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Ryan CW, Regan SL, Mills EF, McGrath BT, Gong E, Lai YT, Sheingold JB, Patel K, Horowitz T, Moccia A, Tsan YC, Srivastava A, Bielas SL. RING1 missense variants reveal sensitivity of DNA damage repair to H2A monoubiquitination dosage during neurogenesis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:7931. [PMID: 39256363 PMCID: PMC11387726 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-52292-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2024] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) modifies chromatin through catalysis of histone H2A lysine 119 monoubiquitination (H2AK119ub1). RING1 and RNF2 interchangeably serve as the catalytic subunit within PRC1. Pathogenic missense variants in PRC1 core components reveal functions of these proteins that are obscured in knockout models. While Ring1a knockout models remain healthy, the microcephaly and neuropsychiatric phenotypes associated with a pathogenic RING1 missense variant implicate unappreciated functions. Using an in vitro model of neurodevelopment, we observe that RING1 contributes to the broad placement of H2AK119ub1, and that its targets overlap with those of RNF2. PRC1 complexes harboring hypomorphic RING1 bind target loci but do not catalyze H2AK119ub1, reducing H2AK119ub1 by preventing catalytically active complexes from accessing the locus. This results in delayed DNA damage repair and cell cycle progression in neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Conversely, reduced H2AK119ub1 due to hypomorphic RING1 does not generate differential expression that impacts NPC differentiation. In contrast, hypomorphic RNF2 generates a greater reduction in H2AK119ub1 that results in both delayed DNA repair and widespread transcriptional changes. These findings suggest that the DNA damage response is more sensitive to H2AK119ub1 dosage change than is regulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Ryan
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Medical Science Training Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - S L Regan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - E F Mills
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - B T McGrath
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - E Gong
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Y T Lai
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - J B Sheingold
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - K Patel
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - T Horowitz
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A Moccia
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Y C Tsan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - A Srivastava
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Department of Medical Genetics, Lucknow, India
| | - S L Bielas
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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2
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Werren EA, Peirent ER, Jantti H, Guxholli A, Srivastava KR, Orenstein N, Narayanan V, Wiszniewski W, Dawidziuk M, Gawlinski P, Umair M, Khan A, Khan SN, Geneviève D, Lehalle D, van Gassen KLI, Giltay JC, Oegema R, van Jaarsveld RH, Rafiullah R, Rappold GA, Rabin R, Pappas JG, Wheeler MM, Bamshad MJ, Tsan YC, Johnson MB, Keegan CE, Srivastava A, Bielas SL. Biallelic variants in CSMD1 are implicated in a neurodevelopmental disorder with intellectual disability and variable cortical malformations. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:379. [PMID: 38816421 PMCID: PMC11140003 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06768-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
CSMD1 (Cub and Sushi Multiple Domains 1) is a well-recognized regulator of the complement cascade, an important component of the innate immune response. CSMD1 is highly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) where emergent functions of the complement pathway modulate neural development and synaptic activity. While a genetic risk factor for neuropsychiatric disorders, the role of CSMD1 in neurodevelopmental disorders is unclear. Through international variant sharing, we identified inherited biallelic CSMD1 variants in eight individuals from six families of diverse ancestry who present with global developmental delay, intellectual disability, microcephaly, and polymicrogyria. We modeled CSMD1 loss-of-function (LOF) pathogenesis in early-stage forebrain organoids differentiated from CSMD1 knockout human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We show that CSMD1 is necessary for neuroepithelial cytoarchitecture and synchronous differentiation. In summary, we identified a critical role for CSMD1 in brain development and biallelic CSMD1 variants as the molecular basis of a previously undefined neurodevelopmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Werren
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Advanced Precision Medicine Laboratory, The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CTt, 06032, USA
| | - Emily R Peirent
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Henna Jantti
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Alba Guxholli
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Kinshuk Raj Srivastava
- Medicinal and Process Chemistry Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, 226031, India
| | - Naama Orenstein
- Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, 4920235, Israel
| | - Vinodh Narayanan
- Center for Rare Childhood Disorders, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA
| | - Wojciech Wiszniewski
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Mateusz Dawidziuk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, 01-211, Poland
| | - Pawel Gawlinski
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Mother and Child, Warsaw, 01-211, Poland
| | - Muhammad Umair
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh, 11481, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Science, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Punjab, 54770, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Khan
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Department of Zoology, University of Lakki Marwat, Lakki Marwat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, 28420, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Niaz Khan
- Department of Zoology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan
| | - David Geneviève
- Montpellier University, Inserm Unit U1183, Reference Center for Rare Diseases and Developmental Anomalies, CHU, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Daphné Lehalle
- Sorbonne University, Department of Medical Genetics, Hospital Armand Trousseau, 75012, Paris, France
| | - K L I van Gassen
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 EA, The Netherlands
| | - Jacques C Giltay
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 EA, The Netherlands
| | - Renske Oegema
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 EA, The Netherlands
| | - Richard H van Jaarsveld
- Department of Genetics, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 EA, The Netherlands
| | - Rafiullah Rafiullah
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Life Sciences, BUITEMS, Quetta, 87300, Pakistan
| | - Gudrun A Rappold
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Ruprecht-Karls-University, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany
| | - Rachel Rabin
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - John G Pappas
- Department of Pediatrics, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Marsha M Wheeler
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Michael J Bamshad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Brotman Baty Institute, Washington, 98195, USA
| | - Yao-Chang Tsan
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Matthew B Johnson
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Catherine E Keegan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Anshika Srivastava
- Department of Medical Genetics, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, 226014, India.
| | - Stephanie L Bielas
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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3
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Maharjan S, Ma C, Singh B, Kang H, Orive G, Yao J, Shrike Zhang Y. Advanced 3D imaging and organoid bioprinting for biomedical research and therapeutic applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 208:115237. [PMID: 38447931 PMCID: PMC11031334 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Organoid cultures offer a valuable platform for studying organ-level biology, allowing for a closer mimicry of human physiology compared to traditional two-dimensional cell culture systems or non-primate animal models. While many organoid cultures use cell aggregates or decellularized extracellular matrices as scaffolds, they often lack precise biochemical and biophysical microenvironments. In contrast, three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting allows precise placement of organoids or spheroids, providing enhanced spatial control and facilitating the direct fusion for the formation of large-scale functional tissues in vitro. In addition, 3D bioprinting enables fine tuning of biochemical and biophysical cues to support organoid development and maturation. With advances in the organoid technology and its potential applications across diverse research fields such as cell biology, developmental biology, disease pathology, precision medicine, drug toxicology, and tissue engineering, organoid imaging has become a crucial aspect of physiological and pathological studies. This review highlights the recent advancements in imaging technologies that have significantly contributed to organoid research. Additionally, we discuss various bioprinting techniques, emphasizing their applications in organoid bioprinting. Integrating 3D imaging tools into a bioprinting platform allows real-time visualization while facilitating quality control, optimization, and comprehensive bioprinting assessment. Similarly, combining imaging technologies with organoid bioprinting can provide valuable insights into tissue formation, maturation, functions, and therapeutic responses. This approach not only improves the reproducibility of physiologically relevant tissues but also enhances understanding of complex biological processes. Thus, careful selection of bioprinting modalities, coupled with appropriate imaging techniques, holds the potential to create a versatile platform capable of addressing existing challenges and harnessing opportunities in these rapidly evolving fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushila Maharjan
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Chenshuo Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Bibhor Singh
- Winthrop L. Chenery Upper Elementary School, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Heemin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea; College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel Research Group, School of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Bioaraba, NanoBioCel Research Group, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN). Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, 01007, Spain; Singapore Eye Research Institute, The Academia, 20 College Road, Discovery Tower, Singapore 169856, Singapore
| | - Junjie Yao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
| | - Yu Shrike Zhang
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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5
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Hoang P, Ma Z. Biomaterial-guided stem cell organoid engineering for modeling development and diseases. Acta Biomater 2021; 132:23-36. [PMID: 33486104 PMCID: PMC8629488 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Organoids are miniature models of organs to recapitulate spatiotemporal cellular organization and tissue functionality. The production of organoids has revolutionized the field of developmental biology, providing the possibility to study and guide human development and diseases in a dish. More recently, novel biomaterial-based culture systems demonstrated the feasibility and versatility to engineer and produce the organoids in a consistent and reproducible manner. By engineering proper tissue microenvironment, functional organoids have been able to exhibit spatial-distinct tissue patterning and morphogenesis. This review focuses on enabling technologies in the field of organoid engineering, including the control of biochemical and biophysical cues via hydrogels, as well as size and geometry control via microwell and microfabrication techniques. In addition, this review discusses the enhancement of organoid systems for therapeutic applications using biofabrication and organoid-on-chip platforms, which facilitate the assembly of complex organoid systems for in vitro modeling of development and diseases. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Stem cell organoids have revolutionized the fields of developmental biology and tissue engineering, providing the opportunity to study human organ development and disease progression in vitro. Various works have demonstrated that organoids can be generated using a wide variety of engineering tools, materials, and systems. Specific culture microenvironment is tailored to support the formation, function, and physiology of the organ of interest. This review highlights the importance of cellular microenvironment in organoid culture, the versatility of organoid engineering techniques, and future perspectives to build better organoid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Plansky Hoang
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, NY, United States; BioInspired Syracuse Institute for Material and Living Systems, NY, United States
| | - Zhen Ma
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering, Syracuse University, NY, United States; BioInspired Syracuse Institute for Material and Living Systems, NY, United States.
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6
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Chen C, Rengarajan V, Kjar A, Huang Y. A matrigel-free method to generate matured human cerebral organoids using 3D-Printed microwell arrays. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:1130-1139. [PMID: 33134606 PMCID: PMC7577195 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current methods of generating human cerebral organoids rely excessively on the use of Matrigel or other external extracellular matrices (ECM) for cell micro-environmental modulation. Matrigel embedding is problematic for long-term culture and clinical applications due to high inconsistency and other limitations. In this study, we developed a novel microwell culture platform based on 3D printing. This platform, without using Matrigel or external signaling molecules (i.e., SMAD and Wnt inhibitors), successfully generated matured human cerebral organoids with robust formation of high-level features (i.e., wrinkling/folding, lumens, neuronal layers). The formation and timing were comparable or superior to the current Matrigel methods, yet with improved consistency. The effect of microwell geometries (curvature and resolution) and coating materials (i.e., mPEG, Lipidure, BSA) was studied, showing that mPEG outperformed all other coating materials, while curved-bottom microwells outperformed flat-bottom ones. In addition, high-resolution printing outperformed low-resolution printing by creating faithful, isotropically-shaped microwells. The trend of these effects was consistent across all developmental characteristics, including EB formation efficiency and sphericity, organoid size, wrinkling index, lumen size and thickness, and neuronal layer thickness. Overall, the microwell device that was mPEG-coated, high-resolution printed, and bottom curved demonstrated the highest efficacy in promoting organoid development. This platform provided a promising strategy for generating uniform and mature human cerebral organoids as an alternative to Matrigel/ECM-embedding methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andrew Kjar
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
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7
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Oksdath Mansilla M, Salazar-Hernandez C, Perrin SL, Scheer KG, Cildir G, Toubia J, Sedivakova K, Tea MN, Lenin S, Ponthier E, Yeo ECF, Tergaonkar V, Poonnoose S, Ormsby RJ, Pitson SM, Brown MP, Ebert LM, Gomez GA. 3D-printed microplate inserts for long term high-resolution imaging of live brain organoids. BMC Biomed Eng 2021; 3:6. [PMID: 33789767 PMCID: PMC8015192 DOI: 10.1186/s42490-021-00049-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organoids are a reliable model used in the study of human brain development and under pathological conditions. However, current methods for brain organoid culture generate tissues that range from 0.5 to 2 mm of size, which need to be constantly agitated to allow proper oxygenation. The culture conditions are, therefore, not suitable for whole-brain organoid live imaging, required to study developmental processes and disease progression within physiologically relevant time frames (i.e. days, weeks, months). RESULTS Here we designed 3D-printed microplate inserts adaptable to standard 24 multi-well plates, which allow the growth of multiple organoids in pre-defined and fixed XYZ coordinates. This innovation facilitates high-resolution imaging of whole-cerebral organoids, allowing precise assessment of organoid growth and morphology, as well as cell tracking within the organoids, over long periods. We applied this technology to track neocortex development through neuronal progenitors in brain organoids, as well as the movement of patient-derived glioblastoma stem cells within healthy brain organoids. CONCLUSIONS This new bioengineering platform constitutes a significant advance that permits long term detailed analysis of whole-brain organoids using multimodal inverted fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Oksdath Mansilla
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
| | - Camilo Salazar-Hernandez
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Sally L Perrin
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Kaitlin G Scheer
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Gökhan Cildir
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - John Toubia
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- ACRF Cancer Genomics Facility, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Frome Road, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Kristyna Sedivakova
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Melinda N Tea
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Sakthi Lenin
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Elise Ponthier
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Erica C F Yeo
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Vinay Tergaonkar
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology (IMCB), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A-STAR), Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Santosh Poonnoose
- Department of Neurosurgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
- Flinders Health & Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Ormsby
- Flinders Health & Medical Research Institute, College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, 5042, Australia
| | - Stuart M Pitson
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Michael P Brown
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Lisa M Ebert
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
- Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia
| | - Guillermo A Gomez
- Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, 5000, Australia.
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Rothenbücher TSP, Gürbüz H, Pereira MP, Heiskanen A, Emneus J, Martinez-Serrano A. Next generation human brain models: engineered flat brain organoids featuring gyrification. Biofabrication 2021; 13:011001. [PMID: 33724233 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abc95e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Brain organoids are considered to be a highly promising in vitro model for the study of the human brain and, despite their various shortcomings, have already been used widely in neurobiological studies. Especially for drug screening applications, a highly reproducible protocol with simple tissue culture steps and consistent output, is required. Here we present an engineering approach that addresses several existing shortcomings of brain organoids. By culturing brain organoids with a polycaprolactone scaffold, we were able to modify their shape into a flat morphology. Engineered flat brain organoids (efBOs) possess advantageous diffusion conditions and thus their tissue is better supplied with oxygen and nutrients, preventing the formation of a necrotic tissue core. Moreover, the efBO protocol is highly simplified and allows to customize the organoid size directly from the start. By seeding cells onto 12 by 12 mm scaffolds, the brain organoid size can be significantly increased. In addition, we were able to observe folding reminiscent of gyrification around day 20, which was self-generated by the tissue. To our knowledge, this is the first study that reports intrinsically caused gyrification of neuronal tissue in vitro. We consider our efBO protocol as a next step towards the generation of a stable and reliable human brain model for drug screening applications and spatial patterning experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa S P Rothenbücher
- Department of Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Center of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CBMSO, UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Shared first authorship
| | - Hakan Gürbüz
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.,Felixrobotics BV, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Shared first authorship
| | - Marta P Pereira
- Department of Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Center of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CBMSO, UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Arto Heiskanen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jenny Emneus
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alberto Martinez-Serrano
- Department of Molecular Biology, Autonomous University of Madrid, Center of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (CBMSO, UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
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9
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Khan I, Prabhakar A, Delepine C, Tsang H, Pham V, Sur M. A low-cost 3D printed microfluidic bioreactor and imaging chamber for live-organoid imaging. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2021; 15:024105. [PMID: 33868534 PMCID: PMC8043249 DOI: 10.1063/5.0041027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Organoids are biological systems grown in vitro and are observed to self-organize into 3D cellular tissues of specific organs. Brain organoids have emerged as valuable models for the study of human brain development in health and disease. Researchers are now in need of improved culturing and imaging tools to capture the in vitro dynamics of development processes in the brain. Here, we describe the design of a microfluidic chip and bioreactor, to enable in situ tracking and imaging of brain organoids on-chip. The low-cost 3D printed microfluidic bioreactor supports organoid growth and provides an optimal imaging chamber for live-organoid imaging, with drug delivery support. This fully isolated design of a live-cell imaging and culturing platform enables long-term live-imaging of the intact live brain organoids as it grows. We can thus analyze their self-organization in a controlled environment with high temporal and spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikram Khan
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology, Madras 600036, India
| | - Anil Prabhakar
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian
Institute of Technology, Madras 600036, India
| | - Chloe Delepine
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory,
Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Hayley Tsang
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory,
Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Vincent Pham
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory,
Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Mriganka Sur
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory,
Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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10
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Passaro AP, Stice SL. Electrophysiological Analysis of Brain Organoids: Current Approaches and Advancements. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:622137. [PMID: 33510616 PMCID: PMC7835643 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.622137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain organoids, or cerebral organoids, have become widely used to study the human brain in vitro. As pluripotent stem cell-derived structures capable of self-organization and recapitulation of physiological cell types and architecture, brain organoids bridge the gap between relatively simple two-dimensional human cell cultures and non-human animal models. This allows for high complexity and physiological relevance in a controlled in vitro setting, opening the door for a variety of applications including development and disease modeling and high-throughput screening. While technologies such as single cell sequencing have led to significant advances in brain organoid characterization and understanding, improved functional analysis (especially electrophysiology) is needed to realize the full potential of brain organoids. In this review, we highlight key technologies for brain organoid development and characterization, then discuss current electrophysiological methods for brain organoid analysis. While electrophysiological approaches have improved rapidly for two-dimensional cultures, only in the past several years have advances been made to overcome limitations posed by the three-dimensionality of brain organoids. Here, we review major advances in electrophysiological technologies and analytical methods with a focus on advances with applicability for brain organoid analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Austin P. Passaro
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical & Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Steven L. Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Division of Neuroscience, Biomedical & Health Sciences Institute, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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11
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Ben-Reuven L, Reiner O. Toward Spatial Identities in Human Brain Organoids-on-Chip Induced by Morphogen-Soaked Beads. Bioengineering (Basel) 2020; 7:E164. [PMID: 33352983 PMCID: PMC7766968 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering7040164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in stem-cell technologies include the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into organ-like structures (organoids). These organoids exhibit remarkable self-organization that resembles key aspects of in vivo organ development. However, organoids have an unpredictable anatomy, and poorly reflect the topography of the dorsoventral, mediolateral, and anteroposterior axes. In vivo the temporal and the spatial patterning of the developing tissue is orchestrated by signaling molecules called morphogens. Here, we used morphogen-soaked beads to influence the spatial identities within hESC-derived brain organoids. The morphogen- and synthetic molecules-soaked beads were interpreted as local organizers, and key transcription factor expression levels within the organoids were affected as a function of the distance from the bead. We used an on-chip imaging device that we have developed, that allows live imaging of the developing hESC-derived organoids. This platform enabled studying the effect of changes in WNT/BMP gradients on the expression of key landmark genes in the on-chip human brain organoids. Titration of CHIR99201 (WNT agonist) and BMP4 directed the expression of telencephalon and medial pallium genes; dorsal and ventral midbrain markers; and isthmus-related genes. Overall, our protocol provides an opportunity to study phenotypes of altered regional specification and defected connectivity, which are found in neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Orly Reiner
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel;
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12
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Modeling human neuronal migration deficits in 3D. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2020; 66:30-36. [PMID: 33069990 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
During the past few decades, we have witnessed an impressive gain in the knowledge regarding the basic mechanisms underlying human neuronal migration disorders by the usage of mouse models. Nevertheless, despite the remarkable conservation both in the genetic encoded information and the developmental processes, there are still numerous important differences between human and mouse. This may explain the vast excitement following the realization that technological breakthroughs enabled generating tissue-like human-based organoids for modeling human neuronal migration diseases. This review will provide a short introduction on human and mouse neuronal migration processes, and highlight human brain organoid models of neuronal migration diseases.
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Panoutsopoulos AA. Organoids, Assembloids, and Novel Biotechnology: Steps Forward in Developmental and Disease-Related Neuroscience. Neuroscientist 2020; 27:463-472. [PMID: 32981451 DOI: 10.1177/1073858420960112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In neuroscience research, the efforts to find the model through which we can mimic the in vivo microenvironment of a developing or defective brain have been everlasting. While model organisms are used for over a hundred years, many more methods have been introduced with immortalized or primary cell lines and later induced pluripotent stem cells and organoids to be some of these. As the use of organoids becomes more and more common by many laboratories in biology and neuroscience in particular, it is crucial to deeper understand the challenges and possible pitfalls of their application in research, many of which can be surpassed with the support of state-of-the art bioengineering solutions. In this review, after a brief chronicle of the path to the discovery of organoids, we focus on the latest approaches to study neuroscience related topics with organoids, such as the use of assembloids, CRISPR technology, patch-clamp and optogenetics techniques and discuss how modern 3-dimensional biomaterials, miniaturized bioreactors and microfluidic chips can help to overcome the disadvantages of their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexios A Panoutsopoulos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children-Northern California, Sacramento, CA, USA
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Karzbrun E, Reiner O. Brain Organoids-A Bottom-Up Approach for Studying Human Neurodevelopment. Bioengineering (Basel) 2019; 6:E9. [PMID: 30669275 PMCID: PMC6466401 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering6010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain organoids have recently emerged as a three-dimensional tissue culture platform to study the principles of neurodevelopment and morphogenesis. Importantly, brain organoids can be derived from human stem cells, and thus offer a model system for early human brain development and human specific disorders. However, there are still major differences between the in vitro systems and in vivo development. This is in part due to the challenge of engineering a suitable culture platform that will support proper development. In this review, we discuss the similarities and differences of human brain organoid systems in comparison to embryonic development. We then describe how organoids are used to model neurodevelopmental diseases. Finally, we describe challenges in organoid systems and how to approach these challenges using complementary bioengineering techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Karzbrun
- Kavli Institute for Theoretical Physics and Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
| | - Orly Reiner
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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