed in the classical claustrum complex, but also embedded within lateral neocortical regions in rodents. Recent studies suggest that Nurr1 positive neurons in the lateral cortex share a highly conserved genetic expression pattern with claustrum neurons. Thus, we focus on the developmental progression and birth dating pattern of the claustrum and Nurr1 positive neurons in the lateral cortex. We comprehensively investigate the expression of Nurr1 at various stages of development in the rat and find that Nurr1 expression first appears as an elongated line along the anterior-posterior axis on embryonic day 13.5 (E13.5) and then gradually differentiates into multiple sub-regions during prenatal development. Previous birth dating studies of the claustrum have led to conflicting results, therefore, we combine 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) labeling with in situ hybridization for Nurr1 to study birth dating patterns. We find that most dorsal endopiriform (DEn) neurons are born on E13.5 to E14.5. Ventral claustrum (vCL) and dorsal claustrum (dCL) are mainly born on E14.5 to E15.5. Nurr1 positive cortical deep layer neurons (dLn) and superficial layer neurons (sLn) are mainly born on E14.5 to E15.5 and E15.5 to E17.5, respectively. Finally, we identify ventral to dorsal and posterior to anterior neurogenetic gradients within vCL and DEn. Thus, our findings suggest that claustrum and Nurr1 positive neurons in the lateral cortex are born sequentially over several days of embryonic development and contribute toward charting the complex developmental pattern of the claustrum in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Konrad Naumann
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Manipulation, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute (BCBDI), Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen-Hong Kong Institute of Brain Science-Shenzhen Fundamental Research Institutions, Shenzhen, China
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9
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Hedderich DM, Menegaux A, Li H, Schmitz-Koep B, Stämpfli P, Bäuml JG, Berndt MT, Bäuerlein FJB, Grothe MJ, Dyrba M, Avram M, Boecker H, Daamen M, Zimmer C, Bartmann P, Wolke D, Sorg C. Aberrant Claustrum Microstructure in Humans after Premature Birth. Cereb Cortex 2021; 31:5549-5559. [PMID: 34171095 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhab178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Several observations suggest an impact of prematurity on the claustrum. First, the claustrum's development appears to depend on transient subplate neurons of intra-uterine brain development, which are affected by prematurity. Second, the claustrum is the most densely connected region of the mammalian forebrain relative to its volume; due to its effect on pre-oligodendrocytes, prematurity impacts white matter connections and thereby the development of sources and targets of such connections, potentially including the claustrum. Third, due to its high connection degree, the claustrum contributes to general cognitive functioning (e.g., selective attention and task switching/maintaining); general cognitive functioning, however, is at risk in prematurity. Thus, we hypothesized altered claustrum structure after premature birth, with these alterations being associated with impaired general cognitive performance in premature born persons. Using T1-weighted and diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging in 70 very preterm/very low-birth-weight (VP/VLBW) born adults and 87 term-born adults, we found specifically increased mean diffusivity in the claustrum of VP/VLBW adults, associated both with low birth weight and at-trend with reduced IQ. This result demonstrates altered claustrum microstructure after premature birth. Data suggest aberrant claustrum development, which is potentially related with aberrant subplate neuron and forebrain connection development of prematurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis M Hedderich
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Aurore Menegaux
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Hongwei Li
- Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Benita Schmitz-Koep
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Stämpfli
- MR-Center of the Psychiatric Hospital and the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Josef G Bäuml
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Maria T Berndt
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Felix J B Bäuerlein
- Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Structural Biology, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michel J Grothe
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, 18147 Rostock, Germany.,Unidad de Trastornos del Movimiento, Servicio de Neurología y Neurofisiología Clínica, Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Martin Dyrba
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Site Rostock/Greifswald, 18147 Rostock, Germany
| | - Mihai Avram
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Schleswig Holstein University Hospital, University Lübeck, 23538 Lübeck, Germany
| | - Henning Boecker
- Functional Neuroimaging Group, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcel Daamen
- Functional Neuroimaging Group, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Claus Zimmer
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Bartmann
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter Wolke
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK.,Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Christian Sorg
- Department of Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
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10
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Kummari E, Guo-Ross SX, Partington HS, Nutter JM, Eells JB. Quantitative Immunohistochemistry to Measure Regional Expression of Nurr1 in the Brain and the Effect of the Nurr1 Heterozygous Genotype. Front Neuroanat 2021; 15:563854. [PMID: 33994958 PMCID: PMC8119777 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2021.563854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor Nurr1 is a member of the steroid hormone nuclear receptor superfamily. Ablation of Nurr1 expression arrests mesencephalic dopamine neuron differentiation while attenuation of Nurr1 in the subiculum and hippocampus impairs learning and memory. Additionally, reduced Nurr1 expression has been reported in patients with Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. In order to better understand the overall function of Nurr1 in the brain, quantitative immunohistochemistry was used to measure cellular Nurr1 protein expression, across Nurr1 immunoreactive neuronal populations. Additionally, neuronal Nurr1 expression levels were compared between different brain regions in wild-type mice (+/+) and Nurr1 heterozygous mice (+/-). Regional Nurr1 protein was also investigated at various time points after a seizure induced by pentylenetetrazol (PTZ). Nurr1 protein is expressed in various regions throughout the brain, however, a wide range of Nurr1 expression levels were observed among various neuronal populations. Neurons in the parietal and temporal cortex (secondary somatosensory, insular, auditory, and temporal association cortex) had the highest relative Nurr1 expression (100%) followed closely by the claustrum/dorsal endopiriform cortex (85%) and then subiculum (76%). Lower Nurr1 protein levels were found in neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta and ventral tegmental area (39%) followed by CA1 (25%) and CA3 (19%) of the hippocampus. Additionally, in the parietal and temporal cortex, two distinct populations of high and medium Nurr1 expressing neurons were observed. Comparisons between +/- and +/+ mice revealed Nurr1 protein was reduced in +/- mice by 27% in the parietal/temporal cortex, 49% in the claustrum/dorsal endopiriform cortex, 25% in the subiculum, 33% in substantia nigra pars compacta, 22% in ventral tegmental area, and 21% in CA1 region of the hippocampus. Based on these data, regional mechanisms appear to exist which can compensate for a loss of a Nurr1 allele. Following a single PTZ-induced seizure, Nurr1 protein in the dentate gyrus peaked around 2 h and returned to baseline by 8 h. Since altered Nurr1 expression has been implicated in neurologic disorders and Nurr1 agonists have showed protective effects, understanding regional protein expression of Nurr1, therefore, is necessary to understand how changes in Nurr1 expression can alter brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evangel Kummari
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Shirley X. Guo-Ross
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, United States
| | - Heath S. Partington
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Jennifer Makenzie Nutter
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Jeffrey B. Eells
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
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11
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Bruguier H, Suarez R, Manger P, Hoerder-Suabedissen A, Shelton AM, Oliver DK, Packer AM, Ferran JL, García-Moreno F, Puelles L, Molnár Z. In search of common developmental and evolutionary origin of the claustrum and subplate. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:2956-2977. [PMID: 32266722 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human claustrum, a major hub of widespread neocortical connections, is a thin, bilateral sheet of gray matter located between the insular cortex and the striatum. The subplate is a largely transient cortical structure that contains some of the earliest generated neurons of the cerebral cortex and has important developmental functions to establish intra- and extracortical connections. In human and macaque some subplate cells undergo regulated cell death, but some remain as interstitial white matter cells. In mouse and rat brains a compact layer is formed, Layer 6b, and it remains underneath the cortex, adjacent to the white matter. Whether Layer 6b in rodents is homologous to primate subplate or interstitial white matter cells is still debated. Gene expression patterns, such as those of Nurr1/Nr4a2, have suggested that the rodent subplate and the persistent subplate cells in Layer 6b and the claustrum might have similar origins. Moreover, the birthdates of the claustrum and Layer 6b are similarly precocious in mice. These observations prompted our speculations on the common developmental and evolutionary origin of the claustrum and the subplate. Here we systematically compare the currently available data on cytoarchitecture, evolutionary origin, gene expression, cell types, birthdates, neurogenesis, lineage and migration, circuit connectivity, and cell death of the neurons that contribute to the claustrum and subplate. Based on their similarities and differences we propose a partially common early evolutionary origin of the cells that become claustrum and subplate, a likely scenario that is shared in these cell populations across all amniotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Bruguier
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Rodrigo Suarez
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul Manger
- School of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | | | - Andrew M Shelton
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David K Oliver
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Adam M Packer
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - José L Ferran
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical School, University of Murcia and Murcia Arrixaca Institute for Biomedical Research, Murcia, Spain
| | - Fernando García-Moreno
- Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Zamudio, Spain.,IKERBASQUE Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy, Medical School, University of Murcia and Murcia Arrixaca Institute for Biomedical Research, Murcia, Spain
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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12
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The early overgrowth theory of autism spectrum disorder: Insight into convergent mechanisms from valproic acid exposure and translational models. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020. [PMID: 32711813 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The development of new approaches for the clinical management of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can only be realized through a better understanding of the neurobiological changes associated with ASD. One strategy for gaining deeper insight into the neurobiological mechanisms associated with ASD is to identify converging pathogenic processes associated with human idiopathic clinicopathology that are conserved in translational models of ASD. In this chapter, we first present the early overgrowth theory of ASD. Second, we introduce valproic acid (VPA), one of the most robust and well-known environmental risk factors associated with ASD, and we summarize the rapidly growing body of animal research literature using VPA as an ASD translational model. Lastly, we will detail the mechanisms of action of VPA and its impact on functional neural systems, as well as discuss future research directions that could have a lasting impact on the field.
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13
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Ratié L, Desmaris E, García-Moreno F, Hoerder-Suabedissen A, Kelman A, Theil T, Bellefroid EJ, Molnár Z. Loss of Dmrt5 Affects the Formation of the Subplate and Early Corticogenesis. Cereb Cortex 2019; 30:3296-3312. [PMID: 31845734 PMCID: PMC7197206 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dmrt5 (Dmrta2) and Dmrt3 are key regulators of cortical patterning and progenitor proliferation and differentiation. In this study, we show an altered apical to intermediate progenitor transition, with a delay in SP neurogenesis and premature birth of Ctip2+ cortical neurons in Dmrt5−/− mice. In addition to the cortical progenitors, DMRT5 protein appears present in postmitotic subplate (SP) and marginal zone neurons together with some migrating cortical neurons. We observed the altered split of preplate and the reduced SP and disturbed radial migration of cortical neurons into cortical plate in Dmrt5−/− brains and demonstrated an increase in the proportion of multipolar cells in primary neuronal cultures from Dmrt5−/− embryonic brains. Dmrt5 affects cortical development with specific time sensitivity that we described in two conditional mice with slightly different deletion time. We only observed a transient SP phenotype at E15.5, but not by E18.5 after early (Dmrt5lox/lox;Emx1Cre), but not late (Dmrt5lox/lox;NestinCre) deletion of Dmrt5. SP was less disturbed in Dmrt5lox/lox;Emx1Cre and Dmrt3−/− brains than in Dmrt5−/− and affects dorsomedial cortex more than lateral and caudal cortex. Our study demonstrates a novel function of Dmrt5 in the regulation of early SP formation and radial cortical neuron migration. Summary Statement Our study demonstrates a novel function of Dmrt5 in regulating marginal zone and subplate formation and migration of cortical neurons to cortical plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Ratié
- ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
| | - Elodie Desmaris
- ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Fernando García-Moreno
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK.,Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Parque Científico UPV/EHU Edif. Sede, E-48940 Leioa, Spain.,IKERBASQUE Foundation, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | | | - Alexandra Kelman
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Thomas Theil
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Eric J Bellefroid
- ULB Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, UK
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14
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Park JH, Ahn JH, Kim DW, Lee TK, Park CW, Park YE, Lee JC, Lee HA, Yang GE, Won MH, Lee CH. Altered Nurr1 protein expression in the hippocampal CA1 region following transient global cerebral ischemia. Mol Med Rep 2019; 21:107-114. [PMID: 31746417 PMCID: PMC6896304 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptor related 1 protein (Nurr1), a member of the nuclear receptor 4 family of orphan nuclear receptors, has been reported to display anti‑inflammatory properties. The present study investigated the alteration of Nurr1 immunoreactivity in the gerbil hippocampus proper following 5 min of transient global cerebral ischemia. In sham operated gerbils, Nurr1 immunoreactivity was observed in pyramidal neurons in all cornu ammonis 1‑3 (CA1‑3) subfields of the hippocampus proper. In ischemia‑operated gerbils, Nurr1 immunoreactivity was altered in the CA1 subfield. Nurr1 immunoreactivity in CA1 pyramidal neurons gradually decreased until 2 days post‑ischemia, and, at 4 days post‑ischemia, Nurr1 immunoreactivity was concentrated in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Additionally, Nurr1 immunoreactivity was newly expressed in microglia in the CA1 subfield at 4 days post‑ischemia. Conversely, in the CA2/3 subfield, time‑dependent alteration of Nurr1 immunoreactivity was not identified at any time following ischemia. These results indicated that the alteration of Nurr1 expression in the CA1 subfield in the hippocampus may be associated with the death of CA1 pyramidal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Ha Park
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Dongguk University, Gyeongju, Gyeongbuk 38066, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Biomedical Science, Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Won Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Research Institute of Oral Sciences, College of Dentistry, Gangneung‑Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Kyeong Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol Woo Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Eun Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyang-Ah Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Go Eun Yang
- Department of Radiology, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24289, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Choong-Hyun Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam‑do 31116, Republic of Korea
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15
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Tiong SYX, Oka Y, Sasaki T, Taniguchi M, Doi M, Akiyama H, Sato M. Kcnab1 Is Expressed in Subplate Neurons With Unilateral Long-Range Inter-Areal Projections. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:39. [PMID: 31130851 PMCID: PMC6509479 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Subplate (SP) neurons are among the earliest-born neurons in the cerebral cortex and heterogeneous in terms of gene expression. SP neurons consist mainly of projection neurons, which begin to extend their axons to specific target areas very early during development. However, the relationships between axon projection and gene expression patterns of the SP neurons, and their remnant layer 6b (L6b) neurons, are largely unknown. In this study, we analyzed the corticocortical projections of L6b/SP neurons in the mouse cortex and searched for a marker gene expressed in L6b/SP neurons that have ipsilateral inter-areal projections. Retrograde tracing experiments demonstrated that L6b/SP neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) projected to the primary motor cortex (M1) within the same cortical hemisphere at postnatal day (PD) 2 but did not show any callosal projection. This unilateral projection pattern persisted into adulthood. Our microarray analysis identified the gene encoding a β subunit of voltage-gated potassium channel (Kcnab1) as being expressed in L6b/SP. Double labeling with retrograde tracing and in situ hybridization demonstrated that Kcnab1 was expressed in the unilaterally-projecting neurons in L6b/SP. Embryonic expression was specifically detected in the SP as early as embryonic day (E) 14.5, shortly after the emergence of SP. Double immunostaining experiments revealed different degrees of co-expression of the protein product Kvβ1 with L6b/SP markers Ctgf (88%), Cplx3 (79%), and Nurr1 (58%), suggesting molecular subdivision of unilaterally-projecting L6b/SP neurons. In addition to expression in L6b/SP, scattered expression of Kcnab1 was observed during postnatal stages without layer specificity. Among splicing variants with three alternative first exons, the variant 1.1 explained all the cortical expression mentioned in this study. Together, our data suggest that L6b/SP neurons have corticocortical projections and Kcnab1 expression defines a subpopulation of L6b/SP neurons with a unilateral inter-areal projection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheena Yin Xin Tiong
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan.,Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yuichiro Oka
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sasaki
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Manabu Taniguchi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Miyuki Doi
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisanori Akiyama
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Makoto Sato
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Child Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Osaka, Japan.,Division of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Department of Morphological and Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan.,Research Center for Child Mental Development, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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16
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Smith JB, Alloway KD, Hof PR, Orman R, Reser DH, Watakabe A, Watson GDR. The relationship between the claustrum and endopiriform nucleus: A perspective towards consensus on cross-species homology. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:476-499. [PMID: 30225888 PMCID: PMC6421118 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
With the emergence of interest in studying the claustrum, a recent special issue of the Journal of Comparative Neurology dedicated to the claustrum (Volume 525, Issue 6, pp. 1313-1513) brought to light questions concerning the relationship between the claustrum (CLA) and a region immediately ventral known as the endopiriform nucleus (En). These structures have been identified as separate entities in rodents but appear as a single continuous structure in primates. During the recent Society for Claustrum Research meeting, a panel of experts presented data pertaining to the relationship of these regions and held a discussion on whether the CLA and En should be considered (a) separate unrelated structures, (b) separate nuclei within the same formation, or (c) subregions of a continuous structure. This review article summarizes that discussion, presenting comparisons of the cytoarchitecture, neurochemical profiles, genetic markers, and anatomical connectivity of the CLA and En across several mammalian species. In rodents, we conclude that the CLA and the dorsal endopiriform nucleus (DEn) are subregions of a larger complex, which likely performs analogous computations and exert similar effects on their respective cortical targets (e.g., sensorimotor versus limbic). Moving forward, we recommend that the field retain the nomenclature currently employed for this region but should continue to examine the delineation of these structures across different species. Using thorough descriptions of a variety of anatomical features, this review offers a clear definition of the CLA and En in rodents, which provides a framework for identifying homologous structures in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared B. Smith
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kevin D. Alloway
- Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Center for Neural Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Patrick R. Hof
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rena Orman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, 11203 USA
| | - David H. Reser
- Graduate Entry Medicine Program, Monash Rural Health Churchill, Monash University, Churchill, Victoria 3842, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Glenn D. R. Watson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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17
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Luhmann HJ, Kirischuk S, Kilb W. The Superior Function of the Subplate in Early Neocortical Development. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:97. [PMID: 30487739 PMCID: PMC6246655 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During early development the structure and function of the cerebral cortex is critically organized by subplate neurons (SPNs), a mostly transient population of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons located below the cortical plate. At the molecular and morphological level SPNs represent a rather diverse population of cells expressing a variety of genetic markers and revealing different axonal-dendritic morphologies. Electrophysiologically SPNs are characterized by their rather mature intrinsic membrane properties and firing patterns. They are connected via electrical and chemical synapses to local and remote neurons, e.g., thalamic relay neurons forming the first thalamocortical input to the cerebral cortex. Therefore SPNs are robustly activated at pre- and perinatal stages by the sensory periphery. Although SPNs play pivotal roles in early neocortical activity, development and plasticity, they mostly disappear by programmed cell death during further maturation. On the one hand, SPNs may be selectively vulnerable to hypoxia-ischemia contributing to brain damage, on the other hand there is some evidence that enhanced survival rates or alterations in SPN distribution may contribute to the etiology of neurological or psychiatric disorders. This review aims to give a comprehensive and up-to-date overview on the many functions of SPNs during early physiological and pathophysiological development of the cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sergei Kirischuk
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner Kilb
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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18
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Loppi S, Kolosowska N, Kärkkäinen O, Korhonen P, Huuskonen M, Grubman A, Dhungana H, Wojciechowski S, Pomeshchik Y, Giordano M, Kagechika H, White A, Auriola S, Koistinaho J, Landreth G, Hanhineva K, Kanninen K, Malm T. HX600, a synthetic agonist for RXR-Nurr1 heterodimer complex, prevents ischemia-induced neuronal damage. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:670-681. [PMID: 30063972 PMCID: PMC8543705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is amongst the leading causes of death and disabilities. The available treatments are suitable for only a fraction of patients and thus novel therapies are urgently needed. Blockage of one of the cerebral arteries leads to massive and persisting inflammatory reaction contributing to the nearby neuronal damage. Targeting the detrimental pathways of neuroinflammation has been suggested to be beneficial in conditions of ischemic stroke. Nuclear receptor 4A-family (NR4A) member Nurr1 has been shown to be a potent modulator of harmful inflammatory reactions, yet the role of Nurr1 in cerebral stroke remains unknown. Here we show for the first time that an agonist for the dimeric transcription factor Nurr1/retinoid X receptor (RXR), HX600, reduces microglia expressed proinflammatory mediators and prevents inflammation induced neuronal death in in vitro co-culture model of neurons and microglia. Importantly, HX600 was protective in a mouse model of permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion and alleviated the stroke induced motor deficits. Along with the anti-inflammatory capacity of HX600 in vitro, treatment of ischemic mice with HX600 reduced ischemia induced Iba-1, p38 and TREM2 immunoreactivities, protected endogenous microglia from ischemia induced death and prevented leukocyte infiltration. These anti-inflammatory functions were associated with reduced levels of brain lysophosphatidylcholines (lysoPCs) and acylcarnitines, metabolites related to proinflammatory events. These data demonstrate that HX600 driven Nurr1 activation is beneficial in ischemic stroke and propose that targeting Nurr1 is a novel candidate for conditions involving neuroinflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Loppi
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - N. Kolosowska
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - O. Kärkkäinen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - P. Korhonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M. Huuskonen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - A. Grubman
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Australia
| | - H. Dhungana
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - S. Wojciechowski
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Y. Pomeshchik
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - M. Giordano
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - H. Kagechika
- Institute of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A. White
- Cell and Molecular Biology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, Qld 4006, Australia
| | - S. Auriola
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - J. Koistinaho
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - G. Landreth
- Stark Neuroscience Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - K. Hanhineva
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Finland
| | - K. Kanninen
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - T. Malm
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, Biocenter Kuopio, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland,Corresponding author at: A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Science, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland. (T. Malm)
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19
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Ozair MZ, Kirst C, van den Berg BL, Ruzo A, Rito T, Brivanlou AH. hPSC Modeling Reveals that Fate Selection of Cortical Deep Projection Neurons Occurs in the Subplate. Cell Stem Cell 2018; 23:60-73.e6. [PMID: 29937203 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2018.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cortical deep projection neurons (DPNs) are implicated in neurodevelopmental disorders. Although recent findings emphasize post-mitotic programs in projection neuron fate selection, the establishment of primate DPN identity during layer formation is not well understood. The subplate lies underneath the developing cortex and is a post-mitotic compartment that is transiently and disproportionately enlarged in primates in the second trimester. The evolutionary significance of subplate expansion, the molecular identity of its neurons, and its contribution to primate corticogenesis remain open questions. By modeling subplate formation with human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), we show that all classes of cortical DPNs can be specified from subplate neurons (SPNs). Post-mitotic WNT signaling regulates DPN class selection, and DPNs in the caudal fetal cortex appear to exclusively derive from SPNs. Our findings indicate that SPNs have evolved in primates as an important source of DPNs that contribute to cortical lamination prior to their known role in circuit formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zeeshan Ozair
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christoph Kirst
- Center for Studies in Physics and Biology and Kavli Neural Systems Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Bastiaan L van den Berg
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Sciencepark 904, 1098XH Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Ruzo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Tiago Rito
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ali H Brivanlou
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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20
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Marx M, Qi G, Hanganu-Opatz IL, Kilb W, Luhmann HJ, Feldmeyer D. Neocortical Layer 6B as a Remnant of the Subplate - A Morphological Comparison. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:1011-1026. [PMID: 26637449 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The fate of the subplate (SP) is still a matter of debate. The SP and layer 6 (which is ontogenetically the oldest and innermost neocortical lamina) develop coincidentally. Yet, the function of sublamina 6B is largely unknown. It has been suggested that it consists partly of neurons from the transient SP, however, experimental evidence for this hypothesis is still missing. To obtain first insights into the neuronal complement of layer 6B in the somatosensory rat barrel cortex, we used biocytin stainings of SP neurons (aged 0-4 postnatal days, PND) and layer 6B neurons (PND 11-35) obtained during in vitro whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. Neurons were reconstructed for a quantitative characterization of their axonal and dendritic morphology. An unsupervised cluster analysis revealed that the SP and layer 6B consist of heterogeneous but comparable neuronal cell populations. Both contain 5 distinct spine-bearing cell types whose relative fractions change with increasing age. Pyramidal cells were more prominent in layer 6B, whereas non-pyramidal neurons were less frequent. Because of the high morphological similarity of SP and layer 6B neurons, we suggest that layer 6B consists of persistent non-pyramidal neurons from the SP and cortical L6B pyramidal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Marx
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-2, Research Centre Jülich, D-52428 Jülich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Guanxiao Qi
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-2, Research Centre Jülich, D-52428 Jülich, Germany
| | - Ileana L Hanganu-Opatz
- Developmental Neurophysiology, Institute of Neuroanatomy, Centre for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), D-20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Werner Kilb
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Centre of the Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Dirk Feldmeyer
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-2, Research Centre Jülich, D-52428 Jülich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany.,Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, Translational Brain Medicine (JARA Brain), D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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21
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Genome Stability by DNA Polymerase β in Neural Progenitors Contributes to Neuronal Differentiation in Cortical Development. J Neurosci 2017; 37:8444-8458. [PMID: 28765330 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0665-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA repair is crucial for genome stability in the developing cortex, as somatic de novo mutations cause neurological disorders. However, how DNA repair contributes to neuronal development is largely unknown. To address this issue, we studied the spatiotemporal roles of DNA polymerase β (Polβ), a key enzyme in DNA base excision repair pathway, in the developing cortex using distinct forebrain-specific conditional knock-out mice, Emx1-Cre/Polβ fl/fl and Nex-Cre/Polβ fl/fl mice. Polβ expression was absent in both neural progenitors and postmitotic neurons in Emx1-Cre/Polβ fl/fl mice, whereas only postmitotic neurons lacked Polβ expression in Nex-Cre/Polβ fl/fl mice. We found that DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) were frequently detected during replication in cortical progenitors of Emx1-Cre/Polβ fl/fl mice. Increased DSBs remained in postmitotic cells, which resulted in p53-mediated neuronal apoptosis. This neuronal apoptosis caused thinning of the cortical plate, although laminar structure was normal. In addition, accumulated DSBs also affected growth of corticofugal axons but not commissural axons. These phenotypes were not observed in Nex-Cre/Polβ fl/fl mice. Moreover, cultured Polβ-deficient neural progenitors exhibited higher sensitivity to the base-damaging agent methylmethanesulfonate, resulting in enhanced DSB formation. Similar damage was found by vitamin C treatment, which induces TET1-mediated DNA demethylation via 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. Together, genome stability mediated by Polβ-dependent base excision repair is crucial for the competence of neural progenitors, thereby contributing to neuronal differentiation in cortical development.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT DNA repair is crucial for development of the nervous system. However, how DNA polymerase β (Polβ)-dependent DNA base excision repair pathway contributes to the process is still unknown. We found that loss of Polβ in cortical progenitors rather than postmitotic neurons led to catastrophic DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) during replication and p53-mediated neuronal apoptosis, which resulted in thinning of the cortical plate. The DSBs also affected corticofugal axon growth in surviving neurons. Moreover, induction of base damage and DNA demethylation intermediates in the genome increased DSBs in cultured Polβ-deficient neural progenitors. Thus, genome stability by Polβ-dependent base excision repair in neural progenitors is required for the viability and differentiation of daughter neurons in the developing nervous system.
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Wenger Combremont AL, Bayer L, Dupré A, Mühlethaler M, Serafin M. Effects of Hypocretin/Orexin and Major Transmitters of Arousal on Fast Spiking Neurons in Mouse Cortical Layer 6B. Cereb Cortex 2016; 26:3553-62. [PMID: 27235100 PMCID: PMC4961029 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fast spiking (FS) GABAergic neurons are thought to be involved in the generation of high-frequency cortical rhythms during the waking state. We previously showed that cortical layer 6b (L6b) was a specific target for the wake-promoting transmitter, hypocretin/orexin (hcrt/orx). Here, we have investigated whether L6b FS cells were sensitive to hcrt/orx and other transmitters associated with cortical activation. Recordings were thus made from L6b FS cells in either wild-type mice or in transgenic mice in which GFP-positive GABAergic cells are parvalbumin positive. Whereas in a control condition hcrt/orx induced a strong increase in the frequency, but not amplitude, of spontaneous synaptic currents, in the presence of TTX, it had no effect at all on miniature synaptic currents. Hcrt/orx effect was thus presynaptic although not by an action on glutamatergic terminals but rather on neighboring cells. In contrast, noradrenaline and acetylcholine depolarized and excited these cells through a direct postsynaptic action. Neurotensin, which is colocalized in hcrt/orx neurons, also depolarized and excited these cells but the effect was indirect. Morphologically, these cells exhibited basket-like features. These results suggest that hcrt/orx, noradrenaline, acetylcholine, and neurotensin could contribute to high-frequency cortical activity through an action on L6b GABAergic FS cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laurence Bayer
- Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, Centre Médical Universitaire, Genève, Suisse Centre de Médecine du Sommeil, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Genève, Suisse
| | - Anouk Dupré
- Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, Centre Médical Universitaire, Genève, Suisse
| | - Michel Mühlethaler
- Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, Centre Médical Universitaire, Genève, Suisse
| | - Mauro Serafin
- Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, Centre Médical Universitaire, Genève, Suisse
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23
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Puelles L, Medina L, Borello U, Legaz I, Teissier A, Pierani A, Rubenstein JLR. Radial derivatives of the mouse ventral pallium traced with Dbx1-LacZ reporters. J Chem Neuroanat 2015; 75:2-19. [PMID: 26748312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The progeny of Dbx1-expressing progenitors was studied in the developing mouse pallium, using two transgenic mouse lines: (1) Dbx1(nlslacZ) mice, in which the gene of the β-galactosidase reporter (LacZ) is inserted directly under the control of the Dbx1 promoter, allowing short-term lineage tracing of Dbx1-derived cells; and (2) Dbx1(CRE) mice crossed with a Cre-dependent reporter strain (ROSA26(loxP-stop-loxP-LacZ)), in which the Dbx1-derived cells result permanently labeled (Bielle et al., 2005). We thus examined in detail the derivatives of the postulated longitudinal ventral pallium (VPall) sector, which has been defined among other features by its selective ventricular zone expression of Dbx1 (the recent ascription by Puelles, 2014 of the whole olfactory cortex primordium to the VPall was tested). Earlier notions about a gradiental caudorostral reduction of Dbx1 signal were corroborated, so that virtually no signal was found at the olfactory bulb and the anterior olfactory area. The piriform cortex was increasingly labeled caudalwards. The only endopiriform grisea labeled were the ventral endopiriform nucleus and the bed nucleus of the external capsule. Anterior and basolateral parts of the whole pallial amygdala also were densely marked, in contrast to the negative posterior parts of these pallial amygdalar nuclei (leaving apart medial amygdalar parts ascribed to subpallial or extratelencephalic sources of Dbx1-derived GABAergic and non-GABAergic neurons). Alternative tentative interpretations are discussed to explain the partial labeling obtained of both olfactory and amygdaloid structures. This includes the hypothesis of an as yet undefined part of the pallium, potentially responsible for the posterior amygdala, or the hypothesis that the VPall may not be wholly characterized by Dbx1 expression (this gene not being necessary for VPall molecular distinctness and histogenetic potency), which would leave a dorsal Dbx1-negative VPall subdomain of variable size that might contribute partially to olfactory and posterior amygdalar structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, IMIB (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria), Murcia 30071, Spain.
| | - Loreta Medina
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, IMIB (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria), Murcia 30071, Spain
| | - Ugo Borello
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris Cedex, France
| | - Isabel Legaz
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, IMIB (Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria), Murcia 30071, Spain
| | - Anne Teissier
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris Cedex, France.
| | - Alessandra Pierani
- Institut Jacques Monod, CNRS UMR 7592, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75205 Paris Cedex, France
| | - John L R Rubenstein
- Nina Ireland Laboratory of Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Psychiatry, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Puelles L, Ayad A, Alonso A, Sandoval J, MartÍnez-de-la-Torre M, Medina L, Ferran J. Selective early expression of the orphan nuclear receptorNr4a2identifies the claustrum homolog in the avian mesopallium: Impact on sauropsidian/mammalian pallium comparisons. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:665-703. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine; University of Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria; Murcia 30071 Spain
| | - A. Ayad
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine; University of Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria; Murcia 30071 Spain
| | - A. Alonso
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine; University of Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria; Murcia 30071 Spain
| | - J.E. Sandoval
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine; University of Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria; Murcia 30071 Spain
| | - M. MartÍnez-de-la-Torre
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine; University of Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria; Murcia 30071 Spain
| | - L. Medina
- Laboratory of Brain Development and Evolution, Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine; University of Lleida, and IRBLleida Institute of Biomedical Research of Lleida; Lleida 25198 Spain
| | - J.L. Ferran
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine; University of Murcia, and Instituto Murciano de Investigación Biosanitaria; Murcia 30071 Spain
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25
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Jantzie LL, Corbett CJ, Firl DJ, Robinson S. Postnatal Erythropoietin Mitigates Impaired Cerebral Cortical Development Following Subplate Loss from Prenatal Hypoxia-Ischemia. Cereb Cortex 2015; 25:2683-95. [PMID: 24722771 PMCID: PMC4537428 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth impacts brain development and leads to chronic deficits including cognitive delay, behavioral problems, and epilepsy. Premature loss of the subplate, a transient subcortical layer that guides development of the cerebral cortex and axonal refinement, has been implicated in these neurological disorders. Subplate neurons influence postnatal upregulation of the potassium chloride co-transporter KCC2 and maturation of γ-amino-butyric acid A receptor (GABAAR) subunits. We hypothesized that prenatal transient systemic hypoxia-ischemia (TSHI) in Sprague-Dawley rats that mimic brain injury from extreme prematurity in humans would cause premature subplate loss and affect cortical layer IV development. Further, we predicted that the neuroprotective agent erythropoietin (EPO) could attenuate the injury. Prenatal TSHI induced subplate neuronal loss via apoptosis. TSHI impaired cortical layer IV postnatal upregulation of KCC2 and GABAAR subunits, and postnatal EPO treatment mitigated the loss (n ≥ 8). To specifically address how subplate loss affects cortical development, we used in vitro mechanical subplate ablation in slice cultures (n ≥ 3) and found EPO treatment attenuates KCC2 loss. Together, these results show that subplate loss contributes to impaired cerebral development, and EPO treatment diminishes the damage. Limitation of premature subplate loss and the resultant impaired cortical development may minimize cerebral deficits suffered by extremely preterm infants.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Brain Injuries/drug therapy
- Brain Injuries/etiology
- Cell Death/drug effects
- Cerebral Cortex/drug effects
- Cerebral Cortex/growth & development
- Cerebral Cortex/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Embryo, Mammalian
- Erythropoietin/therapeutic use
- Fetal Diseases/drug therapy
- Fetal Diseases/physiopathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental/drug effects
- Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/complications
- Hypoxia-Ischemia, Brain/pathology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Motor Activity/drug effects
- Motor Activity/physiology
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 4, Group A, Member 2/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, GABA-A/metabolism
- Symporters/metabolism
- K Cl- Cotransporters
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Jantzie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Christopher J Corbett
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel J Firl
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shenandoah Robinson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kirby Center for Neurobiology, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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26
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Mohan H, Verhoog MB, Doreswamy KK, Eyal G, Aardse R, Lodder BN, Goriounova NA, Asamoah B, B Brakspear ABC, Groot C, van der Sluis S, Testa-Silva G, Obermayer J, Boudewijns ZSRM, Narayanan RT, Baayen JC, Segev I, Mansvelder HD, de Kock CPJ. Dendritic and Axonal Architecture of Individual Pyramidal Neurons across Layers of Adult Human Neocortex. Cereb Cortex 2015; 25:4839-53. [PMID: 26318661 PMCID: PMC4635923 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The size and shape of dendrites and axons are strong determinants of neuronal information processing. Our knowledge on neuronal structure and function is primarily based on brains of laboratory animals. Whether it translates to human is not known since quantitative data on "full" human neuronal morphologies are lacking. Here, we obtained human brain tissue during resection surgery and reconstructed basal and apical dendrites and axons of individual neurons across all cortical layers in temporal cortex (Brodmann area 21). Importantly, morphologies did not correlate to etiology, disease severity, or disease duration. Next, we show that human L(ayer) 2 and L3 pyramidal neurons have 3-fold larger dendritic length and increased branch complexity with longer segments compared with temporal cortex neurons from macaque and mouse. Unsupervised cluster analysis classified 88% of human L2 and L3 neurons into human-specific clusters distinct from mouse and macaque neurons. Computational modeling of passive electrical properties to assess the functional impact of large dendrites indicates stronger signal attenuation of electrical inputs compared with mouse. We thus provide a quantitative analysis of "full" human neuron morphologies and present direct evidence that human neurons are not "scaled-up" versions of rodent or macaque neurons, but have unique structural and functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanth Mohan
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Matthijs B Verhoog
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Keerthi K Doreswamy
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Guy Eyal
- Department of Neurobiology and Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Romy Aardse
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Brendan N Lodder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Natalia A Goriounova
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Boateng Asamoah
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - A B Clementine B Brakspear
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Colin Groot
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Sophie van der Sluis
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Section Complex Trait Genetics, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guilherme Testa-Silva
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Joshua Obermayer
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Zimbo S R M Boudewijns
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Rajeevan T Narayanan
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes C Baayen
- Department of Neurosurgery, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Idan Segev
- Department of Neurobiology and Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Huibert D Mansvelder
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
| | - Christiaan P J de Kock
- Department of Integrative Neurophysiology, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam 1081 HV, The Netherlands
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27
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Hatanaka Y, Namikawa T, Yamauchi K, Kawaguchi Y. Cortical Divergent Projections in Mice Originate from Two Sequentially Generated, Distinct Populations of Excitatory Cortical Neurons with Different Initial Axonal Outgrowth Characteristics. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:2257-2270. [PMID: 25882037 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Excitatory cortical neurons project to various subcortical and intracortical regions, and exhibit diversity in their axonal connections. Although this diversity may develop from primary axons, how many types of axons initially occur remains unknown. Using a sparse-labeling in utero electroporation method, we investigated the axonal outgrowth of these neurons in mice and correlated the data with axonal projections in adults. Examination of lateral cortex neurons labeled during the main period of cortical neurogenesis (E11.5-E15.5) indicated that axonal outgrowth commonly occurs in the intermediate zone. Conversely, the axonal direction varied; neurons labeled before E12.5 and the earliest cortical plate neurons labeled at E12.5 projected laterally, whereas neurons labeled thereafter projected medially. The expression of Ctip2 and Satb2 and the layer destinations of these neurons support the view that lateral and medial projection neurons are groups of prospective subcortical and callosal projection neurons, respectively. Consistently, birthdating experiments demonstrated that presumptive lateral projection neurons were generated earlier than medial projection neurons, even within the same layer. These results suggest that the divergent axonal connections of excitatory cortical neurons begin from two types of primary axons, which originate from two sequentially generated distinct subpopulations: early-born lateral (subcortical) and later-born medial (callosal) projection neuron groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Hatanaka
- Division of Cerebral Circuitry, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Namikawa
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Current addresses: Division of Developmental Neurobiology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kusunoki-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan
| | - Kenta Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0178, Japan
- Division of Brain Function, National Institute of Genetics, Yata, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kawaguchi
- Division of Cerebral Circuitry, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Myodaiji, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Tokyo 102-0076, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Okazaki, Aichi 444-8787, Japan
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28
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Hay YA, Andjelic S, Badr S, Lambolez B. Orexin-dependent activation of layer VIb enhances cortical network activity and integration of non-specific thalamocortical inputs. Brain Struct Funct 2014; 220:3497-512. [PMID: 25108310 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-014-0869-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 07/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Neocortical layer VI is critically involved in thalamocortical activity changes during the sleep/wake cycle. It receives dense projections from thalamic nuclei sensitive to the wake-promoting neuropeptides orexins, and its deepest part, layer VIb, is the only cortical lamina reactive to orexins. This convergence of wake-promoting inputs prompted us to investigate how layer VIb can modulate cortical arousal, using patch-clamp recordings and optogenetics in rat brain slices. We found that the majority of layer VIb neurons were excited by nicotinic agonists and orexin through the activation of nicotinic receptors containing α4-α5-β2 subunits and OX2 receptor, respectively. Specific effects of orexin on layer VIb neurons were potentiated by low nicotine concentrations and we used this paradigm to explore their intracortical projections. Co-application of nicotine and orexin increased the frequency of excitatory post-synaptic currents in the ipsilateral cortex, with maximal effect in infragranular layers and minimal effect in layer IV, as well as in the contralateral cortex. The ability of layer VIb to relay thalamocortical inputs was tested using photostimulation of channelrhodopsin-expressing fibers from the orexin-sensitive rhomboid nucleus in the parietal cortex. Photostimulation induced robust excitatory currents in layer VIa neurons that were not pre-synaptically modulated by orexin, but exhibited a delayed, orexin-dependent, component. Activation of layer VIb by orexin enhanced the reliability and spike-timing precision of layer VIa responses to rhomboid inputs. These results indicate that layer VIb acts as an orexin-gated excitatory feedforward loop that potentiates thalamocortical arousal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Audrey Hay
- UM CR 18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005, Paris, France.
- UMR 8246, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France.
- UMR-S 1130, Institut national de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.
| | - Sofija Andjelic
- UM CR 18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005, Paris, France
- UMR 8246, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
- UMR-S 1130, Institut national de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
| | - Sammy Badr
- UM CR 18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005, Paris, France
- UMR 8246, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France
- UMR-S 1130, Institut national de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France
| | - Bertrand Lambolez
- UM CR 18, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, 75005, Paris, France.
- UMR 8246, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Paris, France.
- UMR-S 1130, Institut national de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Paris, France.
- UMR 8246, Neuroscience Paris Seine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 9 quai St Bernard case 16, 75005, Paris, France.
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29
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Watakabe A, Ohsawa S, Ichinohe N, Rockland KS, Yamamori T. Characterization of claustral neurons by comparative gene expression profiling and dye-injection analyses. Front Syst Neurosci 2014; 8:98. [PMID: 24904319 PMCID: PMC4033163 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2014.00098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The identity of the claustrum as a part of cerebral cortex, and in particular of the adjacent insular cortex, has been investigated by connectivity features and patterns of gene expression. In the present paper, we mapped the cortical and claustral expression of several cortical genes in rodent and macaque monkey brains (nurr1, latexin, cux2, and netrinG2) to further assess shared features between cortex and claustrum. In mice, these genes were densely expressed in the claustrum, but very sparsely in the cortex and not present in the striatum. To test whether the cortical vs. claustral cell types can be distinguished by co-expression of these genes, we performed a panel of double ISH in mouse and macaque brain. NetrinG2 and nurr1 genes were co-expressed across entire cortex and claustrum, but cux2 and nurr1 were co-expressed only in the insular cortex and claustrum. Latexin was expressed, in the macaque, only in the claustrum. The nurr1+ claustral neurons expressed VGluT1, a marker for cortical glutamatergic cells and send cortical projections. Taken together, our data suggest a partial commonality between claustral neurons and a subtype of cortical neurons in the monkey brain. Moreover, in the embryonic (E110) macaque brain, many nurr1+ neurons were scattered in the white matter between the claustrum and the insular cortex, possibly representing their migratory history. In a second set of experiments, we injected Lucifer Yellow intracellularly in mouse and rat slices to investigate whether dendrites of insular and claustral neurons can cross the border of the two brain regions. Dendrites of claustral neurons did not invade the overlying insular territory. In summary, gene expression profile of the claustrum is similar to that of the neocortex, in both rodent and macaque brains, but with modifications in density of expression and cellular co-localization of specific genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiya Watakabe
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology Okazaki, Japan ; Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai) Hayama, Japan
| | - Sonoko Ohsawa
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology Okazaki, Japan
| | - Noritaka Ichinohe
- Department of Ultrastructural Research, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, National Institute of Neuroscience Kodaira, Japan
| | - Kathleen S Rockland
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tetsuo Yamamori
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology Okazaki, Japan ; Department of Basic Biology, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (Sokendai) Hayama, Japan
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Abstract
The subplate layer, the deepest cortical layer in mammals, has important roles in cerebral cortical development. The subplate contains heterogeneous cell populations that are morphologically diverse, with several projection targets. It is currently assumed that these cells are generated in the germinative zone of the earliest cortical neuroepithelium. Here we identify a pallial but extracortical area located in the rostromedial telencephalic wall (RMTW) that gives rise to several cell populations. Postmitotic neurons migrate tangentially from the RMTW toward the cerebral cortex. Most RMTW-derived cells are incorporated into the subplate layer throughout its rostrocaudal extension, with others contributing to the GABAergic interneuron pool of cortical layers V and VI.
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Tokuoka H, Hatanaka T, Metzger D, Ichinose H. Nurr1 expression is regulated by voltage-dependent calcium channels and calcineurin in cultured hippocampal neurons. Neurosci Lett 2013; 559:50-5. [PMID: 24291696 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Nurr1 is an orphan nuclear transcription factor expressed in the brain. While Nurr1 is assumed to be an immediate early gene, it is not fully understood how Nurr1 expression is regulated in an activity-dependent manner in the central nervous system. Here, we investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of Nurr1 expression in cultured hippocampal and cortical neurons. We found that upregulation of neural activity by high KCl and bicuculline enhances Nurr1 levels, while blockade of its activity by tetrodotoxin reduces Nurr1 levels. The induction of Nurr1 expression was mediated by voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs), as shown by cadmium and VDCC-specific inhibitors. Furthermore, calcineurin, but not calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) was critical for the induction. Thus, Nurr1 expression is regulated by VDCC and calcineurin in a cell-autonomous, neural activity-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Tokuoka
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Hatanaka
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Daniel Metzger
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Illkirch F-67400, France; CNRS UMR7104, Illkirch, France; INSERM U964, Illkirch, France; Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Hiroshi Ichinose
- Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan.
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Edelman GM, Gally JA. Reentry: a key mechanism for integration of brain function. Front Integr Neurosci 2013; 7:63. [PMID: 23986665 PMCID: PMC3753453 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2013.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Reentry in nervous systems is the ongoing bidirectional exchange of signals along reciprocal axonal fibers linking two or more brain areas. The hypothesis that reentrant signaling serves as a general mechanism to couple the functioning of multiple areas of the cerebral cortex and thalamus was first proposed in 1977 and 1978 (Edelman, 1978). A review of the amount and diversity of supporting experimental evidence accumulated since then suggests that reentry is among the most important integrative mechanisms in vertebrate brains (Edelman, 1993). Moreover, these data prompt testable hypotheses regarding mechanisms that favor the development and evolution of reentrant neural architectures.
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Francius C, Harris A, Rucchin V, Hendricks TJ, Stam FJ, Barber M, Kurek D, Grosveld FG, Pierani A, Goulding M, Clotman F. Identification of multiple subsets of ventral interneurons and differential distribution along the rostrocaudal axis of the developing spinal cord. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70325. [PMID: 23967072 PMCID: PMC3744532 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The spinal cord contains neuronal circuits termed Central Pattern Generators (CPGs) that coordinate rhythmic motor activities. CPG circuits consist of motor neurons and multiple interneuron cell types, many of which are derived from four distinct cardinal classes of ventral interneurons, called V0, V1, V2 and V3. While significant progress has been made on elucidating the molecular and genetic mechanisms that control ventral interneuron differentiation, little is known about their distribution along the antero-posterior axis of the spinal cord and their diversification. Here, we report that V0, V1 and V2 interneurons exhibit distinct organizational patterns at brachial, thoracic and lumbar levels of the developing spinal cord. In addition, we demonstrate that each cardinal class of ventral interneurons can be subdivided into several subsets according to the combinatorial expression of different sets of transcription factors, and that these subsets are differentially distributed along the rostrocaudal axis of the spinal cord. This comprehensive molecular profiling of ventral interneurons provides an important resource for investigating neuronal diversification in the developing spinal cord and for understanding the contribution of specific interneuron subsets on CPG circuits and motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Francius
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Audrey Harris
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vincent Rucchin
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Timothy J. Hendricks
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Floor J. Stam
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Melissa Barber
- CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Dorota Kurek
- Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank G. Grosveld
- Erasmus MC Stem Cell Institute, Department of Cell Biology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alessandra Pierani
- CNRS UMR 7592, Institut Jacques Monod, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Martyn Goulding
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Frédéric Clotman
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Neuroscience, Laboratory of Neural Differentiation, Brussels, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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Watakabe A, Hirokawa J, Ichinohe N, Ohsawa S, Kaneko T, Rockland KS, Yamamori T. Area-specific substratification of deep layer neurons in the rat cortex. J Comp Neurol 2013; 520:3553-73. [PMID: 22678985 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gene markers are useful tools to identify cell types for fine mapping of neuronal circuits. Here we report area-specific sublamina structure of the rat cerebral cortex using cholecystokinin (cck) and purkinje cell protein4 (pcp4) mRNAs as the markers for excitatory neuron subtypes in layers 5 and 6. We found a segregated expression, especially pronounced in layer 6, where corticothalamic and corticocortical projecting neurons reside. To examine the relationship between gene expression and projection target, we injected retrograde tracers into several thalamic subnuclei, ventral posterior (VP), posterior (PO), mediodorsal (MD), medial and lateral geniculate nuclei (MGN and LGN); as well as into two cortical areas (M1 and V1). This combination of tracer-in situ hybridization (ISH) experiments revealed that corticocortical neurons predominantly express cck and corticothalamic neurons predominantly express pcp4 mRNAs in all areas tested. In general, cck(+) and pcp4(+) cells occupied the upper and lower compartment of layer 6a, respectively. However, the sublaminar distribution and the relative abundance of cck(+) and pcp4(+) cells were quite distinctive across areas. For example, layer 6 of the prelimbic cortex was almost devoid of cck(+) neurons, and was occupied instead by corticothalamic pcp4(+) neurons. In the lateral areas, such as S2, there was an additional layer of cck(+) cells positioned below the pcp4(+) compartment. The claustrum, which has a tight relationship with the cortex, mostly consisted of cck(+)/pcp4(-) cells. In summary, the combination of gene markers and retrograde tracers revealed a distinct sublaminar organization, with conspicuous cross-area variation in the arrangement and relative density of corticothalamic connections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiya Watakabe
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki, Japan.
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Marx M, Feldmeyer D. Morphology and physiology of excitatory neurons in layer 6b of the somatosensory rat barrel cortex. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 23:2803-17. [PMID: 22944531 PMCID: PMC3827708 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neocortical lamina 6B (L6B) is a largely unexplored layer with a very heterogeneous cellular composition. To date, only little is known about L6B neurons on a systematic and quantitative basis. We investigated the morphological and electrophysiological properties of excitatory L6B neurons in the rat somatosensory barrel cortex using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings and simultaneous biocytin fillings. Subsequent histological processing and computer-assisted 3D reconstructions provided the basis for a classification of excitatory L6B neurons according to their structural and functional characteristics. Three distinct clusters of excitatory L6B neurons were identified: (C1) pyramidal neurons with an apical dendrite pointing towards the pial surface, (C2) neurons with a prominent, “apical”-like dendrite not oriented towards the pia, and (C3) multipolar spiny neurons without any preferential dendritic orientation. The second group could be further subdivided into three categories termed inverted, “tangentially” oriented and “horizontally” oriented neurons. Furthermore, based on the axonal domain two subcategories of L6B pyramidal cells were identified that had either a more barrel-column confined or an extended axonal field. The classification of excitatory L6B neurons provided here may serve as a basis for future studies on the structure, function, and synaptic connectivity of L6B neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Marx
- Research Center Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), D-52425 Jülich, Germany,
| | - Dirk Feldmeyer
- Research Center Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-2), D-52425 Jülich, Germany,
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, D-52074 Aachen, Germany and
- Jülich Aachen Research Alliance, Translational Brain Medicine (JARA Brain), D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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36
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Hoerder-Suabedissen A, Molnár Z. Molecular Diversity of Early-Born Subplate Neurons. Cereb Cortex 2012; 23:1473-83. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhs137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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37
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Dean JM, van de Looij Y, Sizonenko SV, Lodygensky GA, Lazeyras F, Bolouri H, Kjellmer I, Huppi PS, Hagberg H, Mallard C. Delayed cortical impairment following lipopolysaccharide exposure in preterm fetal sheep. Ann Neurol 2011; 70:846-56. [PMID: 22002627 DOI: 10.1002/ana.22480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Preterm infants exhibit chronic deficits in white matter (WM) and cortical maturation. Although fetal infection/inflammation may contribute to WM pathology, the factors contributing to cortical changes are largely unknown. We examined the effect of fetal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) exposure on WM and cortical development as assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), electroencephalography (EEG), and histopathology in fetal sheep at preterm human equivalent age. METHODS LPS was administered to fetal sheep at 102.5 ± 0.5 days of gestation. Continuous biophysical recordings were analyzed for 10 days after LPS. At postmortem, measurement of cerebral WM and cortical tissue volumes was achieved by stereological techniques. Specific effects of LPS on MRI-assessed T(1)-weighted and T(2)-weighted images, and immunohistochemical expression of oligodendrocytes, proliferating cells, cortical NeuN-positive and Nurr1-positive neurons (subplate marker), and cell death mechanisms were examined. RESULTS We observed reductions in WM (~21%; LPS, 1.19 ± 0.04 vs control, 1.51 ± 0.07 cm(3); p < 0.001) and cortical (~18%; LPS, 2.34 ± 0.10 vs control, 2.85 ± 0.07 cm(3); p < 0.001) volumes, associated with overt and diffuse WM injury, T(1)-/T(2) -weighted signal alterations, and reduced numbers of WM oligodendrocytes (LPS, 485 ± 31 vs control, 699 ± 69 cells/mm(2); p = 0.0189) and NeuN-positive (LPS, 421 ± 71 vs control 718 ± 92 cells/mm(2); p = 0.04) and Nurr1-positive (control, 2.5 ± 0.6 vs LPS, 0.6 ± 0.1 cells/mm(2); p = 0.007) cortical neurons after LPS. Moreover, there was loss of the normal maturational increase in cortical EEG amplitude, which correlated with reduced cortical volumes. INTERPRETATION Fetal exposure to LPS prior to myelination onset can impair both white matter and cortical development in a preclinical large animal model, supporting a role for maternal/fetal infection in the pathogenesis of preterm brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Dean
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Oeschger FM, Wang WZ, Lee S, García-Moreno F, Goffinet AM, Arbonés ML, Rakic S, Molnár Z. Gene expression analysis of the embryonic subplate. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 22:1343-59. [PMID: 21862448 PMCID: PMC4972418 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhr197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The subplate layer of the cerebral cortex is comprised of a heterogeneous population of cells and contains some of the earliest-generated neurons. In the embryonic brain, subplate cells contribute to the guidance and areal targeting of thalamocortical axons. At later developmental stages, they are predominantly involved in the maturation and plasticity of the cortical circuitry and the establishment of functional modules. We aimed to further characterize the embryonic murine subplate population by establishing a gene expression profile at embryonic day (E) 15.5 using laser capture microdissection and microarrays. The microarray identified over 300 transcripts with higher expression in the subplate compared with the cortical plate at this stage. Using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization (ISH), and immunohistochemistry (IHC), we have confirmed specific expression in the E15.5 subplate for 13 selected genes, which have not been previously associated with this compartment (Abca8a, Cdh10, Cdh18, Csmd3, Gabra5, Kcnt2, Ogfrl1, Pls3, Rcan2, Sv2b, Slc8a2, Unc5c, and Zdhhc2). In the reeler mutant, the expression of the majority of these genes (9 of 13) was shifted in accordance with the altered position of subplate. These genes belong to several functional groups and likely contribute to synapse formation and axonal growth and guidance in subplate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska M Oeschger
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
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Puelles L. Pallio-pallial tangential migrations and growth signaling: new scenario for cortical evolution? BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2011; 78:108-27. [PMID: 21701143 DOI: 10.1159/000327905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Observations accruing in recent years imply that the areal patterning and size dimensioning of the mammalian neocortex are influenced by diverse sets of tangentially migrating glutamatergic neurons that invade the cortical plate and, in so doing, modify the properties of the neopallial proliferative compartments. This developmental scenario sheds new light upon the old issue of how the mammalian neocortex evolved its more complex structure from nonmammalian antecedent forms. In reviewing these novelties, I first point out the topological position of the neopallial island as a central component of the pallium in all gnathostomes, surrounded by a ring of prospective allocortical pallial regions and a more distant set of peripheral neighboring forebrain areas. Early patterning arises from the periphery via passive planar signaling. This process probably establishes the pallium field and its basic island plus allocortical ring organization, as well as a rough prepatterning of some regional subareas. Afterwards, patterning and modulated growth are also actively influenced by the convergence of separate streams of tangentially migrating subpial cells (partly peripheral and partly allocortical in origin) which collectively form the Cajal-Retzius neuronal population in layer I. Effects of these cells include the inside-out stratification of the cortical plate and they may also contribute to the evolutionary emergence of the 6-layered neocortical structure. The most recent addition to our knowledge of pallio-pallial migrations is the existence of a subsequent deep tangential migration of ventropallial cells into the neopallial primordium, whose signaling influence upon local progenitors magnifies the cortex population by 20%. These glutamatergic cells dispersedly invade the entire cortex but largely die postnatally. The crucial implications of these data for comparative thinking on mammalian neocortex evolution and interpretation of potential homologs in sauropsids are explored. Finally, a new conjecture regarding a possible role of the hitherto disregarded lateral pallium is advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Puelles
- Department of Human Anatomy and Psychobiology, School of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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Wells T, Rough K, Carter DA. Transcription Mapping of Embryonic Rat Brain Reveals EGR-1 Induction in SOX2 Neural Progenitor Cells. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:6. [PMID: 21629823 PMCID: PMC3099308 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuronal expression of the early growth response-1 (EGR-1; NGFI-A/Zif268) transcription factor has been extensively studied in the adult mammalian brain and linked to aspects of mature physiological/behavioral function. In contrast, this factor has not been studied in detail in the embryonic brain. Here, we used a fluorescent protein-encoding Egr-1 transgene to map the cellular distribution of Egr-1 transcription in embryonic rat brain. We identified a novel, widely distributed population of GFP(+) cells, characterized as a precursor/stem cell phenotype by co-localization with SOX2/nestin/vimentin/S-100β and exclusion from other known cellular markers including DCX/BLBP/TBR2/NURR1. At both E18 and E20, these cells were located across the developing brain but concentrated in the subplate and intermediate zones. The transgene was also highly expressed in developing (NeuN(+)) striatal neurons. The authentic expression pattern that we observed for the rEgr-1 transgene sequence indicates that restriction to neuronal/precursor cells is largely driven by proximal 5(') sequence. Deletion of conserved Egr-1 silencer (neuron restrictive silencer factor) elements did not markedly alter transcriptional activity in transfected cells; this is consistent with a dominant role for positive factors in the control of cell-specific Egr-1 expression. Induction of Egr-1 in a population of SOX2(+) cells indicates a co-incidence of extrinsic (EGR-1) and cell-intrinsic (SOX2) cellular signals that may form a novel level of progenitor cell regulation. The wide distribution of EGR-1 signaling in SOX2(+) cells suggests an organizational role during late embryonic brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Wells
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University Cardiff, Wales, UK
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Expression pattern of cadherins in the naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) suggests innate cortical diversification of the cerebrum. J Comp Neurol 2011; 519:1736-47. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.22598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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42
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Wang WZ, Oeschger FM, Montiel JF, García-Moreno F, Hoerder-Suabedissen A, Krubitzer L, Ek CJ, Saunders NR, Reim K, Villalón A, Molnár Z. Comparative aspects of subplate zone studied with gene expression in sauropsids and mammals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 21:2187-203. [PMID: 21368089 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhq278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There is currently a debate about the evolutionary origin of the earliest generated cortical preplate neurons and their derivatives (subplate and marginal zone). We examined the subplate with murine markers including nuclear receptor related 1 (Nurr1), monooxygenase Dbh-like 1 (Moxd1), transmembrane protein 163 (Tmem163), and connective tissue growth factor (Ctgf) in developing and adult turtle, chick, opossum, mouse, and rat. Whereas some of these are expressed in dorsal pallium in all species studied (Nurr1, Ctgf, and Tmem163), we observed that the closely related mouse and rat differed in the expression patterns of several others (Dopa decarboxylase, Moxd1, and thyrotropin-releasing hormone). The expression of Ctgf, Moxd1, and Nurr1 in the oppossum suggests a more dispersed subplate population in this marsupial compared with mice and rats. In embryonic and adult chick brains, our selected subplate markers are primarily expressed in the hyperpallium and in the turtle in the main cell dense layer of the dorsal cortex. These observations suggest that some neurons that express these selected markers were present in the common ancestor of sauropsids and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhi Wang
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
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Moroni R, Cipelletti B, Inverardi F, Regondi M, Spreafico R, Frassoni C. Development of cortical malformations in BCNU-treated rat, model of cortical dysplasia. Neuroscience 2011; 175:380-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.11.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2010] [Revised: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Abstract
The developing mammalian cerebral cortex contains a distinct class of cells, subplate neurons (SPns), that play an important role during early development. SPns are the first neurons to be generated in the cerebral cortex, they reside in the cortical white matter, and they are the first to mature physiologically. SPns receive thalamic and neuromodulatory inputs and project into the developing cortical plate, mostly to layer 4. Thus SPns form one of the first functional cortical circuits and are required to relay early oscillatory activity into the developing cortical plate. Pathophysiological impairment or removal of SPns profoundly affects functional cortical development. SPn removal in visual cortex prevents the maturation of thalamocortical synapses, the maturation of inhibition in layer 4, the development of orientation selective responses and the formation of ocular dominance columns. SPn removal also alters ocular dominance plasticity during the critical period. Therefore, SPns are a key regulator of cortical development and plasticity. SPns are vulnerable to injury during prenatal stages and might provide a crucial link between brain injury in development and later cognitive malfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick O Kanold
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA.
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Wang WZ, Hoerder-Suabedissen A, Oeschger FM, Bayatti N, Ip BK, Lindsay S, Supramaniam V, Srinivasan L, Rutherford M, Møllgård K, Clowry GJ, Molnár Z. Subplate in the developing cortex of mouse and human. J Anat 2010; 217:368-80. [PMID: 20727056 PMCID: PMC2992414 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2010.01274.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The subplate is a largely transient zone containing precocious neurons involved in several key steps of cortical development. The majority of subplate neurons form a compact layer in mouse, but are dispersed throughout a much larger zone in the human. In rodent, subplate neurons are among the earliest born neocortical cells, whereas in primate, neurons are added to the subplate throughout cortical neurogenesis. Magnetic resonance imaging and histochemical studies show that the human subplate grows in size until the end of the second trimester. Previous microarray experiments in mice have shown several genes that are specifically expressed in the subplate layer of the rodent dorsal cortex. Here we examined the human subplate for some of these markers. In the human dorsal cortex, connective tissue growth factor-positive neurons can be seen in the ventricular zone at 15-22 postconceptional weeks (PCW) (most at 17 PCW) and are present in the subplate at 22 PCW. The nuclear receptor-related 1 protein is mostly expressed in the subplate in the dorsal cortex, but also in lower layer 6 in the lateral and perirhinal cortex, and can be detected from 12 PCW. Our results suggest that connective tissue growth factor- and nuclear receptor-related 1-positive cells are two distinct cell populations of the human subplate. Furthermore, our microarray analysis in rodent suggested that subplate neurons produce plasma proteins. Here we demonstrate that the human subplate also expresses α2zinc-binding globulin and Alpha-2-Heremans-Schmid glycoprotein/human fetuin. In addition, the established subplate neuron marker neuropeptide Y is expressed superficially, whereas potassium/chloride co-transporter (KCC2)-positive neurons are localized in the deep subplate at 16 PCW. These observations imply that the human subplate shares gene expression patterns with rodent, but is more compartmentalized into superficial and deep sublayers. This increased complexity of the human subplate may contribute to differential vulnerability in response to hypoxia/ischaemia across the depth of the cortex. Combining knowledge of cell-type specific subplate gene expression with modern imaging methods will enable a better understanding of neuropathologies involving the subplate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhi Wang
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxford, UK
| | | | | | - Nadhim Bayatti
- Institute of Human Genetics and Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle, UK
| | - Bui Kar Ip
- Institute of Human Genetics and Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle, UK
| | - Susan Lindsay
- Institute of Human Genetics and Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle, UK
| | - Veena Supramaniam
- Perinatal Imaging, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith HospitalLondon, UK
| | - Latha Srinivasan
- Perinatal Imaging, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith HospitalLondon, UK
| | - Mary Rutherford
- Perinatal Imaging, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Hammersmith HospitalLondon, UK
| | - Kjeld Møllgård
- Institut for Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Panum Institute, University of CopenhagenBlegdamsvej Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Gavin J Clowry
- Institute of Human Genetics and Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle, UK
| | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxford, UK
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Kostović I, Judaš M, Sedmak G. Developmental history of the subplate zone, subplate neurons and interstitial white matter neurons: relevance for schizophrenia. Int J Dev Neurosci 2010; 29:193-205. [PMID: 20883772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2010.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2010] [Revised: 09/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The subplate zone is a transient cytoarchitectonic compartment of the fetal telencephalic wall and contains a population of subplate neurons which are the main neurons of the fetal neocortex and play a key role in normal development of cerebral cortical structure and connectivity. While the subplate zone disappears during the perinatal and early postnatal period, numerous subplate neurons survive and remain embedded in the superficial (gyral) white matter of adolescent and adult brain as so-called interstitial neurons. In both fetal and adult brain, subplate/interstitial neurons belong to two major classes of cortical cells: (a) projection (glutamatergic) neurons and (b) local circuit (GABAergic) interneurons. As interstitial neurons remain strategically positioned at the cortical/white matter interface through which various cortical afferent systems enter the deep cortical layers, they probably serve as auxiliary interneurons involved in differential "gating" of cortical input systems. It is widely accepted that prenatal lesions which alter the number of surviving subplate neurons (i.e., the number of interstitial neurons) and/or the nature of their involvement in cortical circuitry represent an important causal factor in pathogenesis of at least some types of schizophrenia--e.g., in the subgroup of patients with cognitive impairment and deficits of frontal lobe functions. The abnormal functioning of cortical circuitry in schizophrenia becomes manifest during the adolescence, when there is an increased demand for proper functioning of the prefrontal cortex. In this review, we describe developmental history of subplate zone, subplate neurons and surviving interstitial neurons, as well as presumed consequences of the increased number of GABAergic interstitial neurons in the prefrontal cortex. We propose that the increased number of GABAergic interstitial neurons leads to the increased inhibition of prefrontal cortical neurons. This inhibitory action of GABAergic interstitial neurons is facilitated by their strategic position at the cortical/white matter interface where limbic and modulatory afferent pathways enter the prefrontal cortex. Thus, enlarged population of inhibitory interstitial neurons (even if they represent a minor fraction of total neuron number, as in the cerebral cortex itself) may alter the differential "gating" of limbic and modulatory inputs (as well as other cortical and subcortical inputs) and cause a functional disconnectivity between the prefrontal and limbic cortex in the adolescent brain. In conclusion, fetal subplate neurons and surviving postnatal interstitial neurons are important modulators of cortical functions in both normal and schizophrenic cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivica Kostović
- Section of Developmental Neuroscience, Croatian Institute for Brain Research, Department of Neuroscience, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Šalata 12, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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Watakabe A, Komatsu Y, Ohsawa S, Yamamori T. Fluorescent in situ hybridization technique for cell type identification and characterization in the central nervous system. Methods 2010; 52:367-74. [PMID: 20637287 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2010.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system consists of a myriad of cell types. In particular, many subtypes of neuronal cells, which are interconnected with each other, form the basis of functional circuits. With the advent of genomic era, there have been systematic efforts to map gene expression profiles by in situ hybridization (ISH) and enhancer-trapping strategy. To make full use of such information, it is important to correlate "cell types" to gene expression. Toward this end, we have developed highly sensitive method of fluorescent dual-probe ISH, which is essential to distinguish two cell types expressing distinct marker genes. Importantly, we were able to combine ISH with retrograde tracing and antibody staining including BrdU staining that enables birthdating. These techniques should prove useful in identifying and characterizing the cell types of the neural tissues. In this article, we describe the methodology of these techniques, taking examples from our analyses of the mammalian cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiya Watakabe
- Division of Brain Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, 38 Nishigonaka Myodaiji, Okazaki, Japan.
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48
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Shimizu T, Nakazawa M, Kani S, Bae YK, Shimizu T, Kageyama R, Hibi M. Zinc finger genes Fezf1 and Fezf2 control neuronal differentiation by repressing Hes5 expression in the forebrain. Development 2010; 137:1875-85. [PMID: 20431123 DOI: 10.1242/dev.047167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Precise control of neuronal differentiation is necessary for generation of a variety of neurons in the forebrain. However, little is known about transcriptional cascades, which initiate forebrain neurogenesis. Here we show that zinc finger genes Fezf1 and Fezf2, which encode transcriptional repressors, are expressed in the early neural stem (progenitor) cells and control neurogenesis in mouse dorsal telencephalon. Fezf1- and Fezf2-deficient forebrains display upregulation of Hes5 and downregulation of neurogenin 2, which is known to be negatively regulated by Hes5. We show that FEZF1 and FEZF2 bind to and directly repress the promoter activity of Hes5. In Fezf1- and Fezf2-deficient telencephalon, the differentiation of neural stem cells into early-born cortical neurons and intermediate progenitors is impaired. Loss of Hes5 suppresses neurogenesis defects in Fezf1- and Fezf2-deficient telencephalon. Our findings reveal that Fezf1 and Fezf2 control differentiation of neural stem cells by repressing Hes5 and, in turn, by derepressing neurogenin 2 in the forebrain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Shimizu
- Laboratory for Vertebrate Axis Formation, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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49
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Zbtb20 is essential for the specification of CA1 field identity in the developing hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:6510-5. [PMID: 20308569 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0912315107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of hippocampal circuitry depends on the proper assembly of correctly specified and fully differentiated hippocampal neurons. Little is known about factors that control the hippocampal specification. Here, we show that zinc finger protein Zbtb20 is essential for the specification of hippocampal CA1 field identity. We found that Zbtb20 expression was initially activated in the hippocampal anlage at the onset of corticogenesis, and persisted in immature hippocampal neurons. Targeted deletion of Zbtb20 in mice did not compromise the progenitor proliferation in the hippocampal and adjacent transitional ventricular zone, but led to the transformation of the hippocampal CA1 field into a transitional neocortex-like structure, as evidenced by cytoarchitectural, neuronal migration, and gene expression phenotypes. Correspondingly, the subiculum was ectopically located adjacent to the CA3 in mutant. Although the field identities of the mutant CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) were largely maintained, their projections were severely impaired. The hippocampus of Zbtb20 null mice was reduced in size, and exhibited increased apoptotic cell death during postnatal development. Our data establish an essential role of Zbtb20 in the specification of CA1 field identity by repressing adjacent transitional neocortex-specific fate determination.
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50
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Nielsen JV, Blom JB, Noraberg J, Jensen NA. Zbtb20-induced CA1 pyramidal neuron development and area enlargement in the cerebral midline cortex of mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 20:1904-14. [PMID: 19955470 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhp261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Expression of the transcriptional repressor Zbtb20 is confined to the hippocampal primordium of the developing dorsal midline cortex in mice. Here, we show that misexpression of Zbtb20 converts projection neurons of the subiculum and postsubiculum (dorsal presubiculum) to CA1 pyramidal neurons that are innervated by Schaffer collateral projections in ectopic strata oriens and radiatum. The Zbtb20-transformed neurons express Bcl11B, Satb2, and Calbindin-D28k, which are markers of adult CA1 pyramidal neurons. Downregulation of Zbtb20 expression by RNA interference impairs the normal maturation of CA1 pyramidal neurons resulting in deficiencies in Calbindin-D28k expression and in reduced apical dendritic arborizations in stratum lacunosum moleculare. Overall, the results show that Zbtb20 is required for various aspects of CA1 pyramidal neuron development such as the postnatal extension of apical dendritic arbors in the distal target zone and the subtype differentiation of Calbindin-D28k-positive subsets. They further suggest that Zbtb20 plays a role in arealization of the midline cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob V Nielsen
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Medical Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winslows Vej 25, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark
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