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Chierzi S, Kacerovsky JB, Fok AHK, Lahaie S, Shibi Rosen A, Farmer WT, Murai KK. Astrocytes Transplanted during Early Postnatal Development Integrate, Mature, and Survive Long Term in Mouse Cortex. J Neurosci 2023; 43:1509-1529. [PMID: 36669885 PMCID: PMC10008063 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0544-22.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes have complex structural, molecular, and physiological properties and form specialized microenvironments that support circuit-specific functions in the CNS. To better understand how astrocytes acquire their unique features, we transplanted immature mouse cortical astrocytes into the developing cortex of male and female mice and assessed their integration, maturation, and survival. Within days, transplanted astrocytes developed morphologies and acquired territories and tiling behavior typical of cortical astrocytes. At 35-47 d post-transplantation, astrocytes appeared morphologically mature and expressed levels of EAAT2/GLT1 similar to nontransplanted astrocytes. Transplanted astrocytes also supported excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) presynaptic terminals within their territories, and displayed normal Ca2+ events. Transplanted astrocytes showed initially reduced expression of aquaporin 4 (AQP4) at endfeet and elevated expression of EAAT1/GLAST, with both proteins showing normalized expression by 110 d and one year post-transplantation, respectively. To understand how specific brain regions support astrocytic integration and maturation, we transplanted cortical astrocytes into the developing cerebellum. Cortical astrocytes interlaced with Bergmann glia (BG) in the cerebellar molecular layer to establish discrete territories. However, transplanted astrocytes retained many cortical astrocytic features including higher levels of EAAT2/GLT1, lower levels of EAAT1/GLAST, and the absence of expression of the AMPAR subunit GluA1. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that immature cortical astrocytes integrate, mature, and survive (more than one year) following transplantation and retain cortical astrocytic properties. Astrocytic transplantation can be useful for investigating cell-autonomous (intrinsic) and non-cell-autonomous (environmental) mechanisms contributing to astrocytic development/diversity, and for determining the optimal timing for transplanting astrocytes for cellular delivery or replacement in regenerative medicine.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The mechanisms that enable astrocytes to acquire diverse molecular and structural properties remain to be better understood. In this study, we systematically analyzed the properties of cortical astrocytes following their transplantation to the early postnatal brain. We found that immature cortical astrocytes transplanted into cerebral cortex during early postnatal mouse development integrate and establish normal astrocytic properties, and show long-term survival in vivo (more than one year). In contrast, transplanted cortical astrocytes display reduced or altered ability to integrate into the more mature cerebral cortex or developing cerebellum, respectively. This study demonstrates the developmental potential of transplanted cortical astrocytes and provides an approach to tease apart cell-autonomous (intrinsic) and non-cell-autonomous (environmental) mechanisms that determine the structural, molecular, and physiological phenotype of astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Chierzi
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - J Benjamin Kacerovsky
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Albert H K Fok
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Sylvie Lahaie
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Arielle Shibi Rosen
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - W Todd Farmer
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Keith K Murai
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1A4, Canada
- Quantitative Life Sciences Graduate Program, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 2A7, Canada
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Garcia AR, Deacon TW, Dinsmore J, Isacson O. Extensive Axonal and Glial Fiber Growth from Fetal Porcine Cortical Xenografts in the Adult Rat Cortex. Cell Transplant 2017; 4:515-27. [PMID: 8520835 DOI: 10.1177/096368979500400512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal growth from cortically placed fetal neural transplants to subcortical targets in adult hosts has been difficult to demonstrate and is assumed to be minimal; however, experiments using xenogeneic neural grafts of either human or porcine fetal tissues into the adult rat striatum, mesencephalon, and spinal cord have demonstrated the capability for long-distance axonal growth. This study reports similar results for porcine cortical xenografts placed in the adult rat cerebral cortex and compares these findings with results from cortical allografts. Adult rats that previously received unilateral cortical lesions by an oblique intracortical stereotaxic injection of quinolinic acid, were implanted with suspensions of either E14 rat or E38 xenogeneic porcine fetal cortical cells. Xenografted rats were immunosuppressed by cyclosporin A. The corpus callosum was intact in all cases and grafts were confined to the overlying cortex. After a 31-34 wk posttransplant survival period, acetylcholinesterase (AChE) staining and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) immunocytochemistry revealed that both allo- and xenografts received host afferents. Retrograde tracer injections into the ipsilateral striatum and cerebral peduncle in allografted animals failed to show any axonal growth to either subcortical target. Using a porcine-specific axonal marker in xenografted animals, we found graft axons in white matter tracts (corpus callosum, internal capsule, cingulum bundle, and medial forebrain bundle) and within the caudate-putamen and both the ipsilateral and contralateral cerebral cortex. Graft axons were not found in the thalamus, midbrain, or spinal cord. In addition, using an antibody to porcine glial fibers, we observed more extensive graft glial fiber growth into the same host fiber tracts, as far caudally as the cerebral peduncle, but not into gray matter targets outside the cortex. These results demonstrate that porcine cortical xenograft axons and glia can extend from lesioned cerebral cortex to cortical and subcortical targets in the adult rat brain. These findings are relevant for prospects of repairing cortical damage and obtaining functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Garcia
- Neuroregeneration Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA 02178, USA
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Role of mesenchymal stem cells in neurogenesis and nervous system repair. Neurochem Int 2011; 59:347-56. [PMID: 21718735 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are attractive candidates for use in regenerative medicine since they are easily accessible and can be readily expanded in vivo, and possess unique immunogenic properties. Moreover, these multipotent cells display intriguing environmental adaptability and secretory capacity. The ability of MSCs to migrate and engraft in a range of tissues has received significant attention. Evidence indicating that MSC transplantation results in functional improvement in animal models of neurological disorders has highlighted exciting potential for their use in neurological cell-based therapies. The manner in which MSCs elicit positive effects in the damaged nervous system remains unclear. Cell fusion and/or 'transdifferentiation' phenomena, by which MSCs have been proposed to adopt neural cell phenotypes, occur at very low frequency and are unlikely to fully account for observed neurological improvement. Alternatively, MSC-mediated neural recovery may result from the release of soluble molecules, with MSC-derived growth factors and extracellular matrix components influencing the activity of endogenous neural cells. This review discusses the potential of MSCs as candidates for use in therapies to treat neurological disorders and the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which they are understood to act.
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5
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Abstract
Oligodendrocytes and astrocytes are macroglial cells of the vertebrate central nervous system. These cells have diverse roles in the maintenance of neurological function. In the embryo, the genetic mechanisms that underlie the specification of macroglial precursors in vivo appear strikingly similar to those that regulate the development of the diverse neuron types. The switch from producing neuronal to glial subtype-specific precursors can be modelled as an interplay between region-restricted components and temporal regulators that determine neurogenic or gliogenic phases of development, contributing to glial diversity. Gaining insight into the developmental genetics of macroglia has great potential to improve our understanding of a variety of neurological disorders in humans.
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Dopamine D1 Receptor Gene Expression Studies in Unilateral 6-Hydroxydopamine-Lesioned Parkinson’s Rat: Effect of 5-HT, GABA, and Bone Marrow Cell Supplementation. J Mol Neurosci 2009; 41:1-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-009-9213-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2009] [Accepted: 06/16/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Gates MA, Coupe VM, Torres EM, Fricker-Gates RA, Dunnett SB. Spatially and temporally restricted chemoattractive and chemorepulsive cues direct the formation of the nigro-striatal circuit. Eur J Neurosci 2004; 19:831-44. [PMID: 15009130 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Identifying cellular and molecular mechanisms that direct the formation of circuits during development is thought to be the key to reconstructing circuitry lost in adulthood to neurodegenerative disorders or common traumatic injuries. Here we have tested whether brain regions situated in and around the developing nigro-striatal pathway have particular chemoattractive or chemorepulsive effects on mesencephalic dopamine axons, and whether these effects are temporally restricted. Mesencephalic explants from embryonic day (E)12 rats were either cultured alone or with coexplants from the embryonic, postnatal or adult medial forebrain bundle region (MFB), striatum, cortex, brain stem or thalamus. Statistical analysis of axon growth responses revealed a potent chemoattraction to the early embryonic MFB (i.e. E12-15) that diminished (temporally) in concert with the emergence of chemoattraction to the striatum in the late embryonic period (i.e. E19+). Repulsive responses by dopaminergic axons were obvious in cocultures with embryonic brain stem and cortex, however, there was no effect by the thalamus. Such results suggest that the nigro-striatal circuit is formed via spatially and temporally distributed chemoattractive and chemorepulsive elements that: (i) orientate the circuit in a rostral direction (via brain stem repulsion); (ii) initiate outgrowth (via MFB attraction); (iii) prevent growth beyond the target region (via cortical repulsion); and (iv) facilitate target innervation (via striatal chemoattraction). Subsequent studies will focus on identifying genes responsible for these events so that their products may be exploited to increase the integration of neuronal transplants to the mature brain, or provide a means to (re)establish the nigro-striatal circuit in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monte A Gates
- Brain Repair Group, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3US, UK.
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Shih CC, DiGiusto D, Mamelak A, Lebon T, Forman SJ. Hematopoietic potential of neural stem cells: plasticity versus heterogeneity. Leuk Lymphoma 2002; 43:2263-8. [PMID: 12613511 DOI: 10.1080/1042819021000040215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Organ-specific stem cells have been identified in a variety of mammalian tissues. These cells hold great promise for cellular therapy if they can reliably produce functional progeny of specific lineages. A central dogma in development has been that organ-specific stem cells are restricted to making the differentiated cell types of the tissue from which they are isolated. However, a substantial body of evidence exists that stem-cell populations from neural and hematopoietic tissues can generate the other cell types, suggesting that adult organ-specific stem cells may have a broader differentiation potential than originally thought. It remains unclear whether this apparent stem cell plasticity is attributable to transdifferentiation of tissue specific stem cells, the co-existence of multiple stem cells with different potentials, or resident totipotent stem cells in these tissues. Recent evidence, in fact, indicates that there may be a fourth explanation for the "apparent" plasticity of stem cells: cell fusion. Here, the authors critically examine the existing data to assess the extent of phenotypic conversion of bone marrow-to-brain and brain-to-blood and discuss some of the contentious issues surrounding these studies. We conclude that there is strong evidence for a multipotent neurohematopoietic stem-cell population in human and mouse brain, although further characterization of these cells will be required if the goal of engineering tissues for therapeutic applications is to be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu-chih Shih
- Division of Hematology/Bone Marrow Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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Hurelbrink CB, Armstrong RJE, Dunnett SB, Rosser AE, Barker RA. Neural cells from primary human striatal xenografts migrate extensively in the adult rat CNS. Eur J Neurosci 2002; 15:1255-66. [PMID: 11982636 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2002.01959.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Primary neural cells do not appear to migrate significantly following transplantation into the adult rodent CNS, which is in contrast to expanded neural precursor cells where migration is well-documented. However, most transplant studies of primary neural tissue have been performed in an allograft situation in which it is difficult to identify graft-derived cells. We have, therefore, used a xenograft paradigm to investigate the potential for cells derived from grafts of primary human fetal striatal tissue (gestational age of 66-72 days) to migrate following intrastriatal transplantation in an athymic adult rat model of Huntington's disease. The use of an antibody specific to human nuclear antigen enabled clear identification of graft-derived cells within the host brain, and specific neural phenotypes were determined using human-specific tau for neurons, glial fibrillary acidic protein for mature astrocytes and Ki67 for proliferative cells. At 6 weeks, the graft mass was very dense with a high proliferative index, few cells had migrated away from the graft, and the cells that had differentiated both within and away from the graft were mainly neurons. In contrast, at 6 months, the graft core was dispersed significantly more and a large number of graft-derived cells had migrated throughout the brain as far rostral as the olfactory bulb and as caudal as the substantia nigra. Cells had differentiated into both neurons and astrocytes and the level of proliferation was significantly lower within the graft. These results demonstrate that primary neural xenografts contain proliferative cells that possess the ability to migrate and differentiate into both neurons and astrocytes, and suggest that these cells could contribute to normal graft function. This property may be a consequence of the xenograft situation and could potentially be exploited to provide the opportunity to target regions of distant pathology in neurodegenerative diseases using xenotransplantation of embryonic neural tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie B Hurelbrink
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 2PY, UK.
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Hormigo A, McCarthy M, Nothias JM, Hasegawa K, Huang W, Friedlander DR, Fischer I, Fishell G, Grumet M. Radial glial cell line C6-R integrates preferentially in adult white matter and facilitates migration of coimplanted neurons in vivo. Exp Neurol 2001; 168:310-22. [PMID: 11259119 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2000.7620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
C6-R is a cell line derived from C6 glioma cells that exhibits key properties of radial glia including the ability to support neuronal migration in culture. To explore its potential use in promoting neuronal migration in vivo, we analyzed the behavior of C6-R cells in the intact and injured adult rat CNS. At 6-11 days postimplantation at the splenium of the corpus callosum, green fluorescent protein-labeled C6-R cells were observed primarily in either the corpus callosum or the hippocampus in the brain, and in the spinal cord they migrated more extensively in the white matter than in the grey matter. To determine whether C6-R cells retain their ability to promote neuronal migration in vivo, they were coinjected with labeled neurons into adult brain. When rat embryonic neurons were coimplanted with C6-R cells, the neurons and C6-R cells comigrated through a much larger volume than neurons alone or neurons coimplanted with fibroblasts. In brains preinjured with ibotenic acid, C6-R cells as well as coimplanted neurons distributed widely within the lesion site and migrated into adjacent brain tissue, while transplants with neurons alone were restricted primarily to the lesion site. The results suggest that radial glial cell lines can serve as a scaffold for neuronal migration that may facilitate development of experimental models for neural transplantation and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hormigo
- W. M. Keck Center for Collaborative Neuroscience, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082, USA
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11
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Eriksson C, Ericson C, Gates MA, Wictorin K. Long-term, EGF-stimulated cultures of attached GFAP-positive cells derived from the embryonic mouse lateral ganglionic eminence: in vitro and transplantation studies. Exp Neurol 2000; 164:184-99. [PMID: 10877929 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.2000.7424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Long-term attached cultures, prepared from mouse embryonic days 15-17 lateral ganglionic eminence, were grown in a medium including epidermal growth factor and serum, and the survival, differentiation, and migration of cells from either early or late passages were analyzed following transplantation. The cultured cells had the morphology of type I astroglial cells, with the vast majority of the cells immunoreactive for glial fibrillary acidic protein (around 90%), the intermediate filament marker nestin, and also the mouse-specific neural markers M2 and M6. The cultures were kept over 25 passages (7 months). During the first 8 passages, the growth rate gradually declined, but it increased again after passage 9 and thereafter stabilized at values similar to those observed during the initial culture period. After passages 4-6 and 18, cell suspensions were implanted cross-species into the intact or lesioned striatum of adult (passages 4-5 only) or intact striatum of neonatal rats (passages 4-6 or 18). Both early and late passage cells formed M2 (and M6)-positive transplants. In the neonatal recipients, widespread migration was seen from the needle tract throughout most of the striatum, along the internal capsule, and into the globus pallidus. In the adult striatum, the cells remained mostly around the injection tract, or within 0.4-0.6 mm from the graft core. These long-term attached cultures are interesting to compare to nonattached neurosphere cultures, and might also offer a means of propagating relatively pure populations of astroglia-like cells for basic transplantation studies or for use in experimental trials with ex vivo gene transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Eriksson
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Sweden
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13
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Yadid G, Fitoussi N, Kinor N, Geffen R, Gispan I. Astrocyte line SVG-TH grafted in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 1999; 59:635-61. [PMID: 10845756 DOI: 10.1016/s0301-0082(99)00013-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The present review describes gene transfer into the brain using extraneuronal cells with an ex vivo approach. The mild immunological reactions in the central nervous system to grafts provided the rationale and empirical basis for brain-transplantation, to replace dying cells, of potential clinical relevance. Fetal human astrocytes were genetically engineered to express tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme for the synthesis of catecholamines. These cells were also found to produce constitutively and secrete GDNF and interleukins. Therefore, these cells may prove as a drug-delivery system for the treatment of neurological degenerative conditions such as Parkinson's disease (PD). The field of neuronal reconstruction has reached a critical threshold and there is a need to evaluate the variables that will become critical as the field matures. One of the needs is to characterize the neurochemical alterations in the microenvironment in the context of grafted-host connectivity. This review discusses the functional effects of the pharmacologically-active construct, which consists of astrocytes producing L-DOPA and GDNF. The striatum in PD that lacks the dopaminergic projection from the substantia nigra metabolizes and releases dopamine differently from normal tissue and may react to different factors released by the grafted cells. Moreover, neurochemicals of the host tissue may effect grafted cells as well. An understanding of the way in which these neurochemicals are abnormal in PD and their role in the grafted brain is critical to the improvement of reconstructive strategies using cellular therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Yadid
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Neuropharmacology Section, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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Gates MA, Olsson M, Bjerregaard K, Björklund A. Region-specific migration of embryonic glia grafted to the neonatal brain. Neuroscience 1998; 84:1013-23. [PMID: 9578392 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(97)00512-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cell fate determination and region-specific migration among neurons from the developing brain have been widely studied. Because similar attributes have been mostly unexplored in reference to glia, the present study has characterized the migratory responses of glia from diverse regions of the embryonic mouse brain after their transplantation to the brains of early postnatal (still developing) rats. Through the use of the mouse-specific, glial-specific marker M2, immunocytochemical processing of host tissues three to four weeks after transplantation revealed notable difference in the migratory patterns of phylogenetically diverse populations of glia. While glia from the ventral mesencephalon, cerebral cortex, and cerebellar neuroepithelium all showed a similar affinity for the nigropallidal tract after grafting to the internal capsule, only ventral mesencephalon-derived glia showed restricted migration toward and into the substantia nigra after transplantation to the thalamus or pontine tegmentum. These results suggest the presence of a highly favourable substrate for glial migration along developing fibre tracts, but, more importantly, indicates the potential for certain glia to respond to particular (region-specific) distal cues within the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Gates
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Lund University, Sweden
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Azizi SA, Stokes D, Augelli BJ, DiGirolamo C, Prockop DJ. Engraftment and migration of human bone marrow stromal cells implanted in the brains of albino rats--similarities to astrocyte grafts. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1998; 95:3908-13. [PMID: 9520466 PMCID: PMC19936 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.7.3908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 679] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotransplantation has been used to explore the development of the central nervous system and for repair of diseased tissue in conditions such as Parkinson's disease. Here, we examine the effects of direct injection into rat brain of human marrow stromal cells (MSCs), a subset of cells from bone marrow that include stem-like precursors for nonhematopoietic tissues. Human MSCs isolated by their adherence to plastic were infused into the corpus striatum. Five to 72 days later, brain sections were examined for the presence of the donor cells. About 20% of the infused cells had engrafted. There was no evidence of an inflammatory response or rejection. The cells had migrated from the injection site along known pathways for migration of neural stem cells to successive layers of the brain. After infusion into the brain, the human MSCs lost their immunoreactivity to antibodies for collagen I. Initially, the human cells continued to stain with antibodies to fibronectin but the region of staining with fibronectin was significantly decreased at 30 and 72 days. The results suggest that MSCs may be useful vehicles for autotransplantation in both cell and gene therapy for a variety of diseases of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Azizi
- Department of Neurology, Allegheny University of the Health Sciences, Broad and Vine Streets, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
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Olsson M, Bentlage C, Wictorin K, Campbell K, Björklund A. Extensive migration and target innervation by striatal precursors after grafting into the neonatal striatum. Neuroscience 1997; 79:57-78. [PMID: 9178865 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(96)00606-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic striatal precursors grafted into the lesioned adult host striatum show limited integration with little migration and restricted efferent projections. In the present study, the influence of an immature striatal environment on the integrative capacity of grafted neuroblasts was examined after transplantation of striatal progenitors into the striatum at different stages of postnatal development. Mouse progenitors, derived from embryonic day 13.5-14 lateral or medial ganglionic eminence or the cerebellar primordium, were transplanted as a single cell suspension into the developing postnatal day 1, 7 and 21 rat striatum. The grafted cells and their axonal projections were visualized using antibodies raised against the mouse-specific neural markers, M6 and M2. Cells from the lateral (but not the medial) ganglionic eminence showed a remarkable capacity to innervate selectively the striatal target structures, globus pallidus, entopeduncular nucleus and substantia nigra, reminiscent of endogenous striatal neurons, which is not observed after grafting into adult hosts. M6 and M2-immunopositive cellular profiles from both the lateral and medial ganglionic eminences were observed to have migrated extensively away from the injection site, in contrast to the cerebellar precursors which remained clustered at the implantation site. Cells from the lateral ganglionic eminence were largely confined within the striatal complex where they developed striatal characteristics, displaying expression of DARPP-32, the 32,000 mol. wt dopamine- and cyclic AMP-regulated phosphoprotein, whereas cells from the medial ganglionic eminence had migrated caudally along the internal capsule and were observed predominantly in the globus pallidus and thalamus, in addition to the striatum. The cells located outside the striatum were all DARPP-32 negative. The improved integration and increased projection capacity of the lateral ganglionic eminence precursors grafted into postnatal day 1 hosts gradually declined as the host advanced into later stages of development (postnatal day 7), and in postnatal day 21 hosts the grafted striatal precursors behaved similarly to grafts implanted into adult recipients. These results demonstrate the specific capacity of embryonic striatal progenitors to integrate into the developing basal ganglia circuitry during early postnatal development, and that the extent of neuronal and glial integration and graft host connectivity declines when the host has developed beyond the first postnatal week.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Olsson
- Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Lund, Sweden
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Litchfield TM, Whiteley SJ, Yee KT, Tyers P, Usherwood EJ, Nash AA, Lund RD. Characterisation of the immune response in a neural xenograft rejection paradigm. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 73:135-44. [PMID: 9058769 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(96)00192-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We have looked at both donor and host MHC expression in a neural xenograft rejection paradigm. Grafts of either mouse corpus callosum or an SV40 large T transformed astrocytic cell line were placed in the mid-brain of neonatal rats. Three weeks later graft rejection was induced by the application of a skin graft of the same donor origin. MHC expression in the neural graft and the host brain was examined histologically four and ten days after the animals had received a skin graft. Donor MHC expression was detected in the corpus callosal grafts at both time points and preceded host MHC expression and the lymphocytic infiltrate. The grafts of the transformed cell line could not be induced to express MHC antigens under the experimental protocol used nor were they rejected. The migratory patterns of the transformed cells were compared to the well characterised migration patterns of astrocytes from the corpus callosal grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Litchfield
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
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Brüstle O, Maskos U, McKay RD. Host-guided migration allows targeted introduction of neurons into the embryonic brain. Neuron 1995; 15:1275-85. [PMID: 8845152 DOI: 10.1016/0896-6273(95)90007-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The stereotyped positions occupied by individual classes of neurons are a fundamental characteristic of CNS cytoarchitecture. To study the regulation of neuronal positioning, we injected genetically labeled neural precursors derived from dorsal and ventral mouse forebrain into the telencephalic vesicles of embryonic rats. Cells from both areas were found to participate in the generation of telencephalic, diencephalic, and mesencephalic brain regions. Donor-derived neurons populated the host brain in distinct patterns and acquired phenotypic features appropriate for their final location. These observations indicate that neuronal migration and differentiation are predominantly regulated by non-cell-autonomous signals. Exploiting this phenomenon, intrauterine transplantation allows generation of controlled chimerism in the mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Brüstle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-4092, USA
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19
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Campbell K, Olsson M, Björklund A. Regional incorporation and site-specific differentiation of striatal precursors transplanted to the embryonic forebrain ventricle. Neuron 1995; 15:1259-73. [PMID: 8845151 DOI: 10.1016/0896-6273(95)90006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The developmental potential of neural progenitors derived from the E13.5-E14 lateral or medial ganglionic eminences (LGE and MGE, respectively) or the E12 ventral mesencephalon (VM) was examined in cross-species transplantation model. After injection into the E15 rat forebrain ventricle, mouse LGE progenitors (unlike those of the MGE or VM) were consistently integrated into the host striatum, expressing neurochemical phenotypes and axonal projections characteristic of striatal projection neurons. Additionally, both LGE and MGE precursors displayed widespread incorporation into distinct forebrain and midbrain structures, whereas the more caudally derived VM cells were largely confined to midbrain structures. These results suggest that many LGE precursors are positionally specified for striatal incorporation, while a portion also possess greater potential reflected in more widespread integration following intraventricular injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Campbell
- Department of Medical Cell Research, University of Lund, Sweden
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20
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Okoye GS, Powell EM, Geller HM. Migration of A7 immortalized astrocytic cells grafted into the adult rat striatum. J Comp Neurol 1995; 362:524-34. [PMID: 8636465 DOI: 10.1002/cne.903620407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The A7 cell line is an SV40 large T antigen-immortalized astrocyte cell line produced from the neonatal rat optic nerve. Previous studies have demonstrated that A7 cells provide a favorable environment for the survival and growth of cultured neurons and can also stimulate axonal growth after grafting into the rat striatum. The current study was designed to investigate whether A7 cells grafted into adult rat striatum can migrate away from the implantation site. A7 cells were labelled in culture by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) or by expression of an alkaline phosphatase transgene. The labelled cells were then transplanted into the left striatum of normal adult rats by introducing a blunt-end 22 gauge needle through a trephine hole. The rats were euthanized at periods of up to 30 days after grafting. The A7 cells did not appear to alter the cytoarchitecture of the surrounding brain parenchyma. Labelled A7 cells were observed in both gray and white matter areas, and many were located in areas free of damage due to the implantation procedure. The migration of the BrdU-labelled A7 cells with respect to the implantation needle track was determined on coronal sections. The radial migration distance from the needle tract was similarly determined on horizontal sections. A7 cells migrated progressively longer distances with increasing survival time of the animals: The largest migration distance (1,125 +/- 52 microns) occurred at 30 days after grafting with an estimated migration rate of 31 microns per day. There was no significant directional polarity in the migration of these cells within the striatum. Some of the labelled A7 nuclear profiles were associated with blood vessels, some appeared to be associated with fiber bundles within the striatum, and some were found within the gray matter without apparent association with any anatomical structure. These results demonstrate that A7 immortalized astrocytic cells migrate away from a single implantation site following grafting into the adult rat striatum to populate a large area of the striatum.
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Affiliation(s)
- G S Okoye
- Department of Surgery, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway 08854, USA
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Laws ER, Goldberg WJ, Bernstein JJ. Migration of human malignant astrocytoma cells in the mammalian brain: Scherer revisited. Int J Dev Neurosci 1993; 11:691-7. [PMID: 8116480 DOI: 10.1016/0736-5748(93)90056-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fresh suspensions of human glioblastoma multiforme were preincubated in the plant lectin Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHAL) and implanted into cortical pockets in adult rat brain. Brains were investigated periodically over 30 postoperative days and the migration of the human glioblastoma cells was traced with anti-PHAL immunofluorescence or the overexpression of human specific p185c-neu a specific marker of a class of human malignant astrocytoma cells. The principal pathway of migration of the implanted human cells in the rat brain was ventrally through cortical gray matter and into the corpus callosum, with rapid lateral distribution in this and other parallel and intersecting white matter fascicles. Human glioblastoma cells also migrated on basement membrane lined blood vessels, pia-glia membrane and spaces of Virchow-Robin, as well as the subependymal space of the ventricles. These paths of migration of human glioblastoma cells in the rat brain are consistent with the pathways of spread of glioblastoma in the human brain as described by Scherer over 50 years ago, indicating that multifocal malignant astrocytomas have common migratory pathways in mature mammalian brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- E R Laws
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville 22908
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23
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Banerjee R, Lund RD, Radel JD. Anatomical and functional consequences of induced rejection of intracranial retinal transplants. Neuroscience 1993; 56:939-53. [PMID: 8284046 DOI: 10.1016/0306-4522(93)90140-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Retinae from embryonic rats transplanted over the midbrain of newborn host rats establish connections with visual centres of the host brain, which mediate a pupilloconstrictor response in the host eye when the transplant is stimulated by light. The changes in the size of the host pupil can be measured accurately with a pupillometry system. We have taken advantage of the additional observation that while grafts between rat strains, as between Long Evans and Sprague-Dawley strains, may survive indefinitely, they can be induced to reject by skin grafting from the strain providing the donor retinal tissue. Combining pupillometry with skin grafting provides a useful way of examining correlated anatomical and behavioural changes associated with graft rejection from its earliest stage to the point of overt destruction. Even within three days of skin grafting, the amplitude and speed of constriction as well as the response latency all showed significant enhancement from normal, and this was sustained for a further week or more. Response deterioration followed during the second week post-skin grafting, but the exact timing varied considerably among animals. Anatomical observations of the process of retinal rejection showed the first invasion of lymphocytes to occur between days 5 and 7 and total degeneration of the retinal transplant and its projections to occur by two to three weeks post-skin grafting. The lymphocytic infiltration was preceded by upregulation of microglia, which expressed both class I and II major histocompatibility antigens and by activation of astrocytes identified by their expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein. Within the target region of retinal transplant axons, major histocompatibility antigen expression and astrocytic responses preceded degeneration of transplant derived axons (demonstrated by the Fink-Heimer stain) and there was no evidence for any lymphocytic lymphocytic infiltration during transplant rejection. These observations show that the earliest stages of microglial activation are accompanied by an enhancement of response parameters, but that the functional failure finally occurs only at an advanced stage of graft destruction. The absence of lymphocytic infiltration into areas receiving terminals from axons of transplant origin, even though these contain significant numbers of reactive microglia, suggests that the terminal axonal processes are not a primary target for the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Banerjee
- Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge, U.K
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Lund RD, Zhou HF, Yee KT. The migration of astrocytes after implantation to immature brains. Int J Dev Neurosci 1993; 11:595-601. [PMID: 8116472 DOI: 10.1016/0736-5748(93)90048-i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a species-specific marker, we have found that astrocytes, taken from donors of varying ages from fetal to adult, migrate in highly stereotypic patterns in immature host brains. Migration is primarily within and towards cell layers, although some cells are seen to migrate along fibre bundles. This contrasts with studies using the same approach in mature hosts, where migration is predominantly within fibre layers, largely excluding cellular regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R D Lund
- Department of Anatomy, University of Cambridge, U.K
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Onifer SM, White LA, Whittemore SR, Holets VR. In vitro labeling strategies for identifying primary neural tissue and a neuronal cell line after transplantation in the CNS. Cell Transplant 1993; 2:131-49. [PMID: 8143080 DOI: 10.1177/096368979300200207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Potential labels for identifying embryonic raphe neurons and a clonal, neuronally differentiating, raphe-derived cell line, RN33B, in CNS transplantation studies were tested by first characterizing the labels in vitro. The labels that were tested included 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole hydrochloride, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate, the Escherichia coli lacZ gene, Fast Blue, Fluoro-Gold, fluorescein-conjugated latex microspheres, fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated or nonconjugated Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin, methyl o-(6-amino-3'-imino-3H-xanthen-9-yl) benzoate monohydrochloride, or tetanus toxin C fragment. Subsequently, the optimal in vitro labels for embryonic raphe neurons and for RN33B cells were characterized in vivo after CNS transplantation. In vitro, 1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3'-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI) optimally labeled embryonic neurons. The Escherichia coli lacZ gene optimally labeled RN33B cells. Most labels were rapidly diluted in cultures of embryonic astrocytes and proliferating RN33B cells. Some labels were toxic and were often retained in cellular debris. In vivo, DiI was visualized in transplanted, DiI-labeled raphe neurons, but not in astrocytes up to 1 mo posttransplant. DiI-labeled host cells were seen after transplantation of lysed, DiI-labeled cells. beta-Galactosidase was visualized in transplanted, Escherichia coli lacZ gene-labeled RN33B cells after 15 days in vivo. No beta-galactosidase was seen in host cells after transplantation of lysed, lacZ-labeled RN33B cells. The results demonstrate that labels for use in CNS transplantation studies should be optimized for the specific population of donor cells under study, with the initial step being characterization in vitro followed by in vivo analysis. Appropriate controls for false-positive labeling of host cells should always be assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Onifer
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Miami School of Medicine, FL 33136
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Bernstein JJ, Willingham LA, Goldberg WJ. Migrated fetal astrocytes modulate nerve growth factor expression in host nucleus gracilis of the medulla after grafting in third cervical hindlimb dorsal columns of the spinal cord. J Neurosci Res 1993; 34:394-400. [PMID: 8474141 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.490340404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nerve growth factor (NGF) immunoreactivity in the nucleus gracilis of the medulla was quantitated for 90 days after aspiration of the C3 spinal hindlimb dorsal columns of 36 adult rats. Half the lesioned animals were a lesion-only group. The remaining lesioned animals received an immediate graft of two 1.0-mm pieces of 14 day gestation fetal rat cervical spinal cord (prelabeled with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin) into the aspiration pocket (graft group). There were 3 normal controls. Groups of animals were analyzed at 7, 14, 21, 30, 60, and 90 days. At 90 days, NGF immunoreactivity was significantly elevated in the nucleus gracilis of lesion-only animals. This increase in NGF immunoreactivity was augmented in glial end-feet surrounding neurons and was also observed in the cytoplasm of astrocytes and some neurons. Previous experiments have shown that the cluster neurons of the nucleus gracilis undergo atrophy at this time with a concomitant decrease in hindlimb placement. NGF immunoreactivity (90 days) in grafted animals, however, was significantly less than in lesion-only animals (P < 0.05) but remained significantly elevated above control animals (P < 0.05). Unlike in lesion-only animals, there were no NGF positive neurons in the nucleus gracilis of grafted animals. Previous experiments have shown that astrocytes from fetal spinal cord grafts migrate to the nucleus gracilis, maintain cluster neuron cell size, and improve hindlimb placement at 90 days. The present data indicate that modulation of detrimental increases in NGF appeared to be a mechanism by which migrated fetal astrocytes can be used as a system for cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Bernstein
- Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Washington, DC 20422
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