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Raberin A, Burtscher J, Burtscher M, Millet GP. Hypoxia and the Aging Cardiovascular System. Aging Dis 2023; 14:2051-2070. [PMID: 37199587 PMCID: PMC10676797 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Older individuals represent a growing population, in industrialized countries, particularly those with cardiovascular diseases, which remain the leading cause of death in western societies. Aging constitutes one of the largest risks for cardiovascular diseases. On the other hand, oxygen consumption is the foundation of cardiorespiratory fitness, which in turn is linearly related to mortality, quality of life and numerous morbidities. Therefore, hypoxia is a stressor that induces beneficial or harmful adaptations, depending on the dose. While severe hypoxia can exert detrimental effects, such as high-altitude illnesses, moderate and controlled oxygen exposure can potentially be used therapeutically. It can improve numerous pathological conditions, including vascular abnormalities, and potentially slows down the progression of various age-related disorders. Hypoxia can exert beneficial effects on inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial functions, and cell survival, which are all increased with age and have been discussed as main promotors of aging. This narrative review discusses specificities of the aging cardiovascular system in hypoxia. It draws upon an extensive literature search on the effects of hypoxia/altitude interventions (acute, prolonged, or intermittent exposure) on the cardiovascular system in older individuals (over 50 years old). Special attention is directed toward the use of hypoxia exposure to improve cardiovascular health in older individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Raberin
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, A-6020, Austria.
| | - Grégoire P. Millet
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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2
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Guo S, Shaoni GLL, Stuart-Smith WA, Davies AJ, Gifford JA. Dietary Intake of Masters Athletes: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:4973. [PMID: 38068832 PMCID: PMC10708321 DOI: 10.3390/nu15234973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary practices of masters athletes (MAs) may promote healthy ageing; however, they are poorly understood. The aims of this systematic review were to synthesise the literature on the dietary intakes of MAs and undertake comparisons between younger (35-50 years) and older (>50 years) MAs and the general population. A search was conducted across seven databases to identify relevant publications for screening and data extraction. Averages for energy intake (EI), macronutrients, and micronutrients were compared with data from the 2011-2012 Australian Health Survey (general population). Twenty-six studies (n = 2819) were included. Energy intake was higher for older (8908 kJ/d versus 7792 kJ/d) but not younger MAs (9073 kJ/d versus 8872 kJ/d) versus the general population. Younger versus older male MAs had higher energy and macronutrient intakes. Energy intake for older was comparable to younger female MAs (7819 kJ/d versus 7485 kJ/d), but older had higher protein, lower carbohydrate, and higher micronutrient intakes. Micronutrient intake was higher in MAs than the general population. Similar EIs for older MAs and younger general population may indicate potential for a higher-quality diet. Younger female MAs may restrict or misreport EI, requiring further investigation. There is a need for more comprehensive assessments of dietary intake in MAs to ascertain diet quality in relation to health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheran Guo
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (S.G.); (W.A.S.-S.)
| | - Gabriella L. L. Shaoni
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (S.G.); (W.A.S.-S.)
| | - Wendy A. Stuart-Smith
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (S.G.); (W.A.S.-S.)
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, North Sydney, NSW 2060, Australia
| | - Alyse J. Davies
- Discipline of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia; (S.G.); (W.A.S.-S.)
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Janelle A. Gifford
- Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- Sport and Physical Activity Research and Teaching Network (SPARTAN), The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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Joyner MJ, Wiggins CC, Baker SE, Klassen SA, Senefeld JW. Exercise and Experiments of Nature. Compr Physiol 2023; 13:4879-4907. [PMID: 37358508 PMCID: PMC10853940 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c220027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we highlight the contributions of passive experiments that address important exercise-related questions in integrative physiology and medicine. Passive experiments differ from active experiments in that passive experiments involve limited or no active intervention to generate observations and test hypotheses. Experiments of nature and natural experiments are two types of passive experiments. Experiments of nature include research participants with rare genetic or acquired conditions that facilitate exploration of specific physiological mechanisms. In this way, experiments of nature are parallel to classical "knockout" animal models among human research participants. Natural experiments are gleaned from data sets that allow population-based questions to be addressed. An advantage of both types of passive experiments is that more extreme and/or prolonged exposures to physiological and behavioral stimuli are possible in humans. In this article, we discuss a number of key passive experiments that have generated foundational medical knowledge or mechanistic physiological insights related to exercise. Both natural experiments and experiments of nature will be essential to generate and test hypotheses about the limits of human adaptability to stressors like exercise. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4879-4907, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Joyner
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Chad C Wiggins
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sarah E Baker
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Stephen A Klassen
- Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jonathon W Senefeld
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Physiology & Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Scorcelletti M, Zange J, Böcker J, Sies W, Lau P, Mittag U, Reeves ND, Ireland A, Rittweger J. Associations between long-term exercise participation and lower limb joint and whole-bone geometry in young and older adults. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1150562. [PMID: 37250122 PMCID: PMC10211427 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1150562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Features of lower limb bone geometry are associated with movement kinematics and clinical outcomes including fractures and osteoarthritis. Therefore, it is important to identify their determinants. Lower limb geometry changes dramatically during development, partly due to adaptation to the forces experienced during physical activity. However, the effects of adulthood physical activity on lower limb geometry, and subsequent associations with muscle function are relatively unexplored. Methods: 43 adult males were recruited; 10 young (20-35 years) trained i.e., regional to world-class athletes, 12 young sedentary, 10 older (60-75 years) trained and 11 older sedentary. Skeletal hip and lower limb geometry including acetabular coverage and version angle, total and regional femoral torsion, femoral and tibial lateral and frontal bowing, and frontal plane lower limb alignment were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging. Muscle function was assessed recording peak power and force of jumping and hopping using mechanography. Associations between age, training status and geometry were assessed using multiple linear regression, whilst associations between geometry and muscle function were assessed by linear mixed effects models with adjustment for age and training. Results: Trained individuals had 2° (95% CI:0.6°-3.8°; p = 0.009) higher femoral frontal bowing and older individuals had 2.2° (95% CI:0.8°-3.7°; p = 0.005) greater lateral bowing. An age-by-training interaction indicated 4° (95% CI:1.4°-7.1°; p = 0.005) greater acetabular version angle in younger trained individuals only. Lower limb geometry was not associated with muscle function (p > 0.05). Discussion: The ability to alter skeletal geometry via exercise in adulthood appears limited, especially in epiphyseal regions. Furthermore, lower limb geometry does not appear to be associated with muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Scorcelletti
- Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Werner Siemens-Endowed Chair for Innovative Implant Development (Fracture Healing), Division of Surgery, Saarland University, Homburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Zange
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Jonas Böcker
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sies
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick Lau
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Uwe Mittag
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Neil D. Reeves
- Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Ireland
- Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Manchester Metropolitan University Institute of Sport, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Van Hooren B, Lepers R. A physiological comparison of the new-over 70 years of age-marathon record holder and his predecessor: A case report. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1122315. [PMID: 36860525 PMCID: PMC9969103 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1122315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study assessed the body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, fiber type and mitochondrial function, and training characteristics of a 71-year-old runner who broke the world record marathon of the men's 70-74 age category and held several other world records. The values were compared to those of the previous world-record holder. Methods: Body fat percentage was assessed using air-displacement plethysmography. V ˙ O 2 max , running economy, and maximum heart rate were measured during treadmill running. Muscle fiber typology and mitochondrial function were evaluated using a muscle biopsy. Results: Body fat percentage was 13.5%, V ˙ O 2 max was 46.6 ml kg-1 min-1, and maximum heartrate was 160 beats∙min-1. At the marathon pace (14.5 km h-1), his running economy was 170.5 ml kg-1 km-1. The gas exchange threshold and respiratory compensation point occurred at 75.7% and 93.9% of the V ˙ O 2 max , i.e., 13 km h-1 and 15 km h-1, respectively. The oxygen uptake at the marathon pace corresponded to 88.5% of V ˙ O 2 max . Vastus lateralis fiber content was 90.3% type I and 9.7% type II. Average distance was 139 km∙w-1 in the year prior to the record. Conclusion: The 71-year-old world-record holder marathon showed a relatively similar V ˙ O 2 max , lower percentage of V ˙ O 2 max at marathon pace, but a substantially better running economy than his predecessor. The better running economy may result from an almost double weekly training volume compared to the predecessor and a high type I fiber content. He trained every day in the last ∼1.5 years and achieved international performance in his age group category with a small (<5% per decade) age-related decline in marathon performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bas Van Hooren
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Bas Van Hooren,
| | - Romuald Lepers
- INSERM UMR1093, Cognition Action et Plasticité Sensorimotrice, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Bourgogne, Dijon, France
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Sanchez-Trigo H, Zange J, Sies W, Böcker J, Sañudo B, Rittweger J. Effects of Aging and Fitness on Hopping Biomechanics. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:13696. [PMID: 36294273 PMCID: PMC9603534 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Physical exercise promotes healthy aging and is associated with greater functionality and quality of life. Muscle strength and power are established factors in the ability to perform daily tasks and live independently. Stiffness, for mechanical reasons, is another important constituent of running performance and locomotion. This study aims to analyze the impact of age and training status on one-legged hopping biomechanics and to evaluate whether age-related power decline can be reduced with regular physical exercise. Forty-three male subjects were recruited according to their suitability for one of four groups (young athletes, senior athletes, young controls and senior controls) according to their age (young between 21 and 35, vs. older between 59 and 75) and training status (competing athletes vs. non-physically active). The impact of age and training status on one-legged hopping biomechanics were evaluated using the two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) method. Significant differences among groups were found for hopping height (p < 0.05), ground contact time (p < 0.05), peak ground reaction force (p < 0.05) and peak power (p < 0.01). No differences among groups were found in ground-phase vertical displacement and vertical stiffness (p > 0.05). Young athletes and older non-physically active people achieved the best and worst performance, respectively. Interestingly, there were not any differences found between young non-physically active people and senior athletes, suggesting that chronic training can contribute to partly offset effects that are normally associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Horacio Sanchez-Trigo
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Seville, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jochen Zange
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, 51147 Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sies
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, 51147 Cologne, Germany
| | - Jonas Böcker
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, 51147 Cologne, Germany
| | - Borja Sañudo
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, University of Seville, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, 51147 Cologne, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
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7
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La Gerche A, Howden EJ, Haykowsky MJ, Lewis GD, Levine BD, Kovacic JC. Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction as an Exercise Deficiency Syndrome: JACC Focus Seminar 2/4. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022; 80:1177-1191. [PMID: 36075837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2022.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Across differing spectrums of cardiac function and cardiac pathologies, there are strong associations between measures of cardiorespiratory fitness and burden of symptoms, quality of life, and prognosis. In this part 2 of a 4-part series, we contend that there is a strong association among physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and cardiac function. We argue that a chronic lack of exercise is a major risk factor for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction in some patients. In support of this hypothesis, increasing physical activity is associated with greater cardiac mass, greater stroke volumes, greater cardiac output and peak oxygen consumption, and fewer clinical events. Conversely, physical inactivity results in cardiac atrophy, reduced output, reduced chamber size, and decreased ability to augment cardiac performance with exercise. Moreover, physical inactivity is a strong predictor of heart failure risk and death. In sum, exercise deficiency should be considered part of the broad heart failure with preserved ejection fraction phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre La Gerche
- Clinical Research Domain, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; National Centre for Sports Cardiology, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia; Cardiology Department, St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Erin J Howden
- Clinical Research Domain, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark J Haykowsky
- Clinical Research Domain, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Faculty of Nursing, College of Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gregory D Lewis
- Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Benjamin D Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital, Dallas, Texas, USA; University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Jason C Kovacic
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, USA.
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Saks BR, Monahan PF, Hawkins GC, Maldonado DR, Jimenez AE, Sabetian PW, Lall AC, Domb BG. Outcomes After Primary Hip Arthroscopy in Athletes Older Than 40 Years Compared With Nonathletes. Am J Sports Med 2022; 50:2181-2189. [PMID: 35666110 DOI: 10.1177/03635465221096843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Master athletes (MAs), or athletes older than 40 years, make up a patient population whose outcomes after primary arthroscopic hip surgery are largely unknown. PURPOSE To report minimum 2-year outcomes of MAs after primary hip arthroscopy and compare their results to a propensity-matched nonathlete (NA) control group. STUDY DESIGN Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. METHODS Data were prospectively collected between February 2008 and April 2019 and retrospectively reviewed for all patients who underwent primary hip arthroscopy. Patients were included if they were older than 40 years and had preoperative data for the modified Harris Hip Score, Nonarthritic Hip Score, Hip Outcome Score-Sports Specific Subscale, and visual analog scale score for pain. MAs reported participating in organized sports competition within 1 year before surgery and were propensity matched to a control group of patients who did not report participating in organized sports competition (NAs). Patient characteristics, radiographic and intraoperative findings, surgical procedures performed, and patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) were reported and compared between the groups. The rates of achieving the minimal clinically important difference and maximum outcome improvement satisfaction threshold were recorded. RESULTS A total of 366 hips were eligible; 328 (89.6%) had adequate follow-up data. 328 patients met inclusion criteria but 88 were not included due to the restrictions of the propensity score match ratio. Of these, 80 hips (76 patients) were classified as MAs (mean age, 48.9 ± 6.2 years) and were propensity matched 1:2 to an NA control group. Groups were comparable for baseline demographic and radiographic parameters, intraoperative findings, and procedures performed. MAs had significantly better baseline and minimum 2-year PROM scores (P < .05), higher satisfaction (P = .01), and higher rates of achieving clinically meaningful improvement across all the outcome tools used (P < .05). MAs, when compared with NAs, had lower rates of secondary arthroscopy (0% vs 7.5%, respectively; P = .001) and conversion to total hip arthroplasty (12.5% vs 26.9%, respectively; P = .011). CONCLUSION MAs demonstrated favorable outcomes after primary hip arthroscopy. When compared with a propensity score-matched control group of NA patients, MAs demonstrated better preoperative and postoperative PROMs, higher rates of clinically meaningful improvement, and lower rates of secondary arthroscopy and conversion to total hip arthroplasty. Absolute improvements in PROM scores were similar between the groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Saks
- American Hip Institute Research Foundation, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter F Monahan
- American Hip Institute Research Foundation, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Andrew E Jimenez
- American Hip Institute Research Foundation, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Payam W Sabetian
- American Hip Institute Research Foundation, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ajay C Lall
- American Hip Institute Research Foundation, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,American Hip Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Benjamin G Domb
- American Hip Institute Research Foundation, Chicago, Illinois, USA.,American Hip Institute, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Huebner M, Ma W. Health challenges and acute sports injuries restrict weightlifting training of older athletes. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2022; 8:e001372. [PMID: 35813126 PMCID: PMC9214356 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives To quantify acute injuries sustained during weightlifting that result in training restrictions and identify potential risk factors or preventative factors in Master athletes and to evaluate potentially complex interactions of age, sex, health-related and training-related predictors of injuries with machine learning (ML) algorithms. Methods A total of 976 Masters weightlifters from Australia, Canada, Europe and the USA, ages 35–88 (51.1% women), completed an online survey that included questions on weightlifting injuries, chronic diseases, sport history and training practices. Ensembles of ML algorithms were used to identify factors associated with acute weightlifting injuries and performance of the prediction models was evaluated. In addition, a subgroup of variables selected by six experts were entered into a logistic regression model to estimate the likelihood of an injury. Results The accuracy of ML models predicting injuries ranged from 0.727 to 0.876 for back, hips, knees and wrists, but were less accurate (0.644) for shoulder injuries. Male Master athletes had a higher prevalence of weightlifting injuries than female Master athletes, ranging from 12% to 42%. Chronic inflammation or osteoarthritis were common among both men and women. This was associated with an increase in acute injuries. Conclusions Training-specific variables, such as choices of training programmes or nutrition programmes, may aid in preventing acute injuries. ML models can identify potential risk factors or preventative measures for sport injuries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Huebner
- Department of Statistics and Probability, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- Center for Statistical Training and Consulting, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
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Harnett J, Climstein M, Walsh J, Gifford J. The Use of Medications and Dietary Supplements by Masters Athletes - a Review. Curr Nutr Rep 2022; 11:253-262. [PMID: 35635719 PMCID: PMC9174319 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-022-00398-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Masters athletes (MA) are generally considered healthier than their sedentary peers. However, the prevalence of chronic conditions in any population increases with age. Treatments involve pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. A substantial proportion of the general population also use dietary supplements (DS). This raises questions about the potential for drug-nutrient interactions which may lead to adverse effects. We sought to determine the potential for drug-nutrient interactions MA may be exposed to by examining the prevalence of chronic conditions treated with medications and their DS use. RECENT FINDINGS Common conditions in MA include hypertension, hyperlipidemia, asthma, osteoarthritis, depression and anxiety. Treatments may involve prescribed medications. Few recent studies were identified on DS use; however, indications are for around 60% prevalence of supplement usage. The higher prevalence of DS use by MA may result in drug-nutrient interactions that impact the effectiveness and safety of prescribed medications for chronic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Harnett
- Nutritional Pharmacology, Sydney Pharmacy School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2005 Australia
| | - Mike Climstein
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, QLD 4225 Australia
- Physical Activity, Lifestyle, Ageing and Wellbeing Faculty Research Group, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Joe Walsh
- Sport Science Institute, Sydney, NSW Australia
| | - Janelle Gifford
- Discipline of Exercise and Sport Science, Sydney School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2005 Australia
- Sport and Physical Activity Research and Teaching Network, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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11
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Climstein M, Walsh J, Adams K, Sevene T, Heazlewood T, DeBeliso M. Prevalence of hyperglycemia in masters athletes. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13389. [PMID: 35663526 PMCID: PMC9159136 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ageing is associated with decreased physical activity, obesity and subsequently an increased risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2dm). Master athletes (MA) have initiated exercise or sport later in life or pursued a physically active lifestyle for an extended period. Subsequently, MAs have been proposed as a model of successful ageing as this active lifestyle is associated with health benefits including decreased health risk of chronic diseases and a reduction in premature mortality. Given long-term physical activity/exercise has previously been shown to be protective against hyperglycemia, a risk factor for T2dm, it is plausible that MA may have protective benefit against developing hyperglycemia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of hyperglycemia via fasting plasma glucose (FPG) in MAs competing at the World Masters Games (WMG). Methods This cross-sectional, observational survey utilized an online survey using open-source web-based software was used to investigate MAs physiological and medical-related parameters. Over 28,000 MAs competed in the WMG, of which 8,072 MAs completed the survey. Of these MAs, a total of 486 (males 277, females 209; range 27 to 91 years, mean age 55.1 ± 10.2 years) attained recent pathology results which included FPG which was subsequently analyzed for this study. FPG and other outcome variables were compared between genders and to the Australian and United States general population. Results Mean FPG for MAs was 5.03 mmol (±1.2, 95% CI [4.9-5.1] mmol) with majority (75.5%) of MAs reporting a normal (<5.5 mmol) FPG, followed by pre-diabetes (20.2%, >5.51 to <5.99 mmol) and abnormal (4.3%, >7.0 mmol). There was no significant difference (P = 0.333) in FPG between genders however, males had a slightly higher (+2.1%) FPG as compared to females (5.08 ± 1.2 mmol (95% CI [4.9-5.22] mmol) versus 4.98 ± 1.1 mmol (95% CI 4.8-5.1 mmol)). The majority of males (71.8%) and females (80.3%) were classified with a normal FPG. With regard to an abnormal FPG level, only 4.0% of males and 4.9% of females were classified abnormal which was suggestive of undiagnosed T2dm. With regard to age by decade, there was no significant difference (P = 0.06-1.00) between age groups and no relationship between the MAs' age and FPG (r = .054, P = 0.24). As a group, MAs had a significantly lower FPG as compared to the Australian (-3.2%, P = 0.005) and United States general populations (-13.9%, P < 0.001). Conclusions Most, however not all, MAs were found to have normal glycaemia, with only a small percentage indicating a risk of developing T2dm (i.e., impaired fasting glucose) and a smaller percentage identified with an abnormal FPG, suggestive of T2dm. These findings suggest MAs appear to be at low metabolic risk for developing T2dm based upon FPG and the physical activity/exercise they complete as MAs may indeed be protective against hyperglycemia whilst maintaining an active lifestyle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike Climstein
- Clinical Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Health, Southern Cross University, Bilinga, Queensland, Australia,Exercise and Sport Science Exercise, Health & Performance, Faculty Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joe Walsh
- Sport Science Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kent Adams
- Kinesiology Department, California State University Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA, United States of America
| | - Trish Sevene
- Kinesiology Department, California State University Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA, United States of America
| | - Tim Heazlewood
- Sport Science Institute, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark DeBeliso
- Department of Kinesiology and Outdoor Recreation, Southern Utah University, Cedar City, CA, United States of America
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12
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Graybeal AJ, Kreutzer A, Willis JL, Moss K, Braun-Trocchio R, Shah M. Age Drives the Differences in Dietary Supplement Use in Endurance Athletes: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of Cyclists, Runners, and Triathletes. J Diet Suppl 2022:1-19. [DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2022.2056670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Austin J. Graybeal
- School of Kinesiology & Nutrition, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, USA
| | - Andreas Kreutzer
- Department of Kinesiology, Harris College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Jada L. Willis
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Science & Engineering, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Kamiah Moss
- Department of Kinesiology, Harris College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Robyn Braun-Trocchio
- Department of Kinesiology, Harris College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Meena Shah
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, College of Science & Engineering, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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13
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Sedentary behavior is associated with reduced cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivity in healthy adults. Hypertens Res 2022; 45:1193-1202. [DOI: 10.1038/s41440-022-00904-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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14
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Mori S, Tarumi T, Kosaki K, Matsui M, Yoshioka M, Sugawara J, Kuro-O M, Saito C, Yamagata K, Maeda S. Effects of the number of sit-stand maneuver repetitions on baroreflex sensitivity and cardiovascular risk assessments. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2022; 322:R400-R410. [PMID: 35293262 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00141.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sit-stand maneuvers (SSM) have increasingly been used for baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) measurement in physiological research, but it remains unknown as to how many SSM need to be performed to measure BRS and assess its relation with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Therefore, this study aimed to determine 1) the effect of the number of SSM repetitions on BRS and 2) the association between BRS and CVD risk factors. Data were collected from 174 individuals during 5 minutes of spontaneous rest and 5 minutes of repeated SSM at 0.05 Hz (i.e., 15 cycles of 10-second sit and 10-second stand). During SSM, BRS was calculated from the incremental cycles of 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 SSM using transfer function analysis of heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP). General CVD risk factors, carotid arterial stiffness, and cardiorespiratory fitness were measured. In result, HR and SBP increased during SSM (p<0.05). The BRS remained at a similar level during the resting and SSM conditions, while the coherence function reached its peak after 3 cycles of SSM. BRS with ≥6 cycles of SSM was strongly correlated with age (r=-0.721 to -0.740), carotid distensibility (r=0.625 to 0.629), and cardiorespiratory fitness (r=0.333 to 0.351) (all p<0.001). Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that BRS with ≥6 cycles of SSM explained >60% of the variance in CVD risk factors. Therefore, our findings suggest that repeated SSM significantly strengthens the association between BRS and CVD risk factors. Particularly, BRS with ≥6 cycles of SSM is strongly associated with CVD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoya Mori
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Tarumi
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Human Informatics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan.,Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Hospital Dallas, Texas
| | - Keisei Kosaki
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masahiro Matsui
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Yoshioka
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jun Sugawara
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Human Informatics Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Makoto Kuro-O
- Division of Anti-aging Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Chie Saito
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kunihiro Yamagata
- Department of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,R&D Center for Smart Wellness City Policies, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Seiji Maeda
- Faculty of Health and Sports Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Saitama, Japan
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15
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Ireland A, Mittag U, Degens H, Felsenberg D, Heinonen A, Koltai E, Korhonen MT, McPhee JS, Mekjavic I, Pisot R, Rawer R, Radak Z, Simunic B, Suominen H, Rittweger J. Age-Related Declines in Lower Limb Muscle Function are Similar in Power and Endurance Athletes of Both Sexes: A Longitudinal Study of Master Athletes. Calcif Tissue Int 2022; 110:196-203. [PMID: 34505170 PMCID: PMC8784358 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-021-00907-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The age-related decline in muscle function, particularly muscle power, is associated with increased risk of important clinical outcomes. Physical activity is an important determinant of muscle function, and different types of physical activity e.g. power-based versus endurance-based exercise appear to have differential effects on muscle power. Cross-sectional studies suggest that participation in power-based exercise is associated with greater muscle power across adulthood but this has not been investigated longitudinally. We recruited eighty-nine male and female power and endurance master athletes (sprint and distance runners respectively, baseline age 35-90y). Using jumping mechanography, we measured lower limb muscle function during a vertical jump including at least two testing sessions longitudinally over 4.5 ± 2.4y. We examined effects of time, discipline (power/endurance) and sex in addition to two- and three-way interactions using linear mixed-effects models. Peak relative power, relative force and jump height, but not Esslingen Fitness Index (indicating peak power relative to sex and age-matched reference data) declined with time. Peak power, force, height and EFI were greater in power than endurance athletes. There were no sex, discipline or sex*discipline interactions with time for any variable, suggesting that changes were similar over time for athletes of both sexes and disciplines. Advantages in lower limb muscle function in power athletes were maintained with time, in line with previous cross-sectional studies. These results suggest that improvements in lower limb function in less active older individuals following power-based training persist with continued adherence, although this requires further investigation in interventional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Ireland
- Department of Life Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK.
| | - Uwe Mittag
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Degens
- Department of Life Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, John Dalton Building, Chester Street, Manchester, M1 5GD, UK
- Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, Rumania
| | - Dieter Felsenberg
- Private Praxis ´Osteology and Orphane Bone Diseases´ and Charité - Campus Benjamin Franklin, Centre of Muscle and Bone Research, Humboldt-University Berlin and Free University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ari Heinonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Erika Koltai
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Marko T Korhonen
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jamie S McPhee
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine Research Centre, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Igor Mekjavic
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Rado Pisot
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
| | | | - Zsolt Radak
- Research Institute of Sport Science, University of Physical Education, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bostjan Simunic
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Harri Suominen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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16
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Jofré-Saldía E, Villalobos-Gorigoitía Á, Gea-García G. Methodological Proposal for Strength and Power Training in Older Athletes: A Narrative Review. Curr Aging Sci 2022; 15:135-146. [PMID: 35227189 DOI: 10.2174/1874609815666220228153646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Within the adult population, it is not uncommon to meet older athletes who challenge the negative stereotypes associated with aging. Although their physical performance is superior to their sedentary counterparts, they are not immune to impaired neuromuscular function, leading to a decreased physical capacity and an increased risk of injuries. Despite the abundant information about the benefits of strength/power training in advanced ages, there are no methodological proposals that guide physical activity professionals to program this type of training. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to review the factors related to the decrease in sports performance within older athletes and the benefits of a strength/power program in order to provide a methodological proposal to organize training in this population. METHODS This is a review article. First, databases from PubMed, Science Direct, and SPORTSDiscus and search engines, namely Google Scholar and Scielo, were reviewed, using standard keywords such as strength and power training, evaluation of physical performance, neuromuscular function, and risk of injury in the elderly athlete. All related articles published during the period 1963 to 2020 were considered. A total of 1837 documents were found. By removing 1715 unrelated documents, 122 articles were included in the study after revision control. RESULTS Strength/power training is key to alleviating the loss of performance in older athletes and the benefits in neuromuscular function, which helps reduce the rate of serious injuries, maintaining sports practice for a longer period of time. In order to design an appropriate program, a prior evaluation of the individual's physical-technical level must be carried out, respecting the biologicalpedagogical principles and safety regulations. CONCLUSION The methodological proposal delivered in this review can serve as a technical guide for physical activity professionals, which will be able to structure the strength/power training and thus preserve the sports practice in older athletes for a longer time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Jofré-Saldía
- Instituto del Deporte, Universidad de las Américas, Santiago, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, Facultad de Deporte, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, España
| | | | - Gemma Gea-García
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física y el Deporte, Facultad de Deporte, Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia, Murcia, España
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17
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Yamashita M, Suzuki M, Kawagoe T, Asano K, Futada M, Nakai R, Abe N, Sekiyama K. Impact of Early-Commenced and Continued Sports Training on the Precuneus in Older Athletes. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:766935. [PMID: 34955788 PMCID: PMC8692267 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.766935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervention studies on sedentary older adults have demonstrated that commencing physical exercise at an older age has a positive effect on brain structure. Although this suggests that older athletes with lifelong sports training have larger gray matter volume (GMV) in some brain regions compared to age-matched non-athletes, evidence in the literature is scarce. Moreover, it remains unclear whether a larger GMV is associated with training intensity or period of training in life. To address these gaps in the literature, we compared regional brain GMV between 24 older athletes (mean age, 71.4 years; age at the commencement of sports training, 31.2 years, continuous sports training, 40.0 years; current training time, 7.9 h/week) and 24 age-matched non-athletes (mean age, 71.0 years). The period of sports training and the current training time of the athletes were assessed. Both groups were evaluated for physical activity intensity as well as cognitive and motor performance. Although no group differences were noted in cognitive and motor performance, athletes reported higher physical activity intensity than non-athletes. Whole-brain structural analysis revealed a significantly larger GMV in several brain regions in athletes. Notably, the GMV of the precuneus in athletes was positively correlated with earlier commencement of sports training and training duration but was negatively correlated with current training time. Our findings demonstrate that early-commenced and continued sports training predicts structural maintenance of the precuneus in old age. Our results also suggest that excessive training time in old age may have a negative impact on the GMV of the precuneus; thereby delineating how the precuneus is associated with lifelong sports training in older athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masatoshi Yamashita
- Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Maki Suzuki
- Department of Behavioral Neurology and Neuropsychiatry, Osaka University United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka, Japan.,Faculty of Letters, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Kawagoe
- Faculty of Letters, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.,Liberal Arts Education Center, Kyushu Campuses, Tokai University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Kohei Asano
- Faculty of Child Care and Education, Osaka University of Comprehensive Children Education, Osaka, Japan.,Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Ryusuke Nakai
- Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuhito Abe
- Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaoru Sekiyama
- Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.,Faculty of Letters, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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18
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The association of elevated blood pressure during ischaemic exercise with sport performance in Master athletes with and without morbidity. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:211-221. [PMID: 34652528 PMCID: PMC8748359 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04828-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background An exaggerated exercise blood pressure (BP) is associated with a reduced exercise capacity. However, its connection to physical performance during competition is unknown. Aim To examine BP responses to ischaemic handgrip exercise in Master athletes (MA) with and without underlying morbidities and to assess their association with athletic performance during the World Master Track Cycling Championships 2019. Methods Forty-eight Master cyclists [age 59 ± 13yrs; weekly training volume 10.4 ± 4.1 h/week; handgrip maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) 46.3 ± 11.5 kg] divided into 2 matched groups (24 healthy MA and 24 MA with morbidity) and 10 healthy middle-aged non-athlete controls (age 48.3 ± 8.3 years; MVC 40.4 ± 14.8 kg) performed 5 min of forearm occlusion including 1 min handgrip isometric contraction (40%MVC) followed by 5 min recovery. Continuous beat-by-beat BP was recorded using finger plethysmography. Age-graded performance (AGP) was calculated to compare race performances among MA. Healthy Master cyclists were further grouped into middle-age (age 46.2 ± 6.4 years; N:12) and old-age (age 65.0 ± 7.7 years; N:12) for comparison with middle-aged non-athlete controls. Results Healthy and morbidity MA groups showed similar BP responses during forearm occlusion and AGP (90.1 ± 4.3% and 91.0 ± 5.3%, p > 0.05, respectively). Healthy and morbidity MA showed modest correlation between the BP rising slope for 40%MVC ischaemic exercise and AGP (r = 0.5, p < 0.05). MA showed accelerated SBP recovery after cessation of ischaemic handgrip exercise compared to healthy non-athlete controls. Conclusion Our findings associate long-term athletic training with improved BP recovery following ischaemic exercise regardless of age or reported morbidity. Exaggerated BP in Master cyclists during ischaemic exercise was associated with lower AGP during the World Master Cycling Championships. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00421-021-04828-9.
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19
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Kopiczko A, Adamczyk JG, Gryko K, Popowczak M. Bone mineral density in elite masters athletes: the effect of body composition and long-term exercise. Eur Rev Aging Phys Act 2021; 18:7. [PMID: 34058982 PMCID: PMC8166030 DOI: 10.1186/s11556-021-00262-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of the study was to examine how bone mineral density (BMD) is related to body composition depending on the practiced sport (endurance, speed-power, throwing sports) in participants of the World Masters Athletics Championship. METHODS Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used to determine BMD and bone mass (BMC). Body composition was analyzed by means of the JAWON Medical X-scan analyzer using bioelectrical impedance methods. Percentage body fat (%BF), body fat mass (BFM), lean body mass (LBM), total body water (TBW), soft lean mass (SLM), intracellular water (ICW), and extracellular water (ECW) were evaluated. RESULTS Among men, the most important variables affecting the BMD norm were LBM (OR = 32.578; p = 0.023), ECW (OR = 0.003; p = 0.016) and ICW (OR = 0.011; p = 0.031), in the distal part and SLM (OR = 5.008; p = 0.020) and ICW (0.354, p = 0.008) in the proximal part. In women, the most important predictors of normal BMD were ICW (OR = 10.174; p = 0.003) and LBM (OR = 0.470; p = 0.020) in the distal part and ICW (OR = 5.254; p = 0.038) in the proximal part. CONCLUSION The representatives of strength based events had the most advantageous BMD levels. The condition of bone tissue evaluated by BMC and BMD of the forearm in masters athletes was strongly determined by the level of lean body components and the type of sports training associated with the track and field event. In the most important predictors of the BMD norm were also hydration components ECW and ICW. However, this relationship requires more research on the nature and mechanisms of these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kopiczko
- Department of Human Biology, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Marymoncka 34, 00-968, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jakub Grzegorz Adamczyk
- Department of Theory of Sport, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Marymoncka 34, 00-968, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Karol Gryko
- Department of Sport Games, Józef Piłsudski University of Physical Education in Warsaw, Marymoncka 34, 00-968, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Marek Popowczak
- Department of Team Sport Games, University School of Physical Education in Wrocław, Al. Ignacego Jana Paderewskiego 35, 51-612, Wrocław, Poland
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20
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Suominen TH, Alén M, Törmäkangas T, Degens H, Rittweger J, Heinonen A, Suominen H, Korhonen MT. Regular Strength and Sprint Training Counteracts Bone Aging: A 10-Year Follow-Up in Male Masters Athletes. JBMR Plus 2021; 5:e10513. [PMID: 34258508 PMCID: PMC8260815 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-sectional and interventional studies suggest that high-intensity strength and impact-type training provide a powerful osteogenic stimulus even in old age. However, longitudinal evidence on the ability of high-intensity training to attenuate age-related bone deterioration is currently lacking. This follow-up study assessed the role of continued strength and sprint training on bone aging in 40- to 85-year-old male sprinters (n = 69) with a long-term training background. Peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT)-derived bone structural, strength, and densitometric parameters of the distal tibia and tibia midshaft were assessed at baseline and 10 years later. The groups of well-trained (actively competing, sprint training including strength training ≥2 times/week; n = 36) and less-trained (<2 times/week, no strength training, switched to endurance training; n = 33) athletes were formed according to self-reports at follow-up. Longitudinal changes in bone traits in the two groups were examined using linear mixed models. Over the 10-year period, group-by-time interactions were found for distal tibia total bone mineral content (BMC), trabecular volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD), and compressive strength index, and for mid-tibia cortical cross-sectional area, medullary area, total BMC, and BMC at the anterior and posterior sites (polar mass distribution analysis) (p < 0.05). These interactions reflected maintained (distal tibia) or improved (mid-tibia) bone properties in the well-trained and decreased bone properties in the less-trained athletes over the 10-year period. Depending on the bone variable, the difference in change in favor of the well-trained group ranged from 2% to 5%. The greatest differences were found in distal tibia trabecular vBMD and mid-tibia posterior BMC, which remained significant (p < 0.05) after adjustment for multiple testing. In conclusion, our longitudinal findings indicate that continued strength and sprint training is associated with maintained or even improved tibial properties in middle-aged and older male sprint athletes, suggesting that regular, intensive exercise counteracts bone aging. © 2021 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuuli H Suominen
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Markku Alén
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Oulu University Hospital and Center for Life Course Health Research University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Timo Törmäkangas
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Hans Degens
- Department of Life Sciences, Musculoskeletal Science, and Sports Medicine Research Centre Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK.,Institute of Sport Science and Innovations Lithuanian Sports University Kaunas Lithuania
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine German Aerospace Center (DLR) Cologne Germany.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Ari Heinonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Harri Suominen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Marko T Korhonen
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
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21
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Knechtle B, Lepers R, Nikolaidis PT, Sousa CV. Editorial: The Elderly Athlete. Front Physiol 2021; 12:686858. [PMID: 34025460 PMCID: PMC8138177 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.686858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Beat Knechtle
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland.,Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Romuald Lepers
- CAPS UMR1093 INSERM, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | | | - Caio Victor Sousa
- Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
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22
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Strasser B, Pesta D, Rittweger J, Burtscher J, Burtscher M. Nutrition for Older Athletes: Focus on Sex-Differences. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13051409. [PMID: 33922108 PMCID: PMC8143537 DOI: 10.3390/nu13051409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular physical exercise and a healthy diet are major determinants of a healthy lifespan. Although aging is associated with declining endurance performance and muscle function, these components can favorably be modified by regular physical activity and especially by exercise training at all ages in both sexes. In addition, age-related changes in body composition and metabolism, which affect even highly trained masters athletes, can in part be compensated for by higher exercise metabolic efficiency in active individuals. Accordingly, masters athletes are often considered as a role model for healthy aging and their physical capacities are an impressive example of what is possible in aging individuals. In the present review, we first discuss physiological changes, performance and trainability of older athletes with a focus on sex differences. Second, we describe the most important hormonal alterations occurring during aging pertaining regulation of appetite, glucose homeostasis and energy expenditure and the modulatory role of exercise training. The third part highlights nutritional aspects that may support health and physical performance for older athletes. Key nutrition-related concerns include the need for adequate energy and protein intake for preventing low bone and muscle mass and a higher demand for specific nutrients (e.g., vitamin D and probiotics) that may reduce the infection burden in masters athletes. Fourth, we present important research findings on the association between exercise, nutrition and the microbiota, which represents a rapidly developing field in sports nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Strasser
- Medical Faculty, Sigmund Freud Private University, A-1020 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +43-(0)1-798-40-98
| | - Dominik Pesta
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), D-51147 Cologne, Germany; (D.P.); (J.R.)
- Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Preventive Medicine (CEDP), University Hospital Cologne, D-50931 Cologne, Germany
- Cologne Excellence Cluster on Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), D-50931 Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, D-40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD e.V.), D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), D-51147 Cologne, Germany; (D.P.); (J.R.)
| | - Johannes Burtscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
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23
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Alvero-Cruz JR, Brikis M, Chilibeck P, Frings-Meuthen P, Vico Guzmán JF, Mittag U, Michely S, Mulder E, Tanaka H, Tank J, Rittweger J. Age-Related Decline in Vertical Jumping Performance in Masters Track and Field Athletes: Concomitant Influence of Body Composition. Front Physiol 2021; 12:643649. [PMID: 33868010 PMCID: PMC8047469 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.643649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertical jumping power declines with advancing age, which is theoretically explicable by loss of muscle mass and increases in body fat. However, the results of previous cross-sectional studies remain inconsistent on these relationships. The present study included 256 masters athletes who competed at the 2018 track and field world championships in Málaga, Spain. We assessed body composition with bioelectrical impedance (Inbody S10) and vertical jumping power with a Leonardo ground reaction force platform. Relationships between age, jumping power, and body composition were analyzed by correlation and regression analyses. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis was used to evaluate effects of each factor on vertical jumping power. Age-related rates of decreases in maximal power and jump height were similar between male and female athletes. Percent fat-free mass and percent body fat were negatively and positively, respectively, associated with age in masters athletes and were comparable to those previously observed in the general population. Moreover, these effects in body composition can, to a great extent, explain the age-related decline in jumping power, an effect that seems at least partly independent of age. Finally, the multiple regression model to determine independent predictors of vertical jump performance yielded an overall R2 value of 0.75 with the inclusion of (1) athletic specialization in power events, (2) percent fat-free mass, and (3) phase angle. However, partial regression yielded significant effects of age, but not gender, on peak power, even when adjusting for athletic specialization, percent fat-free mass, and phase angle. We concluded that loss of skeletal muscle mass and changes in bio-impedance phase angle are important contributors to the age-related reduction in anaerobic power, even in adults who maintain high levels of physical activity into old age. However, age per se remains a significant predictor of vertical jump performance, further demonstrating deteriorated muscle quality at old age (sarcosthenia).
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Affiliation(s)
- José R Alvero-Cruz
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Mieszko Brikis
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Phil Chilibeck
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Petra Frings-Meuthen
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jose F Vico Guzmán
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Uwe Mittag
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sarah Michely
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Edwin Mulder
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Jens Tank
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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24
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Frings-Meuthen P, Henkel S, Boschmann M, Chilibeck PD, Alvero Cruz JR, Hoffmann F, Möstl S, Mittag U, Mulder E, Rittweger N, Sies W, Tanaka H, Rittweger J. Resting Energy Expenditure of Master Athletes: Accuracy of Predictive Equations and Primary Determinants. Front Physiol 2021; 12:641455. [PMID: 33828487 PMCID: PMC8020034 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.641455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Resting energy expenditure (REE) is determined mainly by fat-free mass (FFM). FFM depends also on daily physical activity. REE normally decreases with increased age due to decreases in FFM and physical activity. Measuring REE is essential for estimating total energy expenditure. As such, there are a number of different equations in use to predict REE. In recent years, an increasing number of older adults continue to participate in competitive sports creating the surge of master athletes. It is currently unclear if these equations developed primarily for the general population are also valid for highly active, older master athletes. Therefore, we tested the validity of six commonly-used equations for predicting REE in master athletes. In conjunction with the World Masters Athletic Championship in Malaga, Spain, we measured REE in 113 master athletes by indirect calorimetry. The most commonly used equations to predict REE [Harris & Benedict (H&B), World Health Organization (WHO), Müller (MÜL), Müller-FFM (MÜL-FFM), Cunningham (CUN), and De Lorenzo (LOR)] were tested for their accuracies. The influences of age, sex, height, body weight, FFM, training hours per week, phase angle, ambient temperature, and athletic specialization on REE were determined. All estimated REEs for the general population differed significantly from the measured ones (H&B, WHO, MÜL, MÜL-FFM, CUN, all p < 0.005). The equation put forward by De Lorenzo provided the most accurate prediction of REE for master athletes, closely followed by FFM-based Cunningham’s equation. The accuracy of the remaining commonly-used prediction equations to estimate REE in master athletes are less accurate. Body weight (p < 0.001), FFM (p < 0.001), FM (p = 0.007), sex (p = 0.045) and interestingly temperature (p = 0.004) are the significant predictors of REE. We conclude that REE in master athletes is primarily determined by body composition and ambient temperature. Our study provides a first estimate of energy requirements for master athletes in order to cover adequately athletes’ energy and nutrient requirements to maintain their health status and physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Frings-Meuthen
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sara Henkel
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Michael Boschmann
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center - a joint co-operation between Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin and Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip D Chilibeck
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - José Ramón Alvero Cruz
- Facultad de Medicina, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Fabian Hoffmann
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Möstl
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Uwe Mittag
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Edwin Mulder
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Natia Rittweger
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sies
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolsecent Medicine, Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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25
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Wooten SV, Mittag U, Alvero Cruz JR, Stray-Gundersen S, Hoffmann F, Michély S, Möstl S, Sies W, Mulder E, Rauschendorfer P, Chilibeck PD, Rittweger J, Tanaka H. Life Satisfaction, Positive Affect, and Sleep Impairment in Masters Athletes: Modulation by Age, Sex, and Exercise Type. Front Physiol 2021; 12:634433. [PMID: 33746775 PMCID: PMC7970109 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.634433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The masters athlete has been proposed as a model of successful aging. Research studies investigating psychological outlook in older athletes have primarily addressed negative affects including depression, anxiety, and stress. The impact of lifelong exercise on positive affect and life satisfaction as well as sleep impairment that could impact on these psychological states is largely unknown. Methods A series of questionnaires (general life satisfaction, positive affect, and sleep-related impairment) were administered to 240 masters athletes participating in the World Masters Athletics Championships. Total raw scores were converted into T scores for comparison with the general population. Meaningful difference was defined by the PROMIS® as one-half standard deviation from the centering sample. Results Meaningful differences were observed for improved general life satisfaction and reduced sleep impairment for all masters athletes. Positive affect did not reach the meaningful difference threshold. No significant sex differences were found for any of the questionnaires (all p > 0.05). Similarly, no significant differences were found between endurance, sprint, and strength/power sports for general life satisfaction (p = 0.18), positive affect (p = 0.46), and sleep impairment (p = 0.77). In general, life satisfaction increased with age (r = 0.15, p = 0.02), and sleep impairment trended towards reduction with age (r = −0.13, p = 0.05). Positive affect demonstrated no correlation with age (r = 0.09, p = 0.18). Conclusion This study demonstrates that the lifestyles of masters athletes contribute to improved general life satisfaction and reduced sleep impairment but not improved positive affect. The beneficial effects were observed irrespective of age, gender, and sporting types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah V Wooten
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Uwe Mittag
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - José Ramón Alvero Cruz
- Department of Human Physiology and Sports Physical Education, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Sten Stray-Gundersen
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Fabian Hoffmann
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sarah Michély
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Stefan Möstl
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wolfram Sies
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | - Edwin Mulder
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Philip D Chilibeck
- College of Kinesiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- German Aerospace Center, Institute of Aerospace Medicine, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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26
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Wooten SV, Moestl S, Chilibeck P, Alvero Cruz JR, Mittag U, Tank J, Tanaka H, Rittweger J, Hoffmann F. Age- and Sex-Differences in Cardiac Characteristics Determined by Echocardiography in Masters Athletes. Front Physiol 2021; 11:630148. [PMID: 33536945 PMCID: PMC7848176 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.630148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cardiac function and morphology are known to differ between men and women. Sex differences seen with echocardiography have not been studied systematically in masters athletes. Purpose To evaluate sex differences in cardiac structure, function and left ventricular (LV) systolic global longitudinal strain among masters athletes. Methods This cross-sectional study comprises of 163 masters athletes (M = 109, 60 ± 12 years; F = 55, 57 ± 12 years, range 36–91 years) who participated at the 23rd World Masters Athletics Championship held in Málaga, Spain. All athletes underwent state-of-the-art echocardiography including cardiac function, morphology, strain and hemodynamic assessment. Results Left ventricular mass was higher in male than in female athletes (174 ± 44 vs. 141 ± 36 g, p < 0.01) due to greater end-diastolic intraventricular septal, LV posterior wall and LV basal diameter. However, LV mass index did not differ between the groups. End-diastolic LV volume and right ventricular area, both indexed to body-surface-area, were greater in men than in women (52.8 ± 11.0 vs. 46.1 ± 8.5 ml/m2, p < 0.01, 9.5 ± 2.4 vs. 8.1 ± 1.7 cm2/m2, p < 0.01). In contrast, women had higher LV systolic global longitudinal strain (-20.2 ± 2.6 vs. -18.8 ± 2.6%, p < 0.01) and LV outflow tract flow velocity (75.1 ± 11.1 vs. 71.2 ± 11.1 cm/s, p = 0.04). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure, LV ejection fraction, and stroke volume index were not different between sexes. Conclusion Cardiac sex differences are present even among masters athletes. Lifelong exercise training does not appear to exasperate morphological difference to a point of cardiac risk or dysfunction in both male and female athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Savannah V Wooten
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Stefan Moestl
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Phil Chilibeck
- Physical Activity Complex, University of Saskatchewan College of Kinesiology, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | | | - Uwe Mittag
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Jens Tank
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Fabian Hoffmann
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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27
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Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle B, Vancini R, Gomes M, Sousa C. Participation and Performance in the Oldest Ultramarathon-Comrades Marathon 1921-2019. Int J Sports Med 2020; 42:638-644. [PMID: 33260248 DOI: 10.1055/a-1303-4255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Participation and performance trends have been analyzed for different ultramarathons for limited time periods. This study examined trends in participation and performance in the oldest ultramarathon in the world, the 'Comrades Marathon' (South Africa), during a century (1921-2019). Data from www.ultra-marathon.org on 100 000 unique finishers were analysed using different general linear models. Women represented 4.2% of the total sample (n=4152), and the first women ran this race in 1978. Before the year 1965, the number of participants in the race ranged between 5 and 35 athletes, then started to grow exponentially until mid 90's. An increase in finishers in the 70 s mainly due to an increase in male athletes in age groups 30-39, 40-49 and 50-59 years was observed (p<0.001). A stable running speed for overall women and men but an improvement in performance for the annual top five women and men were shown (p<0.001). Male runners were faster than female runners for all age groups (p<0.001). While overall performance was not improved across years, the annual top five women and men were able to improve their performance over years.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Gesundheitszentrum, St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - RodrigoLuiz Vancini
- Centro de Educação Física e Desportos, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, Brazil
| | - Margarida Gomes
- Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health, Polytechnic Institute of Beja, Portugal
| | - CaioVictor Sousa
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Católica de Brasília - UCB, Brasília, Brazil
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28
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Tanaka H, Gourley DD, Dekhtyar M, Haley AP. Cognition, Brain Structure, and Brain Function in Individuals with Obesity and Related Disorders. Curr Obes Rep 2020; 9:544-549. [PMID: 33064270 DOI: 10.1007/s13679-020-00412-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Obesity is one of the most serious public health concerns. Excess adipose tissue, particularly with a centralized distribution, is associated with cognitive decline. Indeed, obesity has been associated with a number of adverse changes in brain function and structure that can be detected by neuroimaging techniques. These obesity-associated changes in the brain are associated with cognitive dysfunction. RECENT FINDINGS While the pathways by which excess adipose tissue affects brain function are not fully understood, available evidence points towards insulin resistance, inflammation, and vascular dysfunction, as possible mechanisms responsible for the observed relations between obesity and cognitive impairment. It appears that weight loss is related to better brain and cognitive outcomes and that cognitive impairment due to obesity may be reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Tanaka
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd, D3700, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
| | - Drew D Gourley
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, 2109 San Jacinto Blvd, D3700, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Maria Dekhtyar
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Andreana P Haley
- Department of Psychology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
- Biomedical Imaging Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
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29
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Ganse B, Drey M, Hildebrand F, Knobe M, Degens H. Performance Declines Are Accelerated in the Oldest-Old Track and Field Athletes 80 to 94 Years of Age. Rejuvenation Res 2020; 24:20-27. [PMID: 32449641 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2020.2337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical performance declines with age, even in exercising, healthy individuals without major illnesses or orthopedic issues. The rate of performance decline is often reported to accelerate after the age of 70 years, but almost no data are available on performance in the fittest oldest-old. To assess their rate of decline in performance, the biggest data set of track and field athletes aged ≥80 years (1567 results) ever published was generated for different disciplines from German Athletics Federations including 1997-2019. Performance at age 80 years of athletes still participating at age 85 years was compared with those who discontinued. Only 1 of every 22 athletes competing at age 80 years still competed at age 90 years. The performance decline was more than three times as steep in athletes aged ≥80 years (on average 1.62%/year, men: 100 m, R = 0.31, p < 0.001; 200 m, R = 0.17, p = 0.037; long jump, R = -0.37, p < 0.001; shot put, R = -0.32, p < 0.001; discus, R = -0.34, p < 0.001; javelin, R = -0.43, p < 0.001; women: shot put, R = -0.24, p = 0.017; discus, R = -0.33, p = 0.010) compared with athletes aged 30-69 years (0.46%/year) and accelerated at an average of 67 years. This accelerated decline was most pronounced in the sprint disciplines and lowest in the throws. Performance at age 80 years was similar in athletes still participating at age 85 years to those who discontinued, and the variability in results was decreased after age 90 years. In conclusion, physical performance declines more than three times as fast after around the age of 67 years compared with before. This was particularly the case for sprinting but was not a result of dropout of poorer performing athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bergita Ganse
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Drey
- Department of Medicine IV, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Hildebrand
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Knobe
- Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, Lucerne Cantonal Hospital, Lucerne, Switzerland
| | - Hans Degens
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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