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Maleitzke T, Hildebrandt A, Weber J, Dietrich T, Appelt J, Jahn D, Zocholl D, Baranowsky A, Duda GN, Tsitsilonis S, Keller J. Proinflammatory and bone protective role of calcitonin gene-related peptide alpha in collagen antibody-induced arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2021; 60:1996-2009. [PMID: 33221885 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keaa711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Calcitonin gene-related peptide alpha (αCGRP) represents an immunomodulatory neuropeptide implicated in pain perception. αCGRP also functions as a critical regulator of bone formation and is overexpressed in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In the present study, we investigated the role of αCGRP in experimental RA regarding joint inflammation and bone remodelling. METHODS Collagen II-antibody-induced arthritis (CAIA) was induced in wild type (WT) and αCGRP-deficient (αCGRP-/-) mice. Animals were monitored over 10 and 48 days with daily assessments of the semiquantitative arthritis score and grip strength test. Joint inflammation, cartilage degradation and bone erosions were assessed by histology, gene expression analysis and µCT. RESULTS CAIA was accompanied by an overexpression of αCGRP in WT joints. αCGRP-/- mice displayed reduced arthritic inflammation and cartilage degradation. Congruently, the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β, CD80 and MMP13 was induced in WT, but not αCGRP-/- animals. WT mice displayed an increased bone turnover during the acute inflammatory phase, which was not the case in αCGRP-/- mice. Interestingly, WT mice displayed a full recovery from the inflammatory bone disease, whereas αCGRP-/- mice exhibited substantial bone loss over time. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates a proinflammatory and bone protective role of αCGRP in CAIA. Our data indicate that αCGRP not only enhances joint inflammation, but also controls bone remodelling as part of arthritis resolution. As novel αCGRP inhibitors are currently introduced clinically for the treatment of migraine, their potential impact on RA progression warrants further clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tazio Maleitzke
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Hildebrandt
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jérôme Weber
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tamara Dietrich
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessika Appelt
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Denise Jahn
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dario Zocholl
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anke Baranowsky
- Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Georg N Duda
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Serafeim Tsitsilonis
- Center for Musculoskeletal Surgery, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Julius Wolff Institute, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Johannes Keller
- Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), Berlin, Germany.,Department of Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Shaqura M, Li L, Mohamed DM, Li X, Treskatsch S, Buhrmann C, Shakibaei M, Beyer A, Mousa SA, Schäfer M. Neuronal aldosterone elicits a distinct genomic response in pain signaling molecules contributing to inflammatory pain. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:183. [PMID: 32532285 PMCID: PMC7291517 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01864-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) were identified in peripheral nociceptive neurons, and their acute antagonism was responsible for immediate and short-lasting (non-genomic) antinociceptive effects. The same neurons were shown to produce the endogenous ligand aldosterone by the enzyme aldosterone synthase. Methods Here, we investigate whether endogenous aldosterone contributes to inflammation-induced hyperalgesia via the distinct genomic regulation of specific pain signaling molecules in an animal model of Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA)-induced hindpaw inflammation. Results Chronic intrathecal application of MR antagonist canrenoate-K (over 4 days) attenuated nociceptive behavior in rats with FCA hindpaw inflammation suggesting a tonic activation of neuronal MR by endogenous aldosterone. Consistently, double immunofluorescence confocal microscopy showed abundant co-localization of MR with several pain signaling molecules such as TRPV1, CGRP, Nav1.8, and trkA whose enhanced expression of mRNA and proteins during inflammation was downregulated following i.t. canrenoate-K. More importantly, inhibition of endogenous aldosterone production in peripheral sensory neurons by continuous intrathecal delivery of a specific aldosterone synthase inhibitor prevented the inflammation-induced enhanced transcriptional expression of TRPV1, CGRP, Nav1.8, and trkA and subsequently attenuated nociceptive behavior. Evidence for such a genomic effect of endogenous aldosterone was supported by the demonstration of an enhanced nuclear translocation of MR in peripheral sensory dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons. Conclusion Taken together, chronic inhibition of local production of aldosterone by its processing enzyme aldosterone synthase within peripheral sensory neurons may contribute to long-lasting downregulation of specific pain signaling molecules and may, thus, persistently reduce inflammation-induced hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Shaqura
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - University Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Li Li
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - University Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Doaa M Mohamed
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - University Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Aswan University, Tingar, Egypt
| | - Xiongjuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, No. 250, Hai'zhu District, Guangzhou, 510260, China
| | - Sascha Treskatsch
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - University Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Constanze Buhrmann
- Department of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Mehdi Shakibaei
- Department of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Antje Beyer
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Shaaban A Mousa
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - University Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Michael Schäfer
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Charité - University Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
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3
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Paredes S, Cantillo S, Candido KD, Knezevic NN. An Association of Serotonin with Pain Disorders and Its Modulation by Estrogens. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5729. [PMID: 31731606 PMCID: PMC6888666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian hormones play an important role in pain perception, and are responsible, at least in part, for the pain threshold differences between the sexes. Modulation of pain and its perception are mediated by neurochemical changes in several pathways, affecting both the central and peripheral nervous systems. One of the most studied neurotransmitters related to pain disorders is serotonin. Estrogen can modify serotonin synthesis and metabolism, promoting a general increase in its tonic effects. Studies evaluating the relationship between serotonin and disorders such as irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia, migraine, and other types of headache suggest a clear impact of this neurotransmitter, thereby increasing the interest in serotonin as a possible future therapeutic target. This literature review describes the importance of substances such as serotonin and ovarian hormones in pain perception and illustrates the relationship between those two, and their direct influence on the presentation of the aforementioned pain-related conditions. Additionally, we review the pathways and receptors implicated in each disorder. Finally, the objective was to stimulate future pharmacological research to experimentally evaluate the potential of serotonin modulators and ovarian hormones as therapeutic agents to regulate pain in specific subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephania Paredes
- Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, 836 W. Wellington Ave. Suite 4815, Chicago, IL 60657, USA; (S.P.); (S.C.); (K.D.C.)
| | - Santiago Cantillo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, 836 W. Wellington Ave. Suite 4815, Chicago, IL 60657, USA; (S.P.); (S.C.); (K.D.C.)
| | - Kenneth D. Candido
- Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, 836 W. Wellington Ave. Suite 4815, Chicago, IL 60657, USA; (S.P.); (S.C.); (K.D.C.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Nebojsa Nick Knezevic
- Department of Anesthesiology, Advocate Illinois Masonic Medical Center, 836 W. Wellington Ave. Suite 4815, Chicago, IL 60657, USA; (S.P.); (S.C.); (K.D.C.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Fazzari J, Linher-Melville K, Singh G. Tumour-Derived Glutamate: Linking Aberrant Cancer Cell Metabolism to Peripheral Sensory Pain Pathways. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:620-636. [PMID: 27157265 PMCID: PMC5543678 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x14666160509123042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic pain is a major symptom that develops in cancer patients, most commonly emerging during advanced stages of the disease. The nature of cancer-induced pain is complex, and the efficacy of current therapeutic interventions is restricted by the dose-limiting side-effects that accompany common centrally targeted analgesics. Methods This review focuses on how up-regulated glutamate production and export by the tumour converge at peripheral afferent nerve terminals to transmit nociceptive signals through the transient receptor cation channel, TRPV1, thereby initiating central sensitization in response to peripheral disease-mediated stimuli. Results Cancer cells undergo numerous metabolic changes that include increased glutamine catabolism and over-expression of enzymes involved in glutaminolysis, including glutaminase. This mitochondrial enzyme mediates glutaminolysis, producing large pools of intracellular glutamate. Up-regulation of the plasma membrane cystine/glutamate antiporter, system xc-, promotes aberrant glutamate release from cancer cells. Increased levels of extracellular glutamate have been associated with the progression of cancer-induced pain and we discuss how this can be mediated by activation of TRPV1. Conclusion With a growing population of patients receiving inadequate treatment for intractable pain, new targets need to be considered to better address this largely unmet clinical need for improving their quality of life. A better understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the unique qualities of cancer pain will help to identify novel targets that are able to limit the initiation of pain from a peripheral source–the tumour.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gurmit Singh
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine; Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Pain Research and Care, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON. Canada
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5
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Ebbinghaus M, Segond von Banchet G, Massier J, Gajda M, Bräuer R, Kress M, Schaible HG. Interleukin-6-dependent influence of nociceptive sensory neurons on antigen-induced arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:334. [PMID: 26590032 PMCID: PMC4654804 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0858-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is an important mediator of inflammation. In addition to cells involved in inflammation, sensory nociceptive neurons express the IL-6 signal-transducer glycoprotein 130 (gp130). These neurons are not only involved in pain generation but also produce neurogenic inflammation by release of neuropeptides such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Whether IL-6 activation of sensory neurons contributes to the induction of inflammation is unknown. This study explored whether the action of IL-6 on sensory neurons plays a role in the generation of neurogenic inflammation and arthritis induction. METHODS In SNS-gp130(-/-) mice lacking gp130 selectively in sensory neurons and appropriate control littermates (SNS-gp130(flox/flox)), we induced antigen-induced arthritis (AIA), and assessed swelling, histopathological arthritis scores, pain scores, expression of CGRP in sensory neurons, serum concentrations of CGRP and cytokines, and the cytokine release from single cell suspensions from lymph nodes and spleens. In wild-type mice CGRP release was determined during development of AIA and, in cultured sensory neurons, upon IL-6 stimulation. RESULTS Compared to SNS-gp130(flox/flox) mice SNS-gp130(-/-) mice showed significantly weaker initial swelling, reduced serum concentrations of CGRP, IL-6, and IL-2, no inflammation-evoked upregulation of CGRP in sensory neurons, but similar histopathological arthritis scores during AIA. During the initial swelling phase of AIA, CGRP was significantly increased in the serum, knee and spleen. In vitro, IL-6 augmented the release of CGRP from cultured sensory neurons. Upon antigen-specific restimulation lymphocytes from SNS-gp130(-/-) mice released more interleukin-17 and interferon-γ than lymphocytes from SNS-gp130(flox/flox) mice. In naive lymphocytes from SNS-gp130(flox/flox) and SNS-gp130(-/-) mice CGRP reduced the release of IL-2 (a cytokine which inhibits the release of interleukin-17 and interferon-γ). CONCLUSIONS IL-6 signaling in sensory neurons plays a role in the expression of arthritis. Selective deletion of gp130 signaling in sensory neurons reduces the swelling of the joint (most likely by reducing neurogenic inflammation) but increases some proinflammatory systemic cellular responses such as the release of interleukin-17 and interferon-γ from lymphocytes upon antigen-specific restimulation. Thus IL-6 signaling in sensory neurons is not only involved in pain generation but also in the coordination of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Ebbinghaus
- Institute of Physiology I/Neurophysiology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Teichgraben 8, 07740, Jena, Germany.
| | - Gisela Segond von Banchet
- Institute of Physiology I/Neurophysiology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Teichgraben 8, 07740, Jena, Germany.
| | - Julia Massier
- Institute of Physiology I/Neurophysiology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Teichgraben 8, 07740, Jena, Germany.
| | - Mieczyslaw Gajda
- Institute of Pathology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ziegelmühlenweg 1, 07740, Jena, Germany.
| | - Rolf Bräuer
- Institute of Pathology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Ziegelmühlenweg 1, 07740, Jena, Germany.
| | - Michaela Kress
- Division of Physiology, Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Innsbruck Medical University, Fritz-Pregl-Strasse 3, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Hans-Georg Schaible
- Institute of Physiology I/Neurophysiology, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Teichgraben 8, 07740, Jena, Germany.
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6
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Hammell DC, Zhang LP, Ma F, Abshire SM, McIlwrath SL, Stinchcomb AL, Westlund KN. Transdermal cannabidiol reduces inflammation and pain-related behaviours in a rat model of arthritis. Eur J Pain 2015; 20:936-48. [PMID: 26517407 DOI: 10.1002/ejp.818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current arthritis treatments often have side-effects attributable to active compounds as well as route of administration. Cannabidiol (CBD) attenuates inflammation and pain without side-effects, but CBD is hydrophobic and has poor oral bioavailability. Topical drug application avoids gastrointestinal administration, first pass metabolism, providing more constant plasma levels. METHODS This study examined efficacy of transdermal CBD for reduction in inflammation and pain, assessing any adverse effects in a rat complete Freund's adjuvant-induced monoarthritic knee joint model. CBD gels (0.6, 3.1, 6.2 or 62.3 mg/day) were applied for 4 consecutive days after arthritis induction. Joint circumference and immune cell invasion in histological sections were measured to indicate level of inflammation. Paw withdrawal latency (PWL) in response to noxious heat stimulation determined nociceptive sensitization, and exploratory behaviour ascertained animal's activity level. RESULTS Measurement of plasma CBD concentration provided by transdermal absorption revealed linearity with 0.6-6.2 mg/day doses. Transdermal CBD gel significantly reduced joint swelling, limb posture scores as a rating of spontaneous pain, immune cell infiltration and thickening of the synovial membrane in a dose-dependent manner. PWL recovered to near baseline level. Immunohistochemical analysis of spinal cord (CGRP, OX42) and dorsal root ganglia (TNFα) revealed dose-dependent reductions of pro-inflammatory biomarkers. Results showed 6.2 and 62 mg/day were effective doses. Exploratory behaviour was not altered by CBD indicating limited effect on higher brain function. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that topical CBD application has therapeutic potential for relief of arthritis pain-related behaviours and inflammation without evident side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Hammell
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY, 40536-0082, USA
| | - L P Zhang
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536-0298, USA
| | - F Ma
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536-0298, USA
| | - S M Abshire
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536-0298, USA
| | - S L McIlwrath
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536-0298, USA
| | - A L Stinchcomb
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Pharmacy, Lexington, KY, 40536-0082, USA
| | - K N Westlund
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40536-0298, USA
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Wang D, Wang P, Jiang J, Lv Q, Zeng X, Hong Y. Activation of Mas Oncogene-Related G Protein–Coupled Receptors Inhibits Neurochemical Alterations in the Spinal Dorsal Horn and Dorsal Root Ganglia Associated with Inflammatory Pain in Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2015; 354:431-439. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.115.225672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023] Open
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Jiang J, Wang D, Zhou X, Huo Y, Chen T, Hu F, Quirion R, Hong Y. Effect of Mas-related gene (Mrg) receptors on hyperalgesia in rats with CFA-induced inflammation via direct and indirect mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 170:1027-40. [PMID: 23909597 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Mas oncogene-related gene (Mrg) receptors are exclusively distributed in small-sized neurons in trigeminal and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). We investigated the effects of MrgC receptor activation on inflammatory hyperalgesia and its mechanisms. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH A selective MrgC receptor agonist, bovine adrenal medulla peptide 8-22 (BAM8-22) or melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) or the μ-opioid receptor (MOR) antagonist CTAP was administered intrathecally (i.t.) in rats injected with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) in one hindpaw. Thermal and mechanical nociceptive responses were assessed. Neurochemicals were measured by immunocytochemistry, Western blot, ELISA and RT-PCR. KEY RESULTS CFA injection increased mRNA for MrgC receptors in lumbar DRG. BAM8-22 or MSH, given i.t., generated instant short and delayed long-lasting attenuations of CFA-induced thermal hyperalgesia, but not mechanical allodynia. These effects were associated with decreased up-regulation of neuronal NOS (nNOS), CGRP and c-Fos expression in the spinal dorsal horn and/or DRG. However, i.t. administration of CTAP blocked the induction by BAM8-22 of delayed anti-hyperalgesia and inhibition of nNOS and CGRP expression in DRG. BAM8-22 also increased mRNA for MORs and pro-opiomelanocortin, along with β-endorphin content in the lumbar spinal cord and/or DRG. MrgC receptors and nNOS were co-localized in DRG neurons. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Activation of MrgC receptors suppressed up-regulation of pronociceptive mediators and consequently inhibited inflammatory pain, because of the activation of up-regulated MrgC receptors and subsequent endogenous activity at MORs. The uniquely distributed MrgC receptors could be a novel target for relieving inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Jiang
- College of Life Sciences and Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China
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Gupta S, McCarson KE, Welch KMA, Berman NEJ. Mechanisms of pain modulation by sex hormones in migraine. Headache 2013; 51:905-22. [PMID: 21631476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2011.01908.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A number of pain conditions, acute as well as chronic, are much more prevalent in women, such as temporomandibular disorder (TMD), irritable bowel syndrome, fibromyalgia, and migraine. The association of female sex steroids with these nociceptive conditions is well known, but the mechanisms of their effects on pain signaling are yet to be deciphered. We reviewed the mechanisms through which female sex steroids might influence the trigeminal nociceptive pathways with a focus on migraine. Sex steroid receptors are located in trigeminal circuits, providing the molecular substrate for direct effects. In addition to classical genomic effects, sex steroids exert rapid nongenomic actions to modulate nociceptive signaling. Although there are only a handful of studies that have directly addressed the effect of sex hormones in animal models of migraine, the putative mechanisms can be extrapolated from observations in animal models of other trigeminal pain disorders, like TMD. Sex hormones may regulate sensitization of trigeminal neurons by modulating expression of nociceptive mediator such as calcitonin gene-related peptide. Its expression is mostly positively regulated by estrogen, although a few studies also report an inverse relationship. Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) is a neurotransmitter implicated in migraine; its synthesis is enhanced in most parts of brain by estrogen, which increases expression of the rate-limiting enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase and decreases expression of the serotonin re-uptake transporter. Downstream signaling, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation, calcium-dependent mechanisms, and cAMP response element-binding activation, are thought to be the major signaling events affected by sex hormones. These findings need to be confirmed in migraine-specific animal models that may also provide clues to additional ion channels, neuropeptides, and intracellular signaling cascades that contribute to the increased prevalence of migraine in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Gupta
- Department of Neurology, Glostrup Research Institute, Glostrup Hospital, Faculty of Health Science, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
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10
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Chakrabarty A, Liao Z, Smith PG. Angiotensin II receptor type 2 activation is required for cutaneous sensory hyperinnervation and hypersensitivity in a rat hind paw model of inflammatory pain. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2013; 14:1053-65. [PMID: 23726047 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Many pain syndromes are associated with abnormal proliferation of peripheral sensory fibers. We showed previously that angiotensin II, acting through its type 2 receptor (AT2), stimulates axon outgrowth by cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons. In this study, we assessed whether AT2 mediates nociceptor hyperinnervation in the rodent hind paw model of inflammatory pain. Plantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA), but not saline, produced marked thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity through 7 days. This was accompanied by proliferation of dermal and epidermal PGP9.5-immunoreactive (ir) and calcitonin gene-related peptide-immunoreactive (CGRP-ir) axons, and dermal axons immunoreactive for GFRα2 but not tyrosine hydroxylase or neurofilament H. Continuous infusion of the AT2 antagonist PD123319 beginning with CFA injection completely prevented hyperinnervation as well as hypersensitivity over a 7-day period. A single PD123319 injection 7 days after CFA also reversed thermal hypersensitivity and partially reversed mechanical hypersensitivity 3 hours later, without affecting cutaneous innervation. Angiotensin II-synthesizing proteins renin and angiotensinogen were largely absent after saline but abundant in T cells and macrophages in CFA-injected paws with or without PD123319. Thus, emigrant cells at the site of inflammation apparently establish a renin-angiotensin system, and AT2 activation elicits nociceptor sprouting and heightened thermal and mechanical sensitivity. PERSPECTIVE Short-term AT2 activation is a potent contributor to thermal hypersensitivity, whereas long-term effects (such as hyperinnervation) also contribute to mechanical hypersensitivity. Pharmacologic blockade of AT2 signaling represents a potential therapeutic strategy aimed at biologic mechanisms underlying chronic inflammatory pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuradha Chakrabarty
- Institute for Neurological Discoveries, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas; Kansas Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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11
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Yu SJ, Xia CM, Kay JC, Qiao LY. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 5 is essential for cystitis- and nerve growth factor-induced calcitonin gene-related peptide expression in sensory neurons. Mol Pain 2012; 8:48. [PMID: 22742729 PMCID: PMC3502118 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-8-48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/24/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystitis causes considerable neuronal plasticity in the primary afferent pathways. The molecular mechanism and signal transduction underlying cross talk between the inflamed urinary bladder and sensory sensitization has not been investigated. Results In a rat cystitis model induced by cyclophosphamide (CYP) for 48 h, the mRNA and protein levels of the excitatory neurotransmitter calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) are increased in the L6 dorsal root ganglia (DRG) in response to bladder inflammation. Cystitis-induced CGRP expression in L6 DRG is triggered by endogenous nerve growth factor (NGF) because neutralization of NGF with a specific NGF antibody reverses CGRP up-regulation during cystitis. CGRP expression in the L6 DRG neurons is also enhanced by retrograde NGF signaling when NGF is applied to the nerve terminals of the ganglion-nerve two-compartmented preparation. Characterization of the signaling pathways in cystitis- or NGF-induced CGRP expression reveals that the activation (phosphorylation) of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)5 but not Akt is involved. In L6 DRG during cystitis, CGRP is co-localized with phospho-ERK5 but not phospho-Akt. NGF-evoked CGRP up-regulation is also blocked by inhibition of the MEK/ERK pathway with specific MEK inhibitors U0126 and PD98059, but not by inhibition of the PI3K/Akt pathway with inhibitor LY294002. Further examination shows that cystitis-induced cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) activity is expressed in CGRP bladder afferent neurons and is co-localized with phospho-ERK5 but not phospho-Akt. Blockade of NGF action in vivo reduces the number of DRG neurons co-expressing CGRP and phospho-CREB, and reverses cystitis-induced increases in micturition frequency. Conclusions A specific pathway involving NGF-ERK5-CREB axis plays an essential role in cystitis-induced sensory activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon J Yu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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12
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Glutaminase immunoreactivity and enzyme activity is increased in the rat dorsal root ganglion following peripheral inflammation. PAIN RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2011; 2012:414697. [PMID: 22229088 PMCID: PMC3250962 DOI: 10.1155/2012/414697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 08/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Following inflammation, primary sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) alter the production of several proteins. Most DRG neurons are glutamatergic, using glutaminase as the enzyme for glutamate production, but little is known about glutaminase following inflammation. In the present study, adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) was produced in rats with complete Freund's adjuvant into the hindpaw. At 7 days of AIA, DRG were examined with glutaminase immunohistochemistry, Western blot immunoreactivity, and enzyme activity. Image analysis revealed that glutaminase was elevated most in small-sized neurons (21%) (P < 0.05). Western blot analysis revealed a 19% increase (P < 0.05) in total glutaminase and 21% in mitochondrial glutaminase (P < 0.05). Glutaminase enzyme activity was elevated 29% (P < 0.001) from 2.20 to 2.83 moles/kg/hr. Elevated glutaminase in primary sensory neurons could lead to increased glutamate production in spinal primary afferent terminals contributing to central sensitization or in the peripheral process contributing to peripheral sensitization.
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13
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Hou Q, Barr T, Gee L, Vickers J, Wymer J, Borsani E, Rodella L, Getsios S, Burdo T, Eisenberg E, Guha U, Lavker R, Kessler J, Chittur S, Fiorino D, Rice F, Albrecht P. Keratinocyte expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide β: implications for neuropathic and inflammatory pain mechanisms. Pain 2011; 152:2036-2051. [PMID: 21641113 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2010] [Revised: 04/03/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a vasodilatory peptide that has been detected at high levels in the skin, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) under a variety of inflammatory and chronic pain conditions, presumably derived from peptidergic C and Aδ innervation. Herein, CGRP immunolabeling (IL) was detected in epidermal keratinocytes at levels that were especially high and widespread in the skin of humans from locations afflicted with postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) and complex region pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS), of monkeys infected with simian immunodeficiency virus, and of rats subjected to L5/L6 spinal nerve ligation, sciatic nerve chronic constriction, and subcutaneous injection of complete Freund's adjuvant. Increased CGRP-IL was also detected in epidermal keratinocytes of transgenic mice with keratin-14 promoter driven overexpression of noggin, an antagonist to BMP-4 signaling. Transcriptome microarray, quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), and Western blot analyses using laser-captured mouse epidermis from transgenics, monolayer cultures of human and mouse keratinocytes, and multilayer human keratinocyte organotypic cultures, revealed that keratinocytes express predominantly the beta isoform of CGRP. Cutaneous peptidergic innervation has been shown to express predominantly the alpha isoform of CGRP. Keratinocytes also express the cognate CGRP receptor components, Calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR), Receptor activity-modifying protein 1 (RAMP1), CGRP-receptor component protein (RCP) consistent with known observations that CGRP promotes several functional changes in keratinocytes, including proliferation and cytokine production. Our results indicate that keratinocyte-derived CGRPβ may modulate epidermal homeostasis through autocrine/paracrine signaling and may contribute to chronic pain under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanzhi Hou
- Center for Neuropharmacology and Neuroscience, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA Department of Neurology, Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA Division of Human Anatomy, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy Department of Dermatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, USA Rambam Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel Medical Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA Center for Functional Genomics, SUNY Albany, Rensselaer, NY, USA In Vivo Pharmacology, Vertex Pharmaceuticals, San Diego, CA, USA Integrated Tissue Dynamics, LLC, Rensselaer, NY, USA
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14
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Repeated muscle injury as a presumptive trigger for chronic masticatory muscle pain. PAIN RESEARCH AND TREATMENT 2011; 2011:647967. [PMID: 22110928 PMCID: PMC3195998 DOI: 10.1155/2011/647967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
skeletal muscles sustain a significant loss of maximal contractile force after injury, but terminally damaged fibers can eventually be replaced by the growth of new muscle (regeneration), with full restoration of contractile force over time. After a second injury, limb muscles exhibit a smaller reduction in maximal force and reduced inflammation compared with that after the initial injury (i.e., repeated bout effect). In contrast, masticatory muscles exhibit diminished regeneration and persistent fibrosis, after a single injury; following a second injury, plasma extravasation is greater than after a single injury and maximal force is decreased more than after the initial injury. Thus, masticatory muscles do not exhibit a repeated bout effect and are instead increasingly damaged by repeated injury. We propose that the impaired ability of masticatory muscles to regenerate contributes to chronic muscle pain by leading to an accumulation of tissue damage, fibrosis, and a persistent elevation and prolonged membrane translocation of nociceptive channels such as P2X(3) as well as enhanced expression of neuropeptides including CGRP within primary afferent neurons. These transformations prime primary afferent neurons for enhanced responsiveness upon subsequent injury thus triggering and/or exacerbating chronic muscle pain.
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15
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Tarsa L, Bałkowiec-Iskra E, Kratochvil FJ, Jenkins VK, McLean A, Brown AL, Smith JA, Baumgartner JC, Balkowiec A. Tooth pulp inflammation increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in rodent trigeminal ganglion neurons. Neuroscience 2010; 167:1205-15. [PMID: 20223282 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 02/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Nociceptive pathways with first-order neurons located in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) provide sensory innervation to the head, and are responsible for a number of common chronic pain conditions, including migraines, temporomandibular disorders and trigeminal neuralgias. Many of those conditions are associated with inflammation. Yet, the mechanisms of chronic inflammatory pain remain poorly understood. Our previous studies show that the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is expressed by adult rat TG neurons, and released from cultured newborn rat TG neurons by electrical stimulation and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a well-established mediator of trigeminal inflammatory pain. These data suggest that BDNF plays a role in activity-dependent plasticity at first-order trigeminal synapses, including functional changes that take place in trigeminal nociceptive pathways during chronic inflammation. The present study was designed to determine the effects of peripheral inflammation, using tooth pulp inflammation as a model, on regulation of BDNF expression in TG neurons of juvenile rats and mice. Cavities were prepared in right-side maxillary first and second molars of 4-week-old animals, and left open to oral microflora. BDNF expression in right TG was compared with contralateral TG of the same animal, and with right TG of sham-operated controls, 7 and 28 days after cavity preparation. Our ELISA data indicate that exposing the tooth pulp for 28 days, with confirmed inflammation, leads to a significant upregulation of BDNF in the TG ipsilateral to the affected teeth. Double-immunohistochemistry with antibodies against BDNF combined with one of nociceptor markers, CGRP or transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1), revealed that BDNF is significantly upregulated in TRPV1-immunoreactive (IR) neurons in both rats and mice, and CGRP-IR neurons in mice, but not rats. Overall, the inflammation-induced upregulation of BDNF is stronger in mice compared to rats. Thus, mouse TG provides a suitable model to study molecular mechanisms of inflammation-dependent regulation of BDNF expression in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tarsa
- Department of Integrative Biosciences, Oregon Health & Science University School of Dentistry, Portland, OR 97239, USA
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16
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Dessem D, Ambalavanar R, Evancho M, Moutanni A, Yallampalli C, Bai G. Eccentric muscle contraction and stretching evoke mechanical hyperalgesia and modulate CGRP and P2X(3) expression in a functionally relevant manner. Pain 2010; 149:284-295. [PMID: 20207080 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2010.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 01/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Non-invasive, movement-based models were used to investigate muscle pain. In rats, the masseter muscle was rapidly stretched or electrically stimulated during forced lengthening to produce eccentric muscle contractions (EC). Both EC and stretching disrupted scattered myofibers and produced intramuscular plasma extravasation. Pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were elevated in the masseter 24h following EC. At 48h, neutrophils increased and ED1 macrophages infiltrated myofibers while ED2 macrophages were abundant at 4d. Mechanical hyperalgesia was evident in the ipsilateral head 4h-4d after a single bout of EC and for 7d following multiple bouts (1 bout/d for 4d). Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) mRNA increased in the trigeminal ganglion 24h following EC while immunoreactive CGRP decreased. By 2d, CGRP-muscle afferent numbers equaled naive numbers implying that CGRP is released following EC and replenished within 2d. EC elevated P2X(3) mRNA and increased P2X(3) muscle afferent neuron number for 12d while electrical stimulation without muscle contraction altered neither CGRP nor P2X(3) mRNA levels. Muscle stretching produced hyperalgesia for 2d whereas contraction alone produced no hyperalgesia. Stretching increased CGRP mRNA at 24h but not CGRP-muscle afferent number at 2-12d. In contrast, stretching significantly increased the number of P2X(3) muscle afferent neurons for 12d. The sustained, elevated P2X(3) expression evoked by EC and stretching may enhance nociceptor responsiveness to ATP released during subsequent myofiber damage. Movement-based actions such as EC and muscle stretching produce unique tissue responses and modulate neuropeptide and nociceptive receptor expression in a manner particularly relevant to repeated muscle damage.
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MESH Headings
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Animals
- Biomarkers/analysis
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/genetics
- Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Hyperalgesia/genetics
- Hyperalgesia/metabolism
- Hyperalgesia/physiopathology
- Inflammation/genetics
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Inflammation/physiopathology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Muscle Contraction/physiology
- Muscle Spindles/physiology
- Muscle, Skeletal/injuries
- Muscle, Skeletal/innervation
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscular Diseases/genetics
- Muscular Diseases/metabolism
- Muscular Diseases/physiopathology
- Neurons, Afferent/cytology
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P2/metabolism
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X3
- Trigeminal Ganglion/cytology
- Trigeminal Ganglion/metabolism
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Dessem
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland, 650 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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17
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Upregulation of adrenomedullin in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia in the early phase of CFA-induced inflammation in rats. Pain 2009; 146:105-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2009.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2008] [Revised: 07/06/2009] [Accepted: 07/13/2009] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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18
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Qiao LY, Grider JR. Colitis induces calcitonin gene-related peptide expression and Akt activation in rat primary afferent pathways. Exp Neurol 2009; 219:93-103. [PMID: 19422825 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2008] [Revised: 04/27/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Previous study has shown that colitis-induced increases in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) immunoreactivity in bladder afferent neurons result in sensory cross-sensitization. To further determine the effects of colitis on CGRP expression in neurons other than bladder afferents, we examined and compared the levels of CGRP mRNA and immunoreactivity in the lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord before and during colitis in rats. We also examined the changes in CGRP immunoreactivity in colonic afferent neurons during colitis. Results showed increases in CGRP mRNA levels in L1 (2.5-fold, p<0.05) and S1 DRG (1.9-2.4-fold, p<0.05). However, there were no changes in CGRP mRNA levels in L1 and S1 spinal cord during colitis. CGRP protein was significantly increased in L1 (2.5-fold increase, p<0.05) but decreased in S1 (50% decrease, p<0.05) colonic afferent neurons, which may reflect CGRP release from these neurons during colitis. In L1 spinal cord, colitis caused increases in the number of CGRP nerve fibers in the deep lamina region extending to the gray commissure where the number of phospho-Akt neurons was also increased. In S1 spinal cord, colitis caused the increases in the intensity of CGRP fibers in the regions of dorso-lateral tract, and caused the increases in the level of phospho-Akt in the superficial dorsal horn of the spinal cord. In spinal cord slice culture, exogenous CGRP increased the phosphorylation level of Akt but not the phosphorylation level of extracellular-signal regulated kinase ERK1/2 even though our previous studies showed that colitis increased the phosphorylation level of ERK1/2 in L1 and S1 spinal cord. These results suggest that CGRP is synthesized in the DRG and may transport to the spinal cord where it initiates signal transduction during colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ya Qiao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0551, USA.
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19
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Xu P, Hall AK. Activin acts with nerve growth factor to regulate calcitonin gene-related peptide mRNA in sensory neurons. Neuroscience 2007; 150:665-74. [PMID: 17964731 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2007.09.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) increases in sensory neurons after inflammation and plays an important role in abnormal pain responses, but how this neuropeptide is regulated is not well understood. Both activin A and nerve growth factor (NGF) increase in skin after inflammation and induce CGRP in neurons in vivo and in vitro. This study was designed to understand how neurons integrate these two signals to regulate the neuropeptide important for inflammatory pain. In adult dorsal root ganglion neurons, NGF but not activin alone produced a dose-dependent increase in CGRP mRNA. When added together with NGF, activin synergistically increased CGRP mRNA, indicating that sensory neurons combine these signals. Studies were then designed to learn if that combination occurred at a common receptor or shared intracellular signals. Studies with activin IB receptor or tyrosine receptor kinase A inhibitors suggested that each ligand required its cognate receptor to stimulate the neuropeptide. Further, activin did not augment NGF-initiated intracellular mitogen-activated protein kinase signals but instead stimulated Smad phosphorylation, suggesting these ligands initiated parallel signals in the cytoplasm. Activin synergy required several NGF intracellular signals to be present. Because activin did not further stimulate, but did require NGF intracellular signals, it appears that activin and NGF converge not in receptor or cytoplasmic signals, but in transcriptional mechanisms to regulate CGRP in rat sensory neurons after inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Xu
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine,Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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20
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Chen Y, Sommer C. Activation of the nociceptin opioid system in rat sensory neurons produces antinociceptive effects in inflammatory pain: involvement of inflammatory mediators. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:1478-88. [PMID: 17387690 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite a large body of literature on the nociceptin (NC) opioid system in pain modulation, the mechanism of action of NC remains largely unexplored. Here, we investigated the role and mode of action of the spinal NC system in inflammatory pain. Preemptive intrathecal administration of NC attenuated thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in rats with intraplantar complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) injection. By using immunohistochemistry in L4 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, a marked increase of NC and ORL1 receptor immunoreactivity was detected following CFA. Intrathecal administration of NC attenuated the CFA-induced increases of calcitonin gene-related peptide, transient receptor potential vanilloid-1, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in DRG neurons. Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction showed that NC reduced the up-regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase mRNA but not that of neuronal nitric oxide synthase mRNA in spinal cord segments after CFA. Furthermore, [Nphe1]NC(1-13)NH2, a selective opioid receptor-like 1 (ORL1) receptor antagonist, significantly antagonized the effects of NC on pain modulation and on the expression of inflammatory mediators, indicating a specific NC action through the ORL1 receptor. Together, these findings reveal novel mechanisms by which the NC system produces analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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21
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Qiao LY, Grider JR. Up-regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide and receptor tyrosine kinase TrkB in rat bladder afferent neurons following TNBS colitis. Exp Neurol 2007; 204:667-79. [PMID: 17303123 PMCID: PMC1906719 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2006.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Revised: 11/15/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Colonic inflammation has profound effects on the urinary bladder physiology and produces hypersensitivity of bladder afferent neurons and neurogenic bladder overactivity. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) expressed in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) plays an important role in mediating sensory perception following visceral inflammation. In the present study, we determined that the expression of CGRP was increased in bladder afferent neurons in lumbosacral DRG following tri-nitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis in rat. After colitis, the percentage of bladder afferent neurons expressing CGRP was increased in L1 (61.2+/-2.9% in colitis vs. 37.7+/-5.1% in controls; p<0.05) and S1 DRG (26.3+/-2.3% in colitis vs. 15.5+/-1.9% in controls; p<0.01). We also demonstrated that the expression of tyrosine kinase receptor TrkB was increased in L1 (39.7+/-2.9% in colitis vs. 25.2+/-4.3% in controls; p<0.05) and S1 DRG (45.6+/-3.8% in colitis vs. 38.3+/-3.6% in controls; p<0.01) following colitis. CGRP and TrkB were co-stored in a subpopulation of DRG neurons in control and colitic animals and the number of DRG cells co-expressing CGRP and TrkB was significantly increased in L1 (2.7-fold, p<0.01) and S1 DRG (2.4-fold, p<0.01) following colitis. In cultured DRG, exogenous BDNF application significantly increased CGRP expression, which was blocked by TrkB selective inhibitor K252a. These results suggest that up-regulation of CGRP and TrkB in bladder afferent neurons may play a role in colon-to-bladder cross-sensitization following colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ya Qiao
- Departments of Physiology and Internal Medicine, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Box 980551, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298-0551, USA.
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22
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Ambalavanar R, Dessem D, Moutanni A, Yallampalli C, Yallampalli U, Gangula P, Bai G. Muscle inflammation induces a rapid increase in calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) mRNA that temporally relates to CGRP immunoreactivity and nociceptive behavior. Neuroscience 2006; 143:875-84. [PMID: 17027165 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2006.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2005] [Revised: 08/03/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Recent data support an important role for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in deep tissue nociceptive processing. Using real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), radioimmunoassay, immunohistochemistry and behavioral testing, we studied the early time course of CGRP mRNA and protein expression as well as nociceptive behavior following muscle inflammation. A rapid and significant increase in CGRP mRNA occurred in the mandibular division (V3) of the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion at 30 minutes, 4 and 24 h after the injection of complete Freund's adjuvant as an inflammatory agent into rat masseter muscle. No change in mRNA occurred in the ipsilateral ophthalmic and maxillary divisions (V1/V2) or in the contralateral V3. The levels of immunoreactive calcitonin gene-related peptide (iCGRP) in the ipsilateral V3 significantly increased at 1, 4 and 24 h following muscle inflammation. In contrast, no change occurred in iCGRP levels in either the ipsilateral V1/V2 or contralateral V3. When saline was injected into the masseter muscle, the levels of mRNA or iCGRP did not change in the ipsilateral V3 suggesting that the biochemical changes are specific to CFA-induced muscle inflammation. The number of muscle afferent neurons immunoreactive for CGRP was significantly reduced compared with control at 1, 4 and 24 h in the ipsilateral but not in the contralateral trigeminal ganglion following inflammation. This decrease in the ipsilateral ganglion may indicate a loss of intrasomatic CGRP as a result of increased axonal transport away from the neuronal cell body and/or release of CGRP. Behavioral testing showed a reduction in head withdrawal thresholds bilaterally from 30 min through 24 h following muscle inflammation. Thus upregulation of CGRP mRNA and iCGRP levels are temporally related to the development of inflammation and lowered pain thresholds. The present data support the hypothesis that CGRP is upregulated during deep tissue inflammation and suggest that gene transcription is involved in this upregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Ambalavanar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, 666 West Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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23
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Xu P, Hall AK. The role of activin in neuropeptide induction and pain sensation. Dev Biol 2006; 299:303-9. [PMID: 16973148 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2006.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2006] [Revised: 08/05/2006] [Accepted: 08/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Signals from target tissues play critical roles in the functional differentiation of neuronal cells, and in their subsequent adaptations to peripheral changes in the adult. Sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) provide an excellent model system for the study of signals that regulate the development of neuronal diversity. DRG have been well characterized and contain both neurons that convey information from muscles about limb position, as well as other neurons that provide sensations from skin about pain information. Sensory neurons involved in pain sensation can be distinguished physiologically and antigenically, and one hallmark characteristic is that these neurons contain neuropeptides important for their functions. The transforming growth factor (TGF) beta family member activin A has recently been implicated in neural development and response to injury. During sensory neuron development, peripheral target tissues containing activin or activin itself can regulate pain neuropeptide expression. Long after development has ceased, skin target tissues retain the capacity to signal neurons about changes or injury, to functionally refine synapses. This review focuses on the role of activin as a target-derived differentiative factor in neural development that has additional roles in response to cutaneous injuries in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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24
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Ambalavanar R, Moritani M, Moutanni A, Gangula P, Yallampalli C, Dessem D. Deep tissue inflammation upregulates neuropeptides and evokes nociceptive behaviors which are modulated by a neuropeptide antagonist. Pain 2005; 120:53-68. [PMID: 16359792 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2005.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2005] [Revised: 09/30/2005] [Accepted: 10/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Promising recent developments in the therapeutic value of neuropeptide antagonists have generated renewed importance in understanding the functional role of neuropeptides in nociception and inflammation. To explore this relationship we examined behavioral changes and primary afferent neuronal plasticity following deep tissue inflammation. One hour following craniofacial muscle inflammation ipsilateral as well as contralateral head withdrawal thresholds and ipsi- and contralateral hindpaw withdrawal thresholds were lowered and remained reduced for 28 days. Elevated levels of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) within the trigeminal ganglion temporally correlated with this mechanical allodynia. Inflammation also induced an increase in the number of CGRP and substance P (SP)-immunopositive trigeminal ganglion neurons innervating inflamed muscle but did not evoke a shift in the size distribution of peptidergic muscle afferent neurons. Trigeminal proprioceptive muscle afferent neurons situated within the brainstem in the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus did not express CGRP or SP prior to or following inflammation. Intravenous administration of CGRP receptor antagonist (8-37) two minutes prior to adjuvant injection blocked plasma extravasation and abolished both head and hindlimb mechanical allodynia. Local injection of CGRP antagonist directly into the masseter muscle prior to CFA produced similar, but less pronounced, effects. These findings indicate that unilateral craniofacial muscle inflammation produces mechanical allodynia at distant sites and upregulates CGRP and SP in primary afferent neurons innervating deep tissues. These data further implicate CGRP and SP in deep tissue nociceptive mechanisms and suggest that peptide antagonists may have therapeutic potential for musculoskeletal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjinidevi Ambalavanar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, 666 West Baltimore Street, MD 21201, USA Department of Oral Anatomy and Neurobiology, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Texas, Galveston, TX 77555, USA Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
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25
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Xu P, Van Slambrouck C, Berti-Mattera L, Hall AK. Activin induces tactile allodynia and increases calcitonin gene-related peptide after peripheral inflammation. J Neurosci 2005; 25:9227-35. [PMID: 16207882 PMCID: PMC6725762 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3051-05.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a sensory neuropeptide important in inflammatory pain that conveys pain information centrally and dilates blood vessels peripherally. Previous studies indicate that activin A increases CGRP-immunoreactive (IR) sensory neurons in vitro, and following wound, activin A protein increases in the skin and more neurons have detectable CGRP expression in the innervating dorsal root ganglion (DRG). These data suggest some adult sensory neurons respond to activin A or other target-derived factors with increased neuropeptide expression. This study was undertaken to test whether activin contributes to inflammatory pain and increased CGRP and to learn which neurons retained plasticity. After adjuvant-induced inflammation, activin mRNA, but not NGF or glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor, increased in the skin. To examine which DRG neurons increased CGRP immunoreactivity, retrograde tracer-labeled cutaneous neurons were characterized after inflammation. The proportion and size of tracer-labeled DRG neurons with detectable CGRP increased after inflammation. One-third of CGRP-IR neurons that appear after inflammation also had isolectin B4 binding, suggesting that some mechanoreceptors became CGRP-IR. In contrast, the increased proportion of CGRP-IR neurons did not appear to come from RT97-IR neurons. To learn whether central projections were altered after inflammation, CGRP immunoreactivity in the protein kinase Cgamma-IR lamina IIi was quantified and found to increase. Injection of activin A protein alone caused robust tactile allodynia and increased CGRP in the DRG. Together, these data support the hypothesis that inflammation and skin changes involving activin A cause some sensory neurons to increase CGRP expression and pain responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
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Beland B, Fitzgerald M. Influence of peripheral inflammation on the postnatal maturation of primary sensory neuron phenotype in rats. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2003; 2:36-45. [PMID: 14622784 DOI: 10.1054/jpai.2001.17697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The influence of early peripheral inflammation upon the postnatal development of rat primary sensory neuron subtypes was investigated. Lumbar dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were immunostained for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), neurofilament (NF200), and isolectin B4 (IB4) binding. Proportions of each subpopulation were measured at postnatal day (P) 0, P3, P7, and P21 in normal pups and in those that had received a unilateral hindpaw carrageenan injection at P1. The effects were compared with those following a similar injury in adults. Both the IB4 (positive [+ve]) and NF200+ve cell populations increased postnatally (IB4+ve: 23 +/- 1.6% to 32.6 +/- 1.3%; NF200+ve: 33.8 +/- 1.2% to 43.3 +/- 1.9%), whereas the population of CGRP+ve cells stayed the same. After neonatal inflammation, the rise in IB4+ve binding occurred earlier but was the same as that in controls by P21. The CGRP+ve population increased at 2 and 6 days after carrageenan in neonates, because of an increase in both small CGRP/IB4 and larger CGRP/NF200 double-labeled cells, but was normal by 3 weeks. Carrageenan in adults caused an increase in CGRP/IB4 cells only. The effects of peripheral inflammation differ in neonatal and adult DRG. Neonatal inflammation causes CGRP upregulation in both small and large cells and accelerates the postnatal increase in IB4 binding. These effects might influence subsequent central development.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Beland
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, England, United Kingdom
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Befort K, Karchewski L, Lanoue C, Woolf CJ. Selective up-regulation of the growth arrest DNA damage-inducible gene Gadd45 alpha in sensory and motor neurons after peripheral nerve injury. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 18:911-22. [PMID: 12925017 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible gene 45 alpha (Gadd45a) was one of 240 genes found previously by high density oligonucleotide microarray analysis to be regulated in the rat L4 and L5 dorsal root ganglia 3 days after transection of the sciatic nerve (>four-fold up-regulation). The Gadd45a mRNA expression profile investigated by northern blot, RNase protection assay and in situ hybridization in the rat shows negligible constitutive mRNA levels in embryonic, neonatal or adult intact dorsal root ganglia. Within 24 h of a sciatic nerve injury, a very large induction is found that persists for as long as regeneration of injured fibres is prevented by peripheral nerve ligation. When axons are allowed to regrow following sciatic nerve crush injury, Gadd45a expression is terminated at later time points, when levels of other markers of injury return towards normal. Colocalization with activating transcription factor 3-LI and c-jun mRNA implies that all peripherally injured primary sensory and motor neurons express Gadd45a mRNA. Injury to the central axons of dorsal root ganglion neurons produces only a minimal induction of Gadd45a while peripheral inflammation is without effect. Gadd45a is a specific marker of the presence of peripheral axonal injury in adult primary sensory and motor neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Befort
- Neural Plasticity Research Group, Department of Anaesthesia and Critical Care, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA.
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Pan Y, Wheeler EF, Bernanke JM, Yang H, Naftel JP. A model experimental system for monitoring changes in sensory neuron phenotype evoked by tooth injury. J Neurosci Methods 2003; 126:99-109. [PMID: 12788506 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0270(03)00071-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The dental pulp is a favorable model for studies of interactions between nociceptive sensory neurons and their peripheral target tissues. In the present study, we retrogradely labeled pulpal afferent neurons with an improved method that permits monitoring of changes in neuronal phenotype in response to controlled tooth injuries. The capacity of retrograde neuronal tracers to diffuse through dentinal tubules was exploited, thereby avoiding the severe injury to the pulp associated with previous tracer application methods. The strategy was to apply the durable fluorescent tracer, Fluoro-gold (FG), to exposed dentin in the floor of shallow cavities in molars, in order to pre-label pulpal neurons in trigeminal ganglia of young adult Sprague-Dawley rats. A high percentage of pupal afferent neurons were retrogradely labeled by application of FG to exposed dentin and the FG fluorescent signal persisted in most labeled neurons for at least 8 weeks. Following tracer application to dentin, the pulp tissue appeared normal histologically, with the exception that a layer of reactive dentin was deposited at the pulp-dentin border beneath the shallow cavities. Assessment of expression of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) indicated that pulpal neurons remained in a quiescent, baseline condition cytochemically following application of tracer to cavities in dentin and upregulation of these markers could be detected in neurons that projected to teeth that received a test injury subsequent to tracer application. Thus, labeling of trigeminal neurons via dentinal tubules provides the basis for a useful model for precisely assessing properties of pulpal afferents in both quiescent and activated states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Pan
- Department of Anatomy, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 29216, USA
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29
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Ma QP, Tian L. Cholera toxin B subunit labeling in lamina II of spinal cord dorsal horn following chronic inflammation in rats. Neurosci Lett 2002; 327:161-4. [PMID: 12113902 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(02)00416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated the effect of inflammation on the labeling pattern of cholera toxin B subunit (CTB)-conjugated horseradish peroxidase, an A-fiber marker, by an intra-sciatic nerve injection of the tracer. Following chronic inflammation in one hind paw in rats, there was substantial CTB labeling in lamina II of the spinal dorsal horn, which is normally absent. However, there was no change in the labeling pattern of wheat germ agglutinin or fluoride resistant acid phosphatase/thiamine monophosphatase, two C-fiber markers. The CTB labeling in lamina II after peripheral nerve injury has been interpreted as central sprouting of A-fibers or uptake of the tracer by injured C-fibers. Our results suggest that chronic inflammation and nerve injury may share some common mechanisms in generating allodynia and hyperalgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Ping Ma
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT, London, UK.
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Edoff K, Jerregård H. Effects of IL-1beta, IL-6 or LIF on rat sensory neurons co-cultured with fibroblast-like cells. J Neurosci Res 2002; 67:255-63. [PMID: 11782969 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.10092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation may affect the local presence of sensory nerve fibers in situ and inflammatory mediators influence sensory neurons in vitro. In the present study we have investigated effects of the cytokines interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta, interleukin-6 (IL-6), and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) on survival of and neurite growth from neonatal rat sensory neurons co-cultured with fibroblast-like cells prepared from neonatal rat skin (sFLCs) or perichondrium (pFLCs). The results showed that both FLC types expressed receptors for all three cytokines. Five ng/ml of either cytokine, but not lower or higher concentrations, supported survival of DRG neurons co-cultured with sFLCs. Neuronal survival was also enhanced by addition of the soluble IL-6 receptor (rsIL-6R) with or without IL-6. In co-cultures with pFLCs neuronal survival was promoted by IL-6, increasing with cytokine concentration. Addition of rsIL-6R without IL-6 did also stimulate neuronal survival. The growth of neurites from DRG neurons co-cultured with sFLCs was stimulated by 0.5 ng/ml LIF, unaffected by 5 ng/ml LIF and inhibited by 50 ng/ml LIF. Considering DRG neurons co-cultured with pFLCs, 50 ng/ml of either of the three cytokines, as well as rsIL-6R conditioned medium, stimulated neurite outgrowth. Some of the cytokine effects observed were reduced by application of antibodies against nerve growth factor (NGF). We conclude that that the cytokines examined affect DRG neurons in terms of survival or neuritogenesis, that the effects are influenced by cytokine concentration and the origin of the FLCs and that some of the effects are indirect, probably being mediated by factors released from FLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Edoff
- Division of Cell Biology, Department of Biomedicine and Surgery, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Linköping, Linköping, Sweden.
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31
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Chronic hypersensitivity for inflammatory nociceptor sensitization mediated by the epsilon isozyme of protein kinase C. J Neurosci 2000. [PMID: 10844037 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.20-12-04680.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We have identified a mechanism, mediated by the epsilon isozyme of protein kinase C (PKCepsilon) in peripheral neurons, which may have a role in chronic inflammatory pain. Acute inflammation, produced by carrageenan injection in the rat hindpaw, produced mechanical hyperalgesia that resolved by 72 hr. However, for up to 3 weeks after carrageenan, injection of the inflammatory mediators prostaglandin E(2) or 5-hydroxytryptamine or of an adenosine A(2) agonist into the same site induced a markedly prolonged hyperalgesia (>24 hr compared with 5 hr or less in control rats not pretreated with carrageenan). A nonselective inhibitor of several PKC isozymes and a selective PKCepsilon inhibitor antagonized this prolonged hyperalgesic response equally. Acute carrageenan hyperalgesia could be inhibited by PKA or PKG antagonists. However, these antagonists did not inhibit development of the hypersensitivity to inflammatory mediators. Our findings indicate that different second messenger pathways underlie acute and prolonged inflammatory pain.
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32
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Walker JS, Scott C, Bush KA, Kirkham BW. Effects of the peripherally selective kappa-opioid asimadoline, on substance P and CGRP mRNA expression in chronic arthritis of the rat. Neuropeptides 2000; 34:193-202. [PMID: 11021980 DOI: 10.1054/npep.2000.0813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that the kappa-opioid agonist, asimadoline, produces time-dependent changes in neuropeptide concentrations in the joints of rats with chronic arthritis. We hypothesized that asimadoline acts on peripheral terminals to modulate substance P (SP) release. To address this hypothesis, here we have examined neuropeptide expression in their source cells in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) that innervate the joint, as well as in non-neuronal tissue, after treatment with asimadoline. We found an increased production of SP and CGRP in untreated chronic arthritic animals which supports our previous finding of increased SP content in the joint. More importantly, the kappa-opioid asimadoline reduced the expression of both SP and calcitonin gene-related peptide-alpha (alpha-CGRP) in DRG cells but had no effect on the very low expression of neuropeptides in non-neuronal tissue. The fact that SP synthesis is attenuated by asimadoline accords with our hypothesis that the increased tissue levels of SP result from kappa-mediated pre-synaptic inhibition of release leading to augmented tissue stores. These in vivo data confirm literature findings that opioids inhibit SP release from peripheral endings of primary afferent fibres.
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MESH Headings
- Acetamides/pharmacology
- Acetamides/therapeutic use
- Analgesics, Opioid/pharmacology
- Analgesics, Opioid/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Arthritis, Experimental/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Experimental/genetics
- Arthritis, Experimental/physiopathology
- Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/genetics
- Ganglia, Spinal/physiopathology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Hindlimb
- Joints/innervation
- Lymph Nodes/physiopathology
- Male
- Pyrrolidines/pharmacology
- Pyrrolidines/therapeutic use
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred Strains
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/drug effects
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/physiology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spinal Cord/physiopathology
- Substance P/genetics
- Synovial Membrane/physiopathology
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Walker
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW, Australia.
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33
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Byers MR, Närhi MV. Dental injury models: experimental tools for understanding neuroinflammatory interactions and polymodal nociceptor functions. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 2000; 10:4-39. [PMID: 10759425 DOI: 10.1177/10454411990100010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent research has shown that peripheral mechanisms of pain are much more complex than previously thought, and they differ for acutely injured normal tissues compared with chronic inflammation or neuropathic (nerve injury) pain. The purpose of the present review is to describe uses of dental injury models as experimental tools for understanding the normal functions of polymodal nociceptive nerves in healthy tissues, their neuroinflammatory interactions, and their roles in healing. A brief review of normal dental innervation and its interactions with healthy pulp tissue will be presented first, as a framework for understanding the changes that occur after injury. Then, the different types of dental injury that allow gradation of the extent of tissue damage will be described, along with the degree and duration of inflammation, the types of reactions in the trigeminal ganglion and brainstem, and the type of healing. The dental injury models have some unique features compared with neuroinflammation paradigms that affect other peripheral tissues such as skin, viscera, and joints. Peripheral inflammation models can all be contrasted to nerve injury studies that produce a different kind of neuroplasticity and neuropathic pain. Each of these models provides different insights about the normal and pathologic functions of peripheral nerve fibers and their effects on tissue homeostasis, inflammation, and wound healing. The physical confinement of dental pulp and its innervation within the tooth, the high incidence of polymodal A-delta and C-fibers in pulp and dentin, and the somatotopic organization of the trigeminal ganglion provide some special advantages for experimental design when dental injury models are used for the study of neuroinflammatory interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Byers
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-6540, USA
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34
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Hutchins B, Spears R, Hinton RJ, Harper RP. Calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P immunoreactivity in rat trigeminal ganglia and brainstem following adjuvant-induced inflammation of the temporomandibular joint. Arch Oral Biol 2000; 45:335-45. [PMID: 10708673 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(99)00129-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The immunoreactivity of two inflammatory mediators, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and substance P, was measured in the trigeminal ganglia and brainstem to characterize an adjuvant-induced inflammation within the rat temporomandibular joint at various acute (6, 24 and 48 h) and intermediate (10 day) time intervals. Concentrations of adjuvant-related neuropeptides were compared to those in both contralateral vehicle-related tissues and non-injected controls. By 6 h, CGRP immunoreactivity in the trigeminal ganglia was significantly above that in contralateral vehicle-injected tissue. The CGRP had decreased at each of the following time-points, but remained significantly elevated at 10 days. Substance P in the ganglion on the injected side was significantly increased for all four time periods. In brainstem subnucleus caudalis, CGRP was significantly increased for all four time periods. Substance P immunoreactivity in the subnucleus caudalis was significantly increased for the initial three time periods, but by day 10 had been reduced to that of the control. These data show that the pattern of changes in neuropeptides following the induction of inflammation is different between substance P and CGRP. Moreover, the pattern of change varies between the brainstem and the trigeminal ganglion. This suggests that the two neuropeptides may have different roles in the inflammatory process, and that this process may be modulated by different mechanisms at the brainstem and ganglion.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hutchins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Baylor College of Dentistry, 3302 Gaston Avenue, Dallas, TX 75246, USA.
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35
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Vizzard MA. Changes in urinary bladder neurotrophic factor mRNA and NGF protein following urinary bladder dysfunction. Exp Neurol 2000; 161:273-84. [PMID: 10683293 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.1999.7254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury and cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis dramatically alter lower urinary tract function and produce neurochemical, electrophysiological, and anatomical changes that may contribute to reorganization of the micturition reflex. Mechanisms underlying this neural plasticity may involve alterations in neurotrophic factors in the urinary bladder. These studies have determined neurotrophic factors in the urinary bladder that may contribute to reorganization of the micturition reflex following cystitis or spinal cord injury. A ribonuclease protection assay was used to measure changes in urinary bladder neurotrophic factor mRNA (betaNGF, BDNF, GDNF, CNTF, NT-3, and NT-4) following spinal cord injury (acute/chronic) or cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis (acute/chronic). The correlation between urinary bladder nerve growth factor mRNA and nerve growth factor protein expression was also determined. Each experimental paradigm resulted in significant (P </= 0.05-0.005) changes in urinary bladder neurotrophic factor mRNA, although the magnitude of the changes differed between paradigms. Urinary bladders from rats with acute spinal cord injury (4 days) exhibited the largest increase in neurotrophic factor mRNA levels (betaNGF, 21-fold increase; BDNF, 78-fold increase; GDNF, 11-fold increase; CNTF, 5.5-fold increase; NT-3, 10-fold increase; NT-4, 25-fold increase) relative to control urinary bladders. More modest but significant increases were demonstrated for urinary bladders from rats with chronic (4-6 weeks) spinal cord injury. Significant increases in urinary bladder neurotrophic factor mRNA levels of comparable magnitude were demonstrated following either acute or chronic cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis. Increased abundance of urinary bladder nerve growth factor mRNA was not always associated with increased total urinary bladder nerve growth factor. Total urinary bladder nerve growth factor decreased following acute or chronic cystitis despite increased abundance of nerve growth factor mRNA. Urinary bladder nerve growth factor mRNA correlates with protein measures 5-6 weeks following spinal cord injury but not earlier. The 5- to 6-week time point coincided with the reemergence of the spinal bladder-to-bladder reflex mechanisms following spinal cord injury. Discrepancies between two measures (mRNA and protein) may reflect retrograde axonal transport of nerve growth factor to the dorsal root ganglia (L6-S1). Retrogradely transported NGF may play a role in altered lower urinary tract function following spinal cord injury or cyclophosphamide-induced cystitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Vizzard
- Department of Neurology, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, 05405, USA
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36
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Nohr D, Schäfer MK, Persson S, Romeo H, Nyberg F, Post C, Ekström G, Weihe E. Calcitonin gene-related peptide gene expression in collagen-induced arthritis is differentially regulated in primary afferents and motoneurons: influence of glucocorticoids. Neuroscience 1999; 93:759-73. [PMID: 10465459 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(99)00180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Calcitonin gene-related peptide is involved in peripheral and spinal mechanisms of inflammatory pain. In this paper, we used collagen II-induced arthritis in the rat as a model to investigate the influence of chronic arthritic pain on calcitonin gene-related peptide gene expression in sensory and motor pathways. Additionally, we examined the effect of the glucocorticoid drug budesonide on arthritis-induced changes of calcitonin gene-related peptide expression and constitutive calcitonin gene-related peptide expression. Thirteen days after the immunization with native rat collagen type II rats developed a progressive and chronic polyarthritis which was scored with respect to the degree of swelling and/or redness of the paw and ankle joints. Budesonide significantly attenuated the extent of arthritis. Changes in calcitonin gene-related peptide expression were evaluated by semiquantitative in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry on day 21 post-immunization. In sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglia of arthritic rats, a significant increase in calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA and protein levels was seen. These increases were completely blocked by budesonide. Also in dorsal root ganglia of non-arthritic rats, budesonide had an effect, with reduced calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA levels below constitutive concentrations. Image analysis of calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactivity revealed that changes in calcitonin gene-related peptide expression were due to alterations in calcitonin gene-related peptide expression levels rather than to de novo synthesis or changes in the numbers of calcitonin gene-related peptide expressing neurons. In spinal motoneurons of arthritic rats, marked decreases in calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA and protein levels were measured. These reductions were attenuated by budesonide. The changes in calcitonin gene-related peptide expression in motoneurons correlated with the severity of arthritis in the ipsilateral hind paw. Budesonide had no effects on calcitonin gene-related peptide messenger RNA levels in motoneurons of non-arthritic rats. The opposite regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide gene expression in primary sensory and spinal somatomotor pathways in collagen-induced arthritis suggests that calcitonin gene-related peptide plays a specific role in both chronic inflammatory pain and arthritis-induced motor dysfunction. The sensitivity of constitutive and inflammation-induced sensory calcitonin gene-related peptide expression to budesonide treatment may indicate that the beneficial effects of steroid treatment in inflammation is partly mediated by down-regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide in sensory neurons involved in neurogenic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Nohr
- Department of Neuroanatomy, University of Düsseldorf, Germany
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37
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Mulder H, Zhang Y, Danielsen N, Sundler F. Islet amyloid polypeptide and calcitonin gene-related peptide expression are upregulated in lumbar dorsal root ganglia after unilateral adjuvant-induced inflammation in the rat paw. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1997; 50:127-35. [PMID: 9406927 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-328x(97)00178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
After unilateral adjuvant-induced inflammation, expression of neuropeptides believed to be involved in the inflammatory response, e.g. substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), is upregulated in innervating sensory neurons. Islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) is structurally related to CGRP and constitutively expressed in sensory CGRP-containing neurons; the role of IAPP in sensory neurons is unknown. To examine whether IAPP could play a role in inflammation, IAPP expression in L5 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and its distribution in the dorsal horn were investigated after unilateral adjuvant-induced inflammation in the rat paw and compared with CGRP, using in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry. At 12 h and day 3, but not day 21, the percentage of nerve cell profiles expressing IAPP and CGRP mRNA was greater in the ipsilateral L5 DRG; these changes paralleled the occurrence of edema around the tarsotibial joint and a slight limp. IAPP expression in individual nerve cell profiles was higher in the ipsilateral L5 DRG at 12 h, but not at days 3 and 21; the corresponding CGRP mRNA level was higher at days 3 and 21. At day 3, the higher expression of IAPP and CGRP on the ipsilateral side was accompanied by increased numbers of immunoreactive DRG neurons and fibers in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Largely, expression of IAPP and CGRP seems to be co-ordinately regulated by localized inflammation, although the rapid, but transient, upregulation in DRG neurons of IAPP mRNA expression and the slower, but sustained, upregulation of CGRP mRNA expression may indicate dissociated regulation of the peptides. Thus, IAPP could play a role in the initial phase of localized inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mulder
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, University of Lund, Lund University Hospital, Sweden.
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38
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Hanesch U, Heppelmann B, Schmidt RF. Quantification of cat's articular afferents containing calcitonin gene-related peptide or substance P innervating normal and acutely inflamed knee joints. Neurosci Lett 1997; 233:105-8. [PMID: 9350843 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(97)00645-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In cats with an acute (32 h) unilateral knee joint inflammation the proportion of calcitonin gene-related peptide-(CGRP) and substance P-(SP) immunoreactive articular afferents, retrogradely labelled by Fast Blue (FB), were determined using immunohistochemistry. The proportion of neurons containing CGRP was significantly higher on the inflamed side (52%) than on the contralateral side (39%) and in controls (42%). However, the proportion of SP-immunoreactive articular perikarya on the inflamed side (26%) did not differ from the contralateral side (24%) and the control cats (22%). These data indicate that acute inflammation induces the synthesis of CGRP but not of SP in joint afferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Hanesch
- Physiologisches Institut der Universität Würzburg, Germany.
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39
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Abstract
Oral tissues including the periodontal ligament, gingiva, and tooth pulp have a relatively dense sensory innervation and a rich vascular supply. Teeth and supporting tissues are susceptible to tissue injury and inflammation, partly due to lack of collateral blood and nerve supply and to their low compliance. This review focuses on dental nerve functions and adaptive changes in the trigeminal ganglion and tooth pulp after peripheral injuries. An overview of the peptidergic innervation of oral tissues is presented, followed by a discussion of plasticity in neuropeptide expression in trigeminal peripheral neurons after local insults to teeth and peripheral nerve injuries. The functional implications of these adaptive changes are considered, with special reference to nerve regeneration, inflammation, and hemodynamic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Fristad
- Department of Odontology-Endodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Bergen, Norway
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40
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Vizzard MA, Erdman SL, de Groat WC. Increased expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase in bladder afferent pathways following chronic bladder irritation. J Comp Neurol 1996; 370:191-202. [PMID: 8808730 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9861(19960624)370:2<191::aid-cne5>3.0.co;2-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Immunocytochemical techniques were used to examine alterations in the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in bladder pathways following acute and chronic irritation of the urinary tract of the rat. Chemical cystitis was induced by cyclophosphamide (CYP) which is metabolized to acrolein, an irritant eliminated in the urine. Injection of CYP (n = 10, 75 mg/kg, i.p.) 2 hours prior to perfusion (acute treatment) of the animals increased Fos-immunoreactivity (IR) in neurons in the dorsal commissure, dorsal horn, and autonomic regions of spinal segments (L1-L2 and L6-S1) which receive afferent inputs from the bladder, urethra, and ureter. Fos-IR in the spinal cord was not changed in rats receiving chronic CYP treatment (n = 15, 75 mg/kg, i.p., every 3rd day for 2 weeks). In control animals and in animals treated acutely with CYP, only small numbers of NOS-IR cells (0.5-0.7 cell profiles/sections) were detected in the L6-S1 dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Chronic CYP administration significantly (P < or = .002) increased bladder weight by 60% and increased (7- to 11-fold) the numbers of NOS-immunoreactive (IR) afferent neurons in the L6-S1 DRG. A small increase (1.5-fold) also occurred in the L1 DRG, but no change was detected in the L2 and L5 DRG. Bladder afferent cells in the L6-S1 DRG labeled by Fluorogold (40 microliters) injected into the bladder wall did not exhibit NOS-IR in control animals; however, following chronic CYP administration, a significant percentage of bladder afferent neurons were NOS-IR: L6 (19.8 +/- 4.6%) and S1 (25.3 +/- 2.9%). These results indicate that neuronal gene expression in visceral sensory pathways can be upregulated by chemical irritation of afferent receptors in the urinary tract and/or that pathological changes in the urinary tract can initiate chemical signals that alter the chemical properties of visceral afferent neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Vizzard
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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